Research update of Marigold Flower Extract.Lutein.tagetes extract.Lutein.

  seminal trace...Marigold Flower Extract.Lutein 5%10%20%UV.tagetes extract.Lutein 50%,75%,80%,90%UV.CAS.NO:90131-43-4.M.W.:C40 H56O2.Calendula officinalis,Marigold Extract.Tagetes erecta extract,Tagetes erecta flower extract...

 


   Phytochemical info of Marigold Flower Extract.Lutein.:

 Product Name:
 Synonym:
 Definition: Marigold Flower Extract.are majorly composed of .
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research update of Marigold Flower Extract.Lutein.:

  Marigolds May Offer Natural Protection Against Macular Degeneration.:

 New York (MedscapeWire) Nov 28 ¡ª Supplements of natural lutein esters derived from marigolds can increase macular pigment, which may play a role in reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ¡ª the leading cause of blindness among the elderly ¡ª according to a recent study. The study, which appeared in the October issue of Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, determined that lutein ester supplements increased macular pigment optical density, a significant finding because macular pigment may protect against AMD. This study, by researchers from the University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Ophthalmology, in The Netherlands, was also the first of its kind to show the effects of lutein ester supplementation using objective measurement techniques.

 In the study, 8 male volunteers took lutein ester supplements at a daily dose of 10 mg of lutein for a period of 12 weeks. All subjects showed a substantial increase in plasma lutein concentration. Earlier studies have shown an inverse association between a risk of AMD and both lutein and zeaxanthin intakes and blood levels. However, these studies used heterochromatic flicker photometry to determine macular pigment levels and this method depends on the skill of the subject to produce consistent results.

 "This study is important because it provides additional evidence that lutein supplementation increases macular pigment levels which are thought to protect against AMD," said John Landrum, PhD, Professor of Chemistry at Florida International University in Miami. He further explained that "there is presently no cure for AMD. Macular pigment is thought to reduce the damaging effects of blue light on the retina. Use of lutein supplements may provide this important protection for individuals who have low levels of macular pigment. The supplement used in this study increases both blood and macular levels of lutein demonstrating that the supplement is well absorbed." In addition, lutein and zeaxanthin are capable of scavenging free radicals that can contribute to disease and aging.
 Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2000;41:3322-3326

  Mixed culture optimization for marigold flower ensilage via experimental design and response surface methodology.:

 J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51(8):2206-11 (ISSN: 0021-8561).Navarrete-Bola??os JL; Jim??nez-Islas H; Botello-Alvarez E; Rico-Mart??nez R.Departamento de Ingenier??a Qu??mica-Bioqu??mica, Instituto Tecnol??gico de Celaya, Ave. Tecnol??gico s/n, C.P. 38010. Celaya, Gto., M??xico. jlnb@itc.mx
 Endogenous microorganisms isolated from the marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) were studied to understand the events taking place during its ensilage. Studies of the cellulase enzymatic activity and the ensilage process were undertaken. In both studies, the use of approximate second-order models and multiple lineal regression, within the context of an experimental mixture design using the response surface methodology as optimization strategy, determined that the microorganisms Flavobacterium IIb, Acinetobacter anitratus, and Rhizopus nigricans are the most significant in marigold flower ensilage and exhibit high cellulase activity. A mixed culture comprised of 9.8% Flavobacterium IIb, 41% A. anitratus, and 49.2% R. nigricans used during ensilage resulted in an increased yield of total xanthophylls extracted of 24.94 g/kg of dry weight compared with 12.92 for the uninoculated control ensilage.

  Carotenogenic gene expression and ultrastructural changes during development in marigold.:

 J Plant Physiol. 2005; 162(9):1046-56 (ISSN: 0176-1617).Del Villar-Mart??nez AA; Garc??a-Saucedo PA; Carabez-Trejo A; Cruz-Hern??ndez A; Paredes-L??peza O.Centro de Investigaci??n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit??cnico Nacional, Departamento de Biotecnolog??a y Bioqu??mica, Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-Le??n. Apdo. Postal 629, Irapuato, Gto. 36500, M??xico.
 Marigold (Tagetes erecta) flowers are a good source of carotenoids and can be used as a model studies on pigmentation during flower development. They show different levels of pigmentation caused by lutein. Here we describe the expression of several genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway: phytoene synthase (Psy), phytoene desaturase (Pds), lycopene beta-cyclase (Lcy-b) and lycopene epsilon-cyclase (Lcy-e). cDNA inserts from isolated clones were 1376-1916bp long. The predicted amino acid sequences showed from 66 to 100% homology with other reported sequences (NCBI gene bank). Northern blot analyses of three varieties of marigold showed that most gene transcripts were expressed during flower development. The ultrastructural changes that occurred during plastid differentiation in flower morphogenesis were analyzed, and pigment accumulation among varieties was evaluated. The pigment deposition in specific structures (lipidic vesicles) during flower development was demonstrated.

