What is Marigold Flower Petals Extract? What is Lutein? Application and Value of Lutein as super remedy?

  seminal trace...Marigold Flower Extract.Lutein 5%10%20%UV.tagetes extract.Lutein 50%,75%,80%,90%UV.CAS.NO:90131-43-4.M.W.:C40 H56O2.Calendula officinalis,Marigold Extract.Tagetes erecta extract,Tagetes erecta flower extract...

 


   Botanical Info of Marigold:

 Calendula.Marigold.Marigold Petals
 Botanical Source:Calendula officinalis
 Latin Names: Calendula officinalis
  Other names: Calendula officinalis,Caltha officinalis,Tagetes erecta.
 Common Names: Aklelmulk, Atunjaq, Calendula, Chin Chan Hua, Garden Marigold, Gold Bloom, Holligold, Kamisha Bahar, Maravilla, Marigold,Marygold,Marybud,Mary Gowles, Mercadela, Oqhuwan,Oculus Christi, Poet's marigold, Pot Marigold, Qaraqus, Tibbi Nergis, To-Kinsen-Ka, Tuingoudsbloem, Virreina,Target Erecta,Pot Marigold, Ruddes,Golds,Caltha officinalis,Golds,Fiore d'Ogni Mese, Solis Sponsa,Poor Man's Saffron.
 Parts Used:Flower petals, dried flowers, leaves
  Preferred Climate: Temperate
  Sun Exposure: Full sun
  Growth Habits: Annual, up to 18 inches tall (45 cm) depending on variety
  Watering Needs: Regular to moderate water
  Cultural Practices:Check for slugs, aphids and powdery mildew.
  Blooming Habits:Yellow or orange flowers.

  Propagation:Self seed readily. In Phoenix, seed in place in the fall. In colder areas, seed inside at 65 Deg F (18 Deg F) 8 weeks before the last frost. The seeds should be covered with some soil since light tends to inhibit germination. They germinate in 1 to 2 weeks. Plant 6 week-old plant outside, 12 inches apart (30 cm), even if you expect some frost. Watch for aphids and powdery mildew.

  The pot marigold rather than the African or French marigold we are familiar with from our gardens, this plant is associated with the Sun due to its flower shape. These dried petals are a good incense for consecrating objects used for divination. Petals can also be strewn to consecrate an area. Dream pillows of calendula petals help clairvoyance through dreams. A traditional herb in Eclectic medicine for healing wounds, calendula is still used in creams and ointments (read the entry in King's American Dispensatory on Calendula). These marigold petals are a quite nice golden orange and would be pretty in soaps. This magick herb is also known as Golds, Ruddes, Mary Gowles, Marygold, Fiore d'ogni mese, and Solis Sponsa.
 

  Native to Egypt and the Mediterranean, marigold, or calendula, is an attractive, yellow-flowering plant. Europeans have grown this plant in their gardens for centuries for use nutritionally and medicinally. A member of the aster family, calendula should not be confused with its close relative, the common garden marigold (Tagetes species), which produces similar blooms but is regarded as too toxic for human consumption. It is primarily the colorful flower petals that are used medicinally.

  The name "calendula" refers to the plant's perceived tendency to bloom according to the calendar, on a monthly basis, as observed by Ancient Romans. Calendula has also been called "poor man's saffron," due to its ability to brighten up both the color and flavor of soups, rice, and chowders. In modern culinary practices, the colorful marigold petals are a popular garnish for salads.

 Botanical Info of Marigold:
 What are lutein and zeaxanthin?.What is lutein?Where does Lutein origin from?
 Identification of Lutein(An important carotenoid) and Natural Origin of Lutein.
 Lutein as super natureal antioxidant(Lutein as antioxidant)?.
 Basic and Common Knowledge of Lutein.
 Lutein and zeaxanthin are two very important antioxidant carotenoids.
 About marigold or Calendula:Its famous uses and applications.
 Research update of Marigold and Lutein.
 How Search engine think about Marigold and Lutein.
 Lutein:Safety and recommendation.


   What are lutein and zeaxanthin?.What is lutein?Where does Lutein origin from?

    Constituents and Phytochemicals of Marigold or calendula flower:

  Flavonoids: Pharmacopoeial standard not less than 0.4% flavonoids.Flavonol (isorhamnetin, quercetin) glycosides including isoquercitrin, narcissin, neohesperidoside, and rutin.
  Polysaccharides: Three polysaccharides PS-I, -II and -III have a (3)-beta-D-galactan backbone with short side chains at C-6, comprising alpha-araban-(3)-araban, alpha-L-rhamnan-(3)-araban or simple alpha-L-rhamnan moieties.
  Terpenoids: Many components, including alpha- and beta-amyrin, lupeol, longispinogenin, oleanolic acid, arnidiol, brein, calenduladiol, erythrodiol, faradiol, faradiol-3-myristic acid ester, faradiol-3-palmitic acid ester, helantriols A1, B0, B1 and B2, lupeol, maniladiol, urs-12-en-3,16,21-triol, ursadiol; oleanolic acid saponins including calendulosides C-H; campesterol, cholesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol and taraxasterol (sterols).
  Volatile Oils: Terpenoid components include menthone, isomenthone, caryophyllene and an epoxide and ketone derivative, pedunculatine, alpha- and beta-ionone, a beta-ionone epoxide derivative, dihydro actinidiolide.
  Other Constituents: Bitter (loliolide), arvoside A (sesquiterpene glycoside), carotenoid pigments and calendulin (gum).

    Zeaxanthin and Lutein:

 Zeaxanthin is isomeric with Lutein. These two carotene alcohols differ from each other just by the shift of a single double bond so that in Zeaxanthin all double bonds are conjugated.Zeaxanthin always accompanies Lutein in nature.
 Highest Dietary Sources of Lutein and Zeaxanthin:Kale,Collard Greens,Orange peppers,Spinach,Fresh parsley,Corn Red,Grapes,Egg yolk,Various squash,Kiwi Fruit,Zucchini,Mustard greens,Orange Juice,Generally, the most colourful fruits - dark green, orange and yellow - have the highest content of the beneficial carotenoids.
 In Tagetes (Marigold) blossom extract, the usual source of Lutein, about 4% of the total is Zeaxanthin.
 Lutein is a natural pigment of the carotenoid family. It is widely found in nature the lutein and its isomer zeaxanthin are the main xanthophylls in marigold flowers and also in vegetables and fruits.
 
 There are around 30 species of the genus Tagetes, all being native of the southern parts of North America.
 Cultured varieties often have velvety yellow-brown or orange-yellow petals. Most Tagetes have a pungent, characteristic odour with a sharp, fruity-winey-green nuance when the leaves are touched or broken. Acyclic monoterpene ketones are the primary odorants, with tagetone, dihydrotagetone and ocimenone as the most important. Tagetes oil has been used on a small scale for special effects in perfumes.
 tagetone, dihydrotagetone and (Z)-ocimenone.

