Galla Chinensis or Chinese Gall.Galla Rhois extract and Ellagic Acid,information,Origin and Functions......

  seminal trace...Galla Chinensis Chinese Gall Galla Rhois extract and Ellagic Acid Galla Chinensis Extract.Galla Rhois extract...

 


 Basic Info and Identification of Galla Chinensis:
 Difference of Horn Galla and Gut Galla:
 WuBeizi Classical Note:
 Chinese Gall and Its Origin:
 Main content and Phytochemicals:
 Properties and Functions:
 Galla Chinesis Common Indications:
 Applications and Treatment:
 Dosage and Administration:
 Research Update of Galla Chinensis:


   Basic Info and Identification of Galla Chinensis:

 Latin: Galla Chinensis
 Other names: Galla Chinensis,Chinese Gall.Galla Rhois,Chinese Sumac,Wu Bei Zi,etc.
 Source: Chinese Gall comesis from the Galls formed by the parasitical gall aphis [Melaphischinensis(Bell) or MelaphispaitanTsaiatTang] on leaves of its host Rhus chinensis Mill.
 Botanical Source: Rhus chinensis Mill. defoliate shrub height 2 to 10 meters,light yellow to rust colored fluffy stems. leaves length 45 cm with leaflet 3 to 6 couples,leaf axis wing shape, leaflet no handle, egg shape,length 6~12cm. Bloom Summer.Growing hillside,brook side and roadside,wide spread north and south of China.
 
 Collect: collect at autumn and select the Galla no craze. dry it in the sun directly,normallhy boil it in water till appearance into grey color, translucene, pick out dry in the sun or drying.
 Medicinal part comes rhombus shape,nubble heave and angle branch shape,2.5~9cm length. Grey brown to grey ash color, feels velvet, thick no more than 2 mm,easily broken, cut section blare,smoothness,horn shape, with aphis ashes and egesta residue sticked. Smells special strange and taste acerbity. Choose the bigger,complete, grey brown and no branch one the better.


   Difference of Horn Galla and Gut Galla:
 

 Some literature noted Gut Galla is the Galla from the gall aphis on leaves of Rhus potaninii Maxim. and or Rhus punjabensis Stew.var.sinica(Diels)Rehd.et Wils, these two kinds of Galls called Gut Galla. the Galla from the gall aphis of the Rhus chinensis Mill. named Horn Galla.

 1. Horn Galla: irregular egg shape,2 to 3 branches bursa shape, 3~8~12 cm length, diameter 2~5~6cm, short horn stick up, yellow bronw to grey brown color, offwhite silk hair.feels velvet, thick no more than 2 mm,easily broken, cut section blare,smoothness,horn shape, with aphis ashes and egesta residue sticked. Smells special strange and taste acerbity. Choose the bigger,complete, grey brown and no branch one the better.
 2. Gut Galla:ellipse to ball shape bursa,smooth, no horn stick up,grey olive green color, silk hair less. cut section horn,2~3mm thick.

 Characteristics and Functions: taste sour, acerbity. Benefit lung,kidney,arge intestine. Used to treat disease of lung,intestines, strong kidney,stop sweat and hemostasias. Apply for dermatitis, sore,burst,backache,scald,trauma and bleeding. Suggest dosage 3~7 grams.


   WuBeizi Classical Note:

 WuBeizi, names as Beizi,WenGe, Galla, BugStorehouse, Baiyaojian,etc. Doctor LiShizhen noted in BenCaoGangMu:"WuBei regarded as five wood bei,origins from ShanHaiJing, for shape like sea clam, so similar name,BugStorehouse, compositional description,Baiyaojian,dormantpartner.", so it named WuBeizi by Docter LiShizhen ever since.

 The appearance of Chinese Gall like a fruit on the tree,but it does not come from the outrcome of flower of impregnation, but an Galls actually. Ancient people mistake it as fruits of the tree, so it keep a misapprehend until Doctor LiShizhen give an good explain. He noted in BenCaoGangMu:"WuBeizi, classified as grass part in KaiBaoBenCao, moved into Wood Part in JiaYouBenCao. although these clear it grows on Rhus tree,yet no one knows it actually formed by aphis.", so classified it into insect part of BenCaoGangMu.
 


   Chinese Gall and Its Origin:

 The gall on the leaf of Rhus chinensis Mill. (Chinese sumac), Rhus potaninii Maxim. (potanin sumac) or Rhus punjabensis var. sinica (Diels) Rehd. et Wils. (red-punjab sumac), a deciduous dungarunga of the family Anacardiaceae, which is mainly formed by the parasitism of an insect called the "gall aphid".
 The decidious tree grows to about 6 m tall. It is in flower in August. The flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by bees. The plant cannot grow in the shade. It requires moist soil.

 In China, it is distributed in most areas but mainly produced in Sichuan province. Picked off in autumn, the parasites in the gall are boiled to death and dried for use when raw.
 Chinese Gall is a kind of special local product of China, and an important traditional commodity for export. China is the biggest origin of Galla chinesis and share about 90% more output of the world, with good fame of both out put,kinds and quality, so the Galls named Chinese Gall or East Gall.
 

   Main content and Phytochemicals:

 The main content of Chinese Gall is Ellagic Acid (50%~80%),Gallic Acid (2%~5%), moisture (12%), etc. also contains a few fatty acid,resins, starch,wax, protein, fibre,etc.

   Properties and Functions:

 Properties: Sour and astringent in flavour, cold in nature, it is tropistic to the lung, large intestine and kidney channels. Being sour and astringent, it has effects of astringing the lung and bowels, arresting spermatorrhea. and perspiration. Its effects are similar to those of Fructus Schisandrae. It is used for chronic cough and diarrhea, spontaneous emission and perspiration as well as night sweat. However, owing to its cold nature, it also functions in clearing heat and when it astring, it purges as well. It is used preferentially to treat patients with inability to preserve body essence due to deficiency and with concomitant heat in the interior.

 Functions: Astringes the lungs to remove or reducing pathogenic fire, astringes the intestines to arrest diarrhea, arresting spermatorrhea, astringing bowels,controls nocturnal emission and arrests enuresis (the involuntary discharge of urine) as well as arrests sweating and bleeding.
 


   Galla Chinesis Common Indications:

   1. For chronic cough due to deficiency of the lung:

 It is used with herbs for replenishing the lung to relieve cough and asthma, such as Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae, Rhizoma Discoreae, Radix Ophiopogonis, Fructus Schisandrae, Semen Armeniacae Amartum, etc. For cough due to lung-heat, it is used with herbs for clearing away lung-heat and phlegm, such as Fructus Trichosanthis, Bulbus Fritillariae, Rhizoma Phragmitis, egc.

   2. For night sweating due to Yin-deficiency, and spontaneous perspiration because of Qi-deficiency:

 It is often used with drugs for consolidating the superficial resistance to stop sweating, such as Concha Ostreae, Fructus Corni, Fructus Schisandrae, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, etc.

   3. For spermatorrhea and frequent urination due to kidney-deficiency:

 It is used with herbs for invigorating the kidney to preserve essence, such as Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Fructus Psoraleae, Concha Ostreae, Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae, etc.

   4. For chronic diarrhea and dysentery:

 It is used with herbs for astringing intestines and to arrest diarrhea, such as Fructus Chebulae, Halloysitum Rubrum, Fructus Schisandrae, etc. For protracted diarrhea and proclapse of rectum, it is decocted alone in water and used as an external lotion.
 


   Applications and Treatment:

   1. Treats prolonged coughing due to deficiency of the lungs or coughing with phlegm due to lung-heat:

 Sour and astringent in taste and sufficiently cold to clear away heat, this herb can not only astringe the lungs to arrest coughing, but also clear away heat and remove fire.
 a) Prolonged coughing due to deficiency of the lungs: This is often used together with herbs that astringe the lungs and arrest coughing, such as Chinese magnoliavine fruit (Fructus Schisandrae), poppy shell (Pericarpium Papaveris), etc.
 b) Coughing with phlegm due to lung-heat: The herb can be used together with heat-clearing and phlegm-resolving herbs, such as Mongolian snakegourd (Fructus Trichosanthis), skullcap root (Radix Scutellariae), thunberg fritillary bulb (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), etc.

   2. Treats prolonged diarrhea or prolonged dysentery:

 Chinese gall can astringe the intestines to arrest diarrhea or dysentery.This herb can be used together with myrobalan fruit (Fructus Chebalae) and Chinese magnoliavine fruit (Fructus Schisandrae) in order to strengthen the effects of astringing the intestines to arrest diarrhea or dysentery.
 

   3. Treats nocturnal emission and spermatorrhoea due to deficiency of the kidneys:

 This herb can also astringe to control nocturnal emission.It is often used together with fossil fragments, tuckahoe (Poria Cocos), etc., e.g., Yu Suo Dan.

   4. Treats spontaneous perspiration and night sweat:

 Chinese gall can astringe the lungs to arrest sweating.It can be ground alone into powder and made together with buckwheat flour into cookies, which are simmered until cooked for eating; or it is ground into powder and mixed with water for application onto the navel.

   5. Treats metrorrhagia and metrostaxis and hematochezia or hemafecia and hemorrhoidal bleeding:

 This herb can astringe to arrest bleeding.
 a) Metrorrhagia and metrostaxis and hematochezia: It can be used alone or together with charred fortune windmill palm sheath fibre (Fibra Trachycarpi Vaginata Carbonisata), burnt hair, etc.
 b) Hemafecia and hemorrhoidal bleeding: This herb can be used together with sophora flower, garden burnet root (Radix Sanguisorbae), etc., or decocted with water for the fumigation or rinsing of the affected part.

   6.Miscellaneous:

 For external use, this herb can also remove toxic substances, subdue swelling, astringe dampness and boils and arrest bleeding.Treats ulcers with pyogenic infections, exudative skin diseases, chronic ulcers, non-return prolapse of the anus, metroptosis, etc.:It can be ground alone into powder for external application or decocted for fumigation and rinsing or used in combination with dried alum.
 


   Dosage and Administration:

   Suggestive Dosage:

 1.5-6g, used in bolus or powder, and appropriate amount for external use.

   Decoct or include in pills or powder for oral administration:

 Use an adequate amount externally by grinding it into powder for external application or decocting it for fumigation and rinsing.

   Cautions on Use:

 This herb should be avoided by anyone suffering from diarrhea or dysentery due to damp heat.There are some suggestions that the sap of this species can cause a skin rash in susceptible people, but this has not been substantiated.

   Reference Materials:

 'Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica' : "Diarrhea or dysentery due to deficiency of the intestines. This herb is ground into powder and taken with boiled soup."

 'The Compendium of Materia Medica' : "Astringing the lungs to remove fire, removing gastrointestinal fluid retention, arresting coughing, treating conjunctival congestion with marginal blepharitis, relieving pyogenic infections, astringing ulcers and incised wounds and restoring a prolapsed anus and uterus. Sour and salty in taste, this herb can astringe the lungs, arrest bleeding, resolve phlegm, quench thirst and astringe sweating. Cold in nature, it can resolve pyogenic infections due to toxic heat. Astringing in property, it can relieve watery diarrhea or dysentery."

 "Treats diabetes, night sweat, vomiting, loss of blood, prolonged dysentery and inflammation of the throat."

  Safety and Acute toxicity:

 CAS No.:476-66-4.Molecular Formula:C14-H6-O8. Molecular Weight:302.20
 Synonmys:Alizarine Yellow;Benzoaric acid;C.I.55005;C.I.75270;Elagostasine;Eleagic acid;Ellagic acid;Gallogen(astringent);2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy(1)benzopyrano(5,4,3-cde)(1)benzopyran-5,10-dione.

 Acute toxicity(LD50):Ellagic acid
 LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral.Rodent-rat. >90 mL/kg;

 Reproductive Data:Ellagic acid
 TDLo-Lowest published toxic dose.Intravenous.Rodent-mouse.1208 mg/kg. Sex/Duration:female 16 day(s) after conception.
 Toxic Effect: Reproductive-Fertility-abortion.
 Reproductive-Specific Development Abnormalities-blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow).
 Reference:AMBPBZ Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica,Section A:Pathology.(Copenhagen,Denmark)V.78-89,1970-81.For publisher information,see ACPADQ.Volume(issue)/page/year:79,487,1971.

  NOES-National Occupational Exposure Survey(1983):Ellagic acid
 NOES Hazard Code-E0173
 No.of Facilities: 42(estimated)
 No.of Industries:1
 No.of Occupations:1
 No.of Employees:350 (estimated)
 No.of Female Employees:285 (estimated)


  Scientific References:

  1.Galla Chinensis or Chinese Gall.Galla Rhois extract and Ellagic Acid,information,Origin and Functions.......