  Results of the clinical examination of an ointment with marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers.:

 Int J Tissue React. 2005; 27(3):101-6 (ISSN: 0250-0868).Duran V; Matic M; Jovanov?? M; Mimica N; Gajinov Z; Poljacki M; Boza P.Clinical Center, Dermatovenereological Clinic, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro. mamatic@ptt.yu
 The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract on the epithelialization of lower leg venous ulcers. The experiment was carried out in 34 patients with venous leg ulcers. The patients were divided into two groups. In the first (experimental) group, patients were treated with an ointment containing marigold extract, which was prepared in an apparatus devised by Soxleth and was incorporated into a neutral base. Twenty-one patients with 33 venous ulcers were treated. Therapy was applied twice a day for 3 weeks. The second group was a control group that consisted of 13 patients with 22 venous ulcers. In the control group, saline solution dressings were applied to ulcers for 3 weeks. In the experimental group the total surface of all the ulcers at the beginning of the therapy was 67,544 mm2. After the third week the total surface of all the ulcers was 39,373 mm2 (a decrease of 41.71%). In seven patients, complete epithelialization was achieved. In the control group the total surface of all the ulcers at the beginning of the therapy was 69,722 mm2. After the third week the total surface of all the ulcers was 58,743 mm2 (a decrease of 14.52%). In four patients, complete epithelialization was achieved. There was a statistically significant acceleration of wound healing in the experimental group (p < 0.05). The results obtained are preliminary, but they suggest the positive effects of the ointment with marigold extract on venous ulcer epithelialization.

  Antioxidant activity, mutagenicity/anti-mutagenicity, and clastogenicity/anti-clastogenicity of lutein from marigold flowers.:

 Food Chem Toxicol. 2006; 44(9):1522-9 (ISSN: 0278-6915).Wang M; Tsao R; Zhang S; Dong Z; Yang R; Gong J; Pei Y.Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, College of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China.
 High dietary intake of lutein has been associated with risk reduction of many chronic diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Lutein in food is generally regarded as safe. However, information on the toxicological and beneficial effect of lutein at higher doses is limited. In this study, large amount of lutein was extracted and purified from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.). The antioxidant activity of lutein was examined by using the photochemiluminescence (PCL) assay and the beta-carotene-linoleic acid model system (beta-CLAMS). Lutein showed a greater antioxidant activity than the other two common carotenoids, beta-carotene and lycopene. The mutagenicity and anti-mutagenicity of lutein at 334, 668 and 1335 microg/plate were examined using the standard Ames test in the presence and absence of S9 mix. Lutein was not only found to be non-mutagenic at all doses, but it showed an anti-mutagenic effect in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were found in a chromosome aberration test using Chinese hamster ovary cells for the evaluation of clastogenicity and anti-clastogenicity of lutein at 66.8, 133.5 and 267.0 mg/L. Our findings provided scientific evidence for the safe use and health beneficial effects of lutein.


  An optimization study of solid-state fermentation: xanthophylls extraction from marigold flowers.:

 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004; 65(4):383-90 (ISSN: 0175-7598).Luis NB; Hugo JI; Enrique BA; Ramiro RM; Octavio PL.Departamento de Ingenier??a Qu??mica-Bioqu??mica, Instituto Tecnol??gico de Celaya, Ave. Tecnol??gico s/n, CP 38010, Celaya, Gto, Mexico. jlnb@itc.mx.
 Marigold flowers are the main natural source of xanthophylls, and marigold saponified extract is used as an additive in several food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the use of a solid-state fermentation (ensilage) process for increasing the yield of xanthophylls extracted from fermented marigold flowers was examined. The process consisted of a mixed culture of three microorganisms (Flavobacterium IIb, Acinetobacter anitratus, and Rhizopus nigricans), part of the normal microbiota associated with the marigold flower. These microorganisms had been previously isolated, and were identified as relevant for the ensilage process due to their capacity to produce cellulolytic enzymes. Based on experimental design strategies, optimum operation values were determined for aeration, moisture, agitation, and marigold-to-inoculum ratio in the proposed solid-state fermentation equipment, leading to a xanthophylls yield of 17.8-g/kg dry weight. The optimum achieved represents a 65% increase with respect to the control. HPLC analysis indicated conservation of extracted oleoresin. Based on the experimental results, interactions were identified that could be associated with the heat and mass-transfer reactions taking place within the bioreactor. The insight gained allows conditions that limit growth and metabolic activity to be avoided.

  Supplementation of the maternal diet with tomato powder and marigold extract: effects on the antioxidant system of the developing quail.:

 Br Poult Sci. 2006; 47(2):200-8 (ISSN: 0007-1668).Karadas F; Surai P; Grammenidis E; Sparks NH; Acamovic T.Department of Animal Science, University of Y??z??nc?? Yil, 65080, Van, Turkey. fkaradas@yyu.edu.tr
 The effects of natural dietary carotenoid supplementation of the maternal diet (tomato powder and marigold extract) on transfer to the egg yolk and on the development of the antioxidant system of the young quail liver in early postnatal life were investigated. Sixty quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were allocated to four treatment groups, each with three replicates consisting of four females and one male each. The quail were fed on one of four different diets for 23 d, each of them based on a low carotenoid, wheat/barley-based control diet. Tomato powder and marigold extract were added at rates of 20 and 2 g/kg to treatments 2 and 3, respectively. Marigold extract and tomato powder were also used in combination in treatment 4 at 2 g marigold + 20 g tomato powder/kg of diet. At 20 weeks of age, 60 eggs from each treatment were collected and placed in an incubator. After hatching, d-old quail from each group were reared (under standard commercial conditions) up to 14 d of age. They were fed on a low-carotenoid commercial diet. After hatch, at 1, 7 and 14 d, the livers of five young quail from each treatment were assessed for total carotenoid concentration and carotenoid profile. Results indicated that lycopene is transferred from the feed to the egg yolk and further to the liver of the developing embryo. Elevated carotenoid concentration in the egg yolk and correspondingly in the liver of newly hatched quail remains significant during first week posthatch. Lutein and lycopene did not affect vitamin E concentration in the egg yolk or liver of the newly hatched quail. A combination of increased concentrations of lycopene and lutein in the egg yolk results in elevated concentrations of coenzyme Q in the liver of the newly hatched quail.

