Lycopene-A Scientific Overview,What is Lycopene and its sources,Actions and Pharmacology.Tomato Extract Lycopene
Contents
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- Lycopene:A Scientific Overview.
- What are antioxidants and its inportance?
- What is Lycopene and its sources?
- Lycopene Actions and Pharmacology.
- Lycopene Brief Benefit and Common Knowledge.
- More Lycopene Health Benefits.
- Lycopene Uses based on scientific evidence.
- Indications and Usage:Research Summary.
- Safety and Toxicity:Lycopene.
- How Search engine think about Lycopene.
- Modern Research and Lycopene Update.
- Photo Gallery of Tomato
Safety and Toxicity:Lycopene.
Acute toxicity(LD50):Lycopene (Tomato oleoresin contains 5% lycopene)
LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral(gavage).Rat(Sprague Dawley).>5000 mg/kg.
LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral(gavage).Rat(Sprague Dawley).>5000 mg/kg.
LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Dermal(semi-occlusive).Rat(Sprague Dawley).>2000 mg/kg.
Reference:Dreher,1994a,1994b,1994c.
the tomato oleoresin containing 5% lycopen exhibits low acute oral(LD50 levels>5000 mg/kg bw) and dermal(LD50 levels >2000 mg/kg bw) toxicity.
Eye-and skin-irritation studies:Lycopene (Tomato oleoresin contains 5%or 6% lycopene)
5%Lycopene.Irritating to skin.Dermal.Rabbbit.(New Zealand White).Vehicle:- Reference:Dreher 1994d
5%Lycopene.Irritating to skin.Dermal.Rabbbit.(New Zealand White).Vehicle:- Reference:Dreher 1994e
6%Lycopene.Not irritating to skin.Dermal.Rabbbit.(New Zealand White).Vehicle:- Reference:Dreher 1996a
5%Lycopene.Not irritating to skin.Dermal.Rabbbit.(New Zealand White).Vehicle:- Reference:Dreher 1994f
5%Lycopene.Not irritating to skin.Dermal.Rabbbit.(New Zealand White).Vehicle:- Reference:Dreher 1994g
6%Lycopene.Not irritating to skin.Dermal.Rabbbit.(New Zealand White).Vehicle:- Reference:Rees,1996b
Lycopene 5% was found to be irritating to the skin.However,the skin irritation studies with the positive result were performed in 1994 when the fermentation problem existed.For an explanation of the fermentation problem see below at the sensitisation studies.No eye irritating properties were observed of both tomato oleoresin containing 5 and 6% lycopene.
Sensitisation studies:Lycopene (Tomato oleoresin contains 5%or 6% lycopene)
5%Lycopene.Sensitising to skin(Maximisation).Dermal.Guinea pig.(Dunkin-Hartley).Vehicle:Arachis oil,petroleum jelly B.P.Reference:Dreher 1994h
6%Lycopene.Not sensitising to skin(Maximisation).Dermal.Guinea pig.(Dunkin-Hartley).Vehicle:Paraffin oil,FCA.Reference:Rees,1996c
Semichronic study
Lycopene 6%.duration.13weeks.Oral(gavage).Rat(CD-strain).NOAEL.>=4500.LOAEL:-.Critical effects:-.Reference:East,1995
Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity:
No data available.
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Genotoxicity study
Indicator colts.Salmonella.TA1535.Endpoint.point mutation.Result:without-Negative.With activation-Negative.
Indicator colts.Salmonella.TA1537.Endpoint.point mutation.Result:without-Negative.With activation-Negative.
Indicator colts.Salmonella.TA1538.Endpoint.point mutation.Result:without-Negative.With activation-Negative.
Indicator colts.Salmonella.TA98.Endpoint.point mutation.Result:without-Negative.With activation-Negative.
Indicator colts.Salmonella.TA100.Endpoint.point mutation.Result:without-Negative.With activation-Negative.
Indicator colts.Eschericia coli.WP2uvrA.Endpoint.point mutation.Result:without-Negative.With activation-Negative.
Reference:Thompsen,1994
Reproductive/developmental toxicity,and teratogenicity:
No reproductive/developmental toxicity and teratogenicity studies with Lycopene 5%.
Additional information on reproductive toxicity of lycopene:
One reproduction toxicity study in rats was reviewed by Strube and Dragsted(1999).It was reported that lycopene did not exhibit significant effects on fertility,pregnancy,the number of litters produced,pup growth or the incidence of overt malfunctions when male and female rats were fed with 10~20 mg lycopene/kg bw/day for a prolonged period prior to mating and throughout pregnancy.
It is concluded that there is not a full package of information concerning reproductive/developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of lycopene 5% to allow a full evaluation.However,there are no indications for reproductive/developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of lycopene.
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Human data:
No adverse effects of lycopene in humans have been reported.An overview of studies conducted to investigate the possibilities of clinical and pharmacological application of lycopene can be found in Appendix A.
Reference:Applications for the Evaluation of Lyc-O-Mato lycopene oleoresin from tomatoes under European Regulation(EC)No.258/97 for extension of food use.20th.August.2004
Summary:
Lycopene has a low order of acute toxicity and no significant toxicity has been observed in rats treated with lycopene beadlet formulations in the diet at doses of up to 500 mg/kg bw/day for 14 weeks or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 4 weeks. No teratogenic effects were noted in a rat two-generation study (1000 ppm in the diet) or in a teratology study in rats with 1000 mg/kg bw/day lycopene as beadlet formulations. Lycopene accumulates in hepatocytes and to a lesser extent in spleen. In short-term studies with synthetic lycopene, as a beadlet formulation, and natural source lycopene, as tomato concentrate, the accumulation of lycopene in the liver and the presence of pigment deposits in the hepatocytes were similar and neither was associated with any histopathological changes. The pigment deposits in hepatocytes are no longer present after approximately 13 weeks of depletion, demonstrating reversibility for this effect. Unformulated pure crystalline lycopene and lycopene as a 10% beadlet formulation are not genotoxic as determined in a comprehensive battery of tests, however, improperly stored, unformulated crystalline lycopene can degrade to mutagenic products if exposed to light and air.
Reference:Summary of safety studies conducted with synthetic lycopene.Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003 Apr;37(2):274-85.
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Reference:
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- Lycopene-A Scientific Overview,What is Lycopene and its sources,Actions and Pharmacology.Tomato Extract Lycopene
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