 Calendula (Calendula officinalis) Calendula or Marigold is soothing for all skin and intestinal tract issues, particularly those with inflammation and ulceration. It is excellent for both internal use and topical healing. Calendula heals wounds and is an antiseptic. It helps to improve blood flow to the affected area and as an antifungal agent, it can be used to treat athlete's foot, ringworm, and candida. Topically it is great for cold sores, acne and diaper rash, while taken internally it is good for digestion and relieves colitis and symptoms of menopause.
 


 Calendula has a noteworthy place among our native herbs. It belongs to the plants which are beneficial in cancer and cancerlike growths. It is found in many gardens in the country, sometimes growing wild on wastelands. Since its healing powers have become recognized again and are in demand, it is now met not only in gardens, but also in fields. Calendula reaches a height of 30 to 40 cm. Its flowerheads are bright yellow to orange. Stems and leaves are fleshy and sticky to the touch. There are several varieties with full flowerheads, with dark or light stamens. The medicinal value is the same. Should its flowerheads be closed after 7 o'clock in the morning, it will rain the same day. It was considered a rain indicator in earlier times.
 In folk medicine the plant's flowers, stems and leaves are gathered and used. Gathering should occur in bright sunshine, when its healing powers are at their best. It can be picked fresh in the garden well into late autumn, if free from mildew. Calendula strongly resembles our Arnica but is superior in its healing power. Arnica should only be used under medical supervision, since the tea could do more harm than good to people with heart trouble. On the other hand, Calendula tea can be drunk without worry.
 As a blood cleanser, it is a great helper in infectious hepatitis. 1 to 2 cups a day work wonders. Calendula cleanses, stimulates circulation and improves the healing of wounds.
 


 Internally, Calendula as a tea, is used for gastro-intestinal disorders, stomach cramps and stomach ulcers, as well as inflammation of the large intestine, dropsy and blood in the urine. It is excellent for virus infections and bacteria in the urine. What wonderful results the use of the tea of fresh Calendula has is noted in a letter a physician sent to me: "A small 21/2 year old girl became very sick after repeated polio inoculations. She had chronic diarrhorea, loss of weight, visual weakness and difficulties with food. In a clinical checkup, paratyphoid fever was diagnosed and the child was therefore under clinical supervision. One week after drinking tea, made of fresh Calendula flowers and some homoeopathic medicines, the child was substantially better. The examination for typhoid bacillus, carried out three times shortly afterwards, was negative for the first time."
 Since Calendula is also beneficial for infectious hepatitis, it is an excellent remedy in disorders of the liver. Flowers, leaves and stems are brewed with boiling water. The tea should not be sweetened. For the above mentioned disorders drink 3 to 4 cups a day, about a tablespoonful every quarter of an hour. A tea made from 1 tablespoon of flowers to 1/4 litre of water will expel worms. The juice of the fresh stem gets rid of warts and scabies, the boiled infusion heals herpes and glandular swellings, if the affected parts are bathed in it. The tea, drunk regularly purifies the blood. The eyes, bathed with an eye bath of the lukewarm tea, are strengthened.
 Cancerlike ulcers and growths, cracked feet, ulcerated legs, thigh ulcers and also malignant, suppurating, non-healing wounds are helped by washing with an infusion of equal parts of Calendula and Horsetail. Use a heaped tablespoon of this blend to 1/2 litre of water.
 


 To stress the unique effect of Calendula tea 1 would like to cite a few more successes. A nurse who suffered from inflammation of the large intestine for eight years, had an appointment with a specialist. She was advised to take the Calendula tea as per my book. For 4 days she sipped 2 cups of Calendula tea during the day. She could hardly believe it when after this short use of Calendula all the complaints were gone.
 A nun told me she suffered from diarrhoea. Although she drank Camomile tea, it did not get better. Only after she had used Calendula tea was there an improvement. A nun in Bavaria suffered from Athlete's foot for 15 years and also repeatedly from phlebitis. Through the application of Calendula ointment she experienced finally a healing of her feet. Scabs in the nose can be easily remedied with Calendula ointment. Note: Should there be an aversion to lard, good vegetable fat may be used. A bit of cooking oil is added to the still warm mass, to make the ointment smoother.
 

    What is lutein?Where does Lutein origin from?

 The names of both of these yellow colored phytonutrients reflect their natural hue with lutein being derived from the Latin word luteus meaning golden yellow while zea refers to the corn genus and xantho- is derived from a Greek word that means yellow. While these carotenoids both have yellow pigments, they are found concentrated in foods of others colors, notably leafy green vegetables, since these foods also feature a host of other phytonutrients pigments in addition to lutein and zeaxanthin.

 Lutein is a yellow plant pigment in the carotenoid family. Yellow and orange vegetables have only trace amounts of lutein; large amounts are found in green vegetables like broccoli, collard greens, kale, and spinach. Lutein is also available as a supplement made from marigold flowers. Lutein is part of the zanthophyll(Zanthophyll family of pigments, which also includes astaxanthin and canthaxanthin). Because they do not have the pro-vitamin A activity of beta carotene, these "other" carotenoids have been over-looked until recently.

 Natural Lutein could be used as nutritional supplement,protect the skin from sun damage,prevent LDL cholesterol from oxidizing,lower risk of heart disease,lutein also inhibiting lung cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancers,and inhibiting breast tumor, lutein also Prevents clogged arteries,lutein Delays lung aging, Lutein Combats arthritis, lutein Promote Eye Health and protect eyes,so Lutein can help decrease Night Blindness and vision ability in darkness,new research from lab center of MDidea Group would discover more new character and applications of Rutein recently.
 


   Identification of Lutein(An important carotenoid) and Natural Origin of Lutein:

 Formular:C40H50O2  M.W. 568.9  CAS No.127-40-2.


    Natural Origin of Lutein:

 Marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta) are grown, harvested, dried, and then pellets are manufactured from the dried flower petals (ref. to the flowchart). These are then extracted according to high standard specifications. The primary sources of marigold flowers are mainly from Asia, but can also be from other areas. The marigold extract is heated to increase flowability and then purified by a patented process. This process removes the fatty acids commonly found in marigold extract and produces crystalline lutein and zeaxanthin.

 Lutein and zeaxanthin are generated using a proprietary technology, which includes a saponification and crystallization step, and does not include chemical synthesis, but rather extracts the lutein from the natural source material. The crystals are then washed to remove contaminants and collected by centrifugation, followed by drying.

 A marigold flower contains abundant amounts of a valuable antioxidant compound called lutein (LOO-teen). The lutein, contained within the flower petals, is extracted and purified through a patented process and formulated into a natural, crystalline lutein extract ingredient under the name MDidea Marigold Extract. It then is added to an array of foods and dietary supplements from multivitamins to fruit and vegetable juices.

 Lutein as Commercially prepared Marigold flower extract(Tagetes erecta) was saponified and analyzed for carotenoid composition. HPLC analyses were performed on two normal-phase columns (beta-Cyclobond and silica) amd pm a C(30) reversed-phase column.
 The extract contained 93% utilizable pigments (detected at 450 nm), consisting of all-trans and cid isomers of zeaxanthin (5%), all-trans and cis isomers of lutein, and lutein esters (88%).
 All were identified by chromatographic retention, UV-visible spectra, and positive ion electro spray mass spectrometry in comparison to authentic standards.