  Effects of carotenoids from lucerne, marigold and tomato on egg yolk pigmentation and carotenoid composition.:

 Br Poult Sci. 2006; 47(5):561-6 (ISSN: 0007-1668).Karadas F; Grammenidis E; Surai PF; Acamovic T; Sparks NH.Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Y??z??nc?? Yil, Van, Turkey. fkaradas@yyu.edu.tr
 1. The effects of various sources of natural carotenoids (Px alfalfa concentrate, tomato powder and marigold extract) as feed additives in quail diets on egg yolk pigmentation and carotenoid composition were investigated. 2. Adult quail were fed one of 5 different diets for 23 d: three diets each contained Px alfalfa concentrate (PX) or tomato powder (TP) or marigold extract (MG), one diet contained marigold extract and tomato powder (MG + TP) and a control diet (wheat/barley based) was low in carotenoid. All products were added at a rate of 2%, apart from marigold extract which was added at a rate of 0.2%. 3. Visual assessment of yolk colour (Roche colour fan) showed a stabilised yolk colour of 1.6, 7.7, 8.5, 8.8 and 10.6 for the control, PX, TP, MG and MG + TP treatments, respectively. 4. The total carotenoid concentration of the egg yolks were 2.2, 22.4, 4.1, 39.0 and 37.7 microg/g for the experimental groups fed the following diets: control, PX, TP, MG and MG + TP, respectively. Deposition of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in the egg yolk was unaffected by treatments. 5. Lutein was shown to be the major carotenoid in the egg yolk, comprising 1.65, 17.97, 2.03, 31.14 and 28.57 microg/g in control, PX, TP, MG and MG + TP, respectively. Inclusion of TP in the quail diet resulted in lycopene transfer to the egg. 6. It was concluded that, in comparison with the control group, there was an increase in the yolk concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and beta-carotene in eggs produced by female quail fed diets supplemented with natural carotenoids.

  Effect of the application of acid treated biosolids on marigold (Tagetes erecta) development.:

 Water Sci Technol. 2004; 50(9):33-40 (ISSN: 0273-1223)D??az-Avelar J; Barrios JA; Jim??nez B.Institute of Engineering, National University of Mexico (UNAM). Apartado Postal 70-472, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
 The use of biosolids for land restoration and crop production is a potential solution to improve food production worldwide. However, the microbial content usually restricts its application in crops that are consumed uncooked. An alternative practice is their use in floriculture. In this study, the effects of acid treated sludge on the development of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants were evaluated under green house conditions. Biosolids were applied at the agronomic rate (AR) based on nitrogen requirements of the marigold. In addition, higher rates (10 and 20xAR) were applied to study their effect on the plants. Biosolids were mixed with tepetate (hard volcanic indurate layers). Due to its origin, tepetate lacks nutrients and organic matter to adequately support plant development. The best treatment for marigold development was 10xAR, as plants reached an average height of 107 cm, with a growing speed of 1.01 cm/d, which is 20 times more than the control. Plants that received no biosolids produced 0.25 buds and 0.5 flowers per plant. In contrast, AR and 10xAR showed a production that ranged from 2 to 29 buds/plant and 4 to 15 flowers/plant, respectively. These results indicate the viability of reusing acid treated biosolids to improve marigold development.

  Separation of geometric isomers of native lutein diesters in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.:

 J Chromatogr A. 2004; 1045(1-2):65-70 (ISSN: 0021-9673).Tsao R; Yang R; Young JC; Zhu H; Manolis T.Food Research Program, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ont, N1G 5C9 Canada. caor@agr.gc.ca
 Lutein is found in many foods; the richest and purest plant source is marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.). In this plant, lutein is in the form of saturated fatty acid diesters. By using a binary mobile phase consisting of ethyl acetate and acetonitrile-methanol (9:1), improved separation was achieved on a C18-bonded phase. The unique absorption of lutein cis isomers at 330nm was used in combination with MS to identify the novel cis-lutein isomeric dimyristate, myristate-palmitate, dipalmitate, and palmitate-stearate diesters, as well as the rare combinations of both trans- and cis-lutein laurate-palmitate and trans- and cis-lutein myristate-stearate. The presence of the all-trans-lutein laurate-myristate, dimyristate, myristate-palmitate, palmitate-stearate, and distearate diesters, reported by others, was also confirmed.


  Effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Tagetes erecta growth and diesel degradation.:

 Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2003; 14(10):1775-9 (ISSN: 1001-9332).Geng C; Li P; Chen S; Zhang H; Han G.Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China. genchunuv@hotmail.com
 The effects of G. mosseae, G. geospora, G. constrictum and bacteria on diesel tolerance of Tagetes erecta were investigated under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that AM fungi could still develop mycorrhizal assosiations with mum when the diesel concentration was 5,000 mg.kg-1. White mum was better than yellow mum in diesel tolerance, with 63.1% total biomass increased. The colonization rate of inoculating AM fungi treatment was 3.5%-29.9% higher than the control. G. mosseae and G. geospora were better strains, their biomass increasing 9.0% and 42.7% than the control, respectively, while the effect of inoculating mixed AM fungi was not obvious. Bacteria inhibited the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on white mum, but promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth of mycorrhizal mum. Among 5 inoculation treatments, treatments of inoculating G. geospora and inoculating mixed AM fungi and bacteria were better, with 16.51% and 14.05% more diesel degradation rate than that of the control, respectively.

  Insecticidal activity of callus culture of Tagetes erecta.:

 Fitoterapia. 2004; 75(1):62-4 (ISSN: 0367-326X)Sarin R.Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004, India. renusarin@sify.com
 The callus tissue of Tagetes erecta maintained on revised Murashige and Skoog's medium (RT) as static cultures showed the presence of insecticidal pyrethrins. The percentage of pyrethrins further increased by feeding the tissue with various concentrations of ascorbic acid. The maximum pyrethrin content (1.68%) was observed in 6 weeks old tissue grown on RT medium supplemented singly with 1000 mg/l of exogenous ascorbic acid. When pyrethrin mixture was screened against Tribolium spp. immediate 'knock down' effect was observed.

  Effect of the application of acid treated biosolids on marigold (Tagetes erecta) development.:

 Water Sci Technol. 2004; 50(9):33-40 (ISSN: 0273-1223).D??az-Avelar J; Barrios JA; Jim??nez B.Institute of Engineering, National University of Mexico (UNAM). Apartado Postal 70-472, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
 The use of biosolids for land restoration and crop production is a potential solution to improve food production worldwide. However, the microbial content usually restricts its application in crops that are consumed uncooked. An alternative practice is their use in floriculture. In this study, the effects of acid treated sludge on the development of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants were evaluated under green house conditions. Biosolids were applied at the agronomic rate (AR) based on nitrogen requirements of the marigold. In addition, higher rates (10 and 20xAR) were applied to study their effect on the plants. Biosolids were mixed with tepetate (hard volcanic indurate layers). Due to its origin, tepetate lacks nutrients and organic matter to adequately support plant development. The best treatment for marigold development was 10xAR, as plants reached an average height of 107 cm, with a growing speed of 1.01 cm/d, which is 20 times more than the control. Plants that received no biosolids produced 0.25 buds and 0.5 flowers per plant. In contrast, AR and 10xAR showed a production that ranged from 2 to 29 buds/plant and 4 to 15 flowers/plant, respectively. These results indicate the viability of reusing acid treated biosolids to improve marigold development.

  Separation of geometric isomers of native lutein diesters in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.:

 J Chromatogr A. 2004; 1045(1-2):65-70 (ISSN: 0021-9673).Tsao R; Yang R; Young JC; Zhu H; Manolis T.Food Research Program, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ont, N1G 5C9 Canada. caor@agr.gc.ca
 Lutein is found in many foods; the richest and purest plant source is marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.). In this plant, lutein is in the form of saturated fatty acid diesters. By using a binary mobile phase consisting of ethyl acetate and acetonitrile-methanol (9:1), improved separation was achieved on a C18-bonded phase. The unique absorption of lutein cis isomers at 330nm was used in combination with MS to identify the novel cis-lutein isomeric dimyristate, myristate-palmitate, dipalmitate, and palmitate-stearate diesters, as well as the rare combinations of both trans- and cis-lutein laurate-palmitate and trans- and cis-lutein myristate-stearate. The presence of the all-trans-lutein laurate-myristate, dimyristate, myristate-palmitate, palmitate-stearate, and distearate diesters, reported by others, was also confirmed.

  Enzyme-mediated solvent extraction of carotenoids from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta).:

 J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50(16):4491-6 (ISSN: 0021-8561).Barzana E; Rubio D; Santamaria RI; Garcia-Correa O; Garcia F; Ridaura Sanz VE; L??pez-Mungu??a A.Facultad de Quimica, UNAM, Cd. Universitaria, 04150 Mexico.
 Marigold flowers are the most important source of carotenoids for application in the food industry. However, the extraction gives almost 50% losses of the carotenoids depending on conditions for silaging, drying, and solvent extraction. In the past decades, macerating enzymes have been successfully applied to improve the extraction yield of valued compounds from natural products. In this work, an alternative extraction process for carotenoids is proposed, consisting of a simultaneous enzymatic treatment and solvent extraction. The proposed process employs milled fresh flowers directly as raw material, eliminating the inefficient silage and drying operations as well as the generation of hard to deal with aqueous effluents present in traditional processes. The process developed was tested at the 80 L scale, where under optimal conditions a carotenoid recovery yield of 97% was obtained.


