Hawthorn is considered the top plant-derived medicine used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in Europe. It has a mild and long sustaining action, which keeps a facilitating effect on the coronary blood flow without decrease.
Many religion-related legends about this plant have been handed down. The most famous legend is when Christ was crucified and was pricked by the thorns of a crown made of Hawthorn, his blood purified the plant. Because of this, it was used as a talisman in the ancient days.
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Basic Instruction
Hawthorn Fruit Extracts Hawthorn Leaves Extracts...
Botanical Source:Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) Single-seed hawthorn
Latin Name:Crataegus leavigata Dc.C. monogyna Jacq. ;Crateagus oxycanthus
Family Name: Rosaceae
Botanical Name : 1. Crataegus cuneata Sieb, et Zucc; 2. Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var Major N. E. Br.; 3. Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.
Pharmaceutical Name : Fructus Crataegi
Common Names: English hawthorn, Haw (Black Haw is Viburnum pruifolium L.), May, May blossom, May bush, May tree, Quick-set, Shan-cha, Thorn-apple tree, Whitethorn
Other Names:Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus oxyacantha, Hagedorn, Haw, Hedgethorn, Mayblossom, Maybush, Mayflower, Whitethorn
Parts Used: Leaves, Flowers,Fruit
Properties: Astringent, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, carminative, diuretic, sedative, stimulant, vasodilator
Hawthorn is considered the top plant-derived medicine used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in Europe. It has a mild and long sustaining action, which keeps a facilitating effect on the coronary blood flow without decrease.
Many religion-related legends about this plant have been handed down. The most famous legend is when Christ was crucified and was pricked by the thorns of a crown made of Hawthorn, his blood purified the plant. Because of this, it was used as a talisman in the ancient days.
Hawthorn has been used for the treatment of cardiac diseases from the Middle Age.
Hawthorn Medicinal Uses
Several species of hawthorn grow as bushy shrubs or small trees that were often planted as fences or hedgerows in northern Europe. Now found growing throughout mild climate areas of North Africa, West Asia, Europe, and North America; hawthorn adapts to a wide range of growing conditions. A member of the rose family of plants, hawthorn has fragrant white or pink blooms that are sometimes called mayflowers. Its blossoms are followed by fruits, resembling cherries, that may be eaten fresh or dried, used in cooking, made into jam, or brewed into wine. The wood of hawthorn, known for its durability, is often used to make handles for tools.
For use in medicine, hawthorn leaves and flowers are collected, dried, and powdered. The powder is then made into capsules or tablets or added to beverages or soft foods. Occasionally, hawthorn fruits are used topically to relieve itching. In the past, a poultice of hawthorn leaves was applied to skin sores and a wash was made from hawthorn fruits because it was thought to treat frostbite. Currently, hawthorn is rarely used topically.
Hawthorn is much more accepted as a medicine in Europe than it is in the United States. In Germany, hawthorn is approved for the treatment of heart failure, the German governmental agency that evaluates the safety and effectiveness of herbal products. The United States does not have a comparable agency to evaluate herbal products.
Relieve chronic heart conditions:
Mainly, hawthorn is taken orally to relieve chronic heart conditions -- primarily congestive heart failure, but also angina and arrhythmias. Chemicals in hawthorn may act directly on the heart muscle to increase the force of heartbeats and on the blood vessels to relax the arteries around the heart. It may also lengthen the time that the heart rests between beats. Hawthorn may also work indirectly by widening blood vessels close to the surface of the skin. As a result, it may also help to lower blood pressure. Due to its multiple effects on the heart, hawthorn should not be taken before its use has been discussed with a doctor.
Chemicals in hawthorn may have other effects, as well. Based on the observation that hawthorn produces a mild soothing effect, it may be used occasionally to treat anxiety and insomnia. No clinical studies have been published to prove or disprove hawthorn's soothing effect, however. In animal studies, hawthorn has also appeared to lower cholesterol levels both by reducing the production of cholesterol and by increasing the breakdown of cholesterol by the body. One small study conducted in humans seemed to show similar cholesterol-lowering results, but further research is needed to verify these results.
Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) A member of the rose family, Hawthorn was hung over the doorway in the Middle Ages to prevent the entry of evil spirits. By the early 1800's, American physicians recognized the herb's medicinal properties and began using it to treat circulatory disorders and respiratory illnesses. Considered a "cardiotonic" herb, the antioxidants found in hawthorn can neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause. Today, many professional herbalists believe that the antioxidants in hawthorn may help protect against heart disease and help control high blood pressure and high cholesterol. This has led to the reputation of Hawthorn being amazing for the human heart. The leaves are more potent than the berries, but it has proven quite beneficial for treating mild heart disease, angina pectoris, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, nervous heart, arteriosclerosis and to assist peripheral circulation. It is especially important in helping to balance the autonomic nervous system, which is essential for stressed individuals that are sympathetic dominant.
Active Component and Structure:
Major PhytoChemicals of Hawthorn Fruit:
Rutin,C27H30O16,0.008%~0.22%;Vitexin,C27H20O10,0.018%~0.31%;Hyperoside,C21H20O12,0.005%~0.320%;Ursolic Acid,C30H48O3,0.31%~0.56%.
Flavonoid:hyperoside,vitexin,vitexin rhamnoside,quercetin,kaempferol Oligomericproanthocyanidin:leucoanthocyanins Specialists are often needed to determine the identity of hawthorn species. Hawthorns cross-breed easily, forming a multitude of hybrids, and speciation seems to continue. Hawthorn thrives in brushwood and pastures. In southern Scandinavia it blooms in May.
The berries are eaten by birds during the winter, whereby the seeds are spread.
Major volatiles from hawthorn flowers: The flowers are sweetly scented, but with a nauseous tone due to trimethylamine, also known from herring brine, and 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde. Other odor determining volatiles are benzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and methyl 4-methoxybenzoate (methyl anisate)
Name:Citric acid
Systematic Name:1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-; Citric acid; Formula:C6H8O7. Molecular Weight:192.12
CAS Registry No.77-92-9
Note:Anticoagulants;Chelating agents:A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.
Chemical Composition and Pharmacology:
Flowers and leaves contain mixtures of chlorogenic acid and flavonoids such as quercin, hyperoside (quercetin 3-galactoside), vitexin and vitexin 4 rhamnoside. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid have some analgesic effects. Quercetin has multiple actions: antiarrhythmic, antihepatotoxic and inhibitor of cAMP-phosphodies. Other flavonoids identified in Crataegus species are luteolin, luteolin-3?7 diglucosides, apigenin, apegenin-7-O-glucoside and rutin.Luteolin is an effective smooth muscle relaxant and protects the heart lipids against doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation. In addition, luteolin 5-rutinoside has achieved a marked antidiabetic activity in streptozocin-induced diabetes. Apigenin and luteolin inhibit tumor formation. Luteolin decreases aromatase enzyme activity; apigenin showed inhibitory effect on TPA-mediated tumor promotion and is antimutagenic.
Hawthorn contains amygdalin; it has been tested in cancer, but provided no substantive benefits. In fact, several patients experienced symptoms of cyanide toxicity with amygdalin therapy. The other major constituents are triterpenoids, e.g., oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and crataegus acid. Ursolic acid induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells, perhaps triggered by enhanced intracellular Ca2+ levels. Lowering Ca2+ levels inhibited the apoptotic action of ursolic acid. The antiproliferative action of ursolic acid was also indicated in a mouse melanoma cell line.20 Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid also have anti-inflammatory and antihyperlipidemic properties. Oleanolic acid is marketed in China as an oral drug for human liver disorders.
Physiological Functions of Hawthorn:
Vasodilator action, hypotensive action
Cardiotonic action,Cardiac Activity
Digestive, sedative, anti-flatulent, and stomachal action
Anti-bacterial action
Dilatation and increased of blood flow of coronary arteries
Increased blood flow and reinforced contraction of cardiac muscle to prevent oxygen deficiency in the heart.
