Official Latin Name: Vitis vinifera
Common Name:Grape Seed Extract, Muscat, Red Wine Extract, Vitis vinifera ,Vitis Vinefera (Grape) Seed Extract,Asma, Auzum, Domestic Grape, European Grape, Grape, Grape Vine, I'Nab, P'U T'Ao, P'U T'Ao Chiu, Raisin, Roseinekaerne, Tray, Vid, Vigne, Vine, Vite
Part Used:Seeds of the fruit of the vine, once discarded as waste after the juice was pressed out for wine, have become the source of a popular dietary supplement.
The Grape:
The bunch of grapes is made up by a grape stalk and grapes. The grape stalk is the branched central axis where the grapes insert themselves. It contains thready substances such as lignin and cellulose, pectines, resines and tannines.
The grapes is made up of the peel that has got an internal and an external part, both are composed of flattened cells. On teh grape's external surface there is a waxen substance, known as bloom, that keeps the chemical balance. This substance appears in the period of maturation and it regulates gasiform and water exchanges between the external and internal enviroment. There are other substance with waxen structure, such as alcohol esters and heavy acids. The bloom arranges itself in a small masses that permit a little permeability. In the squashed cells below there are also dyestuffs and aromatic substances that give grapes and must, their particular smell. The peels are extremly rich of mineral elements.
The most internal part of the grape is the pulp. This is the most important part from a commercial point of view. It contains more sugars than the other part: glucose and fructose. The acids are organic: in particular tartaric, malic and citric acid. There are also proteins and other nitrogenous and even inorganic substances (like the ammonium ion).
Wine grapes have one or more grapes seeds (pips) that contain polyhydric phenols and fat substances. They are extracted to have grapes seed's oil and are last discarded.
Properties&Indications:
Grape Seed Extract has a number of benefits that have been written about extensively in medical journals. These include the following: Protection against cardio vascular disease. Grape Seed Extract reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke and helps improve peripheral and central circulation. It reduces varicose veins, repairs artery and vascular lining and aids in resistance to bruising. Grape Seed Extract improves visual acuity and enhances the benefits of vitamins. Grape Seed Extract enhances the immune system, reduces inflammation and helps control allergic responses. GSE improves joint flexibility and prostate function, reduces mental aging and enhances energy.Grape Seed Extract is a powerful antioxidant that protects against environmental pollution and toxins. It reduces free radical damage to the skin helping prevent wrinkles and reduces the risk of cancer.
Properties: Anti-ageing, anti-allergenic, anti-allergic, anti-atherogenic, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-carcinogenic, anti-cavity, Anti-enzyme, anti-histamine, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumour, anti-viral, capillary protective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, vasodilatory.
Indicated for: Ageing, allergies, arm and leg numbness or tingling, arteriosclerosis, arthritis, allergies, blood vessel damage, cataracts, cancer prevention, cataracts, diabetes, eczema, endemtriosis, eye-strain, fibromyalgia, gum disease, haemorrhoids, hair problems, hardening of arteries, hayfever, heart disease prevention, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, HIV, hives, impotence, improving circulation, leg cramps, lupus, macular degeneration, preventing degenerative diseases, promoting healing, psoriasis, retinopathy, ulcers, varicose veins.
Chemistry: 95% Proanthocyanidins - phenolic compounds in the form of polymers or oligomers, built of flavan-3-ol units, such as catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, afzelechin and epiafzelechin.
Botanical Description: grown in warm, temperate regions of the world. It produces clusters of pale green flowers. The fruit has green, yellow or reddish-purple skins and two to four seeds inside the pulpy flesh.
Grapeseed is an important source of one of nature's most potent antioxidants - Proanthocyanidins (also called OPCs for oligomeric procyanidins, or PCOs for procyanidolic oligomers). These nutritionally valuable substances have been utilized to treat deteriorating diseases and conditions with great success. Grapeseed helps Vitamin C enter the body's cells, thus strengthening the cell membranes, and protecting the cells from oxidative damage. Research has shown that Proanthocyanidins (which are bioflavonoids) are anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, & antiallergenic, and are major free radical scavengers. Proanthocyanidins help promote tissue elasticity, help heal injuries, reduce swelling and edema, restore collagen and improve peripheral circulation. Proanthocyanidins also help prevent bruising, strengthen weak blood vessels, protect against atherosclerosis, and reduce histamine production. Grapeseeds strengthen and support cardiovascular function, and improve the performance of the nervous system & immune system.
Grape Seed Extract Information - Grape Seed Extract, A Powerful Antioxidant.:
What Is Grape Seed Extract?What Is OPC Grape Seed Extract?
Grape seed extract is a natural plant substance that has a concentrated source of oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPC). These anti-oxidants help protect cells from free radical damage and also promotes healthy circulation. Grape Seed Extract is rich in polyphenols, a compound that's high in antioxidants. Studies have shown OPC to be more powerful antioxidants than Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Beta-Carotene.
Before Grape seed extract was discovered, the best sources of antioxidants came from Vitamin C,Vitamin E, and Beta Carotene; however, these sources were not powerful enough to fight the free radicals and are also excreted by the body within a short time of ingestion. Grape seed extract, on the other hand,has been shown to remain in the body for as long as 3 full days, and is 20 times more potent than Vitamin C, and 50 times more stronger than Vitamin E.
The research done on Grape Seed Extract first came about in late 20th century from the "french paradox", where the French had very low rates of heart disease, while some of their diet and other factors would contribute to higher incidence of heart diseases. Scientists believed the secret was in their red wine, and further research demonstrated that OPC present in their red wine promotes cardiovascular health, and now, grape seed extract has been found to contain the richest sources of OPCs. It can be said that grape seed extract is one of the most powerful antioxidants available.
As its name implies, grape seed extract is derived from the small seeds (and occasionally the skins) of red grapes--the same kind that are pressed to make wine. Used extensively in Europe, grape seed extract is rich in flavonoids, phytochemicals that have antioxidant properties some consider even greater than the old standbys Vitamin C and Vitamin E. Antioxidants are believed to prevent and control numerous ailments by safeguarding cells against the ravages of unstable oxygen molecules called Free Radicals.
The most valuable flavonoids in grape seed extract are procyanidolic oligomers (also known as Proanthocyanidins), commonly called PCOs. Beyond their antioxidant powers, PCOs are thought to improve blood circulation and help strengthen blood vessels. These actions benefit people with heart disease and cancer.
An alternative source for PCOs is Pycnogenol (pik-NODGE-en-all), the brand name for a PCO derived from the bark of the maritime pine. Experts compare its health benefits to those of grape seed extract, and in fact many research studies examining the therapeutic effects of PCOs have relied on the use of Pycnogenol. It's more expensive than grape seed extract, however.
What Is OPC Grape Seed Extract?
OPC's (Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) are a set of bioflavonoid complexes that perform as Free Radical Scavengers in the human body. Many names refer to this set of bioflavonoids, including PCO's, Oligomeric Procyanidolic Complexes, leuco anthocyanin, anthocyanidins and still others.
What Is Grape Seed Extract (Vitis Vinifera)?