 So we know that,Lutein is a carotenoid pigment found mainly Marigold(Big Marigold,mainly in Marigold flower petals,Latin Name:Tagetes Erecta)is chemically bonded to various types of fatty acids.also could be found in spinach, kale, amaranth, red paprika, leeks, peas, romain lettuce,collard and mustard greens and certain flowers.
 


   Lutein as super natureal antioxidant(Lutein as antioxidant)?:

    Antioxidant Character of Lutein:

 Antioxidant Activity:In recent years, carotenoids have received a tremendous amount of attention as potential anti-cancer and anti-aging compounds. Carotenoids are powerful antioxidants, protecting the cells of the body from damage caused by free radicals. Carotenoids, and specifically beta-carotene, are also believed to enhance the function of the immune system.
 As an overall antioxidant, Lutein is a key with other antioxidants in the mechanism of preventing the deleterious effects of oxidation processes and fighting against free radicals in the body.

 1.Lutein also is the main carotenoid antioxidant identified with the lens of the eye and may play a role in the prevention of cataracts.
 2.Lutein has been found to have specific applications for the eye, in maintaining optimum eye health whilst preventing macular degeneration.
 Lutein's antioxidant qualities may help promote healthy skin during sun exposure, whether lutein is consumed in the diet or applied to the skin through a growing number of personal care products containing supplemental Lutein.
 


    Marigold (Tagetes Erecta)flower extracts used as nutritional supplement.

 Contrary to previous findings, insignificant levels (<0.3%) of lutein oxidation products were detected in the saponified extract. This compositional determination is important for the application of marigold extract in nutritional supplements and increases its value as a poultry fee colorant because it contains more biologically useful lutein compounds than previously believed.

    Lutein and the Skin. Lutein as skin cancer inhibitor and care skin:

 Since commonly agreed and well-known in public sphere of post-modern bio-science that antioxidant levels can actually protect the skin from sun damage and the onslaught of the aging process.
 So the presence of lutein and other antioxidants in the skin, togethor with beta-carotene seemed effective in protecting the cells from UVA damage.
 also lutein as good antioxidant help to inhibit free radical from skin, and lutein could act as best free radical inhibitor. and help to make skin more clean and health, show good appearance.
 


    Lutein and the Heart. Lutein as inhibitor of LDL cholesterol Oxidizing:

 Lutein is found in HDL, or 'good' cholesterol and this mean lutein prevent LDL cholesterol from oxidizing. Evidence from a 1994 study in Circulation suggested that one of the reasons the French have a low risk of heart disease is that they consume foods rich of lutein content like spinach and collard greens.

    Lutein as cancer inhibitor and Lutein as inhibitor of tumor:

 Lutein consumption has also been associated with reduced risk of heart disease and cancer of the cervix, breast and lungs possibly due to its anti-oxidant ability and concentration of these carotenoids in these body tissues, even during diseased states.
 A recent study by Tufts University and Korean investigators revealed a dramatic 88% drop in breast cancer in women who had the highest blood concentrations of lutein.

    Lutein and its oxidative metabolites in chemoprevention of cancer:

 Carotenoids are abundant in fruits and vegetables and have been proposed as cancer protective compounds because of their antioxidant and provitamin A activities.

 Lutein, an abundant carotenoid in many fruits and vegetables but without vitamin A activity, has been shown to possess strong antioxidant capability in laboratory studies. Results from the present clinical study from Beltsville demonstrate that lutein and zeaxanthin, an isomer of lutein, are partially oxidized in vivo to several metabolites. These observations confirm the antioxidant activity of lutein in vivo which supports one of the proposed cancer protective mechanisms of carotenoids. Results and conclusions from these studies will benefit the diet and health community as well as policy makers.


    Lutein as cancer inhibitor:

 Researchers at the University of Utah Medical School found that the highest consumers of lutein (a mere 2.4mg daily) were 17% less likely to develop colon cancer than those who ate the least (300 micrograms). Generally, the more lutein consumed, the lower the risk. High lutein also has been linked to fewer lung, prostate and ovarian cancers.
 In animals, lutein even slowed the growth of breast tumors. In test tubes, it killed cancer cells.
 Lutein(Marigold Extract) as enhancer of immunity and inhibitor of Mammary tumors

    The effects of dietary lutein from marigold extract on the development and growth of a transplantable murine mammary tumor and onlymphocyte function were investigated. See the Experiment as following:

 Mice Experiment of Lutein Against mammary tumor
 Mice were fed a diet containing 0.1% or 0.4% of lutein.
    In experiment 1, mice were fed on the diets for 3 weeks and infused with mammary tumor cells into the mammary gland. Result show that dietary lutein increased tumor latency and inhibited mammary tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. The incidence of palpable tumors on day 28 post-infusion and final tumor weight were lower in mice fed lutein.

    In experiment 2, dietary lutein enhanced phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte proliferation but had no effect on interleukin-2 production or lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Therefore dietary lutein increased tumor latency, suppressed mammary tumor growth and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation.
 


    Lutein Prevents clogged arteries:Lutein as inhibitor of blood-vessel clogging

 A University of Southern California professor, James H. Dwyer, compared the carotid (neck) arteries of middle-aged people. In 18 months, people with the lowest blood lutein had four times the carotid thickening of people with the highest levels. (Thickening is a sign of blood-vessel clogging throughout the body.) Probable reason: Cells bathed in lutein were less likely to help "bad" LDL cholesterol stick to artery walls.

    Lutein Delays lung aging:how lutein protect lung and lutein as lung enhancer.

 People who eat the most lutein have "younger" lungs According to new research at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
 In fact, high lutein shaved one to two years off lung age as indicated by standard lung function tests in 1,616 men and women, ages 35 to 79. (High vitamin E intake also boosted breathing capacity.) Lutein seems especially important for smokers.


    Lutein Combats arthritis:Lutein as inhibitor of arthritis

 Lutein may even help block osteoarthritis pain and disability in 16 million Americans.
 Researchers at the National Institutes of Health of USA recently discovered that people with the highest blood lutein concentration were about 70% less likely to have arthritis of the knee and other joint tissues.


    Nutrition for the Eyes:Lutein as AMD inhibitor,Cataract inhibitor,and eyes benefitor.

 Health Claims:Proponents say lutein staves off cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).and AMD is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly.

    The Need for Lutein from AMD treatment:

 Insufficient levels of lutein in the macula has been linked as a risk factor in the onset of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness amoung adults over 50. Eye research has also suggested that lutein deposits may reduce the formation of cataracts and retinal diseases.
 

    What is Age-related Macular Degeneration(AMD)?

 The two commonest causes of blindness in the elderly age group are CATARACT and MACULAR DEGENERATION.
 Numerous studies show that what one eats can have a significant effect on health of the macula. Unfortunately, once a person has macular degeneration, a healthy diet is not enough to deter the progression of this disease. and a kind of Macular Degeneration caused by many reasons and mainly as the name of Aged and appear more oftenly on old person called Age-related Macular Degeneration(AMD). and what is the appearance and symons of AMD?
 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness among Americans age 65 and older.
 More than half of all Americans experience cataracts, a clouding of the eye's lens.
 Preventative measures are important because eye diseases develop over a long period of time. By the time patients are diagnosed with AMD in their 60's or 70's, the disease may have been developing for 20 years or more.
 Common Synoms of AMD: Symptoms of macular degeneration are blurred vision, distorted vision or dark spots,dark blindness,etc.