As an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, it prevents vascular contraction, thus, increases blood flow to peripheral blood vessels.
Facilitates blood movement in the congested cardiac muscle.
Helps normalize calcium concentration in the cells and arrhythmia in the vascular system to moderate the frequency of pulses.
Antioxidant action
Strengthens the stomach to improve digestive functions.
Promotes blood circulation to maintain a normal metabolism.
Relieves diarrhea.
Lowers blood pressure.
Dissolves cholesterol deposits in lining of blood vessels.
Eliminates food retention
Common Benefit of Hawthorn:
Used to promote the health of the circulatory system, treat angina, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia and has been found to strengthen the heart. Hawthorn is widely regarded in Europe as a safe and effective treatment for the early stages of heart disease and has been used for a number of ailments including angina, myocarditis, arteriosclerosis, nervous conditions like insomnia, and diarrhea. It has also been indicated for strengthening blood vessels, vascular insufficiency and blood clots, restoring the heart muscle wall, lowering cholesterol and to aid digestion.
Treatment for the early stages of heart disease :
Hawthorn is widely regarded in Europe as a safe and effective treatment for the early stages of heart disease and is endorsed by Commission E- the branch of the German government that studies and approves herbal treatments. It is used to promote the health of the circulatory system and has been found useful in treating angina, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. It has been found to strengthen the heart and stabalise it against arrythmias.
Cardiovascular system improvement:Cardiac Activity
There is also evidence for cardiovascular system improvement, particularly in clinical parameters associated with angina, congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarct. This may be due to the herb's antioxidant activity. Its use in the treatment of hepatitis in modern Chinese medicine is supported by the demonstration of hepatoprotective activity in animal studies.
Research supports the suggestion that Crataegus extracts used therapeutically for cardiovascular diseases should be standardized for oligomeric procyanidins (OPC) content.
Antioxidant properties:
Animal and laboratory studies have found that hawthorn contains active compounds with antioxidant properties. Antioxidants are substances that scavenge free radicals; damaging compounds in the body that alter cell membranes, tamper with DNA, and even cause cell death. Free radicals occur naturally in the body, but environmental toxins (including ultraviolet light, radiation, cigarette smoking, and air pollution) can also increase their number.
Free radicals are believed to contribute to the ageing process as well as the development of a number of health problems including heart disease. Antioxidants found in hawthorn can neutralise free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause.
While oxidation is part of a normal biological reaction, overloading the cells with free radicals could initiate the pathogenesis of many diseases.Some Crataegus constituents are predicted to be good antioxidants. The flower and fruit constituents responsible for free radical scavenging activity are epicatechin, hyperoside and chlorogenic acid. They are also among the best antilipoperoxidants.Phenolic compounds of Crataegus also have antioxidant activity. The flowers contain the most phenolic compounds, and the antioxidant activity of these extracts was clearly related to the phenolic contents.
Congestive heart failure:
Hawthorn has primarily been studied in people with congestive heart failure (a health condition in which the heart is unable to pump adequate amounts of blood to other organs in the body). Of six well-designed trials, four studies concluded that hawthorn significantly improved heart function and three found that the herb improved patients' ability to exercise. Patients in five of the six studies reported that hawthorn significantly improved symptoms of the disease (such as shortness of breath and fatigue). One study found that hawthorn extract (900 mg/day) taken for 2 months was as effective as low doses of captropril (a leading heart medication) in improving symptoms of congestive heart failure. A large-scale international study is currently underway to determine whether hawthorn extract reduces the risk of death in people with this disease.
Anti-inflammatory Action:
Recent research showed that macrophage-derived mediators pytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) play a crucial role in inflammatory and immune responses. Therefore, inhibition of IL-1 and TNF could be criteria of anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts of the root of C. tanacetifolia showed inhibitory effect depending upon the concentration applied on IL-1 alpha and beta, and TNF alpha.
A hydroalcoholic extract from the flower heads of C. oxyacant has inhibited thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in vitro. Further analysis showed that the following ingredients may be responsible for the action: vitexin, vitexin-2 betaO-rhamnoside, quercetin and hyperoside from the flavonoid class. Also, significant inhibitions were observed with catechin and epicatechin from the flavonoid class.
A triterpene fraction isolated from C. monogyna, which contained mainly cycloartenol, was tested against paw edema in rats. A 40 mg/kg oral dose had significant inhibition (61.5%) after 3 hours of administration. A similar action was observed in mice, measured with an inflammation test of the peritoneum. The triterpene fraction given orally to mice (40 mg/kg) inhibited peritoneal leukocyte infiltration by 89.4%. The fraction also showed weak inhibition of phospholipase A2 in vitro.
Atherosclerosis:
Animal and laboratory studies demonstrate that this herb has antioxidant properties that help protect against the formation of plaques, which leads to a health problem known as atherosclerosis. Plaque buildup in the vessels that supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood may cause chest pain (angina) and heart attacks while plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to the brain may result in stroke.
Chest pain:
Hawthorn berry preparations have been shown to combat chest pain (angina), a health problem caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart. In one early study, 60 angina patients were given either 180 mg/day of hawthorn berry-leaf-flower extract or placebo for 3 weeks. Those who received the hawthorn preparation experienced improved blood flow to the heart and were also able to exercise for longer periods of time without suffering from chest pain.
CNS Actions:
The alcoholic extract of C. oxyacantha has shown direct influence on the CNS, having sedative, hypothermic and hypotensive actions.
High cholesterol:
Studies using rats suggest that a hawthorn tincture (made from the berries) may be a powerful agent for the removal of LDL ("bad") cholesterol from the bloodstream. The tincture of hawthorn berries also reduced the production of cholesterol in the liver of rats who were being fed a high-cholesterol diet. Studies to determine if hawthorn will confer the same effects in people are needed.
Hypolipidemic Action:
An alcoholic extract prepared from the berries of C. oxyacantha was tested on hyperlipidemic rats, and a significant decrease in lipid deposits in liver and aorta was observed. The reductions of cholesterol and triglycerides were progressive in the low density (LDL) and very low-density (VLDL) lipoprotein fractions. Further study revealed that the drug lowered the level of the atherogenic component, beta-lipoprotein.A similar study in rats fed an atherogenic diet showed that Crataegus tincture increased the LDL receptor-binding capacity in the liver and enhanced bile acid secretion. These observations indicated that Craetegus possibly up-regulates cholesterol influx into the liver and enhances cholesterol degradation to bile acid while suppressing cholesterol biosynthesis.A Chinese clinical trial conducted on 130 hyperlipidemic subjects also achieved an impressive result with a combination of Chinese herbs, including C. pinnatifida. After the treatment, 87% of subjects had lower total serum cholesterol, and 80.8% also had lower triglyceride level.
High blood pressure:
Although hawthorn has not been studied specifically in people with high blood pressure, considerable evidence supports the cardiovascular benefits of this herb. Studies suggest that hawthorn can be taken safely by people with hypertension who are also taking blood pressure medications.
Hypotensive Action:
A water-alcoholic extract of a procyanidin isolated from C. oxyacantha has been tested on cats. An injected dosage of 3 mg/kg lowered the blood pressure of the cats from 160 to 110 mmHg. Stepka and Winters investigated 39 known Crataegus species and found 15 with mild to significant hypotensive activity.Myocardial blood flow and arterial blood pressure were tested on nonanesthetized dogs and anesthetized cats. Oral administration of Crataegus (12.0 mg/kg) in the dogs and an injection of 15.5 mg/kg in the cats led to a significant increase in blood flow for several hours depending on the dose. A maximum 70% increase over resting flow was reached in the dogs. In cats, a similar result was associated with a slight decrease in arterial blood pressure.
Dosage and Administration:
Hawthorn products are often standardized for their content of chemicals known as bioflavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins. Standardization by the manufacturer should assure the same amount of active ingredient in every batch of the commercial preparation. Standardized hawthorn should have 2.2% bioflavonoids or 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins.
Recommended dosing for hawthorn varies depending on the condition being treated and the product being used. If you decide to take hawthorn, follow the directions on the package you purchase. Taking hawthorn for 2 months or longer may be necessary before maximum effects are seen.
Indicated for: Valve prolapse, angina, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, myocarditis, arteriosclerosis. Hawthorn can normalise blood pressure by regulating heart action; extended use can lower blood pressure. Good for heart muscle weakened by age. Can help strengthen blood vessels, reduce palpitations, help prevnt vascular insufficiency, blood clots (embolism, phlebitis). Dilates coronary vessels to restore the heart muscle wall. Lowers cholesterol. Good for nervous conditions like insomnia. Aids digestion. Relieves abdominal distention and diarrhea, food stagnation, abdominal tumors and is good for dropsy.
Risks and Side Effects:
Summary: The main current use of hawthorn is to treat congestive heart failure, but it may have some effectiveness for other chronic heart conditions, as well. Preliminary evidence from animal studies seems to show that hawthorn may also help to lower cholesterol levels.
Risks: Due to possible effects on the uterus, pregnant women should not take hawthorn. Small children and women who are breast-feeding should also avoid taking it. Individuals with heart conditions should use hawthorn only with the supervision of a medical professional.
Side Effects: Oral hawthorn products may cause fast or irregular heartbeats. Oral products have also been associated with dizziness, headaches, insomnia, and nausea. If it is used topically, hawthorn may cause a rash where it is applied.
Interactions: Hawthorn may increase the risk of changes in heart function if it is taken with: albuterol,caffeine,digoxin,drugs and herbals that affect the heart,theophylline and related drugs for asthma,Viagra
Cautions: Though non-toxic, hawthorn can produce dizziness if taken in large doses. Hawthorn contains heart-affecting compounds that may affect blood pressure and heart rate. Seek medical supervision if you suffer from a heart condition or are taking heart related medication.
Avoid if colitis or ulcers are present. There are no known scientific reports on the pediatric use of hawthorn. Therefore, it is not currently recommended for children. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, do not use hawthorn. Avoid if you are using Digoxin or Phenylephrine.
Safety and Acute toxicity (LD50):Crataegus preparations
No toxicity has been directly related to Crataegus preparations. The acute parenteral toxicity (LD50), tested in different animals, was found in a range of 18+-4 mL/kg, with that of individual constituents ranging from 50-2,600 mg/kg. The acute oral toxicity was reported to be in a range of 18.5+-3.8 mL/kg and 6 g/kg, respectively. In humans, therapeutic doses of hawthorn did not have adverse effects. However, drug interactions are likely with other cardiovascular agents, generating unwanted synergetic effects. Hawthorn can potentiate cardiac glycoside action of digitalis (or other related drugs, such as digitoxin, digoxin, or gitalin). Patients who take these drugs should consult with a medical professional before taking hawthorn.
Hawthorn:Witches' Ointments
Hawthorn was also known as "Whitethorn, Hazels, Gazels, Halves, Quickset, Bread-and-Cheese Tree, Albespyne, L'Epine Noble. The buds are called Ladies' Meat; the blossoms are known as May Flowers. The fruit are known as haws" (Miller - Hawthorn). In Somerset, England, and in Celtic folklore, it was believed that if the flower of a hawthorn was brought into the house, a member of the household would soon die (Elworthy 95).
The flowers are fertilized by carrion insects, and it is said that those with keen smell can detect the odour of the grave on the blossoms. The shadows of the moon were thought to represent a man laden with a bundle of hawthorn thorns in punishment for theft. If three thorn trees are found (sic) growing closely together it's considered wise to make a wide berth of them (Miller - Hawthorn).
Hawthorn was also considered dear to faeries. If a plant was harmed, the faeries would bring retribution, usually in the form of sickness (Britannica Online - Fairy).
Thorn apples, the fruit of the hawthorn, were believed to have poisonous properties. The juice was said to have been applied to a mother's nipples to kill an unwanted baby (mAlice). However, another plant, unrelated to the Hawthorn, also went by the name of Thornapple. This thornapple is of the Datura family, and was "first introduced into Europe in modern times." It "immediately gained notoriety as a witches' plant. While it was allegedly used as an ingredient in Witches' Ointments, it was also utilized to thwart the schemes of witches, harmful magic, and the hordes of the devil" (R?tsch 148).
As a Ward:In the proper plaxe, hawthorn was believed to be "a lightning protector, a holy and healing tree" (Huxley 2203).
Hawthorn:Research Update
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of oligomeric procyanidins from dimers up to the hexamer in hawthorn.:
An HPLC method using UV diode array detection was developed for analysing procyanidins qualitatively and quantitatively up to the hexameric level in hawthorn samples. The analysed compounds included procyanidin dimers B-2, B-4 and B-5, procyanidin trimers C-1, epicatechin-(4beta-->8)-epicatechin-(4beta-->6)-epicatechin and epicatechin-(4beta-->6)-epicatechin-(4beta-->8)-epicatechin, a tetramer D-1 and a pentamer E-1 both consisting of (-)-epicatechin units linked through C-4beta/C-8 bonds. The concentrations of two unknown tetramers and a hexamer F were also quantified. The oligomeric procyanidins (OPs) were specifically determined due to the development of a method for isolating them from hawthorn during sample preparation. The pattern of oligomeric procyanidins in the leaves, flowers and fruits was similar, but the concentrations varied depending on the part of the plant. The concentration in leaves was 1.6%, in flowers 1.2% and in fruits 0.2% of the dry mass. The method was validated with respect to repeatability, recovery, linearity, and sensitivity. The repeatability for the quantitative analytical method of all the OPs in leaves was 7.7%, in flowers 8.8%, and in fruits 12.3%. The recovery of the main OPs ranged from 91 to 97%. The correlation coefficients of calibration curves were between 0.997 and 1.000. The limits of quantitation for different procyanidin standards were 0.05-0.12 mg/ml, when 10 microl of each standard solution was injected into the HPLC.
Isolation and identification of oligomeric procyanidins from Crataegus leaves and flowers.:
Oligomeric procyanidins were isolated from the leaves and flowers of hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata). A trimer, epicatechin-(4 beta-->8)-epicatechin-(4 beta-->6)-epicatechin, and a pentamer consisting of (-)-epicatechin units linked through C-4 beta/C-8 bonds have been isolated from hawthorn for the first time, in addition to known procyanidins including dimers B-2, B-4 and B-5, trimers C-1 and epicatechin-(4 beta-->6)-epicatechin-(4 beta-->8)-epicatechin, and tetramer D-1. A fraction containing a hexamer was also found.
Cardiac Activity.:
Hawthorn extracts prepared from leaves and flowers were investigated for their effects on contraction, energy turnover, and the apparent refractory period in isolated cardiac myocytes from an adult rat heart. The hawthorn extract exhibited a positive inotropic effect accompanied by a moderate increase of oxygen consumption. This research compared the hawthorn extract with other known positive inotropic drugs, such as the beta-adrenergic agonist isoprenaline or the cardiac glycoside ouabain (gamma-strophantin); the effects of the hawthorn extract were significantly more economical with respect to the energy of the myocytes. Furthermore, the extract prolonged the apparent refractory period in the presence and absence of isoprenaline, which was indicative of an antiarrhythmic action as well.
Guinea pig hearts also were used to compare the influence of Crataegus extract to that of other inotropic drugs, such as epinephrine, milrinon and digoxin. Different functional parameters were measured, focusing on the effective refractory period of the myocardium. Several cardiac parameters were measured to test the effect of the extract on the refractory period. All of the drugs except the Crataegus extract shortened the effective refractory period in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the Crataegus extract prolonged the effective refractory period by a maximum of 10%.
The main flavonoids of Crataegus species were tested on isolated guinea pig heart. O-glycosides, luteolin-7-glucoside, hyperoside and rutin increased the coronary flow (186%, 66%, and 66%, respectively) and the relaxation velocity. A slight, positive inotropic effect and a rise in the heart rate were also seen. The C-glycosides itexin, vitexin-rhamnoside and monoacetyl-vitexin-rhamnoside ad similar, but less dramatic, effects. A possible beta-adrenergic effect of the glycosides was eliminated by propranolol treatment. Also, reserpine did not influence the myocardial action of hyperoside. These results and former experiments showed that an inhibition of 3? 5?cAMP phosphodiesterase may be underlying the possible mechanism of the glycosides of the species.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is released from damaged heart cells and is used as a marker of myocardial injury following myocardial infarction. Rats were treated for three months with C. oxyacantha. When the coronary effluent was sampled for LDH content, the Crataegus group showed significantly lower LDH activity after reperfusion, indicating a preservation effect on the plasma membrane and protection from myocardial damage.
The effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and Crataegus were examined on isoprenaline-induced heart, liver and pancreas damage in rats. Hawthorn extract in combination with garlic powder showed protective effects in a dose-dependent manner. Clinical signs, histological and histoenzymatical findings, and determination of activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), NADH-NBT reductase, acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-DPH) were evaluated. Heart, hepatic and pancreatic tissue pretreated with 0.5 g/kg Allium sativum and 0.3 g/kg Crataegus showed a marked protective effect against tissue necrosis. Evaluation of hepatic and heart SDH in isoprenaline-treated animals given the drug combination mentioned above yielded significant enhancement of enzyme activity. In evaluating the other key enzyme activity G-6-DPH, the composition of 0.5 g/kg garlic and 0.3 g/kg Crataegus had a significant protective effect against necrosis induced by isoprenaline. The G-6-DPH activity increase was more pronounced in the heart, providing excellent protection against isoprenaline-induced myocardial lesions.
In a multicenter trial of 80 patients with heart problems originating from ischemia or hypertension, the group taking the hawthorn extract showed statistically significant (p < 0.01) improvement in cardiac function, palpitations, cardiac edema and shortness of breath. However, ECG results did not improve for the treated or placebo group.26
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hawthorn is a member of the rosaceae family
hawthorn is a medium
hawthorn is the only commonly available variety that has the precise features ours have
hawthorn is a common thorny shrub that grows up to five feet tall on hillsides and in sunny wooded areas throughout the world
hawthorn is relatively non
hawthorn is generally not recommended for children's play areas
hawthorn is a wild tree
hawthorn is reported to be resistant to cedar
hawthorn is hypotensive and anabolic
hawthorn is contraindicated during the first trimester
hawthorn is produced in most areas of china
hawthorn is available at this site as a bulk herb in 1 pound quantities
hawthorn is more usually seen as a small
hawthorn is situated on 20 acres of croft land for a peaceful and quiet holiday
hawthorn is native to missouri and is a wild flower and potent symbol
hawthorn is especially popular in europe
hawthorn is an extremely valuable medicinal herb
hawthorn is used as a nest site by so many species
Scientific References:
1.Hawthorn Fruit Extracts Hawthorn Leaves Extracts...
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
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MDidea Extracts Professional
Standard Herbal Extract Series:
Enjoy Daily Cartoons:
Serie No.:S050.Basic Data Sheet Download
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seminal trace...Hawthorn Berry Extract.Hawthorn Leaves Extract: Vitexin-2"-0-rhamnoside 2%HPLC.CAS.NO:84603-61-2.Crataegus Oxyacantha Extract...
Major PhytoChemicals of Hawthorn Fruit:
Major volatiles from hawthorn flowers:
Scientific References:
Claims & Warning:
