Rosemary and Rosemary Extract,Rosmarinic Acid,Diterpenes.Carnosol.Carnosic Acid,Functions and applications of rosemary.Rosemary extract,CAS.NO.084604-14-8.Antioxidant Water Soluble,RosA.Antioxidant Oil Fat Soluble,Rosemary Mixed Extracts.Rosmarinus officinalis extract.Printable Version.MDidea Extracts Professional.

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Article Name:  Rosemary Spectrology.
Key Words:  Rosemary extract,CAS.NO.084604-14-8.Antioxidant Water Soluble,RosA 1.5%,4.5%,10%. Antioxidant Oil Fat Soluble,Rosemary Mixed Extracts.Diterpenes(Carnosol+Carnosic Acid) 10%.Carnosol 20%.Carnosic acid 30%.Extract of rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis extract.Rosemary Diterpenes mainly composed of Carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmariquinone,Carnosic acid,C20H28O4,3650-09-7 .Carnosol,C20H26O4,5957-80-2......
Article Link:  http://www.mdidea.com/products/herbextract/rosemary/spectrology.html

Subject Preface:

...Spectrology has many meanings, one defined as the science of spectrum analysis in any or all of its relations and applications,daily life and suggestion from archeology...study means learning,gather and research,subject,consideration,plan for the future...it is a kind of trace analysis need prophecy, a prophecy always a certain archeology...time or period means exchangeable place...

1.Archeology and Narrative History Application of Subject:

  Origin:Rosemary originated in the Mediterranean and eventually spread to the United States and Europe. More than a mere herb, rosemary is actually a two-to-five-foot tall evergreen shrub. Besides its culinary uses, it has served as decoration and as an ingredient in medicines and fragrances. Dating back to 500 B.C., rosemary has often been a fragrant symbol of love, friendship and remembrance. Rosemary is also associated with Christmas, and is thought to be one of the herbs found in the manger with Baby Jesus. Certainly, rosemary's vivid pine scent conjures up images of the winter holidays.

  The Ancients were well acquainted with Rosemary, which had a reputation for strengthening the memory. Rosemary is an aromatic herb historically used to support mental vitality. Rosemary is a circulatory and nervine stimulant which has a calming effect on digestion. And the constituents of Rosemary act as a stimulant to both the hair follicles and circulation in the scalp.

  Rosemary has a wide variety of use outside of the kitchen. History reveals uses from using rosemary for depression, headaches, muscle spasms, rheumatism, skin ailments and wounds. It was also burned in early hospitals along with juniper berries to "cleanse the air" as it does have some antibacterial effects.

  At weddings, it was entwined in the wreath worn by the bride, being first dipped into scented water. Anne of Cleves, we are told, wore such a wreath at her wedding. A Rosemary branch, richly gilded and tied with silken ribands of all colours, was also presented to wedding guests, as a symbol of love and loyalty. Together with an orange stuck with cloves it was given as a New Year's gift - allusions to this custom are to be found in Ben Jonson's plays.

  In place of more costly incense, the ancients used Rosemary in their religious ceremonies. An old French name for it was Incensier.

  The Spaniards revere it as one of the bushes that gave shelter to the Virgin Mary in the flight into Egypt and call it Romero, the Pilgrim's Flower. Both in Spain and Italy, it has been considered a safeguard from witches and evil influences generally. The Sicilians believe that young fairies, taking the form of snakes, lie amongst the branches.

  It was an old custom to burn Rosemary in sick chambers, and in French hospitals it is customary to burn Rosemary with Juniper berries to purify the air and prevent infection. Like Rue, it was placed in the dock of courts of justice, as a preventative from the contagion of gaol-fever. A sprig of Rosemary was carried in the hand at funerals, being distributed to the mourners before they left the house, to be cast on to the coffin when it had been lowered into the grave. In many parts of Wales it is still a custom.

  One old legend compares the growth of the plant with the height of the Saviour and declares that after thirty-three years it increases in breadth, but never in height.

  There is a tradition that Queen Philippa's mother (Countess of Hainault) sent the first plants of Rosemary to England, and in a copy of an old manuscript in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, the translator, 'danyel bain,' says that Rosemary was unknown in England until this Countess sent some to her daughter.

  The Rosemary plant, 'Rosmarinus officinalis', has a piney flavor and is a must for lamb, pork, poultry, carrots, and peas. Rosemary is an excellent container herb for indoors and adds a wonderful aroma. The very aromatic smell of the rosemary will make you fall in love with this herb. The Rosemary has very narrow grey-green needlelike leaves that are 1/2 to 1 inch long. Both the leaves and the flowers are edible. Plant in the spring. Common Rosemary has great versatility in landscapes, containers, and gardens.



2.1.Identification of substantiality:Name and taxology

  Specialty Definition: Rosemary
  Scientific Name:Rosmarinus officinalis L.
  Family: Lamiaceae
  Synonyms:Polar Plant. Compass-weed. Compass Plant. Rosmarinus coronarium. (Old French) Incensier;Catalan roman¨ª; Spanish romero
  Frost Tolerance: Hardy to 14¡ãF ( -10¡ãC)
  Heat Tolerance: Will take full sun in Phoenix
  Sun Exposure: Full sun
  Growth Habits: Evergreen shrub, up to 6 feet tall (1.8 m), 4 feet wide (1.2 m); leathery, linear, glossy green, strongly aromatic leaves, 0.5 to 1 inch long (12-25 mm), 0.1 inch wide (2.5 mm) with gray underside
  Watering Needs: Little to moderate water when established
  Propagation: Cuttings (will often root in water)

  Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needles that are used in cooking. Forms range from upright to trailing. Flowers are usually pink, purple, or blue.
  Since it is attractive and tolerates some degree of drought, it is also used in landscaping, especially in areas having a mediterranean-type of climate.
  Classification:Rosemary is a member of the mint family, Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to the Mediterranean region, cultivated widelyelsewhere.

  Collection: The leaves may be gathered throughout the summer but are attheir best during flowering time.

  Part Used: Leaves and twigs.

  Cultural Practices:Need pruning to stay compact, but the old wood will not emit new buds. For this reason, it should be trimmed regularly.

  Blooming Habits:The Rosemary blooms in late winter and spring.



  Rosemary is also known by the names Sea Dew, Our Lady's Rose, Polar Plant, Compass Weed, Romero, and Rosemarine. Native to the Mediterranean region, this plant is now cultivated widely, including North America. The leaves are employed medicinally, and may be gathered throughout the summer, but are at their best during flowering time. The genus and common name are derived from the Latin "ros marinus", meaning "dew of the sea" as the plant grows profusely near the Mediterranean sea coast and sea foam sprays upon it. Rosemary has long been considered a symbol of friendship and loyalty.

  ROSEMARY VARIETIES:

  Upright Rosemary does not have to be pruned at all. It flows outward forming a perfect circle that can measure between six and eight feet in diameter and two feet or more in height. This produces a very pleasing natural look, requires no maintenance at all and makes the perfect companion for the native landscape. Low water requirements mean low weed germination during the dry months. And as it grows to cover the ground it smothers all weeds under it. Eight feet of weed cover from one plant is a lot of value for your dollar. Sprawling branches and a tough, extensive root system are also ideal for hillside retention. Mass planting can fill a large expanse with rich colors. While all Rosemary varieties can be used for cooking, this Rosemary is particularly nice because of its large leaves and all the black gold they contain.
  The Rosemary below was started from a three inch pot about eight years ago; it is now about six feet in diameter and four feet high. It is just starting to open its buds that were formed last spring. As you can see in the next picture, when it blooms it is a totally blue hue!
  This is one of our favorite Rosemary varieties because of its carefree growth, great flavor and dark blue flower. Leaves can be used fresh or dried. If used fresh be sure to chop them very fine or use whole stems and remove from food before serving. Add to our savory herbal marinade and chicken becomes a sensational dish. Cook in a pouch on the barbecue on low heat. Or use whole stems to make flavorful shish kabob spear. Whole stems also make a great addition to Red Stew, a stick to your ribs winter time treat.
  Height: 5 Feet;Hardiness: Zone 8;Flower Color: Blue;Characteristics: Full Sun,Evergreen,Water Conserving;Uses: Culinary, Fragrant Ornamental,Medicinal