  Mixed culture optimization for marigold flower ensilage via experimental design and response surface methodology.:

 J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51(8):2206-11 (ISSN: 0021-8561).Navarrete-Bola??os JL; Jim??nez-Islas H; Botello-Alvarez E; Rico-Mart??nez R.Departamento de Ingenier??a Qu??mica-Bioqu??mica, Instituto Tecnol??gico de Celaya, Ave. Tecnol??gico s/n, C.P. 38010. Celaya, Gto., M??xico. jlnb@itc.mx
 Endogenous microorganisms isolated from the marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) were studied to understand the events taking place during its ensilage. Studies of the cellulase enzymatic activity and the ensilage process were undertaken. In both studies, the use of approximate second-order models and multiple lineal regression, within the context of an experimental mixture design using the response surface methodology as optimization strategy, determined that the microorganisms Flavobacterium IIb, Acinetobacter anitratus, and Rhizopus nigricans are the most significant in marigold flower ensilage and exhibit high cellulase activity. A mixed culture comprised of 9.8% Flavobacterium IIb, 41% A. anitratus, and 49.2% R. nigricans used during ensilage resulted in an increased yield of total xanthophylls extracted of 24.94 g/kg of dry weight compared with 12.92 for the uninoculated control ensilage.

  Exploitation of heterosis for carotenoid content in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and its correlation with esterase polymorphism.:

 Theor Appl Genet. 2003; 106(4):771-6 (ISSN: 0040-5752).Sreekala C; Raghava SP.Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, India. sreekala@tll.org.sg
 African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), a major source of carotenoids, is also grown as a cut flower and a garden flower in addition to being grown for its medicinal values. We studied gene action, combining ability and heterosis, aiming at genetic improvement of T. erecta for enhanced carotenoid content in petals, and report for the first time that heterosis can be exploited for total carotenoids and its commercially important fractions. Total content of carotenoids and lutein appears to be governed by dominance (or non-additive) gene action, while content of xanthophyll esters is governed by both additive and dominance (or non-additive) gene actions. Specific combining ability variance was predominant for all the three traits. General and specific combining abilities and heterosis were highly significant. Heterobeltiosis was also positive. General combining ability (GCA) variances were not significantly correlated to performance per se. There was also no correlation between performance per se of normal petalled pollen parents and the performance of crosses made between male-sterile (female) and male-fertile (pollen) parents. These findings suggest that carotenoid content should not be the only criterion considered in the selection of parental lines. Studies on esterase in seeds and peroxidase in seedlings revealed a relatively high level of polymorphism in esterase with a total of 14 isoforms, whereas peroxidase showed low polymorphism. Similarity indices between different parental combinations, calculated based on seed esterase polymorphism, showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.479, P = 0.05) with heterosis for carotenoid content. This indicates that the selection of parents with wider variation in their esterase profiles may possibly be exploited for genetic enhancement of carotenoids in T. erecta.

  An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new source: case study using a crystalline lutein product.:

 Food Chem Toxicol. 2002; 40(11):1535-49 (ISSN: 0278-6915).Kruger CL; Murphy M; DeFreitas Z; Pfannkuch F; Heimbach J.ENVIRON International Corporation, 4350 Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, USA. ckruger@environcorp.com
 Lutein and zeaxanthin are antioxidant carotenoids that occur naturally in the diet. A new source of these carotenoids, a crystalline lutein product, is an extract from the marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) that contains approximately 86% by weight of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. The safety of consumption of a crystalline lutein product used as an ingredient in food is determined by evaluating the safety of ingestion of the whole product, as well as safety of ingestion of the major constituents, lutein and zeaxanthin. The approach to evaluating the safety of increased lutein and zeaxanthin intake from consumption of crystalline lutein product is based on an evaluation of the incremental increase this ingestion will produce in lutein and zeaxanthin and in total carotenoids, compared to background exposure. In addition, bioavailability of lutein+zeaxanthin from crystalline lutein product, when added to food, is determined and used to adjust the estimated daily intake of lutein and zeaxanthin from this new source and standardize it to the bioavailable dose of these carotenoids from food sources. The proposed level of ingestion of lutein and zeaxanthin from the crystalline lutein product would increase intake of lutein zeaxanthin in the generally vegetable-poor American diet to a level comparable to the mean intake of individuals consuming the recommended number of servings of vegetables per day and is therefore determined to be both prudent and safe. Safety of consumption of the whole product is determined by evaluating the source of the product, production process, nature and quantity of impurities, and product specifications. Corroboration of safety is provided by animal toxicology studies of the crystalline lutein product, as well as human and epidemiologic studies of lutein and zeaxanthin intake. It can be concluded that crystalline lutein is a safe and GRAS source of lutein for its proposed uses in food.

