Research update of Salicin,white Willow Bark.

  seminal trace...Willow Bark extract.Willow extract.White Willow Bark Extract. D-Salicin 15%20%98%.M.F.:C13 H18O7.CAS.NO:138-52-3.Salix alba Extract.Black Willow extract,Crack Willow extract.CAS No.084082-82-6.Salix alba Linn.,stem bark extract;Willow,Salix alba,ext...

   


   Phytochemical info of Research update of Salicin,white Willow Bark.:

 Product Name:
 Synonym:
 Definition: White Willow Bark. are majorly composed of Salicin.
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research update of Salicin,white Willow Bark.

   Herbal remedies effective for short-term pain relief, researchers say.:Gagnier J, Vantulder M, Berman B, et al. Herbal medicine for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 19:CD004504.

 Windsor, ON - A systematic review of 10 randomized controlled trials of patients with low back pain has found that herbal preparations of devil's claw, white willow bark, and cayenne plasters may be as effective as pain medication for short-term pain control [1]. "Given that Vioxx was taken off the market due to safety concerns, at this point, it would be desirable to recommend all three of the above alternatives for short-term relief, but interactions between medication and herbal medicine must always be considered," lead author Dr Joel Gagnier (Ottawa Street Medical Centre, Windsor, ON) told reporters. He added, "These treatments should not be tried without the supervision of a qualified medical professional."
 In a news release about the study, Dr Michael Marks, chief of the medical staff at Norwalk Hospital in Connecticut, agreed that herbal treatment may be tried, but he suggested that they should not be seen as a replacement for conventional painkillers. Commenting on the study for the press, Marks, who was not involved in the work, said, "There is probably no reason for the individual without any underlying medical problems not to try these treatments," but he added, "There is really too much unknown about the potential side effects of these medications. A good deal of the herbal medicines prolong bleeding time and interact with anesthetic agents."
 Marks also pointed out that patients don't always see the potential danger in herbals because they are not regulated. "That is the major concern among the medical community?the lack of consistency of the preparations and exactly what the interactions are with traditional medications."
 The systematic review, which appears in the April 19, 2006 issue of the Cochrane Library, included about 1600 patients with acute, subacute, or chronic low back pain. The studies evaluated Harpago procumbens, otherwise known as devil's claw, Salix alba (white willow bark), and Capsicum frutescens (cayenne) and compared these herbal preparations with placebo and rofecoxib (Vioxx, Merck).
 Long-term efficacy and safety remain uncertain
 "The results of these 10 trials suggest that specific herbal medicines may be effective for short-term (four to six weeks) improvement in pain and functional status for individuals with acute episodes of chronic nonspecific low back pain," the authors write. "These herbal medicines could be considered as treatment options for acute episodes of chronic low back pain."
 But the researchers also caution that the long-term efficacy and safety of the herbal treatments remain uncertain. "There is insufficient evidence to make definitive conclusions regarding those trials comparing herbal medicine interventions with standard drugs."
 Gagnier and colleagues report that the trials of devil's claw were the strongest in terms of methodology, and these were followed by the studies of white willow bark. Data on cayenne, they note, were generally of low quality.
 Two trials examining the effects of devil's claw found strong evidence that daily doses standardized to 50 mg or 100 mg harpagoside were better than placebo for short-term improvements in pain and rescue medication. Another study demonstrated relative equivalence to 12.5 mg per day of rofecoxib.
 Two other trials examining the effects of white willow bark found moderate evidence that daily doses standardized to 120 mg or 240 mg salicin were better than placebo for short-term improvements in pain and rescue medication. An additional trial demonstrated relative equivalence to 12.5 mg per day of rofecoxib.
 The researchers add that three low-quality trials examining various topical preparations of cayenne found moderate evidence that this herbal remedy produced more favorable results than placebo and one trial found equivalence to a homeopathic ointment.
 The group calls for additional trials testing these products against standard treatments, and they recommend that investigators refer to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement extension for reporting trials of herbal-medicine interventions.

   3 Herbal Medicines May Ease Back Pain.:Gagnier, J. The Cochrane Library, 2006; Issue 2. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine: "Herbal Supplements: Consider Safety, Too." Health Behavior News Service.

 April 18, 2006 -- The herbal medicines devil's claw, white willow bark, and cayenne might reduce back pain, according to a new research review.
 But the review's authors aren't recommending those herbal remedies. Instead, they say more work is needed to sort out the risks and benefits of the herbal treatments.
 The review was conducted by researchers including Joel Gagnier, ND, of Canada's Provincial Medical Centre in Windsor, Ontario. Gagnier and colleagues reviewed 10 studies with a combined total of 1,567 adults with acute, subacute, or chronic low-back pain.
 Those studies were done by various research teams. Gagnier and colleagues checked those studies' methods and results, publishing the findings in The Cochrane Library.
 Review's Findings
 The review showed that standardized daily doses of 50 milligrams or 100 milligrams of devil's claw, taken orally, seemed to reduce back pain more than fake pills (placebo).
 A 60-milligram daily dose of devil's claw also appeared to cut back pain as much as a 12.5-milligram daily dose of Vioxx, a painkiller no longer on the market due to a rise in the risk of cardiovascular events -- such as heart attack and stroke -- in some patients.
 Daily oral doses of white willow bark -- at 120 milligrams or 240 milligrams of white willow bark's active ingredient, salicin -- were also found to reduce back pain more than a placebo, the review shows.
 Cayenne, tested as a plaster applied to the skin, appeared to reduce back pain more than placebo. Cayenne plasters also equaled -- but didn't surpass -- results for a homeopathic gel.
 Quality of Studies
 Gagnier and colleagues call the evidence for devil's claw "strong," compared to "moderate" evidence for willow bark and cayenne plasters.
 However, the review also expresses concern about the quality of some of the studies. Gagnier's team also found possible conflicts of interest in six of the studies, which may have biased those studies' results.
 All of the studies were short, lasting up to six weeks, so they don't show long-term results. Additional high-quality studies are needed, Gagnier and colleagues write, adding that herbal medicines can vary in preparation and content.
 Meanwhile, the web site of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) offers this general advice for people considering any type of supplement:
 Talk to your doctor first.
 If you're already taking a supplement, tell your doctor.
 Know that over-the-counter herbal remedies aren't regulated like prescription drugs and that some herbal medicines may interact with other medicines or have harmful side effects.

   Herbal Medicine May Be Effective for Low Back Pain.:News Author: Laurie Barclay, MD

 January 16, 2006 ¡ª Short-term treatments with certain herbal medicines (including Devil's claw and willow bark) are effective for relief of acute low back pain, according to the results of a Cochrane review reported in the January issue of Spine.
 "Low back pain is a common condition and a substantial economic burden in industrialized societies," write Joel J. Gagnier, ND, MSc, PhD(cand.), from the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada, and colleagues. "A large proportion of patients with chronic low back pain use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and/or visit CAM practitioners. Several herbal medicines have been purported for use in low back pain."
 The authors searched Medline (1966 to April 2003), EMBASE (1980 to April 2003), Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Issue 1, 2003), and Cochrane Complementary Medicine field Trials Register for appropriate trials, as well as reference lists in review articles, guidelines, an in the retrieved trials. Criteria for review were randomized controlled trials of herbal medicines, enrolling adults (> 18 years of age) with acute, subacute, or chronic nonspecific low back pain. Herbal medicines were defined as plants used for medicinal purposes in any form. The main endpoints were pain and function.
 Two reviewers conducted electronic searches in all databases; 1 reviewer contacted content experts and obtained relevant citations; and 2 individuals evaluated methodologic quality and clinical relevance.
 Ten trials meeting criteria were identified and reviewed. Two high-quality trials of Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil's claw) showed strong evidence for short-term improvements in pain and rescue medication for daily doses standardized to 50 or 100 mg harpagoside, and another high-quality trial showed relative equivalence to 12.5 mg per day of rofecoxib.
 Two moderate-quality trials of Salix alba (white willow bark) showed moderate evidence for short-term improvements in pain and rescue medication for daily doses standardized to 120 or 240 mg salicin, and an additional trial showed relative equivalence to 12.5 mg per day of rofecoxib. Three low-quality trials of Capsicum frutescens (cayenne) used topically showed moderate evidence for favorable results compared with placebo, and 1 trial showed equivalence to a homeopathic ointment.
 "Harpagophytum procumbens, Salix alba, and Capsicum frutescens seem to reduce pain more than placebo," the authors write. "Additional trials testing these herbal medicines against standard treatments will clarify their equivalence in terms of efficacy. The quality of reporting in these trials was generally poor; thus, trialists should refer to the CONSORT statement in reporting clinical trials of herbal medicines."
 Study limitations include poor methodologic and reporting quality in some trials reviewed; insufficient evidence to make definitive conclusions about trials comparing herbal-medicine interventions with standard treatments; lack of reporting of sufficient raw data; lack of information on the size of the treatment effect; and heterogeneity of herbal-medicine products.
 "The following herbal medicines have strong evidence for the short-term treatment of acute episodes of chronic NSLBP [nonspecific low back pain]: an aqueous extract of H. procumbens at a standardized daily dosage of 50 mg harpagoside, an extract of S. alba at a standardized dosage of 240 mg salicin per day," the authors conclude. "The following herbal medicines have moderate evidence for the short-term treatment of acute episodes of chronic NSLBP: an aqueous extract of H. procumbens at a standardized daily dosage of 100 mg harpagoside, an extract of S. alba at a standardized dosage of 120 mg salicin per day, and a plaster of C. frutescens. Additional high-quality trials must be done to determine if H. procumbens standardized to 100 mg harpagoside and S. alba standardized to 120 mg salicin are effective in the treatment of LBP [low back pain]."
 The Cochrane Collaborative Back Review Group, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and the Natural Health Products Directorate supported this study. Federal funds were received in support of this work. No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. One of the authors is coordinating editor of the Cochrane Back Review Group.
 Spine. 2007;32:82-92.

 Clinical Context
 Low back pain and related disability is a major cause of disability in industrialized nations, and the second-leading cause of work absenteeism, with a 1-month prevalence of 35% to 37% and a lifetime prevalence of 70% to 85%. Traditional treatment of low back pain consists of pain medication, tissue stimulation, rest, and orthotics, whereas acute exacerbations of low back pain can be managed by activity, reassurance, and short-term pain control. Many patients with low back pain visit alternative practitioners (37% vs 17% of the general population), and a variety of modalities of treatment have been reported as useful in low back pain in additional to traditional approaches. Several herbal medicines have been reported to be useful for treating varying levels of back pain, including Camphora molmol, C frutescens, S alba, Maleluca alternifolia, Angelica sinensis, Aloe vera, Thymus officinalis, Menthe peperita, Arnica montana, Curcuma longa, Tancaetum parthenium, H procumbens, and Zingiber officinicalis
 This is a systematic review of evidence supporting or refuting the efficacy of herbal medicines in overall pain, improvement, and function, including return to work, based on comprehensive searching of the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Clinical Evidence databases to 2005.

 Study Highlights
 Participants included in the review were adults older than 18 years with acute (< 6 weeks), subacute (6 - 12 weeks), and chronic (> 12 weeks) nonspecific low back pain, defined as pain between the costal margin and inferior gluteal fold with no specific cause.
 Herbal medicine was defined as the whole or part of a plant used for medicinal purposes administered orally or topically.
 Excluded were medicinals administered by inhalation (Cannabis sativa), chemicals derived from plants, and synthetics.
 Outcome measures were pain intensity assessed on a visual analog scale, back pain assessed by validated instruments, overall improvement assessed by subjective measures, and return to work.
 Only randomized controlled trials were included.
 Evidence for each herbal medicine was rated as strong (consistent findings among high-quality randomized controlled trials), moderate (consistent findings among multiple low-quality randomized controlled trials or 1 high-quality randomized clinical trial), limited (1 low-quality randomized clinical trial), conflicting (inconsistent findings among multiple randomized controlled trials), or no evidence (no randomized controlled trials).
 2 independent assessors rated the quality of studies for validity and clinical relevance using standardized criteria.
 Of 295 studies identified, 10 met prespecified criteria.
 3 studies used oral H procumbens (Devil's claw) for patients with acute exacerbations of nonspecific low back pain, 3 used oral S alba (White willow bark) for patients with exacerbations of chronic nonspecific low back pain, and 4 used topical C frutescens (Cayenne) ointment in patients with acute mechanical nonspecific low back pain.
 Dosages used were 50- to 100-mg per-day equivalent of harpagoside for H procumbens, 120- to 240-mg equivalent of salicin for S alba, and 11-mg equivalent of capsasinoids per plaster for topical C frutescens with compound preparations, such as Rado-Salil? (Will-Pharma; The Netherlands) and Cremor Capsici Compositus FNA? (Ratiopharm; The Netherlands).
 Mean score for methodologic quality was 6.6 (range, 5 - 9) using a cutoff of 6 of 11 criteria, and 8 of 10 trials were of high quality.
 There was strong evidence that 50 mg of harpagoside per dose of an aqueous extract of H procumbens per day reduced pain more than placebo in the short term in patients with acute episodes of chronic nonspecific low back pain.
 There was moderate evidence that 100 mg of harpagoside per dose of an aqueous extract of H procumbens led to more pain-free patients for at least 5 days in the fourth week of treatment of acute episodes of chronic nonspecific low back pain.
 There was moderate evidence that 60 mg of harpagoside was equivalent to 12.5 mg rofecoxib daily for acute episodes of chronic nonspecific low back pain.
 Long-term treatment data are not available for H procumbens.
 There was moderate evidence that a 120-mg salicin dose of an extract of S alba led to more pain-free patients for the acute treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain.
 There was moderate evidence that a 240-mg salicin dose of an extract of S alba was associated with less pain than placebo.
 There was moderate evidence of equivalence between 240 mg of salicin and 12.5 mg of rofecoxib in acute episodes of nonspecific low back pain in the short term.
 There was limited evidence that Rado-Salil cream reduced pain more than placebo (2-cm reduction on a visual analog scale) for newly occurring episodes of nonspecific low back pain in the short term (14 days).
 There was moderate evidence that a plaster of C frutescens reduced pain and improved function more than placebo for acute episodes of chronic nonspecific low back pain.
 Pearls for Practice
 A variety of herbal medicines have been used for nonspecific low back pain, but quality evidence is available for only 3 categories: oral H procumbens, oral S alba, and topical C frutescens.
 There is moderate evidence that 50 to 100 mg of harpagoside (H procumbens) and 120 to 240 mg of salicin (S alba) are useful in the treatment of acute nonspecific low back pain in the short term and limited evidence for efficacy of topical C frutescens.

   Aspirin May Be Newest Cancer Drug.:Borthwick, G.M. The FASEB Journal, October 2006; vol: 20 pp 2009-2016. Helen M. Arthur, PhD, Institute of Human Genetics, International Center for Life, University of Newcastle, England. Michael J. Thun, MD, vice president of epidemiology and surveillance research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta.

 Oct. 2, 2006 -- You may already know the name of the next new thing in cancer prevention: aspirin.
 No, it's not time to start gobbling the little white pills. Aspirin, that mainstay of Mom's medicine cabinet, causes severe stomach bleeding in many unsuspecting users. Today, aspirin is recognized as a particularly powerful drug.
 Perhaps more powerful than anyone thought, suggest Helen M. Arthur, PhD, and colleagues at the University of Newcastle in England.
 In test-tube studies, the researchers find that aspirin does what some of the most cutting-edge new anticancer drugs do. It seems to keep newborn cancers from growing the blood vessels they need to become full-blown tumors -- a process called angiogenesis.
 "Aspirin, if we can get it into the body safely, can inhibit angiogenesis," Arthur tells WebMD. "We need to find the molecules responsible for this effect, and then find even better drugs. But for the moment, aspirin is pretty hot."
 Arthur and colleagues report their findings in The FASEB Journal.

 Aspirin's Unexpected Effect:
 Many studies have found that people who regularly take aspirin -- though they do have more stomach ulcers -- also get cancer less often. Why?
 Like other drugs classified as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), aspirin blocks important enzymes called Cox-1 and Cox-2. It's been thought that this was behind aspirin's suspected anticancer effect.
 Now Arthur's team has made the startling finding that aspirin's anticancer effect may not be due to blocking Cox enzymes at all.
 The researchers cultured human blood vessel cells in a test tube. The cells grew in a three-dimensional matrix that allowed them to begin to form new blood vessels. When exposed to aspirin -- the same concentration seen in the blood after a person takes two regular-strength aspirin -- the cells looked perfectly healthy. But they did not form new blood vessels.
 Like most scientists, Arthur and colleagues suspected this effect was due to blocking Cox enzymes. So they exposed the cells to Celebrex. Celebrex only blocks Cox-2, the form of Cox suspected of promoting cancer. But Celebrex didn't keep new blood vessels from forming. Neither did another, experimental Cox-2 inhibitor -- nor did the two in combination.
 Aspirin is a form of a compound called salicylate. Salicylate comes from willow bark, an ancient remedy for fever and headache. Unlike aspirin -- and unlike Celebrex -- salicylate doesn't block Cox as efficiently. Arthur and colleagues put salicylate in the test tubes with the blood vessel cells. To their astonishment, it, too, blocked angiogenesis.
 "We scientists still have to show that this is happening in real life, not just in the test tube," Arthur cautions. "We need to test it in animals."
 Even so, Michael J. Thun, MD, vice president of epidemiology and surveillance research for the American Cancer Society, calls the findings "provocative."
 "This study won't settle the scientific argument over whether there's more to aspirin than Cox inhibition," Thun tells WebMD. "But if it bears out that there is a Cox-independent mechanism behind aspirin's cancer-inhibiting effect -- if that can be proved definitely -- that would be a very important finding."

 Aspirin Benefit, Aspirin Risk:
 Here's why you shouldn't start popping aspirin to ally your cancer fears.
 Even if aspirin does turn out to have remarkable anticancer properties, it still has to get into the bloodstream to work. Unfortunately, aspirin is taken by mouth. From there it goes to the stomach -- and that's where the trouble starts.
 In the stomach, aspirin immediately dissolves and reaches very high concentrations. At these concentrations -- far higher than those eventually achieved in the blood -- aspirin is very toxic to the cells lining the upper digestive system. If there's any tear or injury, aspirin prevents healing. This can lead to fatal bleeding.
 "At this point, no health agency anywhere recommends that people start regularly taking aspirin to reduce their risk of any cancer," Thun says. "The risk of bleeding is still larger than the risk you would prevent."
 Arthur and Thun warn that nobody should be taking regular aspirin unless they are under a doctor's regular care. It's only worth the risk for people at high risk of heart disease.
 And that is another place where aspirin's angiogenesis-blocking power may play a role. Angiogenesis isn't just important to cancer. It also plays a role in heart disease by destabilizing plaque that builds up in the arteries.
 "Not just cancer is involved here," Arthur says.

   Anaphylactic reaction to a dietary supplement containing willow bark.:Ann Pharmacother. 2003; 37(6):832-5 (ISSN: 1060-0280).Boullata JI; McDonnell PJ; Oliva CD.School of Pharmacy, Temple University Health Sciences Center, Philadelphia, PA 19140-5101, USA. joseph.boullata@temple.edu

 OBJECTIVE: To report a case of anaphylaxis resulting from the use of a willow bark-containing dietary supplement in a patient with a history of an aspirin allergy. CASE SUMMARY: A 25-year-old white woman presented to the emergency department of a community teaching hospital with anaphylaxis requiring epinephrine, diphenhydramine, methylprednisolone, and volume resuscitation to which she responded favorably. Medication history revealed that she had ingested 2 capsules of Stacker 2 (NVE Pharmaceuticals, Newton, NJ), a dietary supplement promoted for weight loss, prior to experiencing her initial symptoms. Among other active ingredients, this product contains willow bark. Of significance is that this patient also reported a history of allergy to acetylsalicylic acid. No other causes for anaphylaxis were identified. She continued to receive routine supportive care and the remaining hospital course was uncomplicated. DISCUSSION: Dietary supplements, including herbal products, are used by many individuals who consider them to be inherently safe despite limited regulatory oversight by the Food and Drug Administration. While there may be value to specific botanical ingredients, a potential for adverse effects also exists. The popular product consumed by our patient is used for weight loss and contains willow bark, a source of salicylates. Based on the Naranjo probability scale, it is probable that this case of anaphylaxis was due to this dietary supplement. CONCLUSIONS: The use of any willow bark-containing dietary supplement may present a risk of anaphylactic reaction to patients with a history of allergy to salicylates. Clinicians need to recognize the potential for adverse effects from dietary supplements.


   Herbal medicine for low back pain.:Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (2):CD004504 (ISSN: 1469-493X).Gagnier JJ; van Tulder M; Berman B; Bombardier C.Provincal Medical Centre, 5955 Ontario St., Unit 307, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, N8S1W6. j.gagnier@utoronto.ca

 BACKGROUND: Low-back pain is a common condition and a substantial economic burden in industrialized societies. A large proportion of patients with chronic low-back pain use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), visit CAM practitioners, or both. Several herbal medicines have been purported for use in low-back pain. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of herbal medicine for non-specific low-back pain. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field Trials Register (Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to July 2005), EMBASE (1980 to July 2005); checked reference lists in review articles, guidelines and retrieved trials; and personally contacted individuals with expertise in this very specialized area. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials, examining adults (over 18 years of age) suffering from acute, sub-acute or chronic non-specific low-back pain. The interventions were herbal medicines, defined as plants that are used for medicinal purposes in any form. Primary outcome measures were pain and function. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors (JJG & MVT) conducted the database searches. One author contacted content experts and acquired relevant citations. Full references and abstracts of the identified studies were downloaded. A hard copy was retrieved for final inclusion decisions. Methodological quality and clinical relevance were assessed separately by two individuals. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. MAIN RESULTS: Ten trials were included in this review. Two high quality trials examining the effects of Harpagophytum Procumbens (Devil's Claw) found strong evidence that daily doses standardized to 50 mg or 100 mg harpagoside were better than placebo for short-term improvements in pain and rescue medication. Another high quality trial demonstrated relative equivalence to 12.5 mg per day of rofecoxib (Vioxx). Two trials examining the effects of Salix Alba (White Willow Bark) found moderate evidence that daily doses standardized to 120 mg or 240 mg salicin were better than placebo for short-term improvements in pain and rescue medication. An additional trial demonstrated relative equivalence to 12.5 mg per day of rofecoxib. Three low quality trials on Capsicum Frutescens (Cayenne), examining various topical preparations, found moderate evidence that Capsicum Frutescens produced more favourable results than placebo and one trial found equivalence to a homeopathic ointment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Harpagophytum Procumbens, Salix Alba and Capsicum Frutescens seem to reduce pain more than placebo. Additional trials testing these herbal medicines against standard treatments are needed. The quality of reporting in these trials was generally poor. Trialists should refer to the