Research Update of Galla Chinensis......

  seminal trace...Galla Chinensis Chinese Gall Galla Rhois extract and Ellagic Acid Galla Chinensis Extract.Galla Rhois extract...

 


   Phytochemical info of Galla Chinensis Extract:

 Product Name:
 Synonym:
 Definition: Galla Chinensis Extract are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research Update of Galla Chinensis:

   Modern Researches:

 This herb mainly contains 60% to 70% of gallic tannin and 2% to 4% of gallic acid and it also contains resin, fat, wax, starch, etc.

 Gallic acid can precipitate proteins. After the contact of the acid with the ulcerative face on the skin or mucosa, its tissue protein will coagulate, forming a capsule and showing an astringing action. The coagulation of the proteins of gland cells causes secretion and leads to the drying of the mucosa. The precipitation of the proteins at the nerve endings can give rise to a weak local anesthetic action. Gallic acid can form insoluble compounds with a variety of metals, alkaloids, glucosides, etc., so it can be used as an antidote. Nutgall can astringe the small intestine, alleviate inflammation of the intestinal tract and check diarrhea.
 This herb can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, pneumococci, typhoid bacillus, paratyphoid bacillus, Bacillus dysenteriae, anthrax bacillus, Bacillus diphtheriae, Bacillus pyocyaneus, etc.
 The leaves and the roots are depurative (purifys the blood). They stimulate blood circulation. A decoction is used in the treatment of haemoptysis, inflammations, laryngitis, snakebite, stomachache and traumatic fractures.
 The stem bark is astringent and anthelmintic (destructive to worms and used for removing internal parasitic worms).
 The fruit is used in the treatment of colic.
 The seed is used in the treatment of coughs, dysentery, fever, jaundice, malaria and rheumatism.
 The rootbark is cholagogue (stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum).

   2400 Cariostatic Effect of Extracts of Galla Chinensis on Oral Bacteria:

 Q. XIE1, Y. ZUO2, B. ZHU2, J. ZHAO2, J. LI2, and X. ZHOU2, 1Sichuan University, West China College of Stomatology, Chengdu, China, 2Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

 Objectives:Galla Chinensis, a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, has complex components. Previous studies have examined its activity of anti-inflammation and anti-bacteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of different components of Galla Chinensis extract on the growth and acid production of 6 strains of cariogenic bacteria, and to identify the most effective fraction of Galla Chinensis extract. Methods:Four different components were extracted from Galla Chinensis and their antibacterial activity to Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556, Streptococcus salivarius SS 196, Actinomyces naeslundii WVU 627, Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus AC 413 were checked with fluid diffusion method. According to the MIC values of each component, the most effective components were checked for acid production test. Acid production from sucrose was assessed with a standard pH meter (Orion 710A).

 Results:In the growth study, the most effective part of Galla Chinensis was found to be component 2, whose MIC to S. mutans ATCC 25175 was as low as 2000mg/L, which is 2 times lower than that of the whole extract of Galla Chinesis. For the acid production assay, component 2 could inhibit the acid production of S. sanguis, S.salivarius, A.naeslundii, A.viscosus and L.rhamnosus more effectively than the whole extract of Galla Chinesis with significant difference. This activity was found to originate from a mixture of gallic acid and methyl gallate. Conclusions: The most effective part of Galla Chinensis was found to be component 2, and it has a higher efficiency than the whole extract of Galla Chinensis. Support for this study is provided from Chinese Natural Science Grant (Grant No.30171175)
 


   Study of antibacterial effect of Galla Chinensis on the bacteria biofilm in chemostat:

 Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005; 30(21):1685-8 (ISSN: 1001-5302).Lh H; Li JY; Zhu B; Zhou XD.West China College Stomatology of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To compare the antibacterial effect of Galla Chinensis with that of chlorhexidine by means of chemostat and provide experimental foundation for caries prevention with Chinese medicine instead of chemicals in future. METHOD: A multispecies consortium biofilm (BF) model was construted in the chemostat. The growth-inhibition on bacterial biofilm coated on HA was investigated by means of the colony-forming units (CFU). Acid-inhibition was inspected by continual pH-recording in the flow cells. And the profile on the biofilm treated by both experimental medicines was observed with the scanning electromicroscopy (SEM).

 RESULT: Both of the experimental medicines could inhibit the growth of the BF bacteria. And Galla Chinensis had no obvious influence on the ecological composing of the BF bacteria. Both of the experimental medicines could inhibit the acid producion of experimental bacteria. But the final pH of Galla Chinensis was lower than that of chlorhexidine. A typical biofilm formed on HA was observed by SEM. Both of Galla chinensis and chlorhexidine could inhibit the production of extracellular matrix and make the BF profile on the surface of the HA clearer and simpler.

 CONCLUSION: Galla Chinensis had definite antibacterial effect. No obvious difference is found between Galla Chinensis (4 g x L(-1)) and chlorhexidine (0.5 g x L(-1)). Therefore, it is possible for Chinese medicine to gradually replace the chemical medicine in clinic and it will give a new choice for caries prevention.


   The effect of galla chinensis on the growth of cariogenic bacteria in vitro:

 Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005; 23(1):82-4 (ISSN: 1000-1182).Xie Q; Li JY; Zuo YL; Zhou XD.Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.

 OBJECTIVE: The purples of this study was to investigate the role of different components of Galla Chinensis extract on the growth of 6 kinds of cariogenic bacteria, and to find out the most effective components of Galla Chinensis extract.
 METHODS: Four different components (GCE1, GCE2, GCE3 and GCE4) were separated from Galla Chinensis and there antibacterial activities to Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556, Streptococcus salivarius SS 196, Actinomyces naeslundii WVU 627, Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus AC 413 were checked. There effects on the growth curve of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 were also investigated.
 RESULTS: The most effective part of Galla Chinensis was found to be GCE2 and GCE4, which were found to be a mixture of polyphenol-rich fractions. All of the different components had an inhibitory effect to the growth of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. CONCLUSION: All of the 4 different components of Galla Chinensis extract could inhibit the growth of the tested bacteria. These results suggest that the antibacterial activity of Galla Chinensis extract is caused by a synergistic effect of monomeric polyphenols, which can easily bind to proteins.
 


   Evaluation of in vitro cario-static effect of Galla chinensis with biofilm model:

 Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2003; 21(5):389-91 (ISSN: 1000-1182).Li J; Huang Z; Zhou X.Key Lab of Oral Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro cario-static effect of Galla chinesis with biofilm model. METHODS: A four-organism bacterial consortium was cultured in a biofilm model on hydroxyapatite (HA) discs in a continuous culture system and exposed to repeated solution pulsing. There were three groups with different solution pulsed in the model: negative control group was pulsed with distilled water, positive control group was pulsed with 100 mmol/L sucrose solution and experimental group was pulsed with 100 mmol/L sucrose solution containing 4.0 g/L Galla chinensis. During the experiment, the dynamic changes of pH were recorded. After 6 pulses, surface structure of the biofilm was observed with a scanning electron microscope and the population on the biofilm was enumerated. RESULTS: Galla chinesis significantly inhibited the adherence of Actinomyces naelundii to HA disc compared with the control group and facilitated the removal of acid products. It was also found that the extra-cellular polysaccharide was reduced with the pulsing of Galla chinesis. CONCLUSION: Galla chinesis in the biofilm model can partially reduce the cario-genic response of sucrose solution.


   Anti-diarrheal effect of Galla Chinensis on the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and ganglioside interaction.:

 J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 103(3):385-91 (ISSN: 0378-8741).Chen JC; Ho TY; Chang YS; Wu SL; Hsiang CY.Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.

 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most frequently isolated enteropathogen, accounting for approximately 210 million diarrhea episodes annually. ETEC-induced diarrhea is initiated by the binding of B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) to the ganglioside G(M1) on the surface of intestinal epithelial cell. Therefore, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of 297 Chinese medicinal herbs on the LTB and G(M1) interaction by G(M1)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Galla Chinensis extract (GCE) exhibited anti-LT-induced diarrheal effect in the patent mouse gut assay, with IC50 value of 4.7+/-1.3 mg/ml. GCE also inhibited the binding of LTB to G(M1), suggesting that GCE suppressed the LT-induced fluid accumulation by blocking the binding of LTB to G(M1). Furthermore, the ethyl acetate (EA) soluble fraction was the most active fraction of Galla Chinensis that inhibiting the binding of LTB to G(M1) with an IC50 value of 153.6+/-3.4 microg/ml. The major components of the EA fraction should be phenolic derivatives according to a thin-layer chromatography analysis. Gallic acid, the major component of EA fraction, blocked the binding of LTB to G(M1), resulting in the suppression of LT-induced diarrhea. In conclusion, these data suggested that Galla Chinensis and gallic acid might be potent drugs for the treatment of LT-induced diarrhea.

   The effect of Galla chinensis on the demineralization of enamel:

 Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003; 34(3):507-9 (ISSN: 1672-173X).Liu Z; Liu T; Li J; Zhou X; Zhang J.West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Galla Chinensis with or without fluoride on demineralization of enamel. METHODS: Galla Chinensis with or without fluoride and acid buffer were used to treat the samples alternately and the treatment was repeated 8 times. Then the calcium of acid buffer was measured by American PE HTS 7000 plus and the specimens were observed with laser scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS: Compared with the calcium concentration of control group (deionized water or fluoride), the calcium concentration of all tested groups (except the 1 mg/ml group without fluoride) decreased significantly (P < 0.25). There was marked difference in total fluorescence (TF) and average fluorescence (AF) between the tested groups and control group (P < 0.05). As for the area of lesion, only groups without fluoride and the 4 mg/ml group containing fluoride decreased (P < 0.01). Confocal images showed that the zone of red area of tested groups was narrower than that of control group. CONCLUSION: Galla Chinensis can reinforce the resistance of enamel to acid, either with or without fluoride.

   The inhibitory effect of extracts from Galla chinensis on marine fouling bacteria.:

 Zhong Yao Cai. 2003; 26(2):106-9 (ISSN: 1001-4454).Li C; Zheng J; Li X; Zhao X; Qu G; Jiang G; Fu Y.College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453002.

 OBJECTIVE: To observe the activity of extracts from Galla Chinensis with different solvents against marine fouling bacteria in vitro. METHOD: Incubating plate with foveolae was used. RESULTS: The ethyl acetate, ethanol and water extracts showed strong inhibitory activity against marine fouling bacteria belonging to nine genera including Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Alealigenes, Flavobacterium, Vibrio, Photobacterium, Moraxella, Chromobacterium, Enterobacter. While, the petroleum ether and chloroform extracts showed no inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION: The study provided theory basis for new biologic protective dope on environment.

   Effect of chemical compounds of Galla chinensis on enamel surface rehardening in vitro.:

 Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006; 41(10):616-7 (ISSN: 1002-0098).Chu JP; Li JY; Hao YQ; Zhou XD.Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of chemical compounds extracted from Galla chinensis on enamel surface rehardening in vitro. METHODS: Sixty bovine enamel blocks with early carious lesions were randomly divided into six groups: group1 treated NaF (positive control); group2 with GCE; group3 with GCE-B; group4 with GCE-B1; group5 with GCE-B2 and group6 with deionized water (negative control). The lesions were subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 12 days. Surface enamel microhardness was measured on the enamel blocks before and after demineralization. After pH-cycling, and the percentage of surface microhardness recovery (SMHR) was calculated. RESULTS: Obvious increase of the surface hardness of the enamel was observed in all the treatments except GCE-B2 and deionized water (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the potential of the three GCEs (GCE, GCE-B and GCE-B1) to effect net rehardening of artificial carious lesions under dynamic pH-cyclic conditions.

   The effects of traditional Chinese medicines on the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to salivary acquired pellicle in vitro:

 Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003; 34(1):135-7 (ISSN: 1672-173X).Huang Z; Zhou X; Li J; Liu T; Li H; Zhu B.West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.

 OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of traditional Chinese medicines on the preliminary adherence of Streptococcus mutans to salivary acquired pellicles. METHODS: The hydroxyapatites beads were coated by saliva to form S-HA, an in vitro model of experimental pellicle. Streptococcus mutans was chosen as the experiment strain, and radiolabeled with 3H-thymidine. Two parts of adherence inhibit study were carried on with medicines pretreated S-HA and medicines pretreated bacteria. The numbers of 3H-thymidine labeled bacteria attached to S-HA were counted by scintillation counting to indicate the amount of adherence. RESULTS: It was found that most of the traditional Chinese medicines tested could inhibit the adherence to S-HA to different extent, especially the Galla Chinensis, which has significant inhibitory action. CONCLUSION: Galla Chinensis may be a prospective medicine to inhibit the cariogenic bacteria's preliminary adherence to salivary acquired pellicles.
 


   In vitro study of the effect of 11 kinds of natural drugs on the growth and acid production of Lactobacillus:

 Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2005; 14(1):67-70 (ISSN: 1006-7248).Huang ZW; Zhou XD; Xiao Y; Liu TJ; Li JY.Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Second Medical University. Shanghai 200011, China. zhoumxd@yahoo.com

 PURPOSE: To study the effect of 11 different natural drugs on the growth and acid production of Lactobacillus, as a preparation for screening an effective agent to mediate the balance of oral microflora. METHODS: Lactobacillus AC413 was chosen as the experimental bacterium. Eleven kinds of drugs, such as Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Surgentodoxa cuneata and Galla Chinensis were extracted by means of maceration, percolation and reflux extraction. The values of MIC of various extracts were measured. Then, different experimental media containing various extracts were prepared. The concentration of the extracts was lower than the MIC of the drug and the initial pH of the medium was 7.4. Lactobacillus was cultured in the medium for 48 hours, and finally the rest pH was measured. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: When the concentration of the drugs was lower than 8.000mg/ml, Tea polyphenols, Catechu, Galla Chinensis, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Nidus Vespae can inhibit the growth of Lactobacillus effectively. Tea polyphenols, Nidus Vespae, Radix Scuteilariae, Galla Chinensis and Surgentodoxa cuneata can inhibit the acid production of Lactobacillus effectively, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Semen Arecae and Catechu have no preliminary effect on it, but Surgentodoxa Cuneata and Radix Angelicae Pubescentis can increase it. CONCLUSION: Tea polyphenols, Catechu, Galla Chinensis, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Nidus Vespae can inhibit the growth of Lactobacillus effectively, and Tea polyphenols, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Nidus Vespae, Radix Scuteilariae, Galla Chinensis and Surgentodoxa Cuneata can inhibit the acid production of Lactobacillus effectively.

   Depigmentation of melanocytes by the treatment of extracts from traditional Chinese herbs: a cell culture assay.:

 Biol Pharm Bull. 2006; 29(9):1947-51 (ISSN: 0918-6158).Zhong S; Wu Y; Soo-Mi A; Zhao J; Wang K; Yang S; Jae-Ho Y; Zhu X.Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To obtain potential skin whitening agents from traditional Chinese herbs, we tested changes of melanin content in melanocyte cell lines after treatment with extracts of 90 traditional Chinese herbs. METHODS: Mouse melanocyte cell lines were used. Depigmentation activity of the herb extracts were first screened in Mel-Ab cells, and then re-evaluated in melan-a cells and co-culture of melan-a and SP-1 cells. Melanin content and cell viability were the two indications for evaluation. Tyrosinase activity and the expression of melanin synthesis related enzymes in cells treated with the herb extracts were also tested. RESULTS: Nine herb extracts were proved to have depigmentation activity similar to or better than that of arbutin and low cytotoxicity to melanocytes. Two of them were more effective in co-cultured melan-a cells. Most of the effective herb extracts inhibited tyrosinase activity and the expression of tyrosinase. Some of them also inhibited tyrosinase related protein-1 and/or tyrosinase related protein-2 in cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS: We have found 9 herb extracts to be promising skin whitening agents. Among them, water extract of Galla Chinensis and ethanol extract of Radix Clematidis exhibited higher depigmentation activity and caused lower tyrosinase activity in cell culture assays and are worthy to be further studied.

   Mechanism of the protective effects of sumac gall extract and gallic acid on the progression of CCl4-induced acute liver injury in rats.:

 Am J Chin Med. 1998; 26(3-4):333-41 (ISSN: 0192-415X)

 To examine the mechanism of the preventive effect of tannins on the progression of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury in rats, sumac gall (SG) extract and gallic acid (GA) were used as substitutes for crude tannins, because SG is a kind of Chinese traditional medicinal herb containing large amounts of various tannins, and GA is one of the major constituents of SG. The protective effect of oral (p.o.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of each substance on progression of CCl4-induced hepatitis was investigated in rats. Speculating that the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities (O2 radical-scavenging activities) and/or protective effects of these substances on cell membranes might play a key role in the mechanism opposing the progression of CCl4-induced hepatitis, the O2 radical-scavenging activities in liver cells and serum in rats were monitored. Both substances significantly prevented the progression of acute liver injury with both p.o. and i.p. administration. These findings suggest that the mechanism for this prevention might be due mainly to the protective effect of these substances on cell membranes rather than O2 radical-scavenging activities.


  Scientific References:

  1.Galla Chinensis or Chinese Gall.Galla Rhois extract and Ellagic Acid,information,Origin and Functions.......
  2.Research Update of Galla Chinensis.