Grape Seed extract is a medicinal herb used primarily for it's high proanthocyanidin content. Proanthocyanidin is a bioflavonoid which has demonstrated anti-oxidant properties and is taken by some as a treatment for arthritis, bruises, gum disease, phlebitis, ulcers, varicose veins, and other vascular problems. It has also been utilized in the treatment of allergies that respond to antihistamines. It is thought to protect and strengthen connective tissue. Proanthocyanidins are also considered helpful in improving and preserving the elasticity of skin by stabilizing collagen and elastin. Grape seed extract's anti-oxidant properties have been used for treating inflammation, cardiac or cerebral infarction, and hypoxia from arteriosclerosis.
Thought to be one of the most powerful antioxidants available. Grape Seed Extract is renowned for its benefits as a free-radicals scavenger in the body. Specifically, grape seed contains the gallic ester Proanthocyanidin B2-3'-0-gallate. These compounds are the most active free-radical-scavengers and are not found in pine bark extract. Antioxidants play an important role in helping to prevent cancer, atherosclerosis and slowing the aging process.
Grape Seed Extract is a high concentration substance of the pure oligomeric proanthocyanidins found in grape seeds and skins. The extraction method used to obtain Grape Seed Extract also ensures that it is free from solvent residues. Grape Seed Extract contains powerful, natural, hypoallergenic free radical scavengers and bioflavonoid complexes which are rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. In vitro, the antioxidant power of Grape Seed Extract is 50 times greater than Vitamin E and 20 times greater than Vitamin C.
Phytochemicals and content of Grape Seed?
Chemistry: 95% Proanthocyanidins - phenolic compounds in the form of polymers or oligomers, built of flavan-3-ol units, such as catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin,afzelechin and epiafzelechin.
The most interesting constituents of grape seeds are the polyphenols (catechins). These tannin compounds, also called Procyanidins, leucoanthocyanins, pycnogenols, or oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), are powerful antioxidants. Commercial extracts are generally standardized for OPC content.
Grape seed Proanthocyanidins refer to procyanidin mixtures extracted from grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds. Procyanidins are derivatives of the flavan-3-o1 class of flavonoids. This class includes (+)-catechin, commonly referred to as catechin, and (-)-epicatechin, commonly referred to as epicatechin. Procyanidins are dimers and oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. Procyanidins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and, in addition to being found in grape seeds, are found in cocoa and chocolate, apples, peanuts, almonds, cranberries, blueberries and in the bark of pines, among other plant sources.
Grape seed Proanthocyanidins are mainly comprised of dimers, trimers and tetramers of catechin and epicatechin and their Gallates. They also contain smaller amounts of pentamers, hexamers and heptamers of these flavan-3-o1s and their Gallates. The procyanidindimers and oligomers are also known as oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs) and procyanidolic oligomers or PCOs. Grape seed proanthocyanidins comprise approximately 60 to 70% of the polyphenol content of grapes. The procyanidins are colorless in their pure state.
Grape leaves and presumably seeds also contain flavonoids, and the skin and seeds are the source of several recently identified compounds known as 5-nucleotidase inhibitors.
Chemical analysis has revealed that PCOs have an antioxidant capacity some 50 times greater than Vitamin C or Vitamin E. Thus, one of the most important roles of PCOs is as free radical scavengers. They are known to take out hydroxyl free radicals and lipid peroxides and may, therefore, be protective against other free radicals of both water- and fat-soluble types. They also seem to inhibit a number of enzymes that can degrade connective tissues (hyaluronidase, elastase, and collagenase).
Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPC's). Grape Seed Extract provides a concentrated source of OPC's, which are unique flavonols with excellent bioavailability and extremely powerful antioxidant activity, clinical studies indicate that they are fifty times more potent then Vitamin E and a hundred times more effective then Vitamin C. OPC's also repair and strengthen connective tissue, including that of the blood vessels and the cardiovascular system. They also have anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing and anti-carcinogenic action.
Grape seed proanthocyanidins are mainly comprised of dimers, trimers and tetramers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallates. They also contain smaller amounts of pentamers, hexamers and heptamers of these flavan-3-o1s and their gallates. The procyanidindimers and oligomers are also known as oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs) and procyanidolic oligomers or PCOs. Grape seed proanthocyanidins comprise approximately 60 to 70% of the polyphenol content of grapes. The procyanidins are colorless in their pure state.
The oil pressed from grape seeds contains a number of essential fatty acids and is rich in Vitamin E compounds.
History and discovery of Grape Seed Extract?
Grapes were first cultivated near the Caspian Sea, and their use as food and drink had spread throughout the Mediterranean world before the Bible was written.
The ancient Greeks believed that wine had wonderful health benefits, and modern science has confirmed that wine has many useful properties. While the benefits of wine may be tarnished by the devastation associated with alcohol abuse, the positive aspects of grape seeds have no such liability.
Vitis vinifera. The first recorded mention of a key ingredient in grape seed extract was in 1534 in the mission logs of Jacques Cartier as he was exploring the St. Lawrence River. It seems he and his men became ice-bound during a particularly bitter Canadian winter. His men had begun suffering from scurvy when a friendly native happened by and taught them how to make a tea from pine bark that produced an immediate improvement in the crew's health.
Jacques Masquelier, upon reviewing Cartier's logs, felt that there must be a rich source of Vitamin C in pine bark, and went about investigating the possibilities. What he found were other substances he called oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPCs) and procyanidolic oligomers (PCOs). Masquelier patented the method of extracting PCO from pine bark in France in 1951 and gave it the trade name Pycnogenol. In 1970, he was successful in extracting PCOs from grape seeds. Sales in France of the grape seed extract are 400 times greater than those of the more expensive pine bark products. Other sources rich in PCOs are cranberry, blueberry, bilberry, hawthorn berries, black currants, green and black teas, and red wine. From any source, these plant flavonoids seem to exert a number of health-promoting effects.
People have been using grapes since ancient times not only for eating and drinking but for medicinal purposes as well. Different parts of the plant including the grapes themselves, the leaves, and the stems, have been used. It was not until the 1970's when a French biochemist isolated from grape seed the substance called oligomeric proanthocyandin (OPC). This substance was said to improve blood circulation and to have some protective properties against heart disease.
The world have published much of the research on grape seed extract, but ironically grape seeds were a "second choice." Manufacturers turned to using grape seeds only when peanut skins became unavailable.
Important differences between Grape Seed and Pine Bark:There are some important differences.
Antioxidant advantage: In the words of Professor Masquelier, developer and patentee of both OPC products announced: . . ."I underline that in 1986 I discovered that grape seed has an intense free radical scavenging effect (FRSE) on radical oxygen species. These discoveries were laid down in my U.S. Patent (no 4,698,360) of Oct. 6 1987, 'Radical Scavenging Effect of Proanthocyanidins' . . . The tests showed that in this respect OPC from Grape seed has an advantage over OPC from Pine bark. OPC from grape seed contains the gallic esters of proanthocyanidins (in particular: Proanthocyanidin B2-3'-O-gallate). These proanthocyanidins -esters have been recently described as the most active substances in the battle against free radicals." October 1991 Martiliac, France (Procyanidines de France). Independent research by Dr Ricardo Da Silva showed "Proanthocyanidin B2-3'-O-gallate" available only in grape seed was found the most effective compound in trapping free radicals.