 Only the levels of nutrients found in foods and in typical multivitamins are not sufficient to significantly impact the progression of the disease.
 And Lutein has beed documentedly and clinically proved under the guidance of modern science with positivism core that act as good inhibitor of AMD. And Why? please read on:


    Mechanism of Lutein for against AMD ?

 Lutein is an antioxidant carotenoid that occurs in nature with zeaxanthin. Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin concentrate in the eye's macula and lens, as well as the skin, breast and cervical tissue.

 Promote Eye Health:
 The eyes are repositories for carotenoids with lutein and zeaxanthin concentrated in the retina and lens.
 In the eye, lutein is the primary carotenoid present in the central area of the retina, called macula. Lutein is thought to act as a filter to protect the light-sensitive photoreceptor cells (cone cells) in macula from potentially damaging forms of light and light-originated free radical damages. Dietary lutein is considered an essential micronutrient for normal vision.

    How it Works?
 Your body uses lutein to make macular pigment (MP) in your retina, and this substance protects your eyes from the sun's harmful blue light rays, which can damage your retina and lead to AMD. MP shields your eyes like a pair of sunglasses, explains Richard Bone, Ph.D., a lutein researcher at Florida International University in Miami. Lutein, an antioxidant, also fights the free radicals that contribute to eye damage.
 

 Like beta-carotene that makes carrots orange and lycopene that makes tomatoes red, lutein is a carotenoid. Lutein is the pigment that makes corn yellow, and lutein gives marigolds their brilliant golden color. One of the most interesting aspects of the way carotenoids interact with the human body - beyond their broad spectrum antioxidant activity - is their tendency to be "organ specific." Different carotenoids have an affinity for different organs in the body. In the case of lutein, lutein is found concentrated in the structure of our eyes.
 Both lutein and zeaxanthin protect the macula from degeneration normally associated with aging and oxidative stress. The macula is located behind the lens of the eyes, and it is responsible for focus and color differentiation.
 Lutein is especially important to relieve eye disorders, such as Macular Degeneration and cataracts. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are deposited specifically in the macula of the eye, and its role postulated to prevent photo-oxidation. Macular Degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in adults over the age of 40 years old, for which there is no cure or treatment.
 Utilizing Hero chromatic flicker photometry to determine macular pigment levels, researchers from the Netherlands found that lutein ester supplements increased macular pigment optical density, a significant finding since the macular pigment may protect against AMD.

    Lutein and benefit of lutein to the retina of eyes:

 Science has shown that lutein is a primary component of the macula, an area within the retina in the human eye. This macular lutein may protect eyes from some of the damaging effects of the sun by filtering blue light. Healthy lutein levels also help counteract the gradual deterioration of the macula from aging. Such damage to the macula can result in the onset of AMD, or age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss in western populations.
 The process of vision involves light being focused through the lens and onto the retina, the paper-thin tissue lining the back of the eye-ball. The central portion of the retina, called the macula, receives the most light. Its millions of cells produce the sharp vision needed to read and see objects clearly. With age, tiny blood vessels grow over this area, causing a gradual distortion and loss of vision.
 This degeneration of the macular region of the retina is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the USA today. It affects almost 20% of people past the age of 65. Research has shown that these people have lower than normal amounts of macular pigment, which suggests the protective role played by these pigments. In fact, the latest research suggests that low levels of mac-ular pigment is a cause, rather than a result, of macular deterioration.
 
 More Experiment and Report prove that lutein has super ability to inhibiting AMD,so please read on:

 Report1:Research compared the macular pigment levels of healthy eyes with those eyes of people with AMD. The researchers report that for the first time, they were able to objectively measure lutein and zeaxanthin levels in the eyes of living people in a large clinical study. Bernstein measured macular carotenoid levels in 93 eyes from 63 patients with AMD and in 220 normal eyes from 138 volunteers using resonance Raman spectroscopy.

 The researchers found that macular carotenoid levels decline with age, reaching a stable low level after the age of 60, the age when AMD incidence begins to rise dramatically. They also found that macular pigment levels in the eyes of AMD patients not consuming high-dose lutein supplements were 32 per cent lower than elderly normal eyes.

 Lutein acts as a yellow light filter in the eye, accumulating in tiny amounts directly in front of the cones of the retina, in an area called the macula. Macular disease patients experience a slow progressive loss of central vision, a loss of color vision, and difficulty reading and recognizing faces. About 10 million senior Americans show signs of macular degeneration and about four million have lost a significant amount of their central vision.

 A 400-500% increased risk for macular degeneration is also experienced by postmenopausal females. Eighty-three percent of ophthalmologists recommend antioxidant supplements for their macular disease patients, but until recently these were zinc-based formulas that did not include lutein. Now researchers have found that adults who consume six milligrams of lutein daily from their diet have a significant decrease in their risk of developing macular disease.

 Researchers studying macular degeneration as well as lung cancer are finding that supplementing with less beta-carotene and more lutein gives better results. This could be explained in part by the fact that these fat-soluble carotenoids compete for absorption and transportation. One answer might be to take these two nutrients each day at different meals. Beta carotene remains an important antioxidant nutrient. For instance, it may be more important in helping another eye disorder, retinitis pigmentosa. This is characterized by a progressive loss of night vision. Carotenoid blood levels of individuals with a diet high in fruits and vegetables were 20% lutein, 20% lycopene, 10% beta carotene and 6% alpha carotene and the remainder other carotenoids.
 


    Why necessary to taste lutein and the damage of less lutein in body?

 Because the human body does not naturally manufacture lutein, people must rely on lutein-rich foods or lutein supplements to maintain optimal levels of lutein in the eye. A 1994 Harvard University study showed six milligrams of lutein, equal to about one-third cup of cooked spinach, is likely to be a beneficial daily amount in reducing the risk of AMD. If you're not going to get that amount daily, it won't hurt to add a multivitamin that includes lutein, says Robert Abel, M.D., a leading ophthalmologist practicing in Wilmington, Del., and an advisory board member of the Lutein Information Bureau.

 So,We know Lutein supplementation may be beneficial for the management of age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in older people. Studies show that people who eat more lutein-containing foods appear to be less likely to develop macular degeneration.
 Lutein supplements absorb better when taken with meals. Thus far, no lutein toxicity or side effect has been found.Observational studies have noted that higher dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin is related to reduced risk of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration, two eye conditions for which there is minimal options when it comes to effective prevention. Researchers speculate that these carotenoids may promote eye health through their ability to protect the eyes from light-induced oxidative damage and aging through both their antioxidant actions as well as their ability to filter out UV light.


   What is Night Blindness?
 Night blindness is one of the most common vision problems night blindness. Vitamin A is actually a cure for this condition. Triple B SuperVision contains adequate dose of Vitamin A in its natural precursor form, beta-carotene. Lutein (a member of xanthophylls) is an antioxidant and consists one of a large group of over 600 compounds known as the carotenoid pigments. These pigments give yellow, green or orange coloration to vegetables and fruits and they are precursors for Vitamin A. Lutein is naturally found in egg yolk, and several plants including some flowers, red peppers, collard greens, kale, leeks, peas, romain lettuce, mustard and spinach.

