Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) or more popularly known as Siberian Ginseng, is used throughout the Far East as a general supplement to promote improved energy levels,Siberian Ginseng is used by deep sea divers, long-distance drivers, mountain rescue workers, factory workers, athletes, submariners, and cosmonauts. After nearly a thousand studies, Siberian Ginseng has been shown to increase energy and stamina and to help the body resist viral infections, environmental toxins, radiation, and chemotherapy. In Chinese Medicine, E. senticosus has been used to prevent bronchial and other respiratory infections as well as viral infections.
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Basic Instruction
What is Siberian Ginseng? Siberian ginseng for Memory aid?
Botanical Source:Siberian Ginseng
Botanical Synoms:Siberian Ginseng, Ciwujia, Devil's Shrub, Touch-Me-Not, Ussurian thorny pepper-bush.Russian Ginseng, Russian Root, Shigoka, Siberian Ginseng, Taiga, Thorny Pepperbush,Wild Pepper
Latin Name:Eleutherococcus senticosus (or Acanthopanax senticosus) ;Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. and Maxim) Maxim.
Genus and specie:Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticocus
Pharmacopeial Name: Eleutherococci radix
Properties: Adaptogenic, anti-aggregatory, anti-diabetic, anti-edema, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative effects on leukemia cells in vitro (Bradley, 1992; Hacker and Medon, 1984), anti-stress (Takasugi, 1985), endocrine, endurance-enhancing, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, immunomodulator, immunoprotective, immunostimulant, platelet aggregation-inhibiting, radiation protection (Yonezawa, 1989), restorative, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator.
Genus, Species:Eleutherococcus senticosus:Eleuthero belongs to the Araliaceae family and is a distant relative of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng). Also known commonly as touch-me-not and devil's shrub, eleuthero has been most frequently nicknamed Siberian ginseng in this country. Eleuthero is native to the Taiga region of the Far East (southeastern part of Russia, northern China). The root and the rhizomes (underground stem) are used. Siberian ginseng - a deciduous, hardy shrub, growing to 10 ft (3 m). Siberian ginseng has 3-7 toothed leaflets on each stem. Siberian ginseng is a powerful tonic herb with an impressive range of health benefits. Unlike many herbs with a medicinal use, it is more useful-for maintaining good health rather than treating ill health. Research has shown that Siberian ginseng stimulates resistance to stress and it is now widely used as a tonic during times of stress and pressure. Siberian ginseng has a similar effect to Asian ginseng but is more stimulating.
Origin of Siberian Ginseng:
Eleuthero belongs to the Araliaceae family and is a distant relative of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng).Also known commonly as touch-me-not and devil's shrub, eleuthero has been most frequently nicknamed Siberian ginseng in this country. Eleuthero is native to the Taiga region of the Far East (southeastern part of Russia, northern China). The root and the rhizomes (underground stem) are used. Siberian ginseng - a deciduous, hardy shrub, growing to 10 ft (3 m). Siberian ginseng has 3-7 toothed leaflets on each stem. Siberian ginseng is a powerful tonic herb with an impressive range of health benefits. Unlike many herbs with a medicinal use, it is more useful-for maintaining good health rather than treating ill health. Research has shown that Siberian ginseng stimulates resistance to stress and it is now widely used as a tonic during times of stress and pressure. Siberian ginseng has a similar effect to Asian ginseng but is more stimulating.
Siberian ginseng in this country. Eleuthero is native to the Taiga region of the Far East (southeastern part of Russia, northern China).
Parts used and where grown:
Rhizome (underground creeping stem) and Roots;The root and the rhizomes (underground stem) are used.
Eleuthero belongs to the Araliaceae family and is a distant relative of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng). Also known commonly as touch-me-not and devil's shrub, eleuthero has been most frequently nicknamed Siberian ginseng in this country. Eleuthero is native to the Taiga region of the Far East (southeastern part of Russia, northern China, Korea). The root and the rhizomes (underground stem) are used medicinally.
Qualitative Reactions:
0.5 grams of mill stock (see Section: Quantitative Determination below) is put into a 25ml cone flask, then add 10ml of hot water, heat on a water bath for 5 minutes and filter. To 1ml of extraction should be added several drops of 1% solution of oxide chloride iron; green coloration (polyphenols) appear.
Ultraviolet spectrum of Solution B (see Section: Quantitative Determination below) in the area of from 225nm to 325nm must has maximum absorption at the (278?nm) wavelength.
20ml of Solution A is put into a round-bottom flask for distillation and evaporated to 3ml volume under vacuum on a rotary evaporator.
0.030ml of received solution is applied on the starting line of Silufol* plate UV-254 (CSFR) of 7.5 by 15cm in size and chromatographed by means of rising method in the system of solvents: chloroform - methyl alcohol - water (71:33:7). When the solvents front reaches the plate end, it should be taken out of the chamber and dried in air for 10 minutes. The plate should be looked through UV light at 254nm wavelength. On the chromatogram appears one spot of (dark) blue color, having Rf about 0.45 (eleutherozide B). When scanning the chromatogram through UV light at 366nm wavelength, there must be found not less than 3 spots with different degrees of fluorescence and Rf values of approximately 0.5; 0.6 or o.95.
Botanical Description of Siberian Ginseng:
Siberian Ginseng is a tall wild deciduous shrub with many stalks and a woody root (not the typical fleshy rootstocks of the other ginsengs).
The root has been used for 2000 years in China as general preventative medicine and tonic.
During this century, Siberian Ginseng has been extensively studied by Russian scientists.
Numerous clinical trials have established that E. senticosus acts as an adaptogen and helps human beings handle stressful conditions and excel in athletic and mental endeavors.
Historical Uses of Siberian Ginseng:
Adaptogen,Stress,Fatigue, restore vigor,Neurasthenia, debility, depression, nervous breakdown,Allergies, hay fever,Resistance to infections,Normalize hypo- and hyperglycemia,Increase mental and physical work capacity.,Increase concentration, improve performance,Reduce convalescence time,Protect against environmental toxins and pollution,Immunoregulator, mainly immunostimulant,Promote appetiteIncrease fertility, for sterility
Containing niacin, amino acids, carbohydrates and other vitamins and minerals, Siberian ginseng is used to promote an overall sense of well-being. Siberian ginseng is commonly used to enhance circulation, boost the immune system, increase energy levels and help eliminate fatigue.
The adapotgen substances found in Siberian ginseng are known to help decrease the effects that stress has on the body. Therefore, Siberian ginseng has been used as a natural sedative effectively decreasing anxiety and nervous tension. Siberian ginseng's calming actions help reduce irritability and restlessness that may contribute to sleeplessness and insomnia.
Indicated for: Addictions, Alzheimer's disease, athletic support, bone cancer, boosting immune system, breast carcinoma, bronchitis, cardiovascular health, chemotherapy support, chronic fatigue syndrome, countering athletic fatigue, depression, diabetes mellitus, energy and vitality, enhancing vision,enhancing resilience, exhaustion and debility, fatigue, fibromyalgia, hantavirus, heart ailments, herpes, HIV support, Hodgkin's disease, impotence, improving athletic working capacity, general health &mental resilience, increasing stamina, physical endurance under stress & mental alertness, infections, influenza, kidney cancer, lung ailments, maintaining well-being, malignant tumours, memory, myopia, neural diseases, oral cavity carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, preventing respiratory tract infections, colds & flu, promoting healthy appetite, protection from toxins, radiation, reduce the effects of physical stress, rejuvenation, rheumatism, restore vigour, sore throat, skin melanoma, stomach carcinoma, stress, supporting the endocrine system.
Active Properties of Siberian Ginseng:
Siberian Ginseng is used by deep sea divers, long-distance drivers, mountain rescue workers, factory workers, athletes, submariners, and cosmonauts. After nearly a thousand studies, Siberian Ginseng has been shown to increase energy and stamina and to help the body resist viral infections, environmental toxins, radiation, and chemotherapy. In Chinese Medicine, E. senticosus has been used to prevent bronchial and other respiratory infections as well as viral infections.
The Chinese used the root also to provide energy and vitality, to increase resistance, and to treat rheumatic diseases and heart ailments. Siberian Ginseng has been used in cardiovascular and neurovascular conditions to help restore memory, concentration, and cognitive abilities which may be impaired from poor blood supply to the brain.
Additionally Siberian Ginseng is a popular herbal remedy for debility, depression, fatigue, and nervous breakdowns.
Uses of Siberian Ginseng:
Siberian ginseng has included studies on the following
Prevent stress-related illnesses.
Combat fatigue and restore energy.
Increase male female fertility and reduce male impotence.
Relieve menstrual disorders and menopausal symptoms.
Help with Alzheimer's disease.
Increase resistance to colds and flu.
Eleuthero produces a comprehensive strengthening and toning impact; it has been recommended in treating various neural diseases, impotence, lung ailments, medium forms of diabetes mellitus, and malignant tumours. The results of pharmacological investigations of Eleuthero have been summarised by I. V. Dardymov and E. l. Khasina (1993) in their book. The authors postulate Eleuthero's effects on the body, which involve an energy-mobilizing impact primarily through intensified utilization of glucose and a stress-protective effect conditioned by change in central nervous system and hormonal regulation. In an alarming situation, the adrenal glands release corticosteroids and adrenaline which prepare the organism for the fight or flight reaction. When these hormones are depleted, the organism reaches an exhaustive phase. Eleutherococcus delays the exhaustive phase and can allow a more economical and efficient release of these hormones.
1.Enhancing resilience - Siberian ginseng is given to improve mental resilience, for example, during exams, and to reduce the effects of physical stress, for example during athletic training.
2.Exhaustion remedy - Siberian ginseng is most effective in the treatment of prolonged exhaustion and debility, resulting from overwork and long-term stress. The herb also stimulates immune resistance and can be taken in convalescence to aid recovery from chronic illness. As a general tonic, Siberian ginseng helps both to prevent infection and to maintain well-being. Siberian ginseng is also used in treatments for impotence.
3.Immune System - A 4-week study in healthy subjects found that those who received Siberian ginseng extract had improvements in a number of measures that reflect the functioning of the immune system.
4.Mental Performance -A 3-month human study of Siberian ginseng among middle aged volunteers found that there was a significant improvement in memory and concentration as compared to placebo.
Another popular but unproven use of Siberian ginseng is to maintain or restore mental alertness.
Eleuthero has been shown to enhance mental acuity and physical endurance without the letdown that comes with caffeinated products. Research has shown that eleuthero improves the use of oxygen by the exercising muscle. This means that a person is able to maintain aerobic exercise longer and recovery from workouts is much quicker.