Strength: Pycnogenol (Pine tree) has an OPC strength ranging from 80-85% compared with Grapeseed normally marketed at 90-95%. Be careful that the Grapeseed is 95%. A slight difference in favour of grapeseed. Research points toward the fact that proanthocyanidin 100% purity is non-mutagenic. Thus the range 90-95% for maximum benefit.
Health Benefits of Grape Seed Extract?.
European doctors prescribe PCO-containing drugs for various vascular (vessel) disorders that are likely to benefit from increased blood flow, such as diabetes, leg cramps, varicose veins, arm and leg numbness or tingling and even impotence. Macular degeneration and cataracts--vision-robbers of the elderly--may also improve by means of the extract's effects on circulation.
Disorders such as endometriosis, which are affected by the release of hormone-like substances called prostaglandins, may benefit from the extract's ability to block the release of this pain- and inflammation-causing chemical. Grape seed extract effectively penetrates cell membranes throughout the body with its antioxidant properties. It can even cross into the brain (traversing the blood-brain barrier) to protect brain cells from free-radical damage.
As an ingredient in facial creams, the extract may help maintain skin elasticity; many European skin creams feature grape seed extract for this purpose.
Specifically, grape seed extract may help to:
Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Prevent heart disease. The risk for heart attack and stroke may be reduced with this potent antioxidant, which is believed to prevent the plaque development that can clog arteries. A recent study of 38 smokers indicates that PCOs may function as effectively as aspirin in keeping blood cells from sticking together and forming blood clots (called an anticoagulant effect). And the PCOs posed no risk of the gastrointestinal irritation or bleeding generally associated with aspirin. Interestingly, another preliminary study using grape seed oil (which is related to grape seed extract) indicates that using 2 tablespoons a day to replace other oils in cooking could increase HDL ("good") cholesterol by 14% and reduce triglycerides by 15% in just four weeks.
Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Minimize fibromylagia damage. Fibromyalgia is an elusive disorder associated with chronic muscle pain and stiffness. The antioxidant power of grape seed extract can help by protecting besieged muscle cells from damage.
Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Deter cancer. The antioxidants in grape seed extract work hard at helping to control cellular damage, routinely hunting down and neutralizing mutations within the genetic material of cells that could lead to tumor formation. The development and progression of cancers of the lung, breast, stomach, prostate, colon, skin and other body parts may be stalled as a result.
Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Fight skin diseases such as psoriasis and eczema. Certain components within the skin--collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid--participate in keeping it healthy. PCOs help keep these substances in good shape by blocking enzymes that might disrupt their chemical structure. In this way, grape seed extract may be useful in treating inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis. Its flavonoids also inhibit allergic reactions that can generate such skin problems as eczema.
Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Slow progression of macular degeneration and cataracts. Grape seed extract improves blood flow in the eye's tiny vessels, where certain eye diseases can cause blockages and impairments that result in vision damage. Cataracts are an example. The extract's antioxidant powers are of particular value in warding off the free-radical damage so frequently cited as the leading cause of macular degeneration.
Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Lessen allergy symptoms. As a natural antihistamine, grape seed extract may help to control the sneezing, congestion and other hallmarks of an allergic reaction. The extract also inhibits the release of chemicals called prostaglandins that can generate inflammation during an allergic response. Working in concert, the nutrient's antihistamine and anti-inflammatory actions can help to keep at bay such allergic responses as hives, hay fever and eczema.
Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Ease eye strain. People who stare at computer monitors for extended periods may benefit from taking grape seed extract. The findings of one recent study indicate that 300 mg, taken daily, will ease eyestrain and enhance perception of contrast after just 60 days.
Note:Grape seed extract has also been found to be useful for a number of other disorders. For information on these additional ailments, see our Dosage Recommendations Chart for Grape Seed Extract.
-Grape seed extract is one of the most powerful antioxidants that fights free radicals.
-Grape seed extract is 20 times more potent than Vitamin C and 50 times stronger than Vitamin E.
-Grape seed extract helps improve cardiovascular health. prompt circulation,improve functions of heart,strong capillary vessel and artery.
-It also helps promote brain, skin and eye health.
-Grape seed extract could be used to improve sleep and dream.
-Grape seed extract is also anti-bacterial,anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory.
-Grape seed extract is one of the few antioxidants that can penetrate the blood brain barrier to help protect the brain and nerve tissue
-Some studies have also shown Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins to prevent the formation of plaque in the arteries.
-Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins can also improve mental alertness and help prevent senility.
-Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Work with glutathione to restore oxidized Vitamin C.
-Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins could Cross the blood brain barrier to provide potent antioxidant protection to brain and spinal nerves.
-Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Remove lipofuscin and prevent its formation in the brain and heart, conferring antiaging benefits.
-Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Bind to collagen fibers, increasing elasticity and flexibility in muscles, tendons and ligaments.
-Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Act as smooth muscle relaxants in blood vessels, to combat hypertension.
-Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins Are very stable on the shelf, showing no loss of potency after 12 years of storage.
-Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins is used in Europe to improve circulation. Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins prevents oxidation of blood fats and inhibits enzymes that break down the proteins that make up blood vessels.
-Grape seed is believed to benefit cardiac and cerebral circulation. In animals Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins reduces capillary permeability and presumably has similar activity in humans.
-Capillaries may be fragile due to diabetes or other disorders. In four small studies, grape seed extract was better than placebo at improving peripheral circulation as well, resulting in less pain and swelling, fewer nighttime cramps, and less numbness and tingling.
-Studies have shown that grape seed extract may slow macular degeneration, improve vision stressed by computer screens or glare, and reduce myopia. Although further research is needed, the results have been promising.
-In test tube research grape seed polyphenols stop the growth of Streptococcus mutans, a bacteria that causes tooth decay. They also slow the conversion of sucrose (table sugar) into glucan, and as a consequence of both these actions, grape seed may have a role in maintaining dental health.
-Another potential benefit of grape seed extract is anti-inflammatory activity.
Grape seed extract is one of the most potent antioxidants found in nature. Grape seed extract contains a special class of water-soluble bioflavonoids called proanthocyanidins. Studies have shown the antioxidant activity of these specific bioflavonoids is 20 to 50 times greater than Beta-Carotene or Vitamins C and E at scavenging specific free radicals. By nourishing blood vessel walls and performing other renewing functions, grape seed extract helps promote healthy blood pressure levels, heart health, and a proper inflammation response.
Heart Disease:
The proanthocyanidins found in grape seed extract have also been shown to help promote the structural strength of blood vessels, help stabilise collagen, and maintain elastin. Collagen and elastin are two proteins found in connective tissue that support organs, joints, and muscles.
By nourishing blood vessel walls and performing other renewing functions, grape seed extract helps promote healthy blood pressure levels, heart health, and a proper inflammation response. It may be effective for slowing retinopathy, the gradual break down of the retinas in the eyes, usually due to blood vessel damage. Individuals with arteriosclerosis (a build up of fatty deposits in the arteries), diabetes, or other conditions that increase the likelihood for damage to the small blood vessels in the eyes are more likely to have serious vision problems as a result of that damage. Grape seed extract may also reduce eye stress caused by bright lights. Slow progression of macular degeneration and cataracts. Grape seed extract improves blood flow in the eye's tiny vessels, where certain eye diseases can cause blockages and impairments that result in vision damage. Cataracts are an example. The extract's antioxidant powers are of particular value in warding off the free-radical damage so frequently cited as the leading cause of macular degeneration.