 In the eye, lutein is the primary carotenoid present in the central area of the retina, called macula. Lutein is thought to act as a filter to protect the light-sensitive photoreceptor cells (cone cells) in macula from potentially damaging forms of light and light-originated free radical damages. Dietary lutein is considered an essential micronutrient for normal vision. Lutein supplementation may be beneficial for the management of age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in older people. Studies show that people who eat more lutein-containing foods appear to be less likely to develop macular degeneration. Lutein supplements absorb better when taken with meals. Thus far, no lutein toxicity or side effect has been found.

    Additional Note Evidence:

 Several large-scale observational human studies have found a correlation between a lutein-rich diet and healthy eyes. Placebo-controlled studies on lutein have not been done, and researchers have not yet tested lutein supplements in the lab.
   Case1:One eight-year observational study of 36,644 men published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 1999 found that those men who consumed lutein-rich foods more than twice a week had 19 percent fewer cataract surgeries than those who ate fewer lutein-rich foods. A smaller study in Ophthalmology last October reported similar results.
   Case2:Another observational study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1994, analyzed the dietary intake of carotenoids (including lutein) for 356 people with advanced AMD and 520 people without AMD. More of the participants who didn't have AMD consumed more daily servings (six or more) of carotenoid-rich foods (especially spinach or collard greens) than participants who had advanced AMD.
  Case3:One study using lutein supplements resulted in a 15% increase in macular pigment levels after 72 days.
  Case4:In another study, people who consumed the equivalent of 6 mg of lutein per day were 40% less likely to experience macular problems.
  Case5:Another study using sets of identical twins demonstrated that macular lutein concentrations were related to dietary lutein. After consumption, lutein is found in significant quantities in blood serum, suggesting high bioavailability.
 


   Lutein Study Results

 According to Nutritional Outlook, a magazine dedicated to reporting on the creation, production, and distribution of nutritional supplements, eye health is one of the leading consumer health concerns in the United States. The focus of much of this concern is age-related macular degeneration or AMD. It affects more Americans than cataracts and glaucoma combined, and is caused by the deterioration of the central portion of the retina, often the result of damage done by harmful UV rays and free radicals.
 Researchers believe that some natural antioxidants may be the key to reducing the risk of AMD. Two such antioxidants are lutein and zeaxanthin, which can be found in dark green, leafy vegetables like spinach and collard greens. These are the only two carotenoids found in the retina.
 The relationship of lutein and macular health is strong because of the specific deposition of the macula. As an antioxidant, lutein deposits in the macula, the part of the eye that controls vision, and helps filter out harmful blue light preventing it from reaching and damaging the sensitive back tissue of the retina." Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be found in supplement form, usually derived from marigold flower concentrate.


   Suggestions:

 For reasons scientists have yet to pinpoint, parts of the retina and the macula become diseased. As AMD progresses, tiny, fragile blood vessels begin to develop in the retina. These vessels often leak blood and fluid that damages the retina even further.
 Blurred vision may be the first symptom.
 Straight lines begin to appear crooked.
 Dark or empty spaces may block central vision.

 Lifetime Wellness Is Key. Everybody assumes their vision will worsen as they age. Most people are surprised to learn they can promote healthy vision before they reach 65.
 Lutein in the diet can play a role in maintaining healthy eyes.

 Properties: Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-phlogistic, anti-septic, anti-spasmodic, anti-viral, aperient, astringent, cholagogue, detoxifier, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, haemostatic, immunostimulant, vulnerary.

 Indicated for: Acne, athlete's foot, blepharitis, candida, cold sores, conjunctivitis, coughs, cramps, eczema, fungal infections, gastritis, good digestion, haemorrhoids, HIV, menopausal symptoms, menstrual cramps, minor burns, phthiriasis (dry), relieving colitis, ringworm, sore throats, skin ulcerations, snake bites, sprains, sunburns, varicose veins, viral infections, warts, wounds.
 

   Dosage:How much lutein is enough? Dosage:6mg daily.

 Nutrition experts currently use 6 milligrams a day as a reliable guideline.
 A simple prescription of 10 mg. Of lutein per day could mean the difference between being able to see and not being able to see.
 The two commonest causes of blindness in the elderly age group are CATARACT and MACULAR DEGENERATION.

 Clinical trials have shown a direct relationship between Macular degeneration and Carotenoid deficiency. The autopsy of eyes with age related macular degeneration have shown 30% less Lutein and Zeaxanthin as compared to healthy eyes. Within 5 months of consuming 10 mg. of Lutein per day, the pigment level of Macula increased by 20% in a small clinical trial.

 Lutein has also shown to be effective in preventing Cataract.
 Hence, a simple prescription of 10 mg. Of lutein per day could mean the difference between being able to see and not being able to see.

 Get your lutein here
 Best food sources Per 1/2 cup
 Kale, cooked 10mg
 Collard greens, cooked 7.7mg
 Spinach, raw 3.3mg cooked 6.3mg
 Broccoli, raw 1mg cooked 1.7mg
 Brussels sprouts, cooked 1.7mg
 Corn, cooked 1.2mg
 (FYI: Egg yolks have tiny amounts of lutein -- about 0.2mg per yolk -- because chickens eat corn.)

 DIRECTIONS:
 Infusion: 1 heaped teaspoon of herbs to 1/4 litre of water.
 Sitz bath: Two heaped double handfuls of fresh or 100 gm. of dried herbs for one sitz bath (see General Information "sitz bath").
 Washings: 1 heaped tablespoon of herbs to 1/2 litre of water.
 Tincture: 1 handful of flowers are macerated in 1 litre of alcohol. Keep in the sun or at about 201 C. = 681 F. for 14 days.
 Ointment: 2 heaped double handfuls of Calendula (leaves, stems, flowers) are finely chopped. 500 gm. of lard are heated and the chopped Calendula is added, stirred, the pan re- moved from the stove, covered and left to stand for a day. The next day it is warmed, filtered through a piece of linen and poured into previously prepared clean jars.
 Fresh juice: Leaves, stems and flowers are washed and, still wet, put into the juice extractor.


   What are current public health recommendations for lutein, zeaxanthin and carotenoids?

 To date, no recommended dietary intake levels have been established for lutein, zeaxanthin and carotenoids. In an effort to set such recommendations, the Institute of Medicine at the National Academy of Sciences reviewed the existing scientific research on carotenoids in 2000.
 Despite the large body of population-based research that links high consumption of foods containing beta-carotene and other carotenoids with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases, the Institute of Medicine concluded that this evidence was not strong enough to support a required carotenoid intake level because it is not yet known if the health benefits associated with carotenoid-containing foods are due to the carotenoids or to some other substance in the food.
 However, the National Academy of Sciences supports the recommendations of various health agencies, which encourage individuals to consume five or more servings of fruits and vegetable every day.

 Lutein is usually found in the following types of products:
 Eyecare formulas:These products feature a number of nutrients that protect vision. Products may include 6 milligrams of lutein.
 Multivitamin formulas:Check the label to see if lutein is included.
 Single nutrient:Some products contain only lutein, 6 milligrams or more.

 Lutein Absorb:Serum response of lutein in humans after ingestion of a lutein supplement or spinach.

 A study was conducted in healthy men to investigate the blood levels of lutein (a pigment found in spinach) after eating a single large oral dose or spinach. Subjects ate an oral dose of pure lutein supplement or chopped, cooked spinach containing an equal amount of lutein, with a liquid diet containing fat. The amount of lutein that appeared in the blood was significantly greater in both the lutein supplement and spinach groups when compared to a control group, but was not different between the two experimental groups. These data suggest that the amount of lutein that gets into the body from supplements is similar to that contained in spinach when eaten as part of a fat containing diet.


   Basic and Common Knowledge of Lutein:

    Basic Characters:

 Lutein is a yellow plant pigment in the carotenoid family
 Lutein (LOO-teen) is a carotenoid found in vegetables and fruits.
 Antioxidant Character of Lutein:As an overall antioxidant, Lutein is a key with other antioxidants in the mechanism of preventing the deleterious effects of oxidation processes and fighting against free radicals in the body.

 Lutein could be used as nutritional supplement
 Lutein as skin cancer inhibitor and care skin:
 Lutein and the Heart. Lutein as inhibitor of LDL cholesterol Oxidizing:
 Lutein as cancer inhibitor and Lutein as inhibitor of tumor.
 Lutein Prevents clogged arteries:Lutein as inhibitor of blood-vessel clogging
 Lutein Delays lung aging:how lutein protect lung and lutein as lung enhancer.
 Lutein Combats arthritis:Lutein as inhibitor of arthritis
 Nutrition for the Eyes:Lutein as AMD inhibitor,Cataract inhibitor,and eyes benefitor.
 Lutein Against Night Blindness
  Actions:  Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Antiviral, Detoxifying, Estrogenic, Female Tonic, Immunoactive / Immunomodulatory, Menstrual Regulating


   We suggest lutein taste as more reason following:

 Lutein is not made in the body.
 Lutein must be obtained from food or vitamin supplements.
 Lutein is found in large amounts in green, leafy vegetables such as spinach
 Marigold contains lutein act as a powerful antioxidant. Free radicals are unstable chemicals formed in the body during metabolism and from exposure to environmental sources such as pollution, cigarette smoking and ultraviolet light. Lutein(an antioxidants) protect the body from these chronic disorders.
 Lutein also act as a powerful antioxidant, important in aiding vision.


    Health Conditions:What health conditions require special emphasis on lutein, zeaxanthin and carotenoids?

 A diet rich in carotenoid-containing foods may play a role in the prevention of the following health conditions:
 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS),Age-related macular degeneration,Angina pectoris,Asthma.
 Cataracts,Cervical dysplasia,Chlamydial infection,Heart disease.
 Laryngeal cancer (cancer of the larynx),Lung cancer,Cervical cancer.
 Male and female infertility,Osteoarthritis,Photosensitivity,Pneumonia,Prostate cancer,Rheumatoid arthritis,Skin cancer,Vaginal candidiasis.

    Indications:
  Primary Indications:  Skin Disorders, Cuts and Abrasions, Minor, Burns, Immunity,Immune Disorders,Bruising, Swelling,Inflammation.
  Secondary Indications: Gastrointestinal Disorders, Gastritis / Gastric Juices, Peptic Ulcer, Ulcers, Colitis, Yeast Infection (Candida Albicans), Worms, Ringworms,Sore Throat,Tapeworms, Menstruation Problems, Menopause
  Other Indications: Colon Disease, Eye Disorders, Gallbladder Disorders, Headache / Migraine, Insect Bites and Bee Stings, Jaundice, Liver Disorders, Measles, Snake Bites, Tooth Decay (Cavities / Caries)


    Your Eyes and Your Health:

 Your eyes need nutrition, too! A natural food component called lutein has been getting a lot of attention in the medical industry. This is because researchers agree that lutein acts as an antioxidant and may help protect cells from damage. Lutein also has the ability to filter out some of the damaging rays of the sun.
 Lutein is present in the eye, in both the lens and the macular region. But lutein has its highest concentration in the macula lutea - the eye tissues responsible for central vision.

 Since the body does not make lutein, you can obtain it only from the foods you eat. Studies have shown that the amount of lutein in the macula can be changed based on the level of lutein in the diet, so you should be sure to eat foods that contain lutein. Lutein-containing foods include dark green leafy vegetables and fruits such as oranges and tangerines.

 Studies suggest lutein is important because it helps support eye health. Ongoing studies should reveal more about this vital substance. In the meantime, why not eat foods high in lutein? After all, they contain lots of other great nutrients as well! Following is a chart of foods that give you lutein.


   Lutein and zeaxanthin are two very important antioxidant carotenoids:

 Originally, they were to be included in the AREDS formulation of antioxidants, but at the time no reliable commercial suppliers of lutein were available so lutein and zeaxanthin were dropped from the final formulation.

 While the AREDS was underway, more evidence emerged to support the theory that lutein and zeaxanthin played an important role in the development and treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

 Carotenoids are the yellow pigments found in fruits and vegetables. Lutein and zeaxanthin are two carotenoids primarily found in dark green leafy vegetables, like spinach. They're also found in the macula of your eyes. Lutein and zeaxanthin make up the bulk of the pigments contained in your macula and yet the only way your body can get them is through diet. In fact, the yellow appearance, and the name macula lutea, is due to the dense concentration of lutein.

 If you eat a diet high in lutein, your body will have more of it to absorb and put to use, which is a good thing because scientists have long suspected a link between the amount of lutein in your system, your macular pigment, and the development of AMD. In fact, studies have shown that people with AMD have lower levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in their maculas.

 One study in particular has shown that levels of lutein and zeaxanthin naturally decline with age, leveling off at about age 60. This same study also showed that people with AMD had even lower levels of these carotenoids - 32% lower. What's even more interesting is that people who began taking a lutein supplement in excess of four milligrams (4 mg) per day saw their macular lutein levels return to normal.
 

 Fig. 1: Normal eye with Lutein [left], AMD eye with less Lutein [right]

 Another earlier, large scale study showed that people with AMD who ate a diet rich in lutein and zeaxanthin had a 57% lower chance of developing wet AMD. The people in this group consumed close to 6 mg of lutein per day. That's about the same as one large bowl of raw spinach salad per day. Unfortunately, most people, especially seniors, don't come close to getting that much lutein each day. The average diet provides only about one to three milligrams (1-3 mg) of lutein per day.

 There are numerous other studies demonstrating the relationship between lutein, zeaxanthin and AMD. Some have shown that the harmful effects of blue light on the retina can lead to AMD. Blue light is a component of natural sunlight and when it reaches the retina, it can be harmful to the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium, which are essential to vision. A healthy macular pigment acts as a filter, absorbing most of the blue light before it reaches the photoreceptors. Conversely, more blue light gets through to the retinas of people with low concentrations of lutein in their maculas, creating a higher risk of developing AMD.

 Taken together, all of these studies demonstrate a strong link between lutein, zeaxanthin and AMD. Anyone with, or at risk of developing AMD, should consult their eye-care professional about taking an AREDS formula vitamin supplement. They should also consider increasing their daily intake of lutein and zeaxanthin, either through diet, or supplements.
 


   About marigold or Calendula:Its famous uses and applications:

    Traditional Internal Uses:

 Calendula flower was well known to the old herbalists as a garden flower that also could be used for culinary or healing practices. It has been cultivated in the kitchen garden for the flowers, which are dried for broth, and said to comfort the heart and spirits.
 While Persians and Greeks garnished and flavored food with the flower petals, the Germans enhanced their soups and broths with the addition of marigold petals. This earned this special yellow flower the nickname of "pot marigold". Europeans have also long used marigold flower to impart both coloring and flavor to their culinary creations.
 Medieval monks were known to use calendula for bowel problems, liver complaints, and insect or snake bites.
 In Macer's 12th Century Herbal, it is stated that only to look on marigolds will draw evil humours out of the head and strengthen the eyesight. In 1699, calendula was cited as a specific remedy for headaches, jaundice, red eyes, tootheache and ague. Broths made from flowers and sugar were taken in the morning for trembling, the plague, and pestilence.
 During the American Civil War, doctors on the battlefield used the flowers to hasten the healing of open wounds, promote blood clotting, cleanse the tissue, and to prevent infection. The practice continued by doctors during the first World War.
 In modern herbalist prescriptions, the inflammation of a sore throat is believed to be soothed by gargling with an infusion prepared from dried calendula flowers. The German Commission E Monographs approve of using calendula tea for treating "inflammation of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa."
 Taken internally, calendula is believed to help inflammatory digestive system problems, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, regional ileitis, and colitis. Its anti-fungal and anti-parasitic actions make it useful for ridding intestinal worms and such fungal infections as candidiasis.
 Calendula has long been used for its detoxifying properties and may prove beneficial in the treatment of conditions characterized by fever and infection. The herb is also thought to possess a cleansing action benefitting both the liver and gallbladder.
 If taken as a hot infusion, calendula promotes sweating, improves blood and lymphatic circulation, and in turn bolsters the body's natural capacity to expel toxins and waste.
 Calendula, or marigold, may be particularly beneficial for women. Taken regularly, marigold tea can ease the pain of menstruation and provide a regulating effect on the female reproductive cycle. Additionally, calendula is thought to restore hormonal balance during menopause. Calendula, when combined with regular massage, may benefit cellulite, though this has not been scientifically validated.


    Traditional Topical Uses:

 Marigold or calendula flower has long been used in topical applications and baths for a variety of health conditions. Culpepper wrote of how it strengthened the heart, and was useful for small pox and measles. He also mentioned how calendula instantly eased swelling when the juice of marigold leaves were used in combination with vinegar in a bath.

 Today, calendula is regarded as a natural remedy for many minor superficial injuries to the skin and soft tissue such as sunburns, cuts and bruises, and scrapes and scratches. Historically, this herb was used to treat a wide variety of ailments, such as fever, cancer, and skin infections. Contemporary herbalists now prescribe calendula, topically, in herbal or homeopathic form, for conditions like boils, rashes, sunburns, chapped hands, insect bites, and other instances of inflamed or damaged skin. Calendula-based creams, lotions, and ointments are still widely used in Europe to increase the healing time of various skin problems. Gradually, their presence in the North American market is expanding to include, pharmacies, health food stores, as well as the offices of many natural health practitioners.
 The herb's primary active compounds responsible for its anti-inflammatory action include triterpenoids and flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, antiseptic, and astringent properties of calendula flower petals are supported by in vitro and animal studies. Studies also support its potential immune-stimulating and wound-healing actions.

 Calendula used topically may be helpful for:
  Burns and sunburns:  Because it can reduce inflammation and has antiseptic and astringent properties, calendula may help burns to heal more rapidly. Some herbalists insist that it is the most effective component in the herbal treatment of first-degree burns. It is for this reason that many creams and ointments formulated for sunburn contain calendula.
  Athlete's foot:  In laboratory studies, calendula has demonstrated anti-fungal properties. Because athlete's foot is, by nature, a fungal infection, it follows that calendula would be beneficial as part of a natural treatment.
  Itching associated with insect bites and stings:  Calendula's confirmed anti-inflammatory action means that it can reduce the swelling and potential itching associated with insect bites. The further benefits of preventing subsequent infection and hastening healing may be attributed to the anti-microbial and astringent actions of this special flower.
  Canker sores:  Gargling with a calendula solution may provide relief for those with these painful sores. The combined antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties of marigold flower are thought to be responsible for easing the pain associated with these inflamed oral blisters.
  Healing of cuts and scrapes:  For many of the same reasons mentioned above, calendula is often recommended for cuts and scratches, helping the wound to heal more rapidly.


    About marigold or Calendula:its famous uses and applications:

   Reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing:

 Calendula has been considered beneficial in reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing. It has been used to treat a variety of skin diseases and has been seen effective in treatment of skin ulcerations, eczema, juvenile acne and dry phthiriasis. Improvement has been seen in as little as 3-4 days of treatment according to the Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie.
 Calendula is one of several herbs used traditionally to treat conjunctivitis and other eye inflammations as it helps to reduce the swelling and redness of eye infections. It is also believed that calendula may have some anti-spasmodic action, and as such, it has been used to relieve menstrual cramps.

   Healing of wounds and internal and external ulcers:

 Calendula is used to aid the healing of wounds and internal and external ulcers. It is an anti-septic and improves blood flow to the affected area. Some clinical studies validate the early treatment of stomach ulcers, although further research is needed (Chakurski 1981; Krivenko 1989).
 Calendula contains chemicals, which have been shown in animal studies to speed up wound-healing by several actions that include increasing blood flow to the affected area and promoting the production of collagen proteins. Calendula also possesses anti-septic and anti-inflammatory effects due to its flavonoid content. In mouthwashes and gargles, calendula soothes sore throat or mouth tissue; in solutions, it has been uses to treat haemorrhoids.

   Treatment for acne and nappy rash:

 Calendula cream is good for acne and nappy rash. An infusion is good for digestion and relieves colitis and symptoms of menopause. As an anti-fungal agent, it can be used to treat athlete's foot, ringworm, and candida. The tincture applied neat to cold sores encourages healing.


   Helpful for varicose veins:

 Compresses of calendula blossoms are helpful for varicose veins. Results from recent animal and laboratory studies show that calendula may also have some anti-infective properties, particularly against fungal infections and against viruses.

   Stimulate immune system activity:

 Calendula's high-molecular weight polysaccharides stimulate immune system activity (Wagner 1985) and has been researched for immune system activity. It was initially determined to have some potential therapeutic activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): extracts significantly inhibited HIV-1 in vitro, and reduced HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in a dose- and time-dependent manner (Kalvatchev 1997).

   Anti Cancer:

 Calendula today, is being investigated for it's anti-cancer properties. In conjunction with other herbs such as Echinacea purpurea, Scorzonera humilis L., and Aconitum moldavicum, there has been evidence of success in treating certain cancers (Heren's carcinoma) according to the Fedkovich Chernivtsi State University in the Ukraine.

 In one small study of about 250 women undergoing radiation therapy after surgery for breast cancer, a commercial calendula ointment reduced the amount of skin irritation better than another commonly-used commercial preparation. Women who used the calendula ointment also reported less pain from the radiation. Investigations into anti-cancer and anti-viral actions continue

   Notes: Cautions and Side Effects:

 In animal studies, calendula has shown a tightening effect on the uterus. Although no miscarriages have been reported in pregnant women taking calendula, it is advisable to avoid taking calendula by mouth during pregnancy. In addition, further animal studies suggest that chemicals in calendula may be toxic to sperm and may prevent a fertilised egg from implanting properly. Therefore, couples trying to conceive a child should not take calendula.
 Very little information is available on how calendula might affect an infant or a small child. Therefore, its use is not recommended while breast-feeding or during early childhood.
 Calendula belongs to the same family of plants that also includes chrysanthemums, daisies, and ragweed. Individuals who are sensitive to any of these types of plants may also be sensitive to calendula.


   Lutein:Safety and recommendation.

  Safety and Acute Toxicity:Calendula Extract.

 Calendula Aqueous Extract:LD50.Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intravenous.rodent-mice.375 mg/kg.
 Calendula Aqueous Extract:LD100.Lethal dose,100 percent kill.Intraperitoneal.rodent-mice.580 mg/kg.
 Calendula Aqueous Ethanolic Extract (drug/extract ratio 1 : 1 and 0.5 : 1, 30% ethanol):LD50.Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Subcutaneous.rodent-rat.526 mg/100 g

 An aqueous extract of calendula had an LD50 of 375 mg/kg (intravenous administration) and an LD100 of 580 mg/kg (intraperitoneal administration) in mice.
 Aqueous ethanolic extracts (drug/extract ratio 1 : 1 and 0.5 : 1, 30% ethanol) had LD50 values of 45 mg/mouse (subcutaneous administration) and 526 mg/100 grams in rat (intravenous administration).
 An aqueous extract was not toxic following chronic administration to mice. Six saponins at doses of 400 micrograms were non-mutagenic in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with and without S9 activation mixture.
 In vitro cytotoxicity has been reported for calendula extracts.Extracts have been reported to be non-carcinogenic in rats and hamsters.
 Reference:Boucard-Maitre Y et al. Cytotoxic and antitumoral activity of Calendula officinalis extracts. Pharmazie 1988; 43: 220.(PubMed)

  Subchronic toxicity:Lutein

 Subchronic toxicity.NOAEL.Oral.Rat.>350 mg/kg.
 Subchronic toxicity.NOAEL.Oral.Dog.>150 mg/kg.
 ADI(acceptable daily intake).2 mg/kg body weight(equivalent to 120 mg/day for a 60 kg person).

 There is a long history of safe consumption of lutein containing fruits and vegetables in humans.A lutein formulation based on free lutein derived from Tagetes erecta was tested in toxicological studies to determine safety.This lutein formulation was not mutagenic and did not show genotoxicity in vivo.Repeated dose oral toxicity was tested in rats and dogs and it was demonstrated that the lutein formulation did not show any sign of subchronic toxicity with a NOAEL of greater than 350 mg lutein/kg body weight per day in rats and a NOAEL of greater than 150 mg lutein/kg body weight per day in dogs.In addition,the lutein formulation did not show any signs of maternal and developmental toxicity in doses up to 200 mg lutein/kg body weight per day.

 Based on a high safety margin,BASF recommends an intake of up to 15 mg lutein per day.No RDA for lutein has been established in any country to date.However,the JECFA(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) extrapolated animal data to set an ADI(acceptable daily intake) of 2 mg/kg body weight(equivalent to 120 mg/day for a 60 kg person) for lutein and zeaxanthin derived from Tagetes erecta.

 Lutein supplements may serve as a beneficial adjunct to food intake and may provide a considerable health benefit for the public.Lutein 5% DC contains free lutein derived from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta).


  Dosage and Suggestions:

  Dried Florets: 1-4 g or by infusion three times daily.
  Liquid Extract: 0.5-1.0 mL (1 : 1 in 40% alcohol) three times daily.
  Calendula Tincture: (BPC 1934) 0.3-1.2 mL (1 : 5 in 90% alcohol) three times daily.
  Dried Extract: Marigold (Calendula) capsules are generally available in strengths that range from 300 to 600 mg. Within herbal blends, quantities of marigold flower are significantly smaller. Typically, a capsule strength of 400 to 500 mg is recommended to be taken 3 times daily.
  External Use Tincture-liquid extract (1 : 1) in 40% alcohol or tincture 1 : 5 in 90% alcohol. Apply to wounds as such and dilute 1 : 3 with water for compresses. Ointment 2.5%.

  The German Commission E Monographs recommend the following dosages for liquid preparations / infusions:1-2 g per cup of water (150 mL) or 1-2 teaspoons (2-4 mL) tincture per 1/4-1/2 L water, or prepared in ointments equivalent to 2-5 g crude drug in 100 g ointment.

  Guidelines For Specific Indications:
 For burns (including sunburn), apply three times a day to affected area until healed.
 For athletes foot, apply cream or lotion to affected area twice a day until clear.
 For insect bites and stings, rub a small dab of cream into skin several times a day or as needed.
 For canker sores, rinse mouth 1 tbsp. liquid extract mixed with 1/2 cup water or with cooled tea 3 times a day.
 For cuts and scrapes, apply ointment or cream 3 times a day, bandaging lightly if necessary.

  Precautions Contraindications:

 Calendula may cause an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals, especially those with an existing hypersensitivity to other members of the Asteraceae/Compositae.

  Pregnancy and Lactation:

 Calendula is traditionally reputed to affect the menstrual cycle. An uterotonic effect (in vitro) has been reported, and the triterpenoid constituents are reported to be effective as spermatocides and as antiblastocyst and abortion agents. In view of the lack of toxicity data, the use of calendula is best avoided during pregnancy and lactation.
 When treating any type of wound, remember that the most important thing you can do to prevent infection is to thoroughly clean the area before applying calendula ointment or any other type of herb or medicine.

  Pharmacological Summary : Phytochemical studies have reported four main groups of constituents, for calendula, namely flavonoids, polysaccharides, volatile oil and triterpenes. The latter seems to represent the principal group, with many compounds isolated including pentacyclic alcohols, glycosides (saponins) and sterols. Animal studies have reported wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting the traditional uses of calendula in various dermatological conditions. The anti-inflammatory effect is due to the triterpenoid constituents although flavonoids may contribute to the activity. The reputed antispasmodic effect may be attributable to the volatile oil fraction. In addition, immunostimulant activity has been reported for high mol ecular weight polysaccharide components. Despite the popularity of calendula in herbal preparations there is little substantial clinical evidence to support its use.


  Scientific References:

  1.Snodderly DM. Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration byu carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. AM J Clin Nutr 1995; 62 (suppl): 1448S-1461S
  2.What is Marigold Flower Petals Extract? What is Lutein? Application and Value of Lutein as super remedy?