  Creeping Rosemary is a tall ground cover that can cover eight or ten feet in diameter in a very short period of time. It can also trail down eight or ten feet. It makes a most beautiful planter box for a second story balcony. It falls all the way to the ground and is covered with pale blue flowers. Or, planted on a hot southern facing wall this man made waterfall is a welcome relief from the heat. Creeping Rosemary can be kept low to the ground by shearing the upper branches once a year. Or, it can attain heights of four feet by shearing the sides once a year
  Perhaps Climbing Rosemary would be a better common name for Prostrate Rosemary. Above Trailing Rosemary has been forced by its surroundings to grow up a four foot lamp post (middle right). It is also growing around and over a miniature red rose bush planted near the post.
  A vigorous grower, Trailing or Creeping Rosemary climbs over itself and easily reaches heights of three feet or more if not pruned. Planted in a second story window box, it would trail all the way to the ground.
  Trailing Rosemary does well in a container like our 12 inch Oval Planter but it does need to be repotted with fresh soil and organic fertilizer each spring.
  Height: 2 Feet;Hardiness: Zone 8;Flower Color: Pale Blue;Characteristics: Full Sun,Evergreen,Water Conserving;Uses: Culinary,Fragrant Ornamental,Groundcover


  Pine Scented Rosemary has finely textured leaves that are easily chopped up. This plus an excellent flavor make this Rosemary the variety many chefs prefer. This Rosemary is a different species than the others and it shows. Other Rosemary varieties have such coarse leaves that using them fresh can be a problem. Even chopped fine they are very tough, but this plant¡¯s leaves are soft, like cilantro or parsley. A very pretty plant in the landscape, Pine Scented Rosemary is a soft sea green that grows to about three to four feet high by about four or more feet wide.
  Late winter in Zone 8 is when most Rosemary plants start their incredible bloom. The Pine Scented Rosemary above is just starting and will be covered in blue in a short period of time. The flowering lasts until late April. Bees love Rosemary and add life to a winter garden
  Pine Scented Rosemary (on the left) shows its feathery character when positioned next to White Thin Leaf Rosemary.
  This wispy leaf makes Pine Scented Rosemary ideal for using fresh in any recipe using Rosemary.
  Height: 2 Feet;Hardiness: Zone 8;Flower Color: Dark Blue;Characteristics: Full Sun,Evergreen, Water Conserving;Uses: Culinary,Fragrant Ornamental


  Arp Rosemary is one of the Rosemarys to plant if you live where winter temperatures are frequently in the teens or less. Discovered on a cold snowy day by veteran herb pioneer Madeline Hill in the Texas town of Arp, this Rosemary has survived several winters in the Chase Western University Botanic Garden in Cleveland, Ohio, where they must take their other kinds of Rosemary in for the winter. Madalene Hill Rosemary is also a cold hardy Rosemary. Both of these are rated to survive minus 15 degrees. And, both are erect, growing to about three feet. Their flowers are a light blue.
  Arp is a small town in Texas.It was named in 1899 for newspaper editor, William Arp. In 1914, there were 400 hundred mostly farmer folks in Arp. These farmers specialized in the 'Arp Beauty', a peach they developed.
  Height: 5 Feet;Hardiness: Zone 6;Flower Color: Pale Blue;Characteristics: Full Sun,Evergreen,Water Conserving;Uses: Culinary,Fragrant Ornamental
  Today, the town of Arp has about 800 folks in it, and some very hardy Rosemary.Incidentally, Madalene Hill, the namesake of our other cold hardy Rosemary, Madalene Hill Rosemary, is in her 90's now and still loves her herbs. She was the one responsible for finding the Arp Rosemary.
  Madalene Hill is an herb aficionado who has had many plants named after her. This variety of cold hardy Rosemary was named in her honor. Madalene Hill Rosemary is sometimes erroneously labeled Hill Hardy Rosemary. There is no separate plant named Hill Hardy Rosemary. Madalene Hill Rosemary is great for cooking, but, best of all, it over winters in zone 6. As with all Mediterranean plants it is important for the soil to drain well. If the land holds puddles, this is an inappropriate spot for your Rosemary.
  Height: 3 Feet;Hardiness: Zone 6;Flower Color: Pale Blue;Characteristics: Full Sun,Evergreen, Water Conserving;Uses: Culinary,Fragrant Ornamental


  Pink Rosemary has the thinnest leaves of all our Rosmarinus officinalis plants. Gracefully curved branches are punctuated by short spires that rise randomly like exclamation marks. Even though the flower color is pale, there are so many flowers that they combine and provide a respectable cloud of pink, especially when viewed at a distance. Growing quickly to two feet this plant can be enjoyed in its natural whirlwind state or pruned into a hedge. The small narrow leaves are not the best choice for cooking.
  Height: 3 Feet;Hardiness: Zone 8;Flower Color: Pale Pink;Characteristics: Full Sun,Evergreen,Water Conserving;Uses: Culinary,Fragrant Ornamental


  White Rosemary is visually different This is a beautiful very erect plant with fat succulent leaves and white flowers that have just a spot of blue in the throat. The branches are reminiscent of candelabras and give the plant an open and airy look. It is a solid white flower for hot arid climates. Adequate for cooking but stunning in the landscape.
  White Rosemary makes a grand statement in the landscape. Like all Rosemary plants it blooms from mid winter to late spring. It is highly aromatic, great for cooking and attractive to bees.
  Height: 4 Feet;Hardiness: Zone 8;Flower Color: White;Characteristics: Full Sun, Evergreen, Water Conserving;Uses: Culinary, Fragrant Ornamental


  Dancing Waters Rosemary the name alone makes one feel cooler. Shorter and more mounding than our regular Rosemary, Dancing Waters is especially graceful on a hillside. The dark blue flowers cascade down the hill in undulating waves providing a show worthy of rivers everywhere.

  Height: 2 Feet ;Hardiness: Zone 8;Flower Color: Dark Blue;Characteristics: Full Sun, Evergreen, Water Conserving;Uses: Culinary, Fragrant Ornamental


  Golden Rain Rosemary has weeping foliage that can brighten a semi shady spot or offer an interesting specimen in a gold garden. Located among too many green plants it can look in need of fertilizer. The golden hue turns darker green over summer and returns with cooler weather.

  Golden Rosemary is an exceptional plant that displays bright yellow foliage in early spring and late fall. It is particular attractive mixed with gray plants (like our California Fuchsia below). A small Rosemary, Golden Rosemary makes a good choice for edging the garden. It can be used in any recipe calling for Rosemary.


  Blue Boy Rosemary is the smallest of all the Rosemary varieties. Small leaves and little light blue pearls for flowers, this plant grows out to cover about 12 inches but rarely gets over six inches tall. It can be used for cooking but it takes quite a bit.

  A tiny rosemary among giants, Blue Boy Rosemary is a true novelty. Very slow growing to a height of maybe 12 inches, this is one plant whose purpose is kind of obscure. It is an attractive spot in the garden or as a part of a container planting. And, while it can be used for cooking, it takes a good chunk of the plant and then it recovers slowly.


  Spice Islands Rosemary has thick juicy looking leaves and very upright growth with a nice dark blue flower. It should make a great barbecue skewer. It should also dry well. Since this is a fairly new variety the trials are ongoing.
  The story goes that this Rosemary has so much flavor that it was named for the famed Spice Islands Spice Company. Whether they actually use it for drying or not, we will probably never know. What we do know is that it is not only a very flavorful Rosemary, but it is also a very beautiful shrub. It stands very erect and grows to about four feet and is covered with dark blue flowers in late winter and early spring.


2.2.Wording Spectrum and local language identification:

  Definitions: Rosemary

  Noun.1. Widely cultivated for its fragrant gray-green leaves used in cooking and in perfumery.
  2. Extremely pungent leaves used fresh or dried as seasoning for especially meats.
  "Rosemary" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "a rose".
  Date "rosemary" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1595. (references)
  Etymology: Rosemary \Rose"ma*ry\, noun. [from Old English expression rosmarine, from Latin expression rosmarinus; ros dew (Compare to Russ. rosa, Lith. rasa, Sanskrit rasa juice) marinus marine: compare to the French expression romarin. In English the word has been changed as if it meant the rose of Mary.
  Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needles that are used in cooking. Forms range from upright to trailing. Flowers are usually pink, purple, or blue.
  Since it is attractive and tolerates some degree of drought, it is also used in landscaping, especially in areas having a mediterranean-type of climate.
  Classification: Rosemary is a member of the mint family, Lamiaceae.(Catalan roman¨ª; Spanish romero)

  Specialty Definitions: Rosemary
  Dream Interpretation:Rosemary, if seen in dreams, denotes that sadness and indifference will cause unhappiness in homes where there is every appearance of prosperity.
  Synonym: Rosmarinus officinalis (n).
  Crosswords: Rosemary;English words defined with "rosemary": Apalachicola rosemary, Arquebusade ? bog rosemary ? common bog rosemary ? family Labiatae, family Lamiaceae ? genus Rosmarinus ? Hungary water ? Labiatae, Lamiaceae ? marsh rosemary, mint family ? Plumbagineous ? Rosemary pine, Rosmarine, Rosmarinus ? sea lavender ? Wild rosemary.
  Specialty definitions using "rosemary": Crowns, Cuckoo-Spit ? Flowers and Trees ? Rosemary, Rosemary Lane
  Usage Frequency: Rosemary;"Rosemary" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 82.04% of the time. "Rosemary" is used about 667 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
  Expressions: Rosemary;Expressions using "rosemary": Apalachicola rosemary ? bog rosemary ? common bog rosemary ? marsh rosemary ? Rosemary pine ? South Rosemary ? wild rosemary.
  Frequency of Keywords:Rosemary,in order:rosemary,rosemary beach,rosemary clooney,rosemary altea,herb rosemary,rosemary beach florida,choate rosemary hall,rosemary plant,rosemary beach fl,rosemary oil,rosemary well,rosemary conley,rosemary kennedy,rosemary chicken,growing rosemary,gore rosemary,agriculture rosemary,potato rosemary,chicken recipe rosemary,rosemary brown,rosemary rogers,jennings rosemary,rosemary recipe,rosemary vandenbroucke,love grows where my rosemary goes,church cnn rosemary,rosemary gladstar,rosemary forsyth,botch clooney rosemary,rosemary west,baby rosemary,church rosemary,rosemary beach rental,rosemary harris,rosemary beach real estate,rosemary picture,rosemary essential oil,company rosemary,shampoo rosemary,clooney lyrics rosemary
  Misspellings: Rosemary;"Rosemary" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: dozmary, Rathmayr, Razamasy, Roeselare, Rosearre, Rosenery, Roseney, Rosenmayr, Rosenoir, rosmary, rossoneri, Rozelaar, Rozema.


2.3.Differentiation from transliteration:

  Ancestral Language Translations: Rosemary

  Language:Latin;Period:500 BCE-Modern
  Translations:Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis l, Rosmarinus officinalis Linnaeus.

  Modern Translations: Rosemary
  Language/Translations for "rosemary"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
  Albanian:  Rozmarin?.
  Arabic:   ???? ?????, ?????? ?????.
  Bulgarian:  §²§à§Ù§Þ§Ñ§â§Ú§ß.
  Chinese:  ÃÔµüÏã.
  Czech:  Rozmaryna.
  Danish:  rosmarin.
  Dutch:  rozemarijn.
  Finnish:  rosmariini.
  French:  Romarin (rosmary).
  Old French Name:Incensier
  German:  Rosmarin.
  Greek:  ¦Ä¦Å¦Í¦Ä¦Ñ¦Ï¦Ë?¦Â¦Á¦Í¦Ï.
  Hungarian:  Rozmaring.
  Italian:  Rosmarino.
  Manx:  rose ny marrey, druight ny marrey.
  Pig Latin:  osemaryray
  Portuguese:  alecrim.
  Romanian:  Rozmarin.
  Russian:  §²§à§Ù§Þ§Ñ§â§Ú§ß.
  Serbo-Croatian:  ruzmarin.
  Spanish:  Romero.
  Swedish:  Rosmarin.
  Thai:  ???????????? Rosmarinus officinalis.
  Turkish:  Biberiye.
  Ukranian:  §²§à§Ù§Þ§Ñ§â§Ú§ß.
  Spaniards name:Romero


2.4.Archeology of Quality or Substance Identification:Barter to Standardization:

  Rosemary is a bushy evergreen shrub, native to the Mediterranean basin and Portugal, now cultivated in France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, South Africa, India, China, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and along the Crimean peninsula in Transcaucasia (Leung and Foster, 1996). The material of commerce comes from Spain, France, Morocco, and Tunisia,China.

  Pharmacopeial grade of rosemary leaf:

  Pharmacopeial grade rosemary leaf must contain not less than 1.2% volatile oil, not more than 10% brown woody stems, and not less than 15% water-soluble extractive, among other quantitative standards.
  Botanical identification requirements are carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) as well as by examination of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics (BHP, 1996; DAC, 1986; Wichtl and Bisset, 1994).
  The Commission E monograph also requires not less than 1.2% (v/w) volatile oil. The French Pharmacopoeia requires not less than 1.5% (v/m) volatile oil (Bruneton, 1995; Ph.Fr.X., 1990). The ESCOP monograph requires that the material must conform with the French Pharmacopoeia standards (ESCOP, 1997). The German Pharmacopoeia also includes a TLC identity test for the volatile oil fraction (DAB 10, 1991; Wichtl and Bisset, 1994).
  Collection:Rosemary leaf consists of the fresh or dried leaf, gathered while flowering, of Rosmarinus officinalis L. [Fam. Lamiaceae] and its preparations in effective dosage. The preparation contains at least 1.2% (v/w) essential oil in the dried leaves.


  Chemistry and Pharmacology of Rosemary:

  Rosemary leaf contains phenolic acids (2% rosmarinic, chlorogenic, caffeic acids); phenolic diterpenoid bitter substances (up to 4.6% carnosol, rosmaridiphenol, rosmanol); triterpenoid acids (oleanolic acid, ursolic acid); flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, nepetin, nepitrin); 1.2~1.5% volatile oil, of which 15.0% is 1,8-cineole, 15.5% a-pinene, 12.4% a-terpineol, 10.5% camphor, 5.0% camphene, 1% borneol, 1% bornyl acetate; and tannins.

  The research reported that in humans rosemary irritates the skin. It stimulates increased blood supply when applied externally. Experimentally, it has shown antispasmodic action on gall passages and small intestines, positive inotropic activity, and increased flow through the coronary artery.

  The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia reported carminative and spasmolytic activity (BHP, 1996). A hydroalcoholic extract of rosemary showed cholagogic/choleretic properties in vivo in cannulated guinea pigs by producing a rapid increase of bile secretion. Antibacterial and spasmolytic actions have been documented. The Merck Index reported emmenagogic properties.

  Parts used: The leaves of Rosemary should be gathered in April or May and dried as a thin layer in a well ventilated, shady place. If it is dried in an oven, the temperature should not exceed 40 C, or the volatile oils will evaporate.

  The plant contains some tannic acid, together with a resin and a bitter principle and a volatile oil. The chief constituents of the oil are Borneol, bornyl acetate and other esters, a special camphor similar to that possessed by the myrtle, cineol, pinene and camphene. It is colourless, with the odour of Rosemary and a warm camphoraceous taste. The chief adulterants of oil of Rosemary are oil of turpentine and petroleum. Rosemary yields its virtues partly to water and entirely to rectified spirits of wine.

  Constituents:

  * Volatile oil: composed of borneol, camphene, camphor,cineole, limonene, linalool, isobutyl acetate, 3-octanone,terpineol, verbenol etc.





  (+)-borneol, (+)-bornyl acetate, (+)-camphor, (-)-verbenone and 1,8-cineole

  Rosemary
Rosmarinus officinalis (Labiatae)

  The genus Rosmarinus consists of this species only, originating in the Mediterranean area. It is a member of the evergreen, bushy dry-land vegetation called maki (together with thyme,pistachios, etc.) contributing to its strong smell on a warm, sunny day.
  In the antiquity rosemary was associated with Aphrodite, the goddess of love.

  Rosemary oil is obtained by steam distillation of the leaves. French and Spanish qualities are the finest.
  One of the first perfumes made by distillation was just based on rosemary oil, namely the Hungarian queen's-water, 'Aqua Reginae Hungariae'. It is told that the Hungarian Queen Isabella, suffering heavily from rheumatism, used this perfume with beneficial results. She became young and beautiful again, and the King of Poland offered to marry her.

  Rosemay oil has a pleasant fresh odour with characteristic resinous nuances and slightly bitter undertones.

  (+)-Borneol and verbenone are some of its specific components. Moreover (+)-bornyl acetate, (+)-camphor, 1,8-cineole and a number of other cyclic monoterpene derivates are present. Rosemary oil is extensively used in perfumery.

  The dried and broken leaves are used as a spice.

  Etymology: Lat. rosmarinus, 'dew of the sea', from Lat. ros, dew, and Lat. marinus, sea.



  * Flavonoids: apigenin, diosmetin, diosmin, genkwanin, 6-methoxygenkwanin, hispidulin, sinensetin, luteolin and derivatives

  * Rosmarinic acid and other phenolic acids

  * Diterpenes such as picrosalvin (= carnosol), carnosolic acid androsmariquinone

  * Miscellaneous; rosmaricine, the triterpenes ursolic acid, oleanolic acid & derivatives.

  Actions: Carminative, anti-spasmodic, anti-depressive, rubefacient, anti-microbial, emmenagogue.

  Constituents: About 1% volatile oil (containing 2-5% esters, mainly borneol acetate and 10-18% free alcohols including borneol and linalol), camphor, camphene and cineole; flavonoids (diosmin, apigenin, diosmetin, genkwanin, 6-methoxygenkwanin, hispidulin, sinensetin, luteolin and derivatives), phenolic acids (rosmarinic and others); diterpenes such as carnosilic acid , picrosalvin (carnosol), and rosmariquinone; triterpenic acids (ursolic and oleanic acids and derivatives); carnosic acid (rosmaricine)
  Carnosic acid:C20H28O4;MW: 332.4;CAS:3650-09-7

   Main Category:Antioxidants,Flavonoids,Free Radical Scavengers
   Related Categories:Natural Products
   Carnosol, an antioxidant in rosemary, suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase through down-regulating nuclear factor-kappaB in mouse macrophages.
   Carnosol is a naturally occurring phytopolyphenol found in rosemary. Carnosol functions as antioxidant and anticarcinogen.
   From comparing experiment of subject antioxidant activity of carnosol and other compounds extracted from rosemary.Carnosol showed potent antioxidative activity in alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenge and DNA protection from Fenton reaction.
   Carnosol treatment showed reduction of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) subunits translocation and NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in activated macrophages. Carnosol also showed inhibition of iNOS and NF-kappaB promoter activity in transient transfection assay. These activities were referred to down-regulation of inhibitor kappaB (IkappaB) kinase (IKK) activity by carnosol (5 microM), thus inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation as well as degradation of IkappaBalpha.
   Carnosol also inhibited LPS-induced p38 and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation at a higher concentration (20 microM). These results suggest that carnosol suppresses the NO production and iNOS gene expression by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation, and provide possible mechanisms for its anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive action.
   Rosemary extract standardized for carnosic acid:value in application of Antioxidant:
   Natural polyphenols such as carnosic acid found in rosemary have potent antioxidant activities. Unlike vitamin C or E, which have little impact on protecting against damage to DNA, rosemary extract and carnosic acid have been shown to offer significant protection against DNA damage. Rosemary extract also works snergistically with lycopene ( see below ) in protecting against free radical damage to LDL cholesterol. When lycopene is combined with rosemary extract there is significant protection against LDL damage.
   Antioxidant Complex is a formulation of powerful protectors against the cellular damage that underlies the aging process as well as many disease processes including heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, and cancer. The complex is unique because it is effective in both water- and fat-soluble environments inside and outside of cells, having the ability to recharge other antioxidants within the body and energize antioxidant enzymes to protect us from free radicals.
   Why needed? A primer on free radicals, pro-oxidants, and antioxidants.
   Simply defined, a free radical is a highly reactive atom that can destroy body tissues. Normally, an atom's electrons come in pairs. If one of the electrons gets stripped away, the atom--now a free radical--becomes unstable. It sets off on a frantic search to find another electron to complete its set, grabbing onto any electron it can find. But by stealing electrons, free radicals destroy those other molecules. Because the oxygen atom is most often involved as the donor of the electron, this damaging process is known as oxidation, and is similar to the process that causes sliced apples to turn brown or cars to rust. Compounds that promote oxidative damage are referred to as pro-oxidants.
   Free radicals come from our environment, in pollutants such as chemicals or cigarette smoke; in our diet in the form of fats damaged by frying or the presence of nitrates in smoked or cured meats. Even sunlight produces free radical damage. But free radicals also result from the cell's own metabolic activity.
   Free radicals shoot through the cell's membranes, tearing gaping holes, damaging the cell's delicate structures, including DNA, ( the cumulative damage they cause leads to cellular aging ). This, in turn, contributes to heart disease and cancer. Carcinogens ( cancer-causing compounds ) cause severe free radical or oxidative damage to cell structures.
   Antioxidants quench the unpaired electron by donating one of its own electrons, effectively "calming down" the free radical, resulting in help for aging, cancer and other degenerative diseases. Because they protect cell integrity, antioxidants slow down the aging process, enhance immune function, reduce inflammation, and fight allergies.


   Flavonoids in Rosmarinus officinalis leaves:
   Three new flavonoid glucuronides, luteolin 3'-O-beta-D-glucuronide, luteolin 3'-O-(4"-O-acetyl)-beta-D-glucuronide, and luteolin 3'-O-(3"-O-acetyl)-beta-D-glucuronide, together with hesperidin, were isolated from 50% aqueous MeOH extract of the leaves of rosemary.
   The structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated by a ferric thiocyanate method with hesperidin showing the greatest activity.

   Mechanisms involved in the chemoprotective effects of rosemary extract studied in human liver and bronchial cells.
   Natural polyphenols found in rosemary have not only potent antioxidant activities but also anticarcinogenic properties. We have studied some of the molecular mechanisms involved in their chemopreventive action using in vitro human liver and bronchial cell models.
   rosemary extract, or its active components, carnosol or carnosic acid are potent inhibitors of DNA adduct formation induced by benzo(a)pyrene or aflatoxin B1.
   At least two mechanisms are involved in the anticarcinogenic action of rosemary extract: (i) inhibition of the metabolic activation of procarcinogens catalysed by the phase I cytochrome P450 enzymes; (ii) induction of the detoxification pathway catalysed by the phase II enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase.


3.Daily life uses of subject material:
3.1.General Scope Description:

  Indications: Rosemary is a circulatory and nervine stimulant, which in addition to the toning and calming effect on the digestion is used where psychological tension is present. This may show for instance as flatulent dyspepsia, headache or depression associated with debility. Externally it may be used to ease muscular pain, sciatica and neuralgia. It acts as a stimulant to both the hair follicles and circulation in the scalp and thus may be helpful inpremature baldness. The oil is most effective here.

  Flatulent dyspepsia associated with psychogenic tension, migrainous, vasoconstrictive or hypertensive headaches. Topically for myalgia, sciatica and intercostal neuralgia.

  Priest & Priest tell us that it is a "diffuse stimulant andrelaxing tonic with special influence upon stomach and cerebrum. It soothes the nervous system and is tonic to the vaso-motor function and peripheral circulation. It is a suitable tonic for the elderly" They give the following specific indications: atonic conditions of the stomach; gastric headache; adolescent hypotonia, asthenia with pallid complexion; circulatory weakness following stress or illness.

  Combinations: For depression it may be used with Skullcap, Kola and Oats.

  Preparations & Dosage: Infusion: pour a cup of boiling water ontol-2 teaspoonfuls of the dried herb and leave to infuse in a covered container for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day. Tincture: take l-2 ml of the tincture three times a day.

  Actions:carminative, stomachic, aromatic, spasmolytic, thymoleptic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, stimulant to the peripheral circulation, sedative, antidepressive, relaxant, restorative to the nervous system, reputed cardiac tonic, cholagogue, diuretic, emmenagogue, antimicrobial. Topically rubefacient, mild analgesic and parasiticide

  Medicinal Action and Uses

  Tonic, astringent, diaphoretic, stimulant. Oil of Rosemary has the carminative properties of other volatile oils and is an excellent stomachic and nervine, curing many cases of headache.

  It is employed principally, externally, as spiritus Rosmarini, in hair-lotions, for its odour and effect in stimulating the hair-bulbs to renewed activity and preventing premature baldness. An infusion of the dried plant (both leaves and flowers) combined with borax and used when cold, makes one of the best hairwashes known. It forms an effectual remedy for the prevention of scurf and dandruff.

  The oil is also used externally as a rubefacient and is added to liniments as a fragrant stimulant. Hungary water, for outward application to renovate the vitality of paralysed limbs, was first invented for a Queen of Hungary, who was said to have been completely cured by its continued use. It was prepared by putting 1 1/2 lb. of fresh Rosemary tops in full flower into 1 gallon of spirits of wine, this was allowed to stand for four days and then distilled. Hungary water was also considered very efficacious against gout in the hands and feet, being rubbed into them vigorously.

  A formula dated 1235, said to be in the handwriting of Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary, is said to be preserved in Vienna.

  Rosemary Wine when taken in small quantities acts as a quieting cordial to a weak heart subject to palpitation, and relieves accompanying dropsy by stimulating the kidneys. It is made by chopping up sprigs of green Rosemary and pouring on them white wine, which is strained off after a few days and is then ready for use. By stimulating the brain and nervous system, it is a good remedy for headaches caused by feeble circulation.

  The young tops, leaves and flowers can be made into an infusion, called Rosemary Tea, which, taken warm, is a good remedy for removing headache, colic, colds and nervous diseases, care being taken to prevent the escape of steam during its preparation. It will relieve nervous depression. A conserve, made by beating up the freshly gathered tops with three times their weight of sugar, is said to have the same effect.

  A spirit of Rosemary may be used, in doses of 30 drops in water or on sugar, as an antispasmodic.

  Rosemary and Coltsfoot leaves are considered good when rubbed together and smoked for asthma and other affections of the throat and lungs.

  Rosemary is also one of the ingredients used in the preparation of Eau-de-Cologne.

  Treat Headache:

  Rosemary stimulates the circulation and is useful to treat insect bites and stings. Internally, it helps treat headaches, and nervousness. The essential oil works great as a nasal decongestion. For spells, rosemary is good for protection and banishment.

  Nervous System benefits of Rosemary Antioxidant:

  Rosemary helps with headache and depression.
  Rosemary has been called the herb of remembrance;
  it's memory enhancing properties have been recognized for a long time.
  As explained under "antioxidant" it can protect acetylcholine (an important neurotransmitter) from breakdown.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly warms cardiovascular system function.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly warms central nervous system activity.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly warms immunologic activity.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly warms lymphatic system function.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly warms mucosal activity.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly warms reproductive system function.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly warms respiratory system function.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly warms upper GI activity.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly cools anabolic stress.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly cools hepatic activity.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly cools musculoskeletal function.
  Rosmarinus (Rosemary) Herb weakly cools renal activity.

  Emblem of fidelity for lovers:

  Ancient Greek scholars would wear laurels of Rosemary on their heads to help them when taking examinations. It became the emblem of fidelity for lovers. It holds a special position among herbs from the symbolism attached to it.

  Magic Uses of Rosemary:

  Not only was it used at weddings, but also at funerals, for decking churches and banqueting halls at festivals, as an incense in religious ceremonies, and in magical spells.

  The Spaniards revere it as one of the bushes that gave shelter to the Virgin Mary in the flight into Egypt, and call it Romero, the Pilgrim's Flower.

  Both in Spain and Italy, it has been considered a safeguard from witches and evil influences generally.

  The Sicilians believe that young fairies, taking the form of snakes, lie amongst the branches.

  Circulatory and Nervine stimulant:

  Rosemary is a circulatory and nervine stimulant, which in addition to the toning and calming effect it has on digestion, it is used whenever psychological tension is present. Rosemary is useful for flatulent dyspepsia, headache or depression associated with debility. Externally, Rosemary oil may be used to ease muscular pain, sciatica and neuralgia. The constituents of Rosemary act as a stimulant to both the hair follicles and circulation in the scalp, and thus may be helpful in treating premature baldness - the oil is most effective in this case.

  Historical Uses:Food Preservation

  Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies): Throughout history, rosemary was used to preserve meats. It has long played a role in European herbalism and popular folklore. Sprigs of rosemary were considered a love charm, a sign of remembrance, and a way to ward off the plague. Rosemary was used by herbalists as a tonic for the elderly and to help with indigestion. In ancient China, rosemary was used for headaches and topically for baldness.

  Most evidence for rosemary's medicinal uses comes from clinical experience rather than from scientific studies. However, recent laboratory studies have shown that rosemary slows the growth of a number of bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus that are involved in food spoilage, and may actually perform better than some commercially used food preservatives.

  Alopecia:

  As stated above, one traditional use of rosemary has been to try to stimulate hair growth. In one study of 86 people with alopecia areata (a disease of unknown cause characterized by significant hair loss, generally in patches), those who massaged their scalps with rosemary and other essential oils (including lavender, thyme, and cedarwood) every day for 7 months experienced significant hair re-growth compared to those who massaged their scalps without the essential oils. It is not entirely clear from this study whether rosemary (or a combination of rosemary and the other essential oils) was responsible for the beneficial effects.

  Anti Cancer:

  Both laboratory and animal studies suggest that rosemary's antioxidant properties may have activity against colon, breast, stomach, lung, and skin cancer cells. Much more research in this area, including trials involving people, must be conducted before conclusions can be drawn about the value of rosemary for cancer.

  Circulatory stimulant:

  Rosemary has a central place in European herbal medicine. A warming herb, rosemary stimulates circulation of blood to the head, improving concentration and memory. Rosemary also eases headaches and migraine, and encourages hair growth by improving blood flow to the scalp.

  Nervous problems:

  Rosemary has been used to treat epilepsy and vertigo.

  Poor circulation:

  Thought to raise low blood pressure, rosemary is valuable for fainting and weakness associated with deficient circulation.

  Restorative:

  Rosemary aids recovery from long-term stress and chronic illness. Rosemary is thought to stimulate the adrenal glands and is used specifically for debility, especially when accompanied by poor circulation and digestion.

  Uplifting:

  Rosemary is often prescribed for people who, though not actually ill, are stressed and "failing to thrive." Rosemary is valued as an herb that raises the spirits, and is useful for mild to moderate depression.

  Amnesia treatment using Rosemary:

  Amnesia:Amnesia refers to partial or complete loss of memory. Different types and degrees of amnesia occur in old age and in some mental disorders.

  Amnesia symptoms:Person forgets words or names,The most common form of this disease is verbal amnesia. In this condition, the patient forgets words or names. An uncommon form of amnesia is temporary loss of memory, in which a person even forgets his own identity, including his name, age, family background, and any recollection of the past.

  Causes of Amnesia:
  Impairment of brain cells by diseases:
  The main cause of amnesia is the impairment of brain cells by diseases which affect them directly or indirectly, due to a poor blood supply caused by circulatory diseases.
  Psychological causes, weakness of the brain:
  Poor memory also results from dullness of intellect and weakness of the brain. Many cases are, however, largely psychological in origin. They are caused by anxiety neurosis, resulting from attention-seeking in persons obsessed with their own problems. Temporary loss of memory may result from an injury.
  Amnesia treatment using Rosemary:
  The most remarkable remedy for loss of memory or forgetfulness is the use of the herb rosemary, botanically known as Romarinus officinalis. Rosemary has long been regarded as a herb for remembrance. In ancient times, the Greeks and the Romans prepared fragrant distilled water from the flowers of this plant and inhaled the odour so that 'the evils were destroyed from the mind and the memory no longer played tricks.' Rosemary is considered to be an antidote for mental fatigue and forgetfulness. A tea made from this herb, taken once or twice a day, is a refreshing drink and an effective natural remedy for enhancing mental agility.

  Rosemary and Relief From Migraines:
  Migraines:This frequently debilitating, recurring problem, more common in women, can often be helped by complementary health care approaches. The prognosis for migraine headaches is favorable if your doctor takes the time to perform a thorough assessment and helps you learn to avoid migraine triggers, along with developing an individualized program for you which addresses the underlying biochemical factors in your system which increase the likelihood of migraines. With proper understanding of your nutritional status, your hormonal status, the stressors in our life, and your personal history with migraine (including therapies tried), your "alternative" health care provider will be able to develop a course of metabolic therapy for you. If you have frequent and severe migraines it is important to "rule-out" certain conditions. Make sure your doctor assures you that you don't have any of the following:
  Brain tumor.,Hemangioma,Carotid aneurysm,Meniere's disease,Seizure disease.
  Can Herbal Medicine Provide Relief From Migraines?
  Rosemary and Relief From Migraines,Rosmarinus officinalis: (Rosemary) for the migraine associated with hypertension (high blood pressure).
  Plant medicine has been used for as long as man has begun to fashion tools from his natural surroundings. Many plants have particular biochemical properties, usually alkaloids (so called because they render the system less acid, and more alkaline), which can contol pain, as well as many other therapeutic effects. Medicinal plants which have analgesic (pain-killing) action can be toxic, sometimes at what would seem a small dose. Please consult with a qualified herbalist, naturopath or botanically trained pharmacist before experimenting with the following plant drugs:

  Other uses:

  Applied as a lotion or diluted essential oil, rosemary eases aching, rheumatic muscles. Add the infusion or essential oil to bathwater for a reviving soak.

  Rosemary in Magic & Superstition:
  In all things of nature there is something marvelous------Aristotle

  rosemary is bound to Sun and Fire. It's presence on the body is said to aid in memory and learning. Try putting a sprig in your pocket before an examination, meeting, or other situation where mental clarity is important.
  Rosemary is also thought to be a protective herb. It can be made into a protection wreath, and can be placed above the door or under the bed for protection from evil. Try it in a dream pillow or put it in a pillowcase to protect and ward off bad dreams.
  As a cleansing and purifying agent in magic, Rosemary is one of the more important herbs. It can be used in herbal baths - place it in cheesecloth or a coffee filter tied with string and place it under the running bath water. If time is a factor, use it to wash the hands instead of the ritual bath in advance of performing rituals.
  Rosemary was associated with love, friendship, and remembrance in Medieval times. It was used in weddings as a symbol of love, and was tossed into graves to signify that the deceased would be remembered. Try burning it as an incense for these purposes. Burning also is believed to help with healing, especially if burned with Juniper.
  Lastly, and not surprisingly, the fragrance of Rosemary is said to be of benefit as far as emotional spirit, youthful outlook, and pleasant memories. Use it in potpourris and sachets for this purpose.
  Medicinal Uses of Rosemary:
  Rosemary has been around for a long time, and therefore has a long list of claims regarding it's medicinal uses, including use as a tonic, a digestive aid, to treat depression, headaches, and muscle spasms, and as an expectorant, promoter of menstrual flow, and stimulant for production of bile. Externally, it's oil made into an ointment has been said to treat rheumatism, sores, eczema, bruises, and wounds. Rosemary taken internally as a medicine can be an irritant to the stomach, intestines, and kidneys, so use it sparingly.
  Make Rosemary tea for digestive problems, as an expectorant, to relieve cold symptoms, and as a relaxing beverage that may be helpful for headaches and low moods. Take care to preserve the steam with a tight fitting lid in the preparation process.
  Interestingly, an infusion of Rosemary mixed with borax and used cold is said to make a nice-smelling hair wash that can possibly prevent dandruff and stimulate hair growth. A variation of this (for dandruff) is Rosemary combined with Mint in vinegar (place the sprigs in a bottle that can be tightly sealed, and let sit for at least a week out of direct sunlight).

  Medicinal Properties:
  Rosemary is believed to strengthen the memory (students wore sprigs of it in their hair while studying in Ancient Greece), cure headaches, and help the restless to sleep (infuse an ounce of fresh leaves or a heaping teaspoon of dried leaves in a pint of water, add lemon and honey).
  Used externally it cures stiffness of joints (a gallon of dark rum and a pound and a half of fresh rosemary are let to stand all night, then over low heat distill off 5 pints, this mixture can be used internally or externally and is referred to as Hungary Water, the dosage is a spoonful).
  Rosemary is often combined with Lavender for use in creating insect repellants.
  Additionally it is reputed to be effective against dandruff (for 24 hours infuse an ounce each of rosemary and sage in a pint of water, strain and add a teaspoon of powdered borax).
  Pharmacological research has validated the usage as a carminative (intestinal gas dispeller) and antispasmodic.


  Modern approved uses of rosemary extracts world wide:

  The modern approved indications for its use in Chinese, European and Indian medicines, as well as general unofficial use in dietary supplements in the United States, derive from traditional Greek medicine.

  Rosemary has been used in Europe since ancient times as a tonic, stimulant, and carminative to treat dyspepsia, headaches, and nervous tension. The ancient Greeks also used it to strengthen memory function; scholars wore garlands of rosemary during examinations in order to improve memory and concentration.

   In the United States, rosemary is a component of dietary supplement products, in aqueous infusion, alcoholic fluidextract, and tincture dosage forms. In both the United States and Germany, the leaf is used in balneotherapy and the essential oil is used in aromatherapy. Rosemary leaf was formerly official in the United States Pharmacopeia from 1820 until 1950

  In China, rosemary preparations have been used for centuries for the same purposes as in traditional Greek medicine, especially to treat headaches (Leung and Foster, 1996). In India, rosemary leaf is used as a component in Ayurvedic and Unani medicines for flatulent dyspepsia associated with psychogenic tension and migraine headaches

  In Germany, rosemary leaf is licensed as a standard medicinal tea for internal and external use. Rosemary is taken internally as a carminative or stomachic component of gastrointestinal medicines in aqueous infusions, alcoholic fluidextracts, tinctures, and medicinal wine. The aqueous infusion and essential oil are also used in external preparations (e.g., bath additive, embrocation, liniment, ointment), for rheumatic diseases, and circulatory problems.

  Common commercial uses of rosemary:

  The Approved the internal use of rosemary leaf for dyspeptic complaints and external use as supportive therapy for rheumatic diseases and circulatory problems.

  ESCOP lists its internal use for improvement of hepatic and biliary function and in dyspeptic complaints and its external use as adjuvant therapy in rheumatic conditions, peripheral circulatory disorders, promotion of wound healing, and as a mild antiseptic (ESCOP, 1997).

  The German Standard License for rosemary leaf tea indicates its use internally for flatulence, feeling of distension, and mild cramp-like gastrointestinal and biliary upsets. Externally it is used in supportive treatment for rheumatism of the muscles and joints (Braun et al., 1997; Wichtl and Bisset, 1994).

  In traditional European medicine, rosemary has been used internally as a tonic, stimulant, and carminative to treat flatulent dyspepsia, stomach pains, headaches, and nervous tension (BHP, 1983).

  Dosage of Rosemary:How much is usually taken?

  The German Commission E monograph suggests 3/4 to 1-1/4 tsp (4 to 6 grams) of rosemary leaf per day.8 A tea can be prepared by adding 2 teaspoons (10 grams) of herb to 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water and allowing it to steep in a covered container for 10 to 15 minutes. This tea can be taken several times per day. Rosemary tincture, 1/2 to 1 teaspoon (2 to 5 ml) three times per day, may also be used. The concentrated volatile oil should not be taken internally.

  Side Effects and Interactions of Rosemary:

  Are there any side effects or interactions? There is no evidence to indicate that intermittent intake of moderate amounts of rosemary poses any threat during breast-feeding. However, internal intake of the herb and oil should be avoided during pregnancy because the oil may act as an abortifacient (an agent that may induce an abortion).9

  An extract of rosemary taken with a meal by healthy women inhibited the absorption of non-heme iron (e.g., the form of iron in plant foods) by 15%.10 Frequent use of rosemary could, in theory, promote the development of iron deficiency in susceptible individuals.

  Dosage and Administration:

  Unless otherwise prescribed: 4 g of cut leaf for infusions, powder, dry extracts, and other galenical preparations for internal and external use; 10?0 drops of essential oil.

  [Ed. note: The essential oil dosage appears excessive and possibly unsafe. A more reasonable dosage for internal use would be 2 drops (1 ml).]

  Internal:

  Infusion: 2 g in 150 ml water, three times daily.

  Fluidextract 1:1 (g/ml): 2 ml, three times daily.

  Tincture 1:5 (g/ml): 10 ml, three times daily.

  Dry normalized extract 4.5?.5:1 (w/w): 0.36?.44 g, three times daily.

  Rosemary wine: Macerate 20 g cut leaf in 1 liter wine for 1 to 5 days, stirring occasionally.

  External:

  Bath additive: Decoct 50 g of leaf in 1 liter water, let stand covered for 15 to 30 minutes, strain, and add to one full bath.

  Embrocation or fomentation: Saturate a cloth with hot semi-solid preparation containing 6?0% essential oil; fold and apply firmly for a moist-heat direct application to skin.

  Ointment: Semi-solid preparation containing 6?0% essential oil in base of petroleum jelly or lanolin spread on linen for local application, applied as a liniment.


3.2.Different cases and statistical analysis:

4.Stimulants,Fashion,and the perspective world:

  Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). The oil that gives rosemary its unique aroma is well-endowed with cineole, which has been shown to be active whether it's inhaled, ingested or applied directly to the skin.

  Use rosemary as you would eucalyptus: If someone faints, place a drop or two of rosemary essential oil on a tissue and hold it under the person's nostrils. (Again, though, the oil should not be ingested.) Or crush a handful of rosemary's needlelike leaves into a ball and hold that under the person's nose.

  Once the person has revived, brew up some rosemary tea using one to two teaspoons of crushed leaves per cup of boiling water.

  Other herbs with good amounts of cineole include sweet Annie and ginger. You can use them the same way.

  Rosemary teas:
  Other Common Names: Polar Plant, Compass Plant. Botanical Name: (Rosmarinus officinalis)
  Description & Use: Rosemary is a hardy annual herb that has a strong, pine-like flavour, which compliments rich and full-flavoured foods. Often traditionally used on lamb, Rosemary also goes well with mashed vegetables, beans and in homemade breads. Rosemary leaves are best in slow cooked dishes, which gives them time to soften and infuse their flavour. Ground Rosemary is appropriate when a little Rosemary flavour is required on grilled meats (lamb, pork and chicken). Just sprinkle a little on to the meat. Freeze-dried Rosemary has a milder flavour than cut Rosemary, however the leaves are whole and soften readily in cooking to make a closer substitute for fresh Rosemary.
  Culinary uses of Rosemary:
  The narrow leaves of rosemary resemble spruce or pine needles. Even the strong scent of rosemary is similar to the scent of pine or juniper.
  Rosemary has a pungent, slightly camphorated flavour, which goes well with lamb, game, poultry and other meat dishes, pasta dishes, cheese dishes, stews, onion and potato dishes and other vegetable dishes, like root vegetable gratins. Flavourful oil is obtained by steeping a twig of rosemary in olive oil.

  Health Properties:
  For centuries rosemary was used to treat nervous system ailments. Today it's used in aromatherapy to enhance the senses and boost memory. Though these aroma-therapeutic uses are far from proven, there are promising, ongoing clinical studies supporting rosemary's health-protective benefits. Rosemary contains antioxidants¡ªcarnosol, one of its strongest, may play a preventive role in cancer and cholesterol oxidation.

  Where to Find It:
  In Nature: Sunny environments with light, well-drained soil. Rosemary is typically found near breezy oceans, such as in California. It can be cultivated outdoors in mild regions or indoors in harsher climates.
  At the Market: Rosemary can be found in fresh whole sprigs, fresh or dried in whole-leaf form and in powdered form, although rare.
  In Foods: Rosemary is used in seasoning meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, egg dishes, soups, vegetables and fruit salads.

  When in Season:
  Dried and fresh rosemary are available year-round. The fresh herb is at its most fragrant and flavorful when in flower during peak season, generally May through July.

  How to Store It:
  Fresh: Similar to treating flowers, stand trimmed stem ends of fresh rosemary sprigs in a glass or vase with water. Cover loosely with a plastic bag and refrigerate. Change the water every two days.
  Dried: Tightly cover dried rosemary. Store in a dark, cool, dry place up to a year. Freeze: Wash and dry fresh sprigs completely; seal in plastic freezer bags.

  How to Spot It:
  Rosemary has one-to-two inch, needle-shaped, glossy green leaves with silvery white undersides.

  Aroma & Flavor:
  The leaves have a spicy pine aroma with a strong lemon-pine flavor.

  Fresh vs. Dried:
  Fresh is typically best to use when cooking with rosemary. When preparing soups or other long-cooking dishes, dried rosemary works fine.
  As with most herbs, two teaspoons of fresh rosemary will provide the equivalent flavor of one teaspoon of dried rosemary.

  Cooking Tips:
  For the best lemon-pine flavor of rosemary, crush or mince a small amount of the fresh leaves in your hands prior to use in cooking.
  Dip rosemary branches in olive oil and use as a meat baster.
  Use rosemary stalks in place of stainless steel or wooden kebab skewers.
  Just for grilling: Strip leaves from fresh rosemary stalks for use in cooking; place stalks on coals to scent food as it grills.

  Roasted Rosemary Red Potatoes Makes 4 servings

  1-1/2 pounds baby red potatoes, unpeeled
  2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
  2 cloves garlic, minced
  1/2 teaspoon salt
  1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
  2 teaspoon minced fresh rosemary leaves or 1 teaspoon crushed dried rosemary

  1. Preheat oven to 375 degrees Fahrenheit (191 degrees Celsius).
  2. In a large, sealable bag or covered container, place potatoes, oil, garlic, salt and pepper; shake to coat.
  3. Place coated potatoes on large baking sheet. Roast for 30 minutes, or until largest potato is fork-tender.
  4. If desired, garnish with fresh, chopped chives or green onions. Serve as a tasty side dish for lean meat, fish or poultry. Per serving: 199 calories, 7 gm fat, 1 gm saturated fat, 4 gm protein, 43 gm carbohydrate, 4 gm fiber, 0 mg cholesterol, 304 mg sodium

  Rosemary and its Oil - Medicinal Values, Uses, Healing Power, Benefits and Curative Properties
  Rosemary is an antidote to mental fatigue and forgetfulness. A tea made from the herb is a good natural remedy for bringing added mental agility. It is believed that if the crushed leaves of rosemary are inhaled with the eyes closed, the mind becomes clear as the vapour courses through the brain cells.

  Indigestion
  The plant has been found useful in atonic dyspepsia, that is, indigestion and stiffness in the stomach. It is specially valuable in the digestion of starchy foods and vegetables like egg-plant and lima beans besides rich meats like pork, beef, and lamb.

  Flatulence
  Rosemary oil is used as an ingredient in rubefacient liniments. Rosemary is formally recognised as a drug in some of the pharmacopoeias. It is mildly irritant and is used to relieve flatulence.

  Common Cold
  Rosemary oil induces copious perspiration. It can be beneficially mixed in hot water and taken as a drink in colds and chills. The oil is obtained by fractional distillation of the leaves, flowering tops and twigs of the plant. This emulsion is prepared by mixing oil in hot water. The emulsion is used as a gargle for sore throat. The rosemary oil exhibits antibacterial activity.

  Rheumatism
  The flowering tops and leaves have a camphor-like odour, which induce copious perspiration. They are used for vapour baths in rheumatism.

  Heart Stimulant
  A few drops of rosemary oil are taken internally as a heart stimulant. A 5% tincture prepared by mixing oil of rosemary in alcohol, is used as a circulatory and cardiac stimulant.

  Dandruff
  Shampoos and hair lotions containing the pure extract of rosemary rejuvenate the scalp and hair while preventing dandruff and premature baldnes. A lotion from leafy rosemary branches can be prepared by simmering them in water for 30 minutes before straining and cooling. It can be used as the final hair rinse.
  Fresh tender tops are used for garnishing and flavouring cold drinks, pickles, soups, and other foods. Its leaves are used as a condiment. Dried and powdered, they are added to cooked meats, fish, poultry, soups, stews, sauces, garnishings, preserves and jams.

  Natural Antioxidants and Anticarcinogens in Nutrition, Health and Disease Contents
Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases and Aging

Antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and cardiovascular diseases
Antiatherogenicity of antioxidants against LDL oxidation
Are antioxidants effective in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease?
Redox imbalance and antioxidant signaling
Involvement of mitochondria in oxidative stress in aging of intact cells
Melatonin, nitric oxide and Alzheimer's disease
The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway: Role as an antioxidant mechanism of atherosclerosis
Antioxidant enzyme depletion and nitric oxide alterations: relationship with the risk factors in angiographically disagnosed coronary heart disease
Lysosomal leakage causes apaptosis following oxidative stress, growth-factor starvation and fas-activation
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Type II Diabetes

Molecular mechanisms of cellular lipid peroxidation in diabetes
The biochemical basis of diabetic complications - a role of oxidative stress?
Antioxidants and diabetes mellitus
Body iron stores, vitamin E and the risk of type 2 diabetes
Vitamin C status and oxidative stress in diabetics
Antioxidant status of insulin dependent diabetics
Dietary Intake, Bioavailability and Antioxidative Effects of Flavonoids and Phenolics

Desirable vs. harmful levels of intake of flavonoids and phenolic acids
Antiatherogenicity and antioxidative properties of polyphenolic flavonoids against LDL oxidation
Antioxidant potency and mode of action of flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Biomarkers of flavonoid intake in humans
Dietary flavonoids and antioxidant protection
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity of average flavonoids intake in Finland
Anthocyanins in red wines: Antioxidant activity and bioavailability in humans
The isoflavan glabridin inhibits LDL oxidation: Structural and mechanistic aspects
Bioavailability and antioxidant properties of luteolin
Effects of a flavonoid-rich diet on plasma quercetin and susceptibility of LDL to oxidation
Comparative in vitro and in vivo free radical scavenging abilities of a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and selected antioxidants
Effect of parsley intake on urinary apigenin excretion, blood antioxidant enzymes and on biomarkers for oxidative stress in humans
Effect of fruit juice intake on urinary quercetin excretion and biomarkers of antioxidative status
Antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamic acids on human low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro
Radical scavengers and inhibitors of enzymatic lipid peroxidation from plantago major, a medicinal plant
Isoflavones and plasma lipids in young women - potential effects on HDL
Flavonoids in herbs determined by HPLC with UV-PDA and MS detection
Effect of processing on content and antioxidant activity of flavonoids in apple juice
Protective effect of flavonoids on linoleic acid hydroperoxide-induced toxicity of human endothelial cells
Synthesis of antioxidant isoflavone fatty acid esters
Antioxidative Effects of Other Natural Antioxidants and Measurement of Oxidative Stress or Damage

Carotenoids: Modes of action and bioavailability of lycopene in the human
Antiatherogenic effect of lycopene and beta-carotene: inhibition of LDL oxidation and suppression of cellular cholesterol synthesis
Beta-carotene normalizes oxidative damage in carotenoid-deplete women
Prevention of singlet oxygen damage in 2'-deoxyguanosine by lycopene entrapped in human albumin
Coenzyme Q protection of mitochondrial activities in rat liver under oxidative stress
Different antioxidant mechanisms of α-tocopherol and L-arginine result in preserved endothelial functrion in hypercholesterolemic rabbits
Measurement of free radicals in humans by electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Radioimmunoassays of isoprostanes and prostaglandins as biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation
Free radical processes in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced carcinogenesis in rats and protective role of melatonin
protective effects of "sangre de drago" from croton lechleri muell.-arg. on spontaneous lipid peroxidation
Natural Antioxidants or Pro-oxidants in Foods and Nutrition

Relation of dietary intake and blood antioxidants with antioxidant capacity in healthy non-smoking men
Drinking green tea leads to a rapid increase in plasma antioxidant potential
The antioxidant capacity of selected foods and the potential synergisms among their main antioxidant constituents
Flavonoid content and antioxidant properties of broccoli
Examination of flavonoid content in Hungarian vegetables
Avenathramide antioxidants in oats
Processing of foods containing flavonoids and glucosinolates: Effects on composition and bioactivity
Measurement of cholesterol oxides in food: Results of an interlaboratory comparison study
Phytosterol oxides in some samples of pure phytosterols mixture and in a few tablet supplement preparations in Finland
Formation of sterol oxides in edible oils
Tocopherols, carotenoids and cholesterol oxides in plasma from women with varying smoking and eating habits
Importance of in vitro stability for in vivo effects of fish oils
Enhancement of absorption of vitamin E by sesaminol - an active principle of sesame seed
Model in vitro studies on the protective activity of tocochromanols with respect to beta-carotene
The effect of processing on total antioxidative capacity in strawberries
Quercetin content in berry products
The antiperoxidative effect of dunaliella beta-carotene isomers
Dietary Intakes and Modes of Action of Potentially Anticarcinogenic Dietary Compounds

Dietary phytoestrogens - mechanisms of action and possible role in the development of hormonally dependent diseases
Dietary intakes and levels in body fluids of lignans and isoflavonoids in various populations
Inhibition of aromatase by flavonoids in cultured jeg-3 cells
The effect of phytoestrogen-rich foods on urinary output of phytoestrogen metabolites
Mechanisms of action of the antioxidant lycopene in cancer
Intakes and modes of action of other anticarcinogenic dietary compounds
Inhibition of CYPIAI in vitro by berries with different quercetein contents
Chemoprotective properties of cocoa and rosemary polyp0henols
Antioxidant compound 4-nerolidylcatechol inhibits in vitro KB cells growth and topoisomerase i activity
Phytoestrogen profiling from biological samples using HPLC with coulometric electrode array detection
Antioxidants, Oxidative Damage and Cancer

Dietary cancer prevention: caveats seen by a toxicologist
Oxidative damage to DNA: a likely cause of cancer?
Increased fruit and vegetable consumption reduces indices of oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes and urine
Elevated DNA damage in lymphocytes from ankylosing spondylitis patients
Inhibitory effect of citrus extracts on the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro
The effect of physical processing on protective effect of broccoli in relation to damage to DNA in colonocytes
Differential effect of a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human normal and malignant cells
Reduction of the incidence of metachronous adenomas of the large bowel by means of antioxidants: A double blind randomized trial
Inhibition of colorectala carcinoma development in min mice by flavonoids



5.All the relations of subject and market
5.1.General Scope Description:

5.2.Different cases and statistical analysis:

6.Potential or possible opinions and its form and formations:

7.Exchangeable place or time competition:competitive ability of substitution

8.Subject or scope for and as engineering science of subject:

9.Some basic engineering rules of subject accordingly:

10.Arithmetic from function:

11.Engineering of form variation accordingly:

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