  Improving xanthophyll extraction from marigold flower using cellulolytic enzymes.:

 J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(11):3394-8 (ISSN: 0021-8561).Navarrete-Bola??os JL; Jim??nez-Islas H; Botello-Alvarez E; Rico-Mart??nez R; Paredes-L??pez O.Departamento de Ingenier??a Qu??mica-Bioqu??mica, Instituto Tecnol??gico de Celaya, Avenida Tecnol??gico s/n, CP 38010, Celaya, Gto, Mexico. jlnb@itc.mx
 In this work is studied the effect of a noncommercial enzyme preparation on xanthophyll extraction from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta). The enzymatic extract was synthesized by endogenous microorganisms previously isolated and identified as Flavobacterium IIb, Acinetobacter anitratus, and Rhizopus nigricans. The results show that the extraction yield depends directly on the extent of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cell walls in the flower petals and that it is possible to reach yields in excess of those previously reported for treatments with commercially available enzymes (29.3 g/kg of dry weight). HPLC analysis of the product indicates that the original xanthophyll profile is not altered. The enhanced extraction system appears to be very competitive when compared to the traditional process and current alternatives.

  Antioxidant activity, mutagenicity/anti-mutagenicity, and clastogenicity/anti-clastogenicity of lutein from marigold flowers.:

 High dietary intake of lutein has been associated with risk reduction of many chronic diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Lutein in food is generally regarded as safe. However, information on the toxicological and beneficial effect of lutein at higher doses is limited. In this study, large amount of lutein was extracted and purified from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.). The antioxidant activity of lutein was examined by using the photochemiluminescence (PCL) assay and the beta-carotene-linoleic acid model system (beta-CLAMS). Lutein showed a greater antioxidant activity than the other two common carotenoids, beta-carotene and lycopene. The mutagenicity and anti-mutagenicity of lutein at 334, 668 and 1335 microg/plate were examined using the standard Ames test in the presence and absence of S9 mix. Lutein was not only found to be non-mutagenic at all doses, but it showed an anti-mutagenic effect in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were found in a chromosome aberration test using Chinese hamster ovary cells for the evaluation of clastogenicity and anti-clastogenicity of lutein at 66.8, 133.5 and 267.0 mg/L. Our findings provided scientific evidence for the safe use and health beneficial effects of lutein.
 


  An efficient conversion of (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein to (3R,3'S,6'R)-lutein (3'-epilutein) and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin.:

 J Nat Prod. 2003; 66(1):67-72 (ISSN: 0163-3864).Khachik F.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. FK117@umail.umd.edu
 Two dietary carotenoids, (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein (1) and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin (2), and their metabolite (3R,3'S,6'R)-lutein (3'-epilutein) (3) accumulate in human serum, milk, and ocular tissues. There is increasing evidence that compounds 1 and 2 play an important role in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, the availability of these carotenoids for metabolic studies and clinical trials is essential. Compound 1 is isolated from extracts of marigold flowers (Tagete erecta) and is commercially available, whereas 2 is only accessible by a lengthy total synthesis, and a viable method for synthesis of 3 has not yet been developed. This report describes an efficient conversion of technical grade 1 to 2 via 3. Acid-catalyzed epimerization of 1 yields an equimolar mixture of diastereomers 1 and 3. The mixture was separated by enzyme-mediated acylation with lipase AK from Pseudomonas fluorescens that preferentially esterified 3 and after alkaline hydrolysis yielded this carotenoid in 90% diastereomeric excess (de). Compound 3 was also separated from 1 in 56-88% de by solvent extraction and low-temperature crystallization, Soxhlet extraction, or supercritical fluid extraction. Base-catalyzed isomerization of 3 gave 2 in excellent yield, providing a convenient alternative to the total synthesis of this important dietary carotenoid.

  Carotenogenic gene expression and ultrastructural changes during development in marigold.:

 J Plant Physiol. 2005; 162(9):1046-56 (ISSN: 0176-1617).Del Villar-Mart??nez AA; Garc??a-Saucedo PA; Carabez-Trejo A; Cruz-Hern??ndez A; Paredes-L??peza O.Centro de Investigaci??n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit??cnico Nacional, Departamento de Biotecnolog??a y Bioqu??mica, Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-Le??n. Apdo. Postal 629, Irapuato, Gto. 36500, M??xico.
 Marigold (Tagetes erecta) flowers are a good source of carotenoids and can be used as a model studies on pigmentation during flower development. They show different levels of pigmentation caused by lutein. Here we describe the expression of several genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway: phytoene synthase (Psy), phytoene desaturase (Pds), lycopene beta-cyclase (Lcy-b) and lycopene epsilon-cyclase (Lcy-e). cDNA inserts from isolated clones were 1376-1916bp long. The predicted amino acid sequences showed from 66 to 100% homology with other reported sequences (NCBI gene bank). Northern blot analyses of three varieties of marigold showed that most gene transcripts were expressed during flower development. The ultrastructural changes that occurred during plastid differentiation in flower morphogenesis were analyzed, and pigment accumulation among varieties was evaluated. The pigment deposition in specific structures (lipidic vesicles) during flower development was demonstrated.

  Consumption of one egg per day increases serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in older adults without altering serum lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.:

 J Nutr. 2006; 136(10):2519-24 (ISSN: 0022-3166).Goodrow EF; Wilson TA; Houde SC; Vishwanathan R; Scollin PA; Handelman G; Nicolosi RJCenter for Health and Disease Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
 Lutein and zeaxanthin accumulate in the macular pigment of the retina, and are reported to be associated with a reduced incidence of age-related macular degeneration. A rich source of lutein and zeaxanthin in the American diet is the yolk of chicken eggs. Thus, the objective of the study was to investigate the effect of consuming 1 egg/d for 5 wk on the serum concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, lipids, and lipoprotein cholesterol in individuals >60 y of age. In a randomized cross-over design, 33 men and women participated in the 18-wk study, which included one run-in and one washout period of no eggs prior to and between two 5-wk interventions of either consuming 1 egg or egg substitute/d. Serum lutein 26% (P < 0.001) and zeaxanthin 38% (P < 0.001) concentrations increased after 5-wk of 1 egg/d compared with the phase prior to consuming eggs. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were not affected. These findings indicate that in older adults, 5 wk of consuming 1 egg/d significantly increases serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations without elevating serum lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.

  The synthesis and aqueous superoxide anion scavenging of water-dispersible lutein esters.:

 Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006; 16(4):775-81 (ISSN: 0960-894X).Nadolski G; Cardounel AJ; Zweier JL; Lockwood SF.Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Suite 200, Aiea, HI 96701, USA.
 Xanthophyll carotenoids of the C40 series, which includes commercially important compounds such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin, have poor aqueous solubility in the native state. Hawaii Biotech, Inc. (HBI) and others have shown that the aqueous dispersibility of derivatized carotenoids can be increased by varying the chemical structure of the esterified moieties. In the current study, the published series of novel, highly water-dispersible C40 carotenoid derivatives has been extended to include (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein (beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol) derivatives. Two novel derivatives were synthesized by esterification with inorganic phosphate and succinic acid, respectively, and subsequently converted to the sodium salts. Red-orange, clear, aqueous suspensions were obtained after addition of these novel derivatives to USP-purified water. Aqueous dispersibility of the disuccinate sodium salt of lutein was 2.85 mg/mL; the diphosphate salt demonstrated a >10-fold increase in dispersibility at 29.27 mg/mL. As reported previously, these aqueous suspensions were obtained without the addition of heat, detergents, co-solvents, or other additives. The direct aqueous superoxide scavenging abilities of these novel derivatives were subsequently evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in a well-characterized in vitro isolated human neutrophil assay. The novel derivatives were nearly identical aqueous-phase scavengers, demonstrating dose-dependent suppression of the superoxide anion signal (as detected by spin-trap adducts of DEPMPO) in the millimolar range. These lutein-based soft drugs will likely find utility in those commercial and clinical applications for which aqueous-phase singlet oxygen quenching and direct radical scavenging may be required.

  Differentiation between lutein monoester regioisomers and detection of lutein diesters from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) and several fruits by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.:

 J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50(1):66-70 (ISSN: 0021-8561).Breithaupt DE; Wirt U; Bamedi A.Institut f??r Lebensmittelchemie, Universit??t Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany. breithau@uni-hohenheim.de
 Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCIMS) was employed for the identification of eight lutein monoesters, formed by incomplete enzymatic saponification of lutein diesters of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) by Candida rugosa lipase. Additionally, the main lutein diesters naturally occurring in marigold oleoresin were chromatographically separated and identified. The LC-MS method allows for characterization of lutein diesters occurring as minor components in several fruits; this was demonstrated by analysis of extracts of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey. ex Naud.), and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). The assignment of the regioisomers of lutein monoesters is based on the characteristic fragmentation pattern: the most intense daughter ion generally results from the loss of the substituent (fatty acid or hydroxyl group) bound to the epsilon-ionone ring, yielding an allylic cation. The limit of detection was estimated at 0.5 microg/mL with lutein dimyristate as reference compound. This method provides a useful tool to obtain further insight into the biochemical reactions leading to lutein ester formation in plants.


  The effects of supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin on human macular pigment density and colour vision.:

 Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2006; 26(2):137-47 (ISSN: 0275-5408).Rodriguez-Carmona M; Kvansakul J; Harlow JA; K??pcke W; Schalch W; Barbur JL.Applied Vision Research Centre, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Vision Sciences, City University, London, UK.
 BACKGROUND: Both yellow-blue (YB) discrimination thresholds and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements in the eye exhibit large variability in the normal population. Although it is well established that selective absorption of blue light by the macular pigment (MP) can significantly affect trichromatic colour matches, the extent to which the MP affects colour discrimination (CD) sensitivity remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we assess whether the variability in YB thresholds is attributable to differences in MPOD, both at the fovea and in the paracentral visual field. We also investigated whether higher levels of MP offer any advantage in other visual functions such as red-green (RG) CD sensitivity. DESIGN: CD thresholds and spatial MPOD profiles were measured in 24 normal trichromats supplemented with zeaxanthin (OPTISHARP) and/or lutein. Novel stimulus conditions that isolate YB and RG chromatic mechanisms were employed and MPOD profiles were measured up to an eccentricity of 8 degrees. RESULTS: The data reveal an increase in MPOD in the supplemented subjects that was almost uniform within a centre region around the fovea subtending +/-4 degrees. RG sensitivity was high in all subjects with thresholds well within the normal range. Unexpectedly, YB thresholds were also normal and showed no correlation with MPOD. A model for threshold CD based on appropriate combinations of cone contrast signals was developed to explain the experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS: YB thresholds remain unaffected by supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin rather, at increased MPOD levels, RG vision tends to be improved. The model accounts for the absence of correlation between MPOD and YB thresholds and predicts a marginal improvement in RG discrimination when MPOD is high.

  Monthly consistency of macular pigment optical density and serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin.:

 Curr Eye Res. 2006; 31(2):199-213 (ISSN: 0271-3683).Nolan JM; Stack J; Mellerio J; Godhinio M; O'Donovan O; Neelam K; Beatty S.Macular Pigment Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, and Department of Ophthalmology, Waterford Regional Hospital, Ireland. jnolan@wit.ie
 PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to assess serial month-to-month consistency of macular pigment (MP) optical density and serum concentrations of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z). Four healthy subjects aged between 23 and 51 years volunteered to participate in this study. METHODS: MP optical density (measured psychophysically using heterochromatic flicker photometry [HFP]), and serum concentrations of L and Z (quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]), were recorded every month for 24 consecutive months. RESULTS: Mean MP optical density (+/-SD) was 0.361 (0.086) and 0.369 (0.074) for right and left eyes, respectively. There was no statistically significant seasonal variation in MP optical density for the group (two-way ANOVA: p>0.05). Serum concentrations of L and Z demonstrated a statistically significant subject-season interaction effect (two-way ANOVA: p<0.01). Serial serum concentrations of L and Z were positively correlated within all four subjects (r=0.370 to 0.786), and significantly so for three subjects (p<0.05). There was no obvious relationship, synchronous or lagged, between serum concentrations of L (or Z) and MP optical density (r=-0.036 to 0.368). CONCLUSIONS: MP optical density was relatively stable for all subjects over the 24-month period. Fluctuations in serum concentrations of L and Z, in the absence of dietary modification or supplementation, are associated with stable MP optical density.

  A 12-wk egg intervention increases serum zeaxanthin and macular pigment optical density in women.:

 J Nutr. 2006; 136(10):2568-73 (ISSN: 0022-3166).Wenzel AJ; Gerweck C; Barbato D; Nicolosi RJ; Handelman GJ; Curran-Celentano J.Psychology Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA. awenzel@unnh.edu
 Two carotenoids found in egg yolk, lutein and zeaxanthin, accumulate in the macular retina where they may reduce photostress. Increases in serum lutein and zeaxanthin were observed in previous egg interventions, but no study measured macular carotenoids. The objective of this project was to determine whether increased consumption of eggs would increase retinal lutein and zeaxanthin, or macular pigment. Twenty-four females, between 24 and 59 y, were assigned to a pill treatment (PILL) or 1 of 2 egg treatments for 12 wk. Individuals in the PILL treatment consumed 1 sugar-filled capsule/d. Individuals in the egg treatments consumed 6 eggs/wk, containing either 331 microg (EGG 1) or 964 microg (EGG 2) of lutein and zeaxanthin/yolk. Serum cholesterol, serum carotenoids, and macular pigment OD (MPOD) were measured at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 wk of intervention. Serum cholesterol concentrations did not change in either egg treatment group, but total cholesterol (P = 0.04) and triglycerides (P = 0.02) increased in the PILL group. Serum zeaxanthin, but not serum lutein, increased in both the EGG 1 (P = 0.04) and EGG 2 (P = 0.01) groups. Likewise, MPOD increased in both the EGG 1 (P = 0.001) and EGG 2 (P = 0.049) groups. Although the aggregate concentration of carotenoid in 1 egg yolk may be modest relative to other sources, such as spinach, their bioavailability to the retina appears to be high. Increasing egg consumption to 6 eggs/wk may be an effective method to increase MPOD.

  Carotenoids and cardiovascular health.:

 Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83(6):1265-71 (ISSN: 0002-9165).Voutilainen S; Nurmi T; Mursu J; Rissanen TH.Research Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in Western countries. Nutrition has a significant role in the prevention of many chronic diseases such as CVD, cancers, and degenerative brain diseases. The major risk and protective factors in the diet are well recognized, but interesting new candidates continue to appear. It is well known that a greater intake of fruit and vegetables can help prevent heart diseases and mortality. Because fruit, berries, and vegetables are chemically complex foods, it is difficult to pinpoint any single nutrient that contributes the most to the cardioprotective effects. Several potential components that are found in fruit, berries, and vegetables are probably involved in the protective effects against CVD. Potential beneficial substances include antioxidant vitamins, folate, fiber, and potassium. Antioxidant compounds found in fruit and vegetables, such as vitamin C, carotenoids, and flavonoids, may influence the risk of CVD by preventing the oxidation of cholesterol in arteries. In this review, the role of main dietary carotenoids, ie, lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin, in the prevention of heart diseases is discussed. Although it is clear that a higher intake of fruit and vegetables can help prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with heart diseases, more information is needed to ascertain the association between the intake of single nutrients, such as carotenoids, and the risk of CVD. Currently, the consumption of carotenoids in pharmaceutical forms for the treatment or prevention of heart diseases cannot be recommended.


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  Scientific References:

  1.Snodderly DM. Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration byu carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. AM J Clin Nutr 1995; 62 (suppl): 1448S-1461S
  2.What is Marigold Flower Petals Extract? What is Lutein? Application and Value of Lutein as super remedy?