5.Physical Performance -Although Siberian ginseng is frequently used to enhance physical stamina and increase muscle strength, studies have shown mixed results for these purposes.
Eleuthero's ability to increase stamina and endurance led Soviet Olympic athletes to use it to enhance their training. Explorers, divers, sailors, and miners used eleuthero to prevent stress-related illness. After the Chernobyl accident, many Russian citizens were given eleuthero to counteract the effects of radiation.
6.Male Fertility -Siberian ginseng has a long history of folkloric use for male infertility. Animal studies suggest that Siberian ginseng may be helpful in increasing reproductive capacity.
7.Viral Infection -In a laboratory study, an extract of Siberian ginseng slowed the replication of certain viruses, including influenza A (which causes the flu) as well as human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (both of which cause symptoms of the common cold). It had no effect, however, in test tubes on adenovirus (another cause of the common cold and other respiratory infections) or herpes simplex virus type 1 (which generally causes oral herpes lesions). But, a 6-month study of 93 people with herpes simplex virus type 2 (which generally causes genital herpes lesions) found that Siberian ginseng reduced frequency, severity, and duration of outbreaks. Talk to your doctor about whether it is safe or appropriate for you to use Siberian ginseng to try to prevent herpes outbreaks.
Quite a bit of research has been conducted on the effects of E. senticosus, but most of the studies have been published in Chinese or in Russian.
As already noted, the herb is used in Russia to improve physical performance and to bolster individuals against the mental and physical effects of stress.
A placebo-controlled study in rats failed to confirm that either ginseng or eleuthero could increase the animals" endurance for swimming in cold water. The rats given eleuthero did exhibit more aggressive behavior, however, suggesting a possible effect on the brain.
Eleuthero saponins did, however, increase survival time of oxygen-deprived animals in other experiments.
8.Blood sugar Lowering:Saponins extracted from eleuthero can lower blood sugar in mice with experimentally induced diabetes. It appears to have little effect on blood sugar in animals without hyperglycemia.
9.Anti Cancer:Eleuthero extracts added to cancer cells in a test tube increase the effectiveness of anticancer drugs. Further studies are needed in animals and in humans before anyone can evaluate whether this activity will prove clinically useful.
10.Combat harmful toxins:Eleuthero compounds have very little ability to protect animals against the harmful effects of radiation.
Another way that eleuthero reduces stress on the body is to combat harmful toxins. Eleuthero has shown a protective effect in animal studies, against chemicals such as ethanol, sodium barbital, tetanus toxoid, and chemotherapeutic agents. Eleuthero can also reduce the side effects of radiation exposure.
11.Stengthen Immune System:In healthy humans, however, an injection of eleuthero polysaccharides increased immune system activity, especially boosting the number and activation of T cells.
Eleuthero extracts apparently bind to receptors for estrogen, progestin, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids.
More than 2,200 people have received eleuthero in studies of its effects on atherosclerosis, diabetes, blood pressure abnormalities (both high and low), bronchitis, head trauma, and rheumatic heart disease. The findings in most of these studies were positive, although the herb should not be considered a "cure."
In Germany, eleuthero is approved as a tonic to invigorate a person in times of fatigue, as an antidote to poor concentration and diminished work capacity, and as an aid to convalescence.
In China, it is used to treat the headaches and heart palpitations that result from altitude sickness. Research there has also shown that eleuthero saponins are able to block calcium channels and change the electrical reactivity of heart tissue cultures.
It has a calming effect on the central nervous system and is said to improve digestion.
One interesting study in rats showed that it prevents birth defects, but it has not been tested in pregnant women.
Siberian Ginseng as adaptogenic herb:
Eleuthero is known as an adaptogenic herb, which helps the body to adapt to various kinds of stress such as heat, cold, exertion, or sleep deprivation. Eleutherosides are the active components in Eleuthero. Together with complex polysaccharides, Eleuthero is extremely helpful in promoting energy as it spares glycogen while utilizing fatty acids for energy in the body. It also improves the use of oxygen in a working muscle to help maintain activity for longer periods of time, while shortening recovery.
Additionally, preliminary research has shown Eleuthero binds to estrogen, progestin, and mineralocorticoid receptors, and stimulates T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell production to enhance immune activity.
As an adaptogen that improves chi (life force) and may be useful for:Heart problems,Rheumatism,Bronchitis,Woman's problems,Impotence,Memory,Physical performance,Stress levels,Fatigue,Atherosclerosis,Diabetes,Blood pressure abnormalities (high and low),Digestion,May offer protection against radiation.
They are classified to the group of adaptogens, which raise resistance to various negative factors: physical, chemical, biological and psychological. The preparations stimulate physical and mental ability, raise the organism resistance at various kinds of sicknesses, poisoning, irradiation. They stimulate central nerve system, sex glands activities, decrease sugar and cholesterine level in blood, improve appetite, sharpen sight and hearing.
Eleuthero produces a comprehensive strengthening and toning impact; it has been recommended in treating various neural diseases, impotence, lung ailments, medium forms of diabetes mellitus, and malignant tumours.
Siberian Ginseng strengthens the adrenal and reproductive glands:
iberian Ginseng strengthens the adrenal and reproductive glands. It enhances immune function, helps prevent infection, promotes lung functioning and stimulates the appetite. It useful for bronchitis, circulatory problems, diabetes, infertility, lack of energy, and stress. There is some evidence that it can help ease withdrawal from cocaine, and help improve drug or alcohol induced liver dysfunction in older adults. Siberian Ginseng protects the body against the effects of radiation exposure. It is used by athletes for overall body strengthening. Siberian Ginseng is most effective in the treatment of prolonged exhaustion and debility, resulting from overwork and long-term stress.
The results of pharmacological investigations of Eleuthero have been summarised by I. V. Dardymov and E. l. Khasina (1993) in their book. The authors postulate Eleuthero's effects on the body, which involve an energy-mobilizing impact primarily through intensified utilization of glucose and a stress-protective effect conditioned by change in central nervous system and hormonal regulation. In an alarming situation, the adrenal glands release corticosteroids and adrenaline which prepare the organism for the fight or flight reaction. When these hormones are depleted, the organism reaches an exhaustive phase. Eleutherococcus delays the exhaustive phase and can allow a more economical and efficient release of these hormones.
Siberian Ginseng liver detoxify harmful toxins:
Eleuthero may also support the body by helping the liver detoxify harmful toxins. It has shown a protective action in animal studies against chemicals such as ethanol, sodium barbital, tetanus toxoid, and chemotherapeutic agents. According to a test tube study eleuthero also helps protect the body during radiation exposure. Preliminary research in Russia has suggested that eleuthero may help alleviate side effects and help the bone marrow recover more quickly in people undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer.
Siberian Ginseng Improve Immune System:
Eleuthero may be useful as a preventive measure during the cold and flu season. However, it has not yet been specifically studied for this purpose. Preliminary evidence also suggests that eleuthero may prove valuable in the long-term management of various diseases of the immune system, including HIV infection and chronic fatigue syndrome. Healthy people taking 2 teaspoons (10 ml) of tincture three times daily have been shown to have increased numbers of the immune cells (T4 lymphocytes) that have been found to decrease during HIV-infection and AIDS.13 Further human clinical trials are needed to confirm that eleuthero may be helpful for this disease.
Eleuthero has been shown to have immunoprotective effects against breast (mammary gland) carcinoma, stomach carcinoma, oral cavity carcinoma, skin melanoma and ovarian carcinoma. It was found to have a pronounced effect on T lymphocytes, predominantly of the helper/inducer type, but also on cytotoxic and natural killer cells. Its active ingredients may also be of use in combating herpes simplex type II infections.
Siberian Ginseng Improve Weight Loss:
Siberian ginseng is also considered to be a substance that may help individuals cope with physical and emotional stress thus reducing Cortisol the stress hormone which is known for increasing the storage of ugly belly fat.
Siberian Ginseng Therapeutic uses:
Eleuthero is used for convalescence, menopausal problems and stress and insomnia linked to anxiety.
The herb is used in conjunction with other ingredients in treatment for cancer, exposure to radiation and toxic chemicals.
The USSR Olympic team used it in the 1984 Moscow Olympics, and it is an ingredient often used in Russian tonics.
Eleuthero has demonstrated adaptogenic and endurance-enhancing effects, immunomodulatory effects, immunostimulatory effects, hypoglycemic activity, platelet aggregation-inhibiting effects, and antiproliferative effects on leukemia cells in vitro. However, one in vivo experiment that evaluated the effect of eleuthero on stamina and longevity found no significant difference between mice given eleuthero and control mice. In animal and in vitro studies, eleuthero has demonstrated effects of radiation protection and stress reduction.
Siberian Ginseng Mode of Action:
The extract of Eleuthrococcus has increased physical performance in both humans and mice. In hen and piglets increased growth and survival rate was accomplished by the use of Eleuthrococcus extract. In rat studies their increased protein anabolism was demonstrated in organ and muscle tissue. The extract has increased thermostability upon heat exposure in humans and increase immunocompetent cells particularly T cells. The increase of T cells was accents for helper/inducer cells, but also increased cytotoxic and natural killers cells numbers. A general enhancement of the activation state of the T cells was seen. It is considered that these action function on influence in the pituitary-adrenocortical systen similar to Asian Ginseng.
Increase catecholamine concentrations in the adrenals and brain of rats after oral consumption of the extract suggest an explanation for stress tolerance. Polysaccharides in Eleuthrococcus have been shown to have immunostimulating activity, with increased phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo.One dramatic study demonstrated that children with Shigella and Proteus recovered faster when given Eleuthrococcus extract along with antibiotics in contrast to antibiotics by themselves.
Siberian Ginseng extract has been shown to double the survival time of mice during chronic irradiation of up to 7,000 rads. Used along with chemotherapy it have been shown to reduce side effects. It has been shown to have a hypoglycemic effect.
Eleuthrosides B,D, and E were shown to aid recovery after sexual stress. It was also found to strengthen seminal vesicles and prostates in mice. In females, the activation rate of steroidal receptors was higher in the uterus (including response to estrogen) when Eleuthrococcus was ingested.
Other area that have shown possitive effect from Siberian Ginseng extract are: immune system of cancer patients, working capacity, heart structure in myocardial infarctions, arrhythmias and other heart diseases, diabetes, antimicrobial action and prenatal prevention of congenital developmental anomalies. It has also been shown to produce antiedemic, diuretic, antihypertensive and antiinflammatory effect.
Phytochemicals and Constituents of Siberian Ginseng:
Active constituents: The constituents in eleuthero that have received the most attention are the eleutherosides.
The active constituents in eleuthero are known as eleutherosides. The eleutherosides are actually a diverse group of quite different compounds and include:
Lignans : Eleutherosides D & E (syringaresinols) and B4 (sesamin)
Phenylpropane derivatives including Eleutheroside B (syringin), caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid Coumarins including Eleutheroside B1 & Isofraxidin.
Sterins including Eleutheroside A (daucosterin).
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
OCH3
O-b-D-Glc
OCH3
OCH3
O-b-D-Glc
OCH3
Eleuthero contains phenolics, polysaccharides, and eleutherosides A-G, the total content ranging between 0.6~0.9%. Eleutherosides B, B1, and E are representative of three classes of compounds collectively called eleutherosides. Other constituents include phenylpropanoids, lignans, coumarins, polysaccharides, and sugars. A review of the chemistry of eleuthero with 29 chemical structures has been published.
1.Seven primary eleutherosides have been identified, with most of the research attention focusing on eleutherosides B and E
2.Eleuthero also contains complex polysaccharides (a kind of sugar molecule).
3.These constituents play a critical role in eleuthero ability to support immune function. :Glycosides (Eleutherosides), resins, anthocyanin, pectin
Pharmacology of Siberian Ginseng
The eleutherosides have been shown to be responsible for the adaptogenic properties of the plant.
The eleutherosides are a range of glycosides with aromatic alcohol aglycones (Ginsenosides have triterpenoid aglycones).
The glycosides appear to act on the adrenal glands, helping to prevent adrenal hypertrophy and excess corticosteroid production in response to stress.
The eleutherosides additionally help reduce the exhaustion phase of the stress response and return the adrenals to normal function faster.
Bio-Enhancing Agents :Ginkgo biloba
Processing
Two step repercolation at low temperature, made with different ethanol/water ratios and with pH stabilization to prevent hydrolysis of the eleutherosides. Evaporation at low temperature and low pressure.
Can Siberian ginseng improve my sex life?
Siberian ginseng is one of the most important tonic herbs used in Chinese sexual therapy. Balance is the goal of TCM and through the use of ginseng with an appropriate yin tonic the best effects can be achieved.
Siberian ginseng works to stimulate the production of sex-related hormones, to balance and enhance the central nervous system and to help increase our response to stimulation.
Used in moderation as part of an herbal and health program, Ginseng can increase physical stamina, and help promote a sense of well being.
Siberian ginseng Interactions:
Adverse effects with concurrent use of oral anti-diabetic drugs, such as Warfarin, heparin, aspirin, and NSAIDS
Siberian ginseng for Memory aid:
Ginkgo biloba and Siberian ginseng together improve memory
It has been found that a combination of Ginkgo biloba and Siberian ginseng may improve memory in healthy middle-aged adults.
256 healthy men and women aged between 38 and 66 were divided into three groups and administered one of the following standardised doses: 60mg of ginkgo and 100mg of ginseng extract twice daily; 120mg of ginkgo and 200mg of ginseng; or a placebo daily for 14 weeks.
Enhancing resilience: Siberian ginseng is given to improve mental resilience, for example, during exams, and to reduce the effects of physical stress, for example during athletic training.
Exhaustion remedy: Siberian ginseng is most effective in the treatment of prolonged exhaustion and debility, resulting from overwork and long-term stress. The herb also stimulates immune resistance and can be taken in convalescence to aid recovery from chronic illness. As a general tonic, Siberian ginseng helps both to prevent infection and to maintain well-being. Siberian ginseng is also used in treatments for impotence.
Eleuthero Root has been used to promote an overall sense of well-being. Herbalists call this herb an "adaptogen", which means that it helps the body adapt to any situation which normally would alter its function. The eleutherosides have been shown to be responsible for the adaptogenic properties of the plant. The eleutherosides are a range of glycosides with aromatic alcohol aglycones. The glycosides appear to act on the adrenal glands, helping to prevent adrenal hypertrophy and excess corticosteroid production in response to stress. The eleutherosides additionally help reduce the exhaustion phase of the stress response, and return the adrenals to normal function faster. As a result, Eleuthero Root has a beneficial effect on the heart and circulation. It has been shown to increase energy & stamina, and to help the body resist viral infections, environmental toxins, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Adaptogens Boosting the Immune System:
The immune system works by recognizes and destroying anything foreign to the body. These can include bacteria, microbes, foreign particles, toxic compounds, and yes Protozoans. This is usually done by cells in the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
Most herbs for the immune system are general known as stimulators or immunostimulants. These will help increase the activity of the immune system, but they are not specific to any disease.
In herbal medicine, we refer to immunostimulants as Adaptogens. An Adaptogen is a substance that increases the body's resistance to stress and which exerts a balancing effect on the various systems of the body. An Adaptogen will have a nonspecific effect on the body. It will normalize or balance actions independent of the type of pathological condition. It is harmless and shouldn't influence normal body functions more than necessary.
Adaptogens should perform the following actions: Reduce stress, enhance the brain and CNS, Immunomodulation, antioxidant activity, liver protection , improved blood sugar metabolism and increase stamina and endurance.
The whole object of adaptogens is its ability to help the body deal more effectively with stress. The key here is support for the adrenal glands. They are responsible for helping us respond to stress. When the adrenals become overtaxes, we lose this edge and different systems in the body begin to break down.
Adaptogens serve to recharge exhausted adrenal glands.
Boosting the Immune System:Mechanisms
Siberian ginseng consists of a group of glycosides known as eleutherosides. Siberian Ginseng is well known for its ability to support and enhance adrenal function. Adrenal function is associated with greater energy and better reaction to stress. It will also support and strengthen the immune system. It maximizes the utilization of oxygen by working muscles, keeping them in an active state for a longer period of time. Siberian ginseng has few reported side affects and is extremely safe to use on horses.
The active constituents in Siberian ginseng are mainly eleutherosides. These are predominately glycosides, and are thought to contribute to the adaptogenic actions of Siberian ginseng.
There are seven primary eleutherosides. that have been identified. These substances are not the same as "panax" red or white ginseng's which contain ginsenosides. Eleuthero (Siberian ginseng) also contains complex polysaccharides. These play a critical role in its ability to support the immune system.
Eleuthero (Siberian ginseng) has the remarkable ability to increase the body's resistance to stress and help the body move towards a state of balance. It does this by providing fuel to the adrenal glands (as mentioned above), allowing them to function fully when challenged by stress. Eleuthero (Siberian ginseng) helps the body combat harmful toxins. Research has proven that the herb has a protective effect against harmful chemicals. These actions may make it helpful in supportive treatment for the EPM horse or any horse or human who is receiving huge amounts of drugs, radiation or chemo therapy.
The evidence is mounting that Eleuthero enhances and supports the immune system response and it is used in the long term management of various diseases of the immune system, such as HIV, CFS and Lupus. And now hopefully EPM.
Research in Germany shows that Eleuthero increases important components of the immune system known as lymphocytes. Lymphocytes act as the body's primary defense against viral infections and have become the focus of study with regard to HIV infections. Eleuthero increases the activity and number of T-lymphocystes. The most significant increase is the subset of T-lymphocystes known as CD4 cells. Without proper CD4 cell activity, the immune system cannot function properly. CD4 cells are a major target of HIV and decrease in number following HIV infection.
Evidence is also mounting that eleuthero enhances and supports the immune response. Eleuthero may be useful as a preventive measure during cold and flu season. Recent evidence also suggests that eleuthero may prove valuable in the long-term management of various diseases of the immune system, including HIV infection, chronic fatigue syndrome, and autoimmune illnesses such as lupus.
In perhaps the most convincing study carried out so far, B. Bohn and co-workers in Heidelberg, West Germany looked at immune parameters in 18 individuals in a randomised, double-blind fashion for a total of four weeks. The subjects in this study had venous blood drawn both before and after Eleutherococcus Senticosus administration, and the samples were analysed by flow cytometry, which counted absolute numbers of immune cells present in their blood.
Overall, the Eleutherococcus Senticosus group showed an absolute increase in all immune cells measured. Total T-cell numbers advanced by 78 per cent, T helper/inducer cells went up by 80 per cent, cytotoxic Ts by 67 percent, and NK cells by 30 per cent, compared to the control group. B Iymphocytes, which are cells that produce antibodies against infectious organisms, expanded by 22 per cent in the Eleutherococcus Senticosus subjects, compared to controls. Most importantly, no side effects were noted in the Eleutherococcus Senticosus subjects up to five months after Eleutherococcus Senticosus administration ended.
The researchers stated: 'We conclude from our data that Eleutherococcus senticosus exerts a strong immunomodulatory effect in healthy normal subjects.' The Bohn study has caused drug companies to spend millions of dollars in an effort to get Eleutherococcus Senticosus approved as a drug by the FDA in the States.
The increases in T, B, and NK cells in people given Eleutherococcus Senticosus suggest that it could be very useful in alleviating the immune suppression associated with strenuous exercise. In addition, one might speculate about a positive effect of Eleutherococcus Senticosus in the very early stages of HIV (AIDS-virus) infection. In an HIV-infected patient, Eleutherococcus Senticosus might prevent or retard the spread of the virus, thanks to the synergistic positive actions of elevated numbers of both helper and cytotoxic T cells.
Supporting these findings, Eleutherococcus Senticosus is now used in the support of cancer patients undergoing radiation and chemotherapy, especially in Germany. Studies have shown that ES, when administered to patients, drastically reduces the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy (e.g., nausea, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and loss of appetite). Other research with cancer patients has linked Eleutherococcus Senticosus with improved healing and recovery times, increased weight gain, and improved immune cell counts. In Russia, the administration of Eleutherococcus Senticosus to cancer patients seemed to permit larger than normal doses of drugs utilised in chemotherapy, thus speeding treatment periods.
How does Eleutherococcus Senticosus actually spur the immune system to greater activity? At present, there is no consensus. Some researchers believe that Eleutherococcus Senticosus induces increased interferon biosynthesis (interferon is a powerful chemical which boosts immune-system activity), while others believe that polysaccharides (long-chain sugar molecules) naturally found in Eleutherococcus Senticosus stimulate the activity of special white blood cells called macrophages. These macrophages play a number of roles in the immune system, including the breakdown of infected cells and the stimulation of other immune cells. However, the polysaccharides are probably 'non-specific' immune stimulants, which means that their effectiveness fades fairly quickly and that they must be administered continuously or at regular intervals in order to produce a positive effect.
Athletes & Antibiotics:
Why should athletes try to stimulate their own immune systems, rather than rely on antibiotics and other remedies to control infections? Obviously, prevention of infection can promote more consistent, high-quality training and lower the risk of missed competitions. In addition, many microorganisms are now resistant to many of the commonly used antibiotics. That means that an infection picked up during heavy training may be more difficult to shake off than ever before.
Some of the more notable antibiotic-resistant organisms include Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes 'strep throat', upper respiratory infections, and is reported to be resistant to both penicillin and chloramphenicol. Another common bacterial species, Hemophilus influenzae, which produces both ear and upper-respiratory tract infections, is now resistant to a variety of antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline. Staphylococcus aureus, which causes 'staph infections' of the skin, especially around surgical wounds, is resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, and the so-called B-lactam antibiotics. Finally, certain strains of Escherichia coli, which have caused deaths in recent incidents when customers of restaurants have consumed contaminated or poorly cooked meat, are resistant to a variety of different drugs.
Investigators in the US recently completed a pilot study in which Eleutherococcus Senticosus extract was given to AIDS patients in hopes of improving their immune-system functioning and overall survivability. The results were very promising, and so a four-city, randomised, double-blind, clinical trial will be carried out with Eleutherococcus Senticosus in the near future.
Extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus appear to have the ability to prevent immune suppression in vigorously training athletes and may limit the risk of infection. By boosting recovery following hard workouts, E. senticosus may also downgrade athletes' chances of overtraining.
There is a relatively small number of controlled clinical trials performed with eleuthero. A single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial lasting eight days investigated the effect of eleuthero extract (2 ml, twice daily) on working capacity and fatigue of six male athletes, ages 21-22. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, total work, and exhaustion time were measured. Significant results were observed in all parameters, particularly the 23.3% increase in total work noted in the eleuthero test group compared with 7.5% of the placebo group (Asano, 1986).
An eight-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy of eleuthero extract (3.4 ml daily) on submaximal and maximal exercise performance of 20 highly trained distance runners. No significant difference was observed between test and control groups in heart rate, oxygen consumption, expired minute volume, respiratory exchange ratio, perceived exertion, and serum lactate levels (Dowling, 1996).
Toxicity, Cautions & Contra-Indications:
No toxicity or side effects reported. Should not be taken with a high fever (above 39 deg C) or at a very high blood pressure (WHO stage 2).
Official Regulations and Medical References:
U.S.P.
Martindale
UK - British Herbal Compendium, p. 89
France - Accepted for specific indications No. 90/22
German - Comiison E ;1984, p. 124
PDR for Herbal Medicine - p. 824
Contraindications:
Eleuthero is generally considered by most herbalists in the United States to be milder in activity than the more stimulating root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng). There at least two studies in which it is recommended that eleuthero not be given to persons with a blood pressure in excess of 180/90 mm Hg. Presumably, this information prompted the Commission to note this possible adverse effect in some people. However, the glycosides contained in eleuthero have been shown to lower blood pressure.
Note:Eleuthero is different from both American ginseng and Panax ginseng. They are not interchangeable.
Reported side effects have been minimal with use of eleuthero. Mild, transient diarrhea has been reported in a very small number of users.
Eleuthero may:
cause insomnia in some people if taken too close to bedtime.
interact with certain medications, such as sedatives, barbiturates and anti psychotic drugs.
cause an increase in the effects of oral anti-diabetic medications.
Diabetic patients should ingest it solely under medical supervision.
Avoid:
in pregnancy and lactation.
use in patients with high blood pressure, liver or kidney disease.
combining this herb with other plants or substances that have a stimulating effect upon the central nervous system, such as Guaran??, Coffee, Ephedra (Ma Huang), mate or black tea.
use during acute phase of infections.
use at night in patients suffering from insomnia.
This herb is not prescribed for children, and should not be used for more than 3 weeks at one time. Avoid caffeine when using this herb.
Safety and Acute toxicity:
Acute Toxicity:Siberian Ginseng Extract.
Siberian Ginseng Ext.LD.50.lethal dose,50 percent death.Oral.Rodent.mice.10~30 grams/kg.
LD50.lethal dose,50 percent death.(PO) dogs, >33ml/KG for ethanolic extract.
Newall C, Anderson L, Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-care Professionals. London. The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996, 143.
Chronic Toxicity:Negligible
Toxicity studies in animals have demonstrated that Siberian ginseng extracts are virtually nontoxic. The LD50 (50 percent lethal dose) of the 33 percent ethanol extract of Siberian ginseng is 14.5 milliliters per kilogram in mice and greater than 20.0 milliliters per kilogram, and no long-term toxicity was observed in rats administered the 33 percent ethanol extract of Siberian ginseng at a daily dose of 5.0 milliliters per kilogram2 In human studies it was demonstrated that Siberian ginseng extracts (33 percent ethanol) are extremely well tolerated and side effects are quite infrequent. However, side effects often reported at higher dosages (4.56 milliliters three times daily) include insomnia, irritability, melancholy, and anxiety. Individuals with rheumatic heart disease have reported pericardial pain, headaches, palpitations, and elevations in blood pressure following the administration of Siberian ginseng.
How to Take It and Dosage of Siberian Ginseng:
Pediatric:
This herb is generally not recommended for use in pediatric patients because of concerns about possible stimulant effects. However, some clinicians may recommend it as a tonic during periods of stress; if so, follow the instructions carefully of that qualified practitioner. Use for children should be limited to 2 consecutive weeks.
Adult:
150-500 mg. extract equiv to 2-5 gm./day dried plant
Powder - 3 - 15 gm.
Tincture - 10 - 50 drops.
Dried root: The recommended dose is 500 to 3,000 milligrams dried root daily (tea, or in capsules).
Tincture: (herb and alcohol; or herb, alcohol, and water), one teaspoon three times per day.
Fluid extract (1:1): 1/2 to 1 tsp. Two to three times per day.
Extract (33% alcohol extract): 40 to 120 drops one to three times per day.
Standardization:The most current available medical and scientific literature indicates that this dietary supplement should be standardized to 0.8% eleutherosides B and E per dose.
Solid extracts, made from dried, powdered root are also available. Look for products that contain at least 1% eleutheroside F, and take 100 to 200 mg three times per day.
To increase stamina or resistance to stress, one of the forms recommended above can be taken for one month on and one month off. For chronic conditions such as fatigue, Siberian ginseng can be taken for three months, followed by 2 to 3 weeks off. These cycles can be repeated, but this should be done under the supervision of a healthcare provider.
Eleutherococcus (Siberian ginseng) is the root of Eleutherococcus senticosus, a plant in the ginseng family that is different from true ginseng (Panax). Other names for it are spiny ginseng, eleuthero ginseng, and eleuthero. Many people in Russia, including athletes and cosmonauts, use it to increase endurance and resistance to stress, and Russian researchers have shown that it does have these properties. They call it an "adaptogen," a substance that promotes adaptation to environmental stress of all kinds. In the past such a substance was called a tonic, something that tones or stretches the system, making it more resilient, better able to bend under pressure rather than break. Traditional Chinese medicine places great value on tonic plants because it believes in strengthening natural defenses. In the West scientists pay little attention to that strategy and none at all to tonic plants. Unlike true ginseng, eleutherococcus is not a stimulant or sexual enhancer. But like ginseng, eleuthero must be taken regularly over a period of weeks or months in order to have an effect. It may be useful for people who are run down, weak, lacking in energy and resistance, or suffering from chronic illness.
Quantitative determination of Siberian Ginseng:
An analytical sample of stock should be pulverized down to the particle size that passes through the 2mm sieve according to State Standard (GOST) 214-83.
About 1 gram (precise weight) of pulverized stock should be put into a 100ml cone flask to carry out fractional extraction sequentially by 20ml two times by 70% ethyl alcohol and two times by 95% alcohol. Each extraction should be done in a magnetic mixer heated at <50 for 1 hour. The extract should be filtered through a paper filter into a 100ml round-bottom flask for distillation. Alcohol should be distilled to dryness under vacuum in a rotor evaporator.
To the remains in the flask should be added 10ml of water and 10ml of carbon tetrachloride. The flask contents should be thoroughly mixed and quantitatively transferred to a 100ml separating funnel. The flask should be rinsed twice by carbon tetrachloride by 5ml and rinse content should be added to the separating funnel contents. Then into the flask should be added 10ml of the mixture: chloroform and 95% alcohol (5:1) and then left for 10 minutes.
In the separating funnel, the water phase should be rinsed by thrice extraction by carbon tetrachloride by 10ml.
After separation of carbon tetrachloride, to the separating funnel contents should be added 20ml (including 10ml from the distillation flask) of the mixture: chloroform and 95% alcohol (5:1) and then extract eleutherozides for 5 minutes. The lower layer should be filtered through a paper filter with 2 grams of waterless sodium sulfate into a 100ml measuring flask.
Extraction of eleutherozides in the separating flask should be repeated four times more sequentially 15ml, 15ml, 10ml, and 10ml of the same mixture, collecting them into the same flask. Flask solution volume should be brought to the mark with the mixture: chloroform and 95% alcohol (5:1, Solution A).
20ml of Solution A should be put into a 50ml measuring flask and the solution volume should be brought to the mark with the mixture: chloroform and 95% alcohol (5:1, Solution B). Optical density of Solution B should be measured by a spectrometer with 278nm wavelength in a cuvette with a layer 10mm thick.
The mixture: chloroform and 95% alcohol (5:1) should be used as a reference solution.
The content of the sum of eleutherozides in the terms of eleutherozide B and absolutely dry stock in percentage terms (X) should be computed from the formula:
Scientific References:
1.What is Siberian Ginseng? Siberian ginseng for Memory aid?
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
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MDidea Extracts Professional
Standard Herbal Extract Series:
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Serie No.:S032.Basic Data Sheet Download
.
seminal trace...Siberian Ginseng Extract.Eleutherosides 0.8%1.0%HPLC.CAS RN:39432-56-9.Eleutheroside E:CAS RN:39432-56-9.Eleutheroside B:Syringin:.CAS.RN.NO:118-34-3;M.F.:C17H24O9...
Qualitative Reactions:
1.Enhancing resilience - Siberian ginseng is given to improve mental resilience, for example, during exams, and to reduce the effects of physical stress, for example during athletic training.
Scientific References:
Claims & Warning:
