What is Cnidium Monnier Extracts?Pharmacology Actions and application of Cnidium Monnier and Osthol,C15H16O3,Osthola?

Cnidium Monnier Research Update.

Common cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthol cnidium monnieri Cnidium Seeds Semen Cnidii Cnidium bhutanicum She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seeds CNIDIUM MONNIERI FRUIT EXTRACT Osthole 484-12-8 photo picture image Cnidium monnier (L) Cusson which has been long used in China as a herbal medicine to improve male sexual dysfunction. Bioassay-directed fractionation led to the identification of four known coumarins osthole, imperatorin, xanthotoxin, and isopimpinellin from the ethanolic extract of the fruits of Cnidium monnier (L) Cusson.
Furthermore, we investigated the cavernosal relaxant effect of osthole. In the present study, corpus cavernosal strip showed relaxation in response to osthole (0.1-30 .mu.M) in a dose-dependent manner. Corporal relaxation elicited by osthole was reduced partially but significantly by pretreatment with L-NAME, ODQ and by endothelial disruption, however, were not affected by indomethacin and tetradotoxin treatment.
Additionally, osthole at the concentrations ranged from 1 to 30 .mu.M enhance the sodium nitroprusside (0.3 .mu.M)-induced, NO-mediated relaxation of corpus cavernosum in a dose-dependent manner to a maximum of 3 times the pretreatment level at 30 .mu.M osthole.
However, higher concentration of osthole (30 .mu.M) also enhanced forskolin-induced relaxation. The data suggested that osthole possesses a relaxant effect on rabbit corpus cavernosal tissues which is attributable to the release of NO from sinusoidal endothelium and to the potentiation of the NO-stimulated cGMP and/or cAMP signal mediating relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase.

Isolation of osthol and xanthotoxol from Common Cnidium Fruit using stepwise elution by high-speed counter-current chromatography.:
Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was successfully used for isolation and purification of osthol and xanthotoxol from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson (Common Cnidium Fruit) using stepwise elution with a pair of two-phase solvent systems composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water at (1:1:1:1, v/v), and (5:5:6:4, v/v), which had been selected by analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography. Using a preparative unit of the HSCCC centrifuge, about a 308 mg amount of the crude extract was separated, yielding 88.3 mg of osthol and 19.4 mg of xanthotoxol at a high purity of over 98%.

Isolation and purification of bergapten and imperatorin from the medicinal plant Cnidium monnieri using high-speed counter-current chromatography by stepwise increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase.:
A high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method was developed for the preparative separation and purification of bergapten and imperatorin from the Chinese medicinal plant Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson. The crude extract was obtained by extraction with ethanol from the dried fruits of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson under sonication. Preparative HSCCC with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (5:5:5:5, v/v/v/v) was successfully performed by increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase stepwise from 1.0 to 2.0 ml min(-1) after 180 min. The components purified and collected were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The method yielded 45.8 mg of bergapten at 96.5% purity and 118.3 mg of imperatorin at 98.2% purity from 500 mg of the crude extract in a single run. The recoveries of bergapten and imperatorin were 92.1 and 93.7%, respectively.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Cytotoxic activity of coumarins from the fruits of Cnidium monnieri on leukemia cell lines.:
Cnidii monnieri Fructus [CmF; Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson] is used as a tonic agent in traditional Chinese medicine. In a previous Chinese herb-cytotoxicity screening test, the ethanol extract of CmF exhibited strong effects on human leukemia (HL-60), cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and colorectal carcinoma (CoLo 205) cells. Then, the CmF extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization to give five coumarins: osthol, imperatorin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, and xanthotoxin. Among these compounds, osthol showed the strongest cytotoxic activity on tumor cell lines. The structure-activity relationship established from the results indicated that the prenyl group has an important role in the cytotoxic effects. However, imperatorin showed the highest sensitivity to HL-60 cells and the least cytotoxicity to normal PBMCs. Osthol and imperatorin both caused apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, and enhanced PARP degradation in HL-60 cells by biochemical analysis. These results indicate that osthol and imperatorin can induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Therefore, osthol and imperatorin are cytotoxic marker substances in the fruits of Cnidium monnieri.

Inhibition of itch-scratch response by fruits of Cnidium monnieri in mice:
We previously screened the anti-itching activities of 33 herbal medicines in substance P (SP)-induced itching model mice. One of the most potent antipruritogenic extracts, the methanol extract of fruits of Cnidium monnieri (Cnidii Fructus) was studied further. The chloroform-soluble fraction of the methanol extract markedly inhibited SP-induced scratching. Among 10 subfractions of the chloroform-soluble fraction, the CS-3 fraction had the most potent inhibitory effect on scratching. Each of 3 subfractions of CS-3 showed significant anti-scratching activities. However, inhibitory potencies were not different among the three and weaker than that of CS-3 itself at a same dose. These 3 subfractions of CS-3 mainly contained xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin, bergapten, imperatorin and osthol. Single administration of osthol did not inhibit SP-induced scratching, and imperatorin very weakly subsided scratching. These results suggest that the strong antipruritic action was focused on the CS-3 fraction of the C. monnieri methanol extract, and it might result from the combined effects of these coumarin derivatives, or by undetermined minor compounds.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Vasorelaxing effect of coumarins from Cnidium monnieri on rabbit corpus cavernosum.:
Bioassay-directed fractionation led to the identification of four known coumarins, osthole (1), imperatorin (2), xanthotoxin (3), and isopimpinellin (4), from the ethanolic extract of the fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson. In phenylephrine (PE)-precontracted endothelium-intact rabbit corpus cavernosum, all four coumarins exhibited relaxing effect with the IC50 values for compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 determined to be 2.14 +/- 0.73, 0.85 +/- 0.16, 1.24 +/- 0.45, and 18.4 +/- 8.10 microM, respectively. The four compounds were identified by comparison of their physical data (EIMS, 1H- and 13C-NMR) with those from published reports.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Determination of osthol and imperatorin in Cnidium monnieri (L.) cuss by fluorometry TLC scanning:
The main active constituents--osthol and imperatorin were isolated from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss and then used as standards for their determination in the crude drug by fluorometry TLCS. The fructus Cnidii was macerated with ethanol overnight and the ethanolic extract was spotted on a silica gel G-CMC Na plate. The plate was developed with n-hexane-ethyl acetate (7:3). The spot was excited by light of 365 nm, and determined in a Shimadzu CS-930 TLC scanner using a No. 2 filter. The peak areas of the two components were obtained, external standard method was used in the determination. The root, stem, leaf and flower of this plant were shown to contain no osthol and imperatorin, and the seed was found to contain 2.0-3.2% of osthol and 1.8-2.5% of imperatorin.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

The Changes of Osthol Content in Cnidium monnieri in Different Growth Periods and under Salt Stress:
Soil salinity under natural growth condition was much more than 4.0 times of that under salt stress, and besides, osthol could grow naturally under salt stress. Osthol content in each part of Cnidium monnieri was determined by HPLC in the growth period of seedling, vegetative, blooming and fruit under natural growth condition and in blooming and fruit period under salt stress. Results showed that osthol content was the highest during blooming and fruit period under different growth conditions. During blooming and fruit period the total osthol content was 316.86ug/g DW under salt stress, which were 1.9 times of that under natural growth condition, and was 160.00ug/g DW.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Determination of five coumarins in Cnidii Fructus by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.:
A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) method for the separation and quantification of the coumarins in Cnidii Fructus was developed for the first time. Within 25 minutes, 5 major coumarins were separated using 18 mM borate, 12 mM phosphate and 50 mM SDS (pH 9.2) containing 20 % methanol. The relative standard deviations of migration times and peak areas were less than 5 %. The total contents of the five coumarins in plants from different habitats ranged from 13.6 to 44.6 mg/g, and recoveries ranged from 96.0 to 102.8 %. The effects of buffer concentration, SDS, pH value and organic modifier on the separation were investigated.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Progress in study of chemical constituents and anti-tumor activities of Cnidium monnieri:
The main pharmacological constituents of Chinese traditional medicine herb Cnidium monnieri are coumarin compounds and volatile oil. In addition, it contains monoterpene polyols, glucides, as well as recently discovered sesquiterpene components. In recent years, rather active investigations of its anti-tumor were performed at home and abroad. C. monnieri possesses multi-aspect and comprehensive anti-tumor functions, involving directly tumor-inhibitory activity, anti-mutagenicity, reversing multi-drug tolerance of tumor, as well as improving immune functions and so on. In this review, chemical constituents, anti-tumor activities and relevant investigations of Fructus Cnidii were summarized recent decade.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Study on extraction of coumarins in Cnidium monieri by supercritical CO2 and separation of compositions analysis:
To analyze the chemical constituents of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction products from Cnidium monieri. Method: Four-factor and three-level orthogonal experimental design was used to optimize the SFE conditions as guided by the content of total coumarins in the extract. The chemical constituents were separated and identified by recrystalization. Result: Optimum extraction process was established: 25 MPa as extraction pressure, 50 degrees C as extraction temperature, 6.5 MPa as separation pressure and 60 degrees C as separation temperature. CONCLUSION: Changes in extraction pressure, temperature, time, pulverized degree and separation pressure affect the extracting results remarkably. The two kinds of chemical constituents were separated by recrystallization from C. monieri and identified by the methods of UV, IR, MS, NMR.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Analysis on intraspecific variation of Cnidium monnieri by RAPD:
To study the genetic variation of Cnidium monnieri from different regions. Methods: Random amplified polymophic DNA technique was used to analyze genetic polymorphy of Cnidium monnieri from 9 different regions, and dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA. Results: 20 random primers were used for polymorphic selection. A total of 75 bands were amplified, 64 of which were polymorphism. CONCLUSION: The smaller the geographic distances between two Cnidium monnieri, the smaller genetic differences. However, it should not be overlooked that natural environment, especially the local ecological conditions may also show some influences on the genetic variations among different C. monnieri samples.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Determination of chemical constituents of the essential oil from Cnidium monnieri by GC-MS:
The chemical components of the essential oil from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson were analyzed by GC-MS. Method: The essential oil was extracted from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson by steam distillation, the components analyzed with the different kinds of capillary columns, the optimum separated and analytical conditions were researched, the amount of the components from the essential oil were determinated by normalization method. The separated components were identified by GC-MS. Results: 50 components composed of about 86% of the total essential oil were separated and identified. CONCLUSION: The method is reliable and stable.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Anti-allergic effects of cnidii monnieri fructus (dried fruits of Cnidium monnieri) and its major component, osthol.:
Anti-allergic effects (types I and IV) of the 70% ethanol extract (CM-ext) obtained from Cnidii Monnieri Fructus (dried fruits of Cnidium monnieri) were investigated on 48 h homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact dermatitis and picryl chloride (PC)-induced contact dermatitis in experimental animals. CM-ext showed inhibitory effects on these allergic models. Osthol isolated from CM-ext also had the inhibitory effects. These results suggested that Cnidii Monnieri Fructus might be useful as an agent for allergic diseases and that its anti-allergic effect was partially attributable to a coumarin derivative, osthol.
Cnidium Monnier Osthol Cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthole Common Cnidium fruit Extract Shechuangzi She Mi She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seed CAS.No 484-12-8 Photo Picture Image

Effects of coumarins from cnidium monnieri on the function of pituitary-adrenocortical axis in kidney yang deficiency rats:
To observe the effect of Cnidium monnieri in Kidney Yang Deficiency rats. Methods: Rats were injected intraperitoneally with hydrocortisone acetate to replicate the animal model of Kidney Yang Deficiency. Osthol, total-coumarins (TCR) from the fruit of Cnidium monnieri and positive control drug (PCD) were administered orally to model rats. The plasma levels of corticosterone (B), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), renin (PRA), angiotensin-II (AT-II) and aldosterone (ALD) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results: Compared with those in normal rats, the levels of B and ACTH in the plasma of model rats lowered significantly (P less than 0.01), the levels of B and ACTH of treatment groups were higher than those of model group, while the levels of PRA, AT-II and ALD had no significant difference (P bigger than 0.05). CONCLUSION: The osthol, TCR have the effects in protecting and strengthening the function of pituitary-adrenocortex axis.
Common cnidium fruit Fructus Cnidii Osthol cnidium monnieri Cnidium Seeds Semen Cnidii Cnidium bhutanicum She ChuangShi SheSu Wild Carrot Seeds Photo Picture

Mechanism of the antiasthmatic effect of total coumarins in the fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.)Cuss.:
Total coumarins in the fruit of Cnidium monnieri show a marked protective effect against bronchial asthma induced by inhalation of histamine in conscious guinea pig. In vitro these total coumarins can relax the contraction of the isolated trachea in guinea pigs induced by histamine as well as increase the perfusion rate of isolated lung preparation of guinea pig. These actions, however, may be blocked by propranolol. Besides, these coumarins cannot increase the heart rate and arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats. All this shows that the antiasthmatic effect of total coumarins in the fruit of Cnidium monnieri is mediated by beta 2-receptor.