Angelica Root and Its Benefit.
Content:
- .Basic Botanical Data of Angelica Spectrum and Family.
- .What does Angelica and Angelica Root Mean?
- .Narrative History and Archeology of Angelica Spectrum.
- .Traditional Uses of Angelica Family.
- .Narrative and Description of Chinese Angelica.
- .Application and function of Chinese Angelica Root.
- .Phytochemicals and Contents of Chinese Angelica Root.
- .Dong Quai Root Aid for hormones Using.
- .Chinese Angelica Root.Dang Gui and Its Modern Indications.
- .Chinese Angelica Root Modern Research.
- .Narrative and Description of European Angelica.
- .Application and Uses of European Angelica.
Application and function of Chinese Angelica Root:
Functions and Key Actions:
antibiotic,antispasmodic,blood tonic,circulatory stimulant,female tonic,blood sugar lever decreasor,laxative,promotes menstrual flow,regulates uterine contractions,sedative,strengthens liver function,antibacterial,antifungal,antiviral,etc.
Tonifys blood, promotes blood circulation, regulates menstruation, alleviates pain, and lubricates the bowels to relieve constipation.
Chinese angelica root is a well-known Chinese herb that has been used in the treatment of female ailments for thousands of years. Its reputation is perhaps second only to ginseng (Panax ginseng) and it is particularly noted for its 'blood tonic' effects on women. The root has a sweet pungent aroma that is very distinctive and it is often used in cooking, which is the best way to take it as a blood tonic.
Being sweet, warm and moist in property, this herb serves function of replenishing blood; and being pungent, warm and volatile in nature, it also can promote blood circulation, as a main herb for enriching blood and promoting the circulation of blood to regulate menstruation and relieve pain.
It is often used to treat any syndromes of blood-deficiency, various kinds of pain due to blood stasis, menoxenia, sores, ulcers, swellings and traumatic ecchymoma, etc. It also functions in nourishing blood and lubricating the bowel, serving for constipation due to blood deficiency and dryness in the bowel.
A.Hematological Effects:
Stimulates Hematopoiesis:Dang Gui stimulates Hematopoiesis; promotes production of interleukin-2 by splenic lymphocytes and secreting of clone stimulating factor. Angelica Polysaccharide,Biotin, vitamin B12 and folonic acid remarkably stimulates hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.
Antithrombotic Effects:Dang Gui decreases blood viscosity and inhibits platelet aggregation. This effect is possibly due to inhibition of thromboxane or lowering of fibrinogen levels. Also, the chemical components ferulic acid and sodium ferulate inhibit platelet aggregation.Sodium ferulate inhibits thromboxane A2 synthetase.
B.Cardiovascular Effects:
Cardiovascular Efficacy:A positive effect was reported in clinical trials of Dang Gui on cerebral arteriosclerosis and chronic pulmonary obstruction.
Hypotensive:Dang Gui increases blood flow without affecting heart rate. It dilates coronary vessels and increases coronary blood flow yet also reduces respiratory rate.
Antiarrhythmic:Dang Gui has been found to be antiarrhythmic in animal studies.
Cardioprotective:Dang Gui has been found to be cardioprotective against damage caused by myocardial ischemia.
Decreases Blood Lipids:Dang Gui decreases blood lipids (cholesterol) and reduces pathological changes in animal aorta in experimenting with arteriosclerosis
Vasodilator:The chemical component nicotinic acid has been found to be a vasodilator.
C.Uterine Effects:
Amenorrhea and Infertility:Dang Gui has shown clinical efficacy in amenorrhea, infertility due to menstrual cycles without ovulation, dysmenorrheal and premenstrual Syndrome. In dysmenorrhea,Dang Gui may help to normalize blood index,prostaglandin F2 in plasma and prostaglandin F2 in menstrual blood.
Pre-menstrual Syndrome:Dang Gui may help decrease uterine cramping, breast pain and inflammation.Experiments showed that Dang Gui can have both an inhibiting and stimulating effect on the uterus with lab animals.
Menopause:Dang Gui may help decrease severity and frequency of hot flashes, dizziness, stomach ache, blurred vision, constipation and lack of appetite
D. Immune Regulating Effects:
Increases Phagocytosis:Dang Gui extract and Ferulic Acid increased phagocytosis and interleukin-2 production.
Inhibits Allergic Reaction:Dang Gui extract inhibited allergic (IgE) antibody formation and inflammation
Increases Immunity and Anti-Cancer Effect:The Dang Gui polysaccharide component stimulates the immune system increasing immunity and has been found to have an anti-cancer effect.
E. Other Effects:
Antiviral and Antibacterial Effect:Dang Gui has an antiviral effect against herpes, poliomyelitis and the influenza virus.It also has antibacterial effect against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.
Anti-inflammatory Effect:The Dang Gui whole herb extract is anti-inflammatory, anti-spasm and analgesic. The chemical components ferulic acid, ligustilide, butylidenephthalide and butylphthalide also have this same effect.
Chemoprotective Effect:Dang Gui has a chemoprotective and radioprotective effect and also has antioxidant and regenerative effects.
Central Nervous System Effect:The Dang Gui whole-herb extract and essential oil may have an effect on the central nervous system by providing a calming effect.
Hepatic Protective Effect:Sodium Ferulate, a bioactive ingredient of Dang Gui has a hepatic protective effect by preventing the depletion of liver glycogen and glutathione. Chronic cirrhotic patients with portal hypertention received Dang Gui injection and improvement was seen in arterial and venous pressure.
Mode of Action:
Dong Quai is classified as a tonic herb in China and as such would be rarely used in acute stages of a disease. Even an acute condition as simple as a common cold, normally it would be suggested to correct the acute state first, before initiating its use. As a tonic, it is usually combined with other botanicals and is rarely used alone. Often the center of gravity of the other ingredients will direct the action Dong Quai. Dong Quai`s tonic action is most seen in it's ability to 'tone the Blood'. This TCM concept is different than western medicine might initially think, being much more than anemia, it can be caused by psychological issue as well as nutrient or physiological issues. Deficient Blood is suggested by a pallid face and lips, dizziness, vertigo, diminished vision, lethargy, palpitations, dry skin, menstrual irregularities, pale tongue and a fine pulse. This is the most commonly used herb in the Orient to regulate menstrual function and to tone the female organs. It can also be used by males to tone their blood and is very efficient in teenage acne.
Dong Quai has been shown to both contract and relax uterine muscles in anesthetized dogs, cats and rabbits. The contractive and excitatory ingredient is felt to be a water- and alcohol-soluble, non-volatile oil component, where as the relaxing, inhibitory component is considered to be a volatile oil with high boiling point. This is thought to be the mechanism underlying Dong Quai`s effectiveness in dysmenorrhea, not an estrogenic effect. Dong Quai is also though to increase sexual activity in female animals, but doesn`t have reliable clinical support.
Dong Quai's effect on body metabolism and endocrine function has been demonstrated by mixing 5% raw root to the diet of mice for four weeks. Body metabolism was enhanced, oxygen utilization increased in the liver, as well as glutamic acid and cysteine oxidation enhancement. Dong quai also protected the liver of laboratory mice against carbon tetrachloride toxicity.
This herb has shown to act against Vitamin E deficiency, which may related to its fetus-stabilizing effect, and prevention of testicular disease. Dong Quai root, especially alcohol extract of the root, has a quinidine-type effect on animal hearts, an inhibitory effect on frog hearts, and depresses tachycardia. Dong Quai can prevent experimental coronary atherosclerosis, and prevents lipid deposits in arteries. The blood pressure lowering activity in anesthetized animals is thought to be due the release of neurotransmitters, which excite acetylcholine and histamine receptors, causing dilatation of peripheral blood vessels. Aqueous extracts have shown to inhibit both writhing and capillary permeability, along with a strong inhibition of platelet aggregation (by inhibiting 5HT) and inhibition of thromboxane formation, suggests an anti-inflammatory action.
Anti-tumor action of Dong Quai has been observed in several studies. It has been shown to increase lymphocyte activity to form mature antibodies, while increasing IL-2 formation. It has been observed to increase B cells' capability to respond to T helper cells and stimulate T lymphocyte production.
A decoction of Dong Quai root has been shown to inhibit many bacteria: Gram negative bacteria such as Bacillus dysenteriae, B. typhi, B. comma, B. paratyphi and Escherichia coli as well as Gram positive bacteria, such as Streptococcus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Shigella. Polysaccharides in Dong Quai have shown to be both stimulating and modulating.
A mild sedative effect by the volatile oil inhibits brain activity, and smooth muscles in intestine and bladder. One of the constituents, ligustilide, has shown strong anti-asthmatic activity in vivo as well as anti-spasmodic action in the GI tract. Dong Quai is heavily used in China, injected into acupuncture points to inhibit pain. Dong Quai has been shown to have a diuretic effect.
Folklore:
This herb has been used very extensively in China, especially after delivery of a child as a postparturition tonic. Dong quai was also used, to regulate menses, as a blood tonic, as a mild sedative, and for abdominal pains. It has also been used for angina, chills, diabetes, hypertension, headaches, nephritis and lumbago. It is first found in Chinese literature in Collection of Commentaries on the Materia Medica (500 B.C.).
Angelica Root(DangGui) as good Blood tonic and female tonic:
Angelica root is famous in China as a tonic, Chinese angelica is taken for "deficient blood" conditions, anemia, and for the symptoms of anemia due to blood loss -a pale complexion, palpitations, and lowered vitality.
Women's health Chinese angelica regulates the menstrual cycle, relieves menstrual pains and cramps, and is an ideal tonic for women with heavy menstrual bleeding who risk becoming anemic. However, as it stimulates menstrual bleeding, other tonic herbs, such as nettle, are best taken during menstruation if the flow is heavy. It is also a uterine tonic and helps infertility. Circulation Chinese angelica is a "warming" herb, improving the circulation to the abdomen, and to the hands and feet. It strengthens the digestion and is also useful in the treatment of abscesses and boils.
Chinese angelica is the best Chinese tonic herb for women, although it can also be used for men, and is the most highly valued blood tonic in the East. Chinese angelica regulates hormones, menstruation, brings on delayed or suppressed periods, relieves menstrual cramps, and can be used during the menopause. Eaten raw or taken as a tincture, Chinese angelica relaxes the uterus, used with water it tones the uterus and stimulates uterine contractions, increasing circulation and relieving congestion in the pelvic area. It is best not to take it during pregnancy.
Mechanism of Angelica Function as good Blood tonic and female tonic:
Chinese angelica's constituents make it especially useful for treating women's reproductive problems. Its combined action as a circulatory and blood tonic mean it is useful in menopause for symptoms including aches, and pains, as well as helping with irregular and absent periods. Its antispasmodic actions also help with painful periods. In China it is used to nourish the blood and prevent anemia, blurred vision, tinnitus, and palpitations. Like garden angelica it is a warming, carminative herb for the digestion and has been found to help where there is long-term liver damage or infection. Chinese indications are particularly in cases of constipation. The rhizome has an antibiotic quality, and it is used in cases where there are sores and abscesses. The Chinese properties are that of sweet, acrid, bitter, and warm.
Angelica Root stabilize blood sugar levels:
Dang gui stabilizes blood sugar levels and enhances the function of the immune system. Chinese angelica has bactericidal, antiviral and antifungal properties and is a wonderful remedy for a whole range of infections, including colds and flu. Chinese angelica is a valuable blood purifier and a moistening remedy to relieve constipation. Chinese angelica has rejuvenative properties and helps to relieve arthritis and rheumatic pain. As a tonic Chinese angelica is recommended in convalescence, and to speed recovery and increase energy after childbirth.
When cooked, dang gui is stimulating, antispasmodic and warming. Dang gui improves the circulation, speeds tissue repair, lowers blood pressure, slows the pulse, helps prevent atherosclerosis and blood clots and relaxes the muscles of the heart. Chinese angelica also acts as a sedative. Chinese angelica is nourishing, containing vitamins, and aids the absorption and utilization of vitamin E. Chinese angelica is used for anemia and angina.
Research:Gynecology - Research in China from the 1970s has shown that the herb regulates uterine contractions, which may explain its benefit for menstrual pain.
Whole plant - Research shows that the whole plant, including the rhizome, strengthens liver function. The whole rhizome has an antibiotic effect.
Amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period):
There is limited poor-quality study of Dong Quai as a part of herbal combinations given for amenorrhea. It is unclear from laboratory studies if Dong Quai has the same effects on the body as estrogens or blocks the activity of estrogens (or neither), and how this might affect women with amenorrhea. One human study suggests that Dong Quai may not have significant short-term estrogen-like effects on the body. Additional research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
Arthritis:
Dong Quai is traditionally used in the treatment of arthritis. However, there is insufficient reliable human evidence to recommend the use of Dong Quai alone or in combination with other herbs for osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.
Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation):
There are unclear results of preliminary, poor-quality human research of Dong Quai in combination with other herbs for dysmenorrhea. Animal studies report conflicting results, with either relaxing or stimulatory effects of Dong Quai on the uterus. Reliable scientific evidence for Dong Quai alone in humans with dysmenorrhea is not available.It is traditionally believed that therapy should begin on day 14 of the cycle and continue until menstruation has ceased.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP):
A poor-quality study reports benefits of Dong Quai in patients diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). However, these patients were not compared to individuals who were not receiving Dong Quai, and therefore the results can only be considered preliminary.
Menstrual migraine headache:
One small study reports a reduced average number of menstrual-associated migraine attacks during prophylactic treatment with a daily combination of 60mg soy isoflavones, 100mg Dong Quai, and 50mg black cohosh, with each component standardized to its primary alkaloid. Patients received study medication for 24 weeks. The effects of Dong Quai alone for this condition are not clear, and further research is necessary before a clear conclusion can be reached.
Pulmonary hypertension:
A preliminary controlled trial reports that the combination of Dong Quai with the drug nifedipine may be better than either agent alone to improve pulmonary hypertension in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A second study of Dong Quai alone also noted benefits. These studies were small and not well reported, and cannot be considered conclusive. It remains unclear if Dong Quai is beneficial for other causes of pulmonary hypertension. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made.
Menopausal symptoms:
Dong Quai is used in traditional Chinese formulas for menopausal symptoms. It has been proposed that Dong Quai may contain "phytoestrogens" (chemicals with estrogen-like effects in the body). However, it remains unclear from laboratory studies if Dong Quai has the same effects on the body as estrogens, blocks the activity of estrogens, or has no significant effect on estrogens.A well-designed 24-week human trial compared the effects of Dong Quai to a placebo in 71 women with menopausal symptoms. This study found no differences in hot flashes or in the Kupperman Index (a commonly used measure of menopausal symptoms) between Dong Quai and placebo groups. No changes occurred in blood estrogen levels, thickness of the uterus lining, or vaginal dryness. This study suggests that Dong Quai may not have short-term estrogen-like effects on the body. However, there may have been too few patients enrolled in the study to accurately measure effects. In addition, the Dong Quai extract used, prepared by East Earth herbs, Inc. (4.5 milligrams per day, standardized to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram of ferulic acid), may not be manufactured in the same way as other Dong Quai products, and may yield different results. Additional research is necessary before a strong recommendation can be made.
For any syndromes of blood deficiency:
it is often used with Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata, Radix Paeoniae Alba and Rhizome Ligustici Chuanxiong to nourish the blood, as in Decoction of Four Ingredients (Siwu Tang).
For menoxenia, menorrhalyia and amenorrhea in the type of blood deficiency:
it is used together with Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Caulis Spatholobi, etc., to replenish blood and regulate menstruation; for those in the type of blood stasis, it is used with herbs for promoting blood circulation and for regulation menstruation, such as Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Semen Persicae, Flos Carthami, etc.; and for those in the type of deficiency-cold, it is used with herbs for warming channels and dispelling cold pathogen, such as Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Ramulus Cinnamo mi, Fructus Euodiae, etc.
For chest and abdominal pain due to blood stasis:
it is often used with herbs for resolving blood stasis to relieve pain, such as Resina Olibani, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae; for obstruction of the heart channel manifested as oppressive pain in the chest, it can be used with herbs for promoting blood circulation and qi flow to relieve pain, such as Flos Carthami, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae, etc.
For traumatic ecchymoma and pain, and for sores, carbuncles swelling:
it is often used with herbs for promoting blood circulation and tissue regeneration and relieving pain, such as Resina Olibani, Myrrha. Squama Manitis, etc.
Besides, it is also used with Radix Paeoniae Alba, Fructus Cannabis, etc., to treat constipation due to blood deficiency and dryness in the bowel.
Dosage and Administration:
Although dosing for dong quai varies considerably, a common recommendation for its use to treat menstrual problems is 3000 mg to 4000 mg (3 grams to 4 grams) per day in three divided doses. Note that dong quai is usually combined with other herbals for general use. It is rarely taken by itself. If you choose to take a product containing it, follow the directions on the package of the product you purchase.
Standardization :
There are no standard or well-studied doses of Dong Quai, and many different doses are used traditionally. Some products standardize Dong Quai to 0.8-1.1% ligustilide per dose, or to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram of ferulic acid. One gram of 100% Dong Quai extract has been reported to be equivalent to approximately 4 grams of raw Dong Quai root. Safety and effectiveness are not established for any dose.
In Asia, Dong Quai is primarily used medicinally, while in the United States and Europe it is more common as a flavoring agent in food products (liqueurs, vermouths, ice cream, candy, gelatins, puddings). A related species, Angelica acutiloba , appears to have similar properties to Dong Quai in laboratory experiments.
Adults (18 years and older):
Root preparations:
Dried herb:3 - 30 gms
Combination preparations:Dong Quai is used in numerous herbal combinations, and various doses have been used traditionally and in Chinese research. Because of this variation and lack of high-quality studies, no specific recommendations can be made. Safety and effectiveness are not established for most herbal combinations, and the amounts of Dong Quai present from batch to batch may vary.
Powdered/dried root/root slices:1 to 5 grams of root taken by mouth 3 times daily has been used traditionally, although more common doses range from 1 to 2 grams taken 3 times daily. Weight-based dosing as been proposed, although there is no scientific evidence to support such dosing.
Fluid extract/tincture:3 to 8 milliliters of a fluid extract(1:2) or 10 to 40 drops of tincture (1:5 in 50-70% alcohol) taken by mouth three times daily have been used.
Decoction:1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon of cut root in 1 cup hot water, boiled and simmered for 2 to 5 minutes, then removed from heat and left to stand for 5 to 10 minutes. 1 to 3 cups have been consumed by mouth daily.
Intravenous:Safety of intravenous use is not established, although it has been reported in research.
Topical (on the skin):Ten to 15 drops of diluted essential oil has been used for skin irritation (anecdotal).
Leaf preparations (less common than root preparations):
Dried leaf:2 to 5 grams taken by mouth three times daily have been used.
Leaf tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol):2 to 5 milliliters taken three times daily have been used.
Leaf fluid extract (1:1):0.5 to 2 milliliters taken 3 times daily have been used.
Children (younger than 18 years):
There is not enough scientific data to recommend Dong Quai for use in children, and it is not recommended due to potential side effects.
Safety:
Allergies:
People with known allergy/hypersensitivity to Angelica radix or members of the Aplaceae / Umbelliferae family (anise, caraway, carrot, celery, dill, parsley) should avoid Dong Quai. Skin rash has been reported with the use of Dong Quai, although it is not clear if this was an allergic response. An asthma response has occurred after breathing in Dong Quai powder.
Toxicity and Contraindications:
Side effects of this herb are rare, use caution in "Cold deficiency" diarrhea (as determined by traditional Chinese medical diagnosis). There have been a very small number of people exhibit hypersensitivity to the herb, which may lead to excessive bleeding and occasionally fevers. There have been noted some cases of photosensitivity and a mild laxative effect in others. Some references are concerned about toxicity because of the safrol content of Dong Quai, but with such a substantial amount of usage across centuries of Chinese history, there would appear to be little need for concern when the herb is consumed within the therapeutic range.
Safety and Acute toxicity:
Acute toxicity(LD50):
LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Mice.Intravenous.80-100g/kg (IV/herb solution)
LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Mice.Subcutaneous.80-100g/kg(hypodermic injection/volatile oil)
LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Mice.Oral.960g/kg (Oral/volatile oil).
Dang Gui's toxicity is low. For intravenous injection in mice LD 50 value is 80-100g/kg. For subcutaneous injection and stomach administration of volatile oil, the LD50 values are 298g/kg and 960g/kg, respectively.
Reference:Chen Ke Ji, et al. Research on Blood Stasis and Its Treatment. Shanghai: Science and Technology Press; 1990. Chen Yong Yi, et al. Guangxi Journal of Health. 1973;(6):47.
The Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of Dang Gui in mice is 100g/Kg administered by injection. Therefore, Dang Gui has been shown to have very low toxicity.
Intravenous administration of the essential oil of Dang Gui extract in doses of 1 ml/Kg to animals can cause a drop in blood pressure and depression of respiration.
An alcohol based extract of the herb is much more toxic; at a dose of 0.06 to 0.2 ml/Kg it can cause an animal to die due to respiratory arrest.
Unfavorable effects include excessive bleeding and occasionally, fever. These effects are both believed to be due to a reaction to the herb. Also, diarrhea may occur occasionally.
Longterm Use:
The longterm use of Dang Gui at a dose of 6g/Kg indicated no irregularity in physical activities, food intake, body weight, urine inspection or hematological examination. A slight increase in cytochrome P450 (involved in oxidative metabolism and and detoxification of xenobiotics) was evident.
Side Effects and Warnings:
Dong quai is generally considered to be of extremely low toxicity; It may cause some fair-skinned persons to become more sensitive to sunlight. Persons using it on a regular basis should limit prolonged exposure to the sun or other sources of ultraviolet radiation. Dong quai is not recommended for pregnant or lactating women.
Although Dong Quai is accepted as being safe as a food additive in the United States and Europe, its safety in medicinal doses is not known. There are no reliable long-term studies of side effects. Most precautions are based on theory, laboratory research, tradition, or isolated case reports.
Components of Dong Quai may increase the risk of bleeding due to anticoagulant and anti-platelet effects, although there are no reliable reports of clinically significant bleeding in humans. Caution is advised in patients with bleeding disorders or taking drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing adjustments may be necessary. Discontinue use prior to surgical or major dental or procedures.
It remains unclear if Dong Quai has the same effects on the body as estrogens, blocks the activity of estrogens, or has no significant hormonal effects. Results of animal studies are conflicting, and one human trial found no short-term estrogen-like effects on the body (including no hormonal changes or increases in uterus wall thickness after 24-weeks of treatment). It remains unclear if Dong Quai is safe in individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, or endometriosis. It is not known if Dong Quai possesses the beneficial effects that estrogen is believed to have on bone mass, or the potential harmful effects such as increased risk of stroke or hormone-sensitive cancers.
Increased sun sensitivity with a risk of severe skin reactions (photosensitivity) may occur due to chemicals in Dong Quai (furocoumarins, psoralen and bergapten). Prolonged exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light should be avoided while taking Dong Quai. It is reported that steam-distilled oils of the root and seed may not possess the phototoxic chemicals.
Safrole, a volatile oil in Dong Quai, may be carcinogenic (cancer-causing). Long-term use should therefore be avoided, and suntan lotions that contain Dong Quai often limit the amount of Dong Quai to less than one percent.
Dong Quai has traditionally been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms (particularly with prolonged use), including laxative effects/diarrhea, upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, burping, or bloating. Published literature is limited in this area.
Dong Quai preparations may contain high levels of sucrose, and should be used cautiously by patients with diabetes or glucose intolerance.
Various other side effects have rarely been reported with Dong Quai taken alone or in combination with other herbs. However, side effects have not been evaluated in well-designed studies. These include: headache, lightheadedness/dizziness, sedation/drowsiness, insomnia, irritability, fever, sweating, weakness, abnormal heart rhythms, blood pressure abnormalities, wheezing/asthma, hot flashes, worsening premenstrual symptoms, reduced menstrual flow, increased male breast size (gynecomastia), kidney problems (nephrosis), or skin rash.
The safety of Dong Quai injected into the skin, muscles, or veins is not known and should be avoided. Essential oil of Dong Quai injected under the skin of dogs has stopped breathing.
Precautions:
Very little information is available on how dong quai might affect an infant or a small child. Therefore, its use is not recommended during breast-feeding or early childhood.
Major Side Effects:
Several of the chemicals found in dong quai have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals when given in very large amounts for long periods of time. No evidence from human studies documents this risk, however.
Less Severe Side Effects:
Dong quai can make unprotected skin more sensitive to sunlight or artificial light used in tanning parlors. If you use dong quai, be sure to use sunscreen, as well.
One case has been reported of temporary breast enlargement in a man who took a combination product that contained dong quai. The exact cause of this breast enlargement is not known, but it is thought to have been due to contamination in the product being used.
Risks:
Pregnant women should not take dong quai due to its unpredictable effects on uterine muscle tone. Men with prostate cancer and women with endometriosis, breast cancer, or cancers of the uterus or ovaries should also avoid taking it. Small children and women who are breast-feeding are also advised not to take dong quai.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding:
Dong Quai is not recommended during pregnancy due to possible hormonal and anticoagulant/anti-platelet properties. Animal research has noted conflicting effects on the uterus, with reports of both stimulation and relaxation. There is a published report of miscarriage in a woman taking Dong Quai, although it is not clear that Dong Quai was the cause. Dong Quai is traditionally viewed as increasing the risk of abortion. There is insufficient evidence regarding the safety of Dong Quai during breastfeeding.
Interactions with Drugs:
Dong Quai may increase the risk of bleeding due to anticoagulant and anti-platelet effects, and may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding. Some examples include aspirin, anticoagulants ("blood thinners") such as warfarin (Coumadin?) or heparin, anti-platelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavix?), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin?, Advil?) or naproxen (Naprosyn?, Aleve?). There is a report of the effects of warfarin (Coumadin?) being increased in a woman taking 565 milligrams of Dong Quai once or twice daily, as measured by 2.5-fold increases in values of blood tests for prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR).
It remains unclear if Dong Quai has the same effects on the body as estrogens, blocks the activity of estrogens, or has no significant hormonal effects. It is not known if taking Dong Quai increases or decreases the effects of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy such as Premarin? which contain estrogen, or on the anti-tumor effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen.
Chemicals in Dong Quai may cause increased sun sensitivity with a risk of severe skin reactions (photosensitivity), and Dong Quai should be avoided with other drugs that cause photosensitivity, such as tretinoin (Retin-A?, Renova?), and some types of anti-depressants, cancer drugs, antibiotics, or anti-psychotic medications. Patients taking medications should check with their doctor or pharmacist before starting Dong Quai.
Based on laboratory research, Dong Quai may increase the effects of drugs that affect heart rhythms, such as digoxin, beta-blockers such as metoprolol (Lopressor?, Toprol?), calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine (Procardia?) or other anti-arrhythmic drugs. Animal studies and one human report have noted reduced blood pressure after administration of Dong Quai, and Dong Quai should be used cautiously in individuals taking blood pressure-lowering medications.
Interactions with Herbs:
In theory, due to anticoagulant and anti-platelet effects, components of Dong Quai may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with herbs and supplements that are believed to increase the risk of bleeding. Multiple cases of bleeding have been reported with the use of Ginkgo biloba , and fewer cases with garlic and saw palmetto. Numerous other agents may theoretically increase the risk of bleeding, although this has not been proven in most cases. Some examples include: alfalfa, American ginseng, angelica, anise, Arnica montana , asafetida, aspen bark, bilberry, birch, black cohosh, bladderwrack, bogbean, boldo, borage seed oil, bromelain, capsicum, cat's claw, celery, chamomile, chaparral, clove, coleus, cordyceps, danshen, devil's claw, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, found in deep-sea fish oils), evening primrose oil, fenugreek, feverfew, fish oil, flaxseed/flax powder (not a concern with flaxseed oil), ginger, grapefruit juice, grapeseed, green tea, guggul, gymnestra, horse chestnut,
horseradish, licorice root, lovage root, male fern, meadowsweet, nordihydroguairetic acid (NDGA), onion, papain, Panax ginseng, parsley, passionflower, poplar, prickly Ash, propolis, quassia, red clover, reishi, Siberian ginseng, sweet clover, rue, sweet birch, sweet clover, turmeric , vitamin E, white willow, wild carrot, wild lettuce, willow, wintergreen, and yucca.
It remains unclear if Dong Quai has the same effects on the body as estrogens, blocks the activity of estrogens, or has no significant hormonal effects. The effects of agents believed to have estrogen-like properties may be altered, such as alfalfa, black cohosh, bloodroot, burdock, hops, kudzu, licorice, pomegranate, red clover, soy, thyme, white horehound, and yucca.
Chemicals in Dong Quai may cause increased sun sensitivity with a risk of severe skin reactions (photosensitivity), and Dong Quai should not be taken with products containing Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) or capsaicin, which are also reported to cause photosensitivity.
Treatment of Angelica:
Chinese Angelica, also called Dong Quai or Angelica Root, is used mainly to treat menstrual cramps, regulate menstrual periods, and lessen menopausal symptoms. Although it has been used for centuries in oriental medicine to treat a variety of disorders, there isn't any empirical evidence to substantiate its medicinal uses.
In oriental medicine, chinese angelica root is frequently combined with other herbal products and used to treat a large variety of conditions including allergies, arthritis, asthma, or high blood pressure. Some studies have shown it has some ability to increase immune system function slightly, so it may in deed aid in relieving the symptoms associated with allergies.It has also been shown to exhibit mild anti-inflammatory properties, which may make it useful in treating arthritis, asthma, and other inflammatory conditions. One of the chemical substance present in angelic root has shown to promote relaxation of blood vessels, which might possibly help lower high blood pressure.
Menopausal symptoms:some women report relief of symptoms such as hot flashes from this medicinal herb; however, clinical studies to date do not support the effectiveness of dong quai for menopausal symptoms.
PMS:studies suggest that dong quai offers some value when used in conjunction with other Chinese herbs, particularly black cohosh, to treat PMS.
Anemia:there are individual reports of successful treatment of anemia using dong quai, but to date no studies verify this.
Heart disease:when used in combination with ginseng (Asian ginseng) and astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus), dong quai decreased symptoms of chest pain and improved exercise tolerance in a small group of people with heart disease.
Stroke:a series of reports published in China indicate that the use of dong quai just following a stroke demonstrated a decrease in the amount of brain damage; more research is needed.
High blood pressure:reports indicate that dong quai may lower blood pressure in some individuals.
Ulcers:animal studies suggest dong quai may soothe ulcers, but studies in people are needed before a definitive conclusion can be drawn.
More uses based on tradition or theory:
The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Abdominal pain, abnormal fetal movement, abnormal heart rhythms, abscesses, age-related nerve damage, allergy, anemia, anorexia nervosa, antibacterial, anti-aging, antifungal, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anti-tumor, antiviral, anxiety, aortitis, asthma, atherosclerosis, back pain, bleeding hemorrhoids, bleomycin-induced lung damage, blood clots, blood flow disorders, blood purifier, blood stagnation, blood vessel disorders, blurred vision, body pain, boils, bone growth, breast enlargement, bronchitis, Buerger's disease, cancer, central nervous system disorders, cervicitis, chilblains, chronic hepatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic rhinitis, cholagogue, cirrhosis, colchicine-induced learning impairment, congestive heart failure (CHF), constipation, cough, cramps, diabetes, digestion disorders, diuretic (increasing urination), dysentery, eczema, emotional instability, endometritis, expectorant, fatigue, fibrocystic breast disease, fibroids, flatulence (gas), fluid retention, gastric ulcer, glaucoma, hay fever, headache, heartburn, hematopoiesis (stimulation of blood cell production), hemolytic disease of the newborn, hernia, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, hormonal abnormalities, immune cytopenias, immune suppressant, infections, infertility, irritable bowel syndrome, joint pain, kidney disease, labor aid, laxative, leukorrhea (vaginal discharge), liver protection, lung disease, malaria, menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), menstrual cramping, migraine, miscarriage prevention, morning sickness, muscle relaxant, dermatitis, osteoporosis, ovulation abnormalities, pain, pain from bruises, palpitations, pelvic congestion syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, peritoneal dialysis, pleurisy, post-partum weakness, pregnancy support, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), psoriasis, prolapsed uterus, pulmonary fibrosis, Raynaud's disease, reperfusion injury, respiratory tract infection, retained placenta, Rhesus (Rh) factor incompatibility, rheumatic diseases, sciatica, sedative, sepsis, shingles (herpes zoster), skin pigmentation disorders, skin ulcers, stiffness, stroke, stomach cancer, stress, tinnitus (ringing in the ear), toothache, vaginal atrophy, vitamin E deficiency, wound healing.
Reference:
1.Angelica Root and Its Benefit.
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