For example, results from human case reports and some laboratory and animal studies appear to show that grape seed extract may help to prevent and treat heart diseases such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Substances in grape seed extract may also block the effects of enzymes that process fats, including cholesterol, from the diet. Less fat may be absorbed and more may be eliminated from the body. Other research shows that grape seed extract may help to prevent or control damage to body cells that is caused by drugs, pollution, tobacco, and other toxins. While all of these studies appear promising, much more research, including long-term studies in humans, is needed to confirm initial findings.
Haemorrhoids:
This blood vessel strengthening effect of grape seed extract may also may also help to prevent and treat haemorrhoids and treat a condition known as chronic venous insufficiency, which occurs when valves in the veins that carry blood back to the heart are weak or damaged. The blood that collects in the veins of the legs can lead to varicose veins, spider veins, or sores on the legs.
Cholesterol:
A recent study of 38 smokers indicates that PCOs may function as effectively as aspirin in keeping blood cells from sticking together and forming blood clots (called an anticoagulant effect). And the PCOs posed no risk of the gastrointestinal irritation or bleeding generally associated with aspirin. Interestingly, another preliminary study using grape seed oil (which is related to grape seed extract) indicates that using 2 tablespoons a day to replace other oils in cooking could increase HDL ("good") cholesterol by 14% and reduce triglycerides by 15% in just four weeks.
Cancer:
One of the polyphenols contained in grape seed extract is called resveratrol. In laboratory and animal studies, resveratrol from grape seeds has appeared to interfere with cancer cell growth and division, as well as causing some cancer cells to disintegrate faster than they would ordinarily. In addition, it may also block enzymes that prolong the survival of several cancer cell types. As a result, tumours may either stop growing or actually shrink because higher than usual numbers of cancer cells die. Therefore, resveratrol may have direct anti-cancer activity. The antioxidants in grape seed extract work hard at helping to control cellular damage, routinely hunting down and neutralising mutations within the genetic material of cells that could lead to tumour formation. The development and progression of cancers of the lung, breast, stomach, prostate, colon, skin and other body parts may be stalled as a result.
It may also increase the effectiveness and/or lower the side effects of drugs currently used for cancer chemotherapy. One possible result is that taking resveratrol during chemotherapy may allow lower doses of cancer drugs to be effective, thereby limiting the potential for debilitating side effects. A similar effect was seen in laboratory studies of grape seed extract against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Although the exact ways that grape seed extract may fight HIV and other viruses are not known, it is thought that grape seed extract interferes with viral multiplication, possibly by preventing viral attachment to host cells. How high doses of resveratrol and other chemicals in grape seed extract may affect normal human cells is not yet known.
Fibromyalgia:
Fibromyalgia is an elusive disorder associated with chronic muscle pain and stiffness. The antioxidant power of grape seed extract can help minimize fibromylagia damage by protecting besieged muscle cells.
Endemtriosis:
Disorders such as endometriosis, which are affected by the release of hormone-like substances called prostaglandins, may benefit from the extract's ability to block the release of this pain and inflammation causing chemical. Grape seed extract effectively penetrates cell membranes throughout the body with its antioxidant properties. It can even cross into the brain (traversing the blood-brain barrier) to protect brain cells from free-radical damage.
Skin diseases such as psoriasis and eczema:
Certain components within the skin--collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid--participate in keeping it healthy. PCOs help keep these substances in good shape by blocking enzymes that might disrupt their chemical structure. In this way, grape seed extract may be useful in treating inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis. Its flavonoids also inhibit allergic reactions that can generate such skin problems as eczema.
OPCs famous as "Orally taken skin care cosmetic":
OPCs famous as "Orally taken skin care cosmetic", as a natural sun hide, it can prevent harmful UVA(melanin) and UVB from sun light radiation. The sun light can kill 50% skin cells of human,OPCs functions strongly prevent 85% skin cells from this horrible damage.
Grape seed extracts could be used to reduce looseness of skin and reduce the damage of skin from ultraviolet radiation; reduce splash and prevent more melanin; make dry skin more lenitive,make the skin recover to particularity and smooth conditions, show young appearance; also grape seed extracts could be used to treat acne,chafing and pruritus.
OPCs from grape seed extract functions to repair collagen and elastin in the skin, as an astringent, can prompt and make skin convergent,prevent furrow climbing on the skins in ages.
Lessen allergy symptoms:
As a natural antihistamine, grape seed extract may help to control the sneezing, congestion and other hallmarks of an allergic reaction. The extract also inhibits the release of chemicals called prostaglandins that can generate inflammation during an allergic response. Working in concert, the nutrient's antihistamine and anti-inflammatory actions can help to keep at bay such allergic responses as hives, hay fever and eczema.
Hair growth:
Researchers have discovered that Grape Seed Extract can help defeat the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which stops the hair follicle growth cycle. Grape Seed Extract can help stimulate healthy hair growth.
What Does OPC Grape Seed Extract Do and How Does It Work?:
Grape seed extract contains chemicals known as Polyphenols, (including the subclass of proanthocyanidins), which are recognized to be effective antioxidants. Substances thought to protect body cells from damage caused by a chemical process called oxidation, which produces oxygen free radicals; antioxidants are believed to work in a number of ways. They may lessen oxidation, they may inactivate oxygen free radicals, and/or they may restore at least some normal functioning to tissues damaged by oxygen free radicals.
For example, results from human case reports and some laboratory and animal studies appear to show that grape seed extract may help to prevent and treat heart diseases such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. By limiting oxidation, antioxidants in grape seed extract may help prevent damage to blood vessels and other changes that may contribute to the development of heart disease. Substances in grape seed extract may also block the effects of enzymes that process fats ?including cholesterol ?from the diet. Less fat may be absorbed and more may be eliminated from the body. Other research shows that grape seed extract may help to prevent or control damage to body cells that is caused by drugs, pollution, tobacco, and other toxins. While all of these studies appear promising, much more research ?including long-term studies in humans ?is needed to confirm initial findings.
Proanthocyanidins are also believed to block the deterioration of blood vessels, therefore, grape seed extract may improve conditions involving veins and arteries. It has been used to prevent, delay, and treat a condition known as chronic venous insufficiency, which occurs when valves in the veins that carry blood back to the heart are weak or damaged. The blood that collects in the veins of the legs can lead to varicose veins, spider veins, or sores on the legs. Results that are more serious may include blood clots in the legs or sores that do not heal and may become infected. This blood vessel strengthening effect of grape seed extract may also help to prevent and treat hemorrhoids.
Since proanthocyanidins in grape seed extract strengthen the walls of all blood vessels, they may also help to keep damaged, stretched, or stiff blood vessels from leaking. In one area of research, grape seed extract may be effective for slowing retinopathy, the gradual break down of the retinas in the eyes ?usually due to blood vessel damage. Individuals with arteriosclerosis (a build up of fatty deposits in the arteries), diabetes, or other conditions that increase the likelihood for damage to the small blood vessels in the eyes are more likely to have serious vision problems as a result of that damage. Grape seed extract may also reduce eye stress caused by bright lights. In studies of laboratory animals, it has shown some possible effectiveness in preventing cataract formation, but further study is needed to determine whether this effect may pertain to humans.
One of the polyphenols contained in grape seed extract is called resveratrol. In laboratory and animal studies, resveratrol from grape seeds has appeared to interfere with cancer cell growth and division, as well as causing some cancer cells to disintegrate faster than they would ordinarily. In addition, it may also block enzymes that prolong the survival of several cancer cell types. As a result, tumors may either stop growing or actually shrink because higher than usual numbers of cancer cells die. Therefore, resveratrol may have direct anticancer activity. It may also increase the effectiveness and/or lower the side effects of drugs currently used for cancer chemotherapy. One possible result is that taking resveratrol during chemotherapy may allow lower doses of cancer drugs to be effective, thereby limiting the potential for debilitating side effects. A similar effect was seen in laboratory studies of grape seed extract against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Although the exact ways that grape seed extract may fight HIV and other viruses are not known, it is thought that grape seed extract interferes with viral multiplication, possibly by preventing viral attachment to host cells. How high doses of resveratrol and other chemicals in grape seed extract may affect normal human cells is not yet known.
Grape seed extract may also have topical uses. In preliminary research, grape seed extract appears to be moderately effective for preventing tooth decay. It is believed to delay or stop the breakdown of sugars in the mouth and also to inhibit the growth of certain oral bacteria that may play a role in forming dental cavities. In other studies, injuries to the skin of laboratory animals may have healed better when grape seed extract was applied. Through several possible effects that include promoting the regrowth of connective tissues, grape seed extract is believed to encourage faster, stronger healing with less scarring.
Oil pressed from grape seeds is used as a dietary supplement. It contains a relatively high percentage of linoleic acid, which belongs to a group of nutrients known as essential fatty acids (EFAs). The body needs EFAs to regulate activities that include heart function, insulin utilization, and mood balance. However, the body cannot produce EFAs, so they must be obtained from foods or dietary supplements. EFAs are thought to block the production of chemicals that promote the formation of deposits in the blood vessels. Consequently, blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels may be lowered and the risk of heart disease may decrease. Additional studies are needed to confirm the effects of both linoleic acid and grape seed oil for lowering the risk of heart disease.
Grape seed proanthocyanidins have been found to have a number of antioxidant activities in the laboratory. These include scavenging of hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, and inhibition of the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The inhibitory potential related to lipid peroxidation appears to increase with the degree of polymerization of the molecules. That is, grape seed proanthocyanidins with a greater number of catechin and epicatechin units appear to have more potent inhibitory activity than those with fewer catechin and epicatechin units. Further, the position of linkage between inter-flavan units also appears to influence lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Procyanidin isomers with a 4-6 inter-flavan linkage appear to show stronger inhibitory activity than those with a 4-8 linkage. Finally, the presence of a gallate group also appears to affect the inhibitory activity of the procyanidins with respect to lipid peroxidation. A procyanidin dimer with a gallate group linked at the 3-hydroxy position appears to show much greater inhibition of lipid peroxidation than a dimer without such a group.
Grape seed proanthocyanidins have shown anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and anti-atherogenic activities, again in the laboratory. These activities are thought to be due, in large part, to the antioxidant activities of these molecules. These proanthocyanidins have been found to be cytotoxic for some human cancer lines in culture. Upregulation of apoptosis by the proanthocyanidins in these cancer lines is another possible mechanism for their possible anticarcinogenic activity.
Proanthocyanidine can scavenge free oxygen radicals and inhibit lipid oxidation; in other words, it has antioxidative properties. Grape seed extract is considered effective in treating the diseases listed below.
Examples of diseases in which Free
Oxygen Radicals are involved
Brain and nervous system
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Disorders due to ishemia in the
brain
Celebral edema, stroke, and infarction
ALS sequelae
Immune system
Autoimmune system disorders
Allergy
Rheumatism
Deteriorated immunity
Visual system
Cataracts
Macular dystrophy due to age
Retinopathy
Vasculatory system
Arteriosclerosis
Angina
Myocardial infarction
Skin
Chloasma
Wrinkles
Sagging skin
Other adult diseases
Diabetes
Cancer
Stress
Digestive system
Ulcers
Gastritis
Colitis
Senescene
Famous benefits and Some known application of Grape Seed Extract:
Grape seed extract is one of the most potent antioxidants found in nature. Grape seed extract contains a special class of water-soluble bioflavonoids called proanthocyanidins. Studies have shown the antioxidant activity of these specific bioflavonoids is 20 to 50 times greater than Beta-Carotene or Vitamins C and E at scavenging specific free radicals. By nourishing blood vessel walls and performing other renewing functions, grape seed extract helps promote healthy blood pressure levels, heart health, and a proper inflammation response.
Grape seed extract is derived from the small seeds (and occasionally the skins) of red grapes. Used extensively in Europe, grape seed extract is rich in flavonoids, phytochemicals that have antioxidant properties some consider even greater than vitamin C and vitamin E. Antioxidants are believed to prevent and control numerous ailments by safeguarding cells against the ravages of unstable oxygen molecules called free radicals. Grape seed has also been used as a dietary source of essential fatty acids and tocopherols and as an antioxidant.
Grape seed extract Proanthocyanidins has been known to exhibit the following benefits:
-Anti-inflammatory (reduces swelling).Antihistamine.Antiallergenic.
-Antioxidant (free radical scavenger)
-Helps Skin to Remain Young Looking
-Improves Circulation
-Promotes Healing¡¤Restores Collagen
-Strengthens Weak Blood Vessels
-Tissue Elasticity
The most valuable flavonoids in grape seed extract are procyanidolic oligomers (also known as proanthocyanidins), commonly called PCOs. Beyond their antioxidant powers, PCOs are thought to improve blood circulation and help strengthen blood vessels. These actions benefit people with heart disease and cancer. Studies have shown that PCOs in grape seed extract are as much as 50 times more potent than those in Vitamin E and up to 20 times more potent than PCOs in Vitamin C.
European doctors prescribe PCO-containing drugs for various vascular (vessel) disorders that are likely to benefit from increased blood flow, such as diabetes, leg cramps, varicose veins, arm and leg numbness or tingling and even impotence. Macular degeneration and cataracts may also improve by means of the extract's effects on circulation. Grape seed had been used for its liver protective effects.
Some known applications are:
-Arthritis.Allergies.Hardening of Arteries.Ulcers.Skin Problems.
The primary clinical indications for grape seed extract are the treatment of such vascular disorders as venous insufficiency and capillary fragility and possibly retinal maladies such as diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration. There have been several small preliminary studies indicating that PCOs might also improve night vision in healthy subjects. Many patients report improvement in allergy symptoms, but a recent clinical trial showed no benefit. It has been proposed that the constituent of cranberry juice that may help prevent recurrent UTIs might be PCOs.
-For antioxidant support and for general health, a regimen of 50 mg per day is reasonable. The average daily intake of flavonoids in the American diet is about 25 mg per day. Daily intakes greater than 30 mg have been associated with reduced rates of cardiovascular mortality.
-When PCOs are used for therapeutic purposes, such as venous insufficiency, the dose should be increased to 150 to 300 mg per day. In terms of percentage of the active constituent (PCO), grape seed extracts contain 92% to 95%, while pine bark extracts usually contain 80% to 85%. And the grape seed products are considerably less expensive.
-Antiwrinkle: decreases enzyme attacks that weaken and destroy collagen.Provides capillary protective action to skin, resulting in enhanced elasticity and resiliency.
-Protects against sun damage: topical use Inhibits UV-C radiation-induced peroxidation activity.
-Promotes Hair Growth: topical use promotes proliferation of mouse hair epithelial cells.
Research Summary of Grape Seed Extract:
-Antitumor-promoting activity, described as highly significant, has been observed in animals treated with topical grape seed proanthocyanidins. Skin tumor incidence, multiplicity and volume were all significantly inhibited. These effects were attributed to inhibition of epidermal lipid peroxidation. Higher doses resulted in greater degrees of cancer inhibition.
An extract of grape seed proanthocyanidins has significantly inhibited human breast cancer, lung cancer and gastric adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. The extract did not inhibit neoplastic K562 myelogenous leukemic cells. In the same experiment, the extract enhanced growth and viability of normal human gastric mucosal cells and J774A.1 murine macrophage cells. These promising preliminary findings warrant more research.
Grape seed proanthocyanidins have been shown to significantly inhibit the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and some other lipids in animal and in vitro studies. Some experimental data suggest that these effects might help protect capillaries, heart, brain and liver tissues in some circumstances. In one study, a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract more potently protected brain and hepatic tissues from the damage of experimentally induced reactive oxygen species damage than did other antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E succinate and beta-carotene). In other in vitro experiments, grape seed proanthocyanidins have strongly inhibited reactive oxygen species activities implicated in microvascular injury.
Acetaminophen-induced programmed and unprogrammed liver-cell death was dramatically prevented and reduced in mice treated with a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Exposure to the extract for seven days prior to acetaminophen administration was notably more effective than pre-treatment for three days. The extract significantly counteracted acetaminophen-promoted apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
In another animal model, grape seed proanthocyanidins were shown to increase resistance to myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. And in a recent experiment utilizing cholesterol-fed rabbits, an extract of grape seed proanthocyanidins significantly attenuated the development of aortic atherosclerosis compared with controls that did not receive the extract.
Grape Seed Extract, A Potent Antioxidant:.
OPC (Oligomeric ProanthoCyanidins) is twenty times more powerful than vitamin C and fifty times more powerful than vitamin E in its ability to scavenge free radicals. OPCs are able to "donate" electrons to unstable free radicals and to neutralize them without the danger of becoming unstable themselves.
Grape Seed protects cells and tissue by neutralizing free radicals and blocking destructive enzymes. This OPC Complex penetrates both water and fat cellular membranes. OPCs even have the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier. They maintain the structure and integrity of the veins, arteries and capillaries, which ensures efficient circulation.
Antioxidant and Oxidation:
Sixty years ago a scientist won a Nobel prize for work on vitamin C, the substance used by Capt. Cook 200 years ago to stop scurvy. Cook knew that fresh fruit was important to diet but it took a while for his anecdotal evidence to be accepted. Now we hear of a substance science tells us is an antioxidant 20 times more powerful than vitamin C and 50 times more powerful an antioxidant than vitamin E. Dr Clark Hansen N.D., claims it is the most significant discovered this century! We will also see that 400 years ago this antioxidant was used by the North American Indians, but the actual properties were only identified by the scientific community 40 years ago. Now this natural antioxidant, used extensively for years in France where it is registered as a medication, and becoming popular in other western countries, is gaining popularity here.
Is this information important? To decide we have to understand what an antioxidant (against oxidation) is. Rust is an iron oxide (oxidation). Hardening/drying of paint is a process of oxidation. Eventually aged paint becomes chalky with oxidation. The brown on the cut piece of an apple is "oxidised apple". Citrus juice is an antioxidant, rub some lemon juice on the cut apple and it slows down the oxidation (browning). Magic? Ageing (collagen deterioration) is a form of bodily oxidation. Free radicals found widely in our environment, water, air, food, smoke, smog, sunlight, chemicals, detergents, etc. are the nasty "unstable" oxygen molecules which are responsible for attacking (oxidising) our bodies. As they are unstable, they are looking to attack, and in our bodies they attack and destroy cell membranes, collagen and other connective tissue, disrupt physiological processes and create mutations in the DNA cells. Free radicals are blamed for many problems from ageing spots (oxidised fat in the skin) to cancer. Nutritionist and chemist Dr Jeffrey Bland Ph.D. claims the destructive effect of free radicals are responsible for more than 60 diseases including Allergies, Arthritis, Attention Deficit Disorder, Cataracts, Cold fingers and toes from circulatory problems, Diabetes, Edemas, Hardening or Narrowing of the Arteries and High Blood Pressure (Oxidation of Cholesterol causing plaque in the vessel walls), Heart Disease, Inflammation, Kidney and Liver disorders, Parkinson's Disease, Prostate Enlargement, Rheumatism, Stroke, Ulcers, Varicose Veins and Wrinkles. Oxidation is very important in the chain to break down waste minerals, dead plants and dead animals and for regeneration. Antioxidants stop it starting before we actually die. Now back to where this antioxidant all started for us. . . .
Historical Identification of OPCs and Bioflavonoids:Progress
In the 1530s French explorer Jacques Cartier was leading an expedition up the Saint Lawrence River in North America. When the crew were trapped in the ice they were limited to eating rationed biscuits and salted meat and it wasn¡¯t long before scurvy (a lack of vitamin C) became rife. However, native Indians introduced them to a tea made from the bark and needles of the pine tree. They recovered and the story was recorded but the healing event, how and why, did not progress scientifically until 400 years later when Professor Jacques Masquelier of the University of Bordeaux, France, read about it and formed the conclusion that the tree contained Vitamin C. Later he isolated and identified the substance as proanthocyanidins and called his product Pycnogenol. His method of extraction from the pine tree was patented in the early 1951, and further research showed the substance present in many plants such as, lemon tree bark, peanuts, hazel nuts, cranberries, blue berries, cherries, citrus peel, purple, red and white grape skins and seed purple grape seeds being the most concentrated source. This substance, a bioflavonoid, is now usually referred to as OPCs (Oligomeric Proanthocyanidin Complexes) or less frequently PCO (Proanthocyanidolic oligomers).
Bioflavonoids, of which there are approximately 4000, are some of the most important and interesting biological compounds. As shown they are present in a wide variety of edible plants, fruit and vegetables with a typical Western diet providing about 1g of them per day. They were originally identified as the flavin (yellowish colouring) in plants. Remember carrots and seeing in the dark or doctors suggesting drinking a glass of wine daily for health? Bioflavonoids have a low molecular weight and occur naturally as aglycons, glycosides and methylated derivatives.
In the early 1980s bioflavonoids were reviewed for a wide range of biological activities focusing on their potential therapeutic use as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, antiviral, anticancer and immunostimulant drugs.
Since 1984, in an attempt to give an account for bioflavonoids wide pharmacological potential many papers have been published dealing with the interaction between flavonoids and such key enzymes as cyclo-oxygenase, lipoxygenase, phospholipase A2, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, protein-kinase C, hyaluronidase, reverse transcriptase, mitochondrial succinoxidase, NADH-oxidase and glutathione reductase. This led to the big question of how do bioflavonoids work?
In the light of Middleton's hypothesis it appeared the key steps in producing the biological effect could be the interaction with the protein phosphorylation as well as its antioxidant activity. This combined with the increasing evidence that toxic oxygen species were involved in a number of pathological conditions, including inflammatory processes, ageing and cancer.
Leucoanthocyanins (proanthocyanidins or OPCs, pycnogenols) are natural polyphenols belonging to the class of bioflavonoids. The Leucoanthocyanins are constituted by a variable number of flavin units and they yield an anthrocide after heating in acid medium. From grape seeds an oligomeric fraction partially esterified with gallic acid and containing only little amounts of momomeric polyphenols (catechin and epicatechin) has been isolated.
Leucoanthocyanins have been reported to improve biological properties of blood vessels leading to their use in the therapy of such different types of vascular disorders as capillary fragility, peripheral chronic venous insufficiency and micro-angiopathy of the retina.
Until recently pharmacological properties of Leucoanthocyanins were attributed to their ability to increase tonicity and the resistance to the degradative action of elastase and collagenase. More recently increasing evidence supports the hypothesis of the anti-oxidant properties and possible chemoprevention on free radicals already mentioned in association with cancer, ageing etc.
Antioxidant Effect:
The antioxidant effect of Leucoanthocyanins has been studied "in vitro" in phosphatidylcholine liposomes using 1/ Iron-promoted lipid peroxidation and 2/ Ultrasound-induced lipid peroxidation. Both showed Leucoanthocyanins markedly more effective than alpha-tocopherol.
Antioxidant Health Benefits of Grape Seed Extract:
Cardiovascular:Grape Seed Extract provides nutritional support for a healthy heart. Maintains normal blood flow.
Circulatory:Grape Seed Extract promotes a healthy circulatory system by strengthening capillary walls and reducing leakage.
Skin:Grape Seed Extract helps reduce the visible signs of premature aging such as wrinkles and sagging skin. Protects collagen against destructive enzymes and free radicals.
Leg Veins:Grape Seed Extract strengthens weak and swollen blood vessels in the legs.
Allergies:The OPCs in Grape Seed Extract Plus block the release of histamine, relieving allergies.
Sports Activities:Grape Seed Extract enhances the body's recovery following strenuous workouts.
Eyes:The combination of Grape Seed Extract and OPCs provides antioxidant protection to safeguard the integrity of the retina and cornea of the eye.
Urinary Infections:A therapeutic level of cranberry powder helps treat urinary tract infections, and supplies additional OPCs.
Age Spots:Grape Seed Extract helps eliminate age spots caused by sun damage.
Anti-enzyme Effect:
In vitro activity of Leucoanthocyanins was tested by conventional techniques on several enzymes such as Xanthine oxidase[2.4], Elastase[4.2], Collagenase [38.0], Hyaluronidase [80.0] (-Glucuronidase [1.1]. Note the individual results in brackets [IC50 (mol/l)].
The anti-oxidant and anti-enzyme effect provide a strong molecular basis for the capillary protective action of Leucoantho- cyanins, demonstrated in several ¡°in vitro¡± experimental models of altered capillary permeability. This protective effect of Leucoanthocyanins is therefore a pluricentric mechanism based on radical scavenging and antioxidant effects and the inhibitions of some key enzymes. The integrated action hypothesis is also supported by data which clearly indicate a marked tropism of Leucoanthocyanins for vessel walls, skin and other tissues, characterised by the elevated presence of glycosaminoglycans.
Antimutagenic Effect:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain S288C were tested
1.Mitochondrial Antimutagenesis tested the production of respiratory deficient mutants as phenotypic manifestation of mitochondrial mutation.
2.Nuclear Antimutagenesis activity was studied and the effect established using the forward mutation system from L-canavanine sensitivity to L-canavanine resistance.
The results clearly suggest a possibility to employ natural antioxidant/antimutagen principles such as Leucoanthocyanins in a preventative diet-based strategy against major pathologies. In fact we are now proving scientifically what many believed for a long time, the assumption of antioxidant/antimutagenic substances contained in food is correlated with a lower incidence of some types of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Grape Seed Extract Repairs Vascular System:
Grape Seed Extract Plus helps strengthen the entire vascular system. OPCs prevent capillary leakage in the legs, eyes and skin reducing fluid retention. Without OPCs, destructive enzymes are free to attack the structure of the blood vessels. Free radicals further degenerate these vessels, causing lesions that become traps for bad cholesterol (LDL). Once LDL cholesterol has been trapped it attracts calcium. Cholesterol and calcium build up to form plaque, which narrows the arteries and encourages blood clot formation.
Grape Seed Extract Strengthens Collagen:
Collagen is an essential and major component of muscles, tendons, ligaments, teeth, gums, eyes and blood vessels. Masquelier's Authentic OPC Complex attaches itself to collagen where it blocks the harmful effects of destructive enzymes, such as collagenase. This protective action strengthens collagen protein, improving elasticity and resiliency. Although no substance can completely prevent the aging process, Beyond Grape Seed helps to avert premature aging by reducing free radical induced weakening of collagen.
Collagen, the protein constituent of connective tissue, exists throughout the body in pairs of strands. Hydrogen bridges connect these strands and give collagen its strength. As we grow older, collagen is weakened by excessive cross-linking. Cross-linking occurs when the bonds between collagen strands become weakened by free radicals. OPCs help form and strengthen the hydrogen bridges that hold the collagen strands together. Collagen that is weak and inflexible contributes to premature aging. Visible signs of weak collagen are wrinkles and sagging skin. The OPCs in Beyond Grape Seed support the body's ability to maintain and enhance the health of connective tissue and the elasticity of skin.
Grape Seed Extract, Quickly Absorbed:
The OPCs in Grape Seed Extract Plus are the most quickly absorbed antioxidants. Absorption begins ten minutes after entering the digestive tract. Maximum absorption is reached within forty-five minutes. After seven hours the level is still a third of maximum. OPCs are retained in connective tissue and collagen for up to seventy-two hours.
Indications and Usages:
Experimental data suggest that grape seed proanthocyanidins may have anticancer activity, that they protect against some forms of lipid peroxidation and that they may be cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and capillary protective. They appear to have anti-inflammatory activity. Claims that they are useful in the treatment of arthritis, varicose veins, diabetic retinopathy and some allergies are largely based upon anecdotal testimony; clinical trials are lacking.
Grape seed proanthocyanidins are available in products called grape seed extracts. These products contain grape seed procyanidins as well as catechin and epicatechin. Typical doses are 50 to 100 mg daily. Products called OPCs or PCOs (procyanidolic oligomers) are typically grape seed extracts.
About Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanins:
Anthocyanins and their precursors Proanthocyanins (also called condensed tannins) are chemically related to quercetin, and they are another class of flavonoids that are excellent antioxidants with similar benefits to other bioflavonoids. Pycnogenol, which comes from the bark of the French Maritime Pine (pinus maritima), is a particularly promoted and well-known source of proanthocyanidins. While their cost is several times that of citrus bioflavonoids, tablet sizes are only a fraction of those containing other types of flavonoids, so they are easier to take for individuals with swallowing difficulties, or children.
-Anthocyanidins are found in tea, beets, cherries, plums, red grapes, hawthorn, and some berries, (cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin, malvidin).
-Proanthocyanidins are found in tea, bilberry, apple, pear, grape seed, pine bark, beer, red wine, cranberry, red beans, (procyanidin, prodelphinidin, propelargonidin).
-Grape seed extract is a bioflavonoid-rich, potent extract which is used for fighting free radicals and to maintain capillary health. Proanthocyanidins is the best known form of bioflavonoids. It protects both the 1-antitripsin, whose role is to restrain the enzymes that break down collagen. Collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid make up much of the inner wall and supporting matrix of the capillaries. When they are in good condition, the capillaries are more supple and allow red blood cells through tight places and do not let fluids in the blood leak out.
Grape Seed Extract:Suggestions and Administration:
Among the waste products from the production of wine or grape juice are grape skins and seeds. Grape seeds may be collected from this residue and ground to release a mild oil that is popular for cooking because it has a high resistance to heat and therefore does not burn as much as other cooking oils. Grape seeds and sometimes grape skins, as well, may also be made into oral dosage forms for use as herbal medications.
Dosage and Administration:
In August 2004, the American Heart Association (AHA) published a scientific advisory warning that little evidence was found for the effectiveness of antioxidant vitamin supplements to prevent cardiovascular disease. While acknowledging the benefits of antioxidants, the scientists who prepared the AHA recommendation advise getting natural antioxidants from foods rather than from supplements. Additionally, some evidence from animal studies suggests that very high doses of antioxidants such as those in grape seed extract may actually increase damage from oxidation. Therefore, doses of supplemental antioxidants should be no higher than recommended by the manufacturer of the product.
Oral grape seed extract is available as capsules or tablets usually containing 50 mg or 100 mg. While recommended doses are different for specific uses, a common recommendation for maintaining general health is 50 mg to 200 mg per day. Some manufacturers suggest that doses should be higher for older individuals and some animal studies have found few side effects from extremely high doses. Because the effects of high doses on humans have not been documented, however, dosing should be limited to no more that recommended on the package of the product being taken.
Grape seed oil is available in bulk for use in preparing and cooking foods. No limits are placed on its use, but it does contain about 120 calories per tablespoon ?comparable to other cooking oils. If it replaces normal use of other oils, grape seed oil should not present any problems. Adding it to the diet or taking excessive amounts of it may lead to obesity, however.
Tolerability:
The prime factor for management of long term preventative treatments is safety.
Leucoanthocyanins are practically devoid of oral toxicity (LD50>4000 mg/kg in rats and mice) and any other toxic effects even at high dosages, in oral chronic toxicity tests (60 mg/kg/day for 12 months in dogs and 6 months in rats). Note: That equates to a 100 kg man taking 60 capsules 100mg strength daily. Leucoanthocyanins are also devoid of any mutagenic and teratogenic effects and are safe as far as fertility, peri- and post-natal toxicity are concerned.
Efficacy:
Leucoanthocyanins have been investigated in the treatment of venous-lymphatic insufficiency, and post-surgical lympho-oedema of the breast, at a dosage of 150mg twice daily.
The table above summarises a double blind placebo study in which Leucoanthocyanins were administered 30mg daily for 3 months to patients suffering from venous-lymphatic disease.
In a double blind test for peripheral disease of lower limbs improvement was seen in 87% of the cases using Leucoantho- cyanins compared with 45% with the placebo.
Clinical Sight Indications:
1.Controlled double blind testing was carried out on resistance to night glare and night vision by means of Comberg¡¯s nyctometer and ergovision on 100 subjects treated for 5 weeks with twice daily doses of 100mg of Leucoanthocyanins.33 Results showed a marked improvement in visual performance compared to the control group. This was attributed to a faster regeneration of the retinal structures from Leucoanthocyanins.
2.A study on 75 patients suffering from ocular stress caused by their working at a computer screen were treated with Leucoanthocyanins (300 mg/day) for 2 months. Graphs of the results show considerable improvement.34
3.Two further tests on 200 patients with myopic chorioretinosis were conducted for two months with Leucoanthocyanins (150 mg daily). Computerised examination at the start and end of the trials demonstrated a marked global increase on visual functions.35,36
Summary: Oral grape seed extract is most used for strengthening blood vessel to treat conditions such as chronic venous insufficiency and retinopathy. As an antioxidant, it may also have effects against cancer, heart disease, viruses, and cell damage caused by toxic chemicals. Topically, grape seed extract may protect against dental cavities and promote wound healing. Oil pressed from grape seeds is a supplemental source of essential fatty acids.
Risks: Pregnant and breast-feeding women should not take grape seed extract, due to limited information about its potential effects on developing babies or infants.
Side Effects: Cough, headache, and nausea are among the side effects reported by participants in clinical studies of grape seed extract.
Note for Taken Period and Cautions:
To realize a consistent benefit from grape seed extract, you need to take it regularly. Only about 30% of its PCOs remain in your body 24 hours after taking the supplement.
Do not take grape seed without first talking to your doctor if you:
have a bleeding or blood clotting disorder
are taking a medicine to prevent blood clots or that affects blood-clotting such as warfarin and asparin.
are taking a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
are taking other medications, herbs, antioxidants, or health supplements that may affect blood clotting.
are pregnant, breast-feeding or planning a pregnancy. It is not known whether grape seed will harm an unborn baby or a nursing infant.
There is no information available regarding the use of grape seed by children. Do not give any herbal/health supplement to a child without first talking to the child's doctor.
Safety and Acute toxicity:Grape Seed Extract.
Flavonoids in general, and OPCs specifically, are generally free of side effects. They are water- soluble nutrients and excess intake is excreted in the urine.
100 to 200 mg daily maintenance dose for a 150- pound adult. In case of illness, chornic conditions, or a flare-up of alleriges, 200 mg to 300 mg is suggested. Children should receive approximately 50 percent of the above doses.
Chronic toxicity:Grape Seed Extract.OPCs
Chronic toxicity test.Oral.Dogs.Dose/Period:60 mg/kg/day.12 Months.No toxic effects.
Chronic toxicity test.Oral.Rats.Dose/Period:60 mg/kg/day.6 Months.No toxic effects.
Proanthocyanidins are almost completely non-toxic both in acute dosage (LD50>4,000 mg/kg in rats and mice) and high long-term dosage (no toxic effects at 60 mg/kg/day for 12 months in dogs and six months in rats). They have no potential for causing mutations or birth defects, and have no adverse effect on fertility, pregnancy, or nursing.
Acute toxicity(LD50):Grape Skin Extract.
LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral.Rodent-mouse.>10000 mg/kg.
LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral.Rodent-rat.>10000 mg/kg.
Reference:Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine.Volume(issue)/year:03.2002.
Scientific References:
1.Grape Seed Extract?Muscat, Red Wine Extract,Vitis Vinefera Seed Extract?A Powerful Antioxidant and More.
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Standard Herbal Extract Series:
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Serie No.:S044.Basic Data Sheet Download
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seminal trace...Grape Seed Extract.Proanthocyanidins 95%98%60%,Polyphenols 90%.Proanthocyanidins,Proanthocyanidin B2,.M.F.C30H26O12.Grape skin extract.Vitis Vinefera Seed extract.......
Basic Botanical Data of Grape Seed:
The Grape:
Scientific References:
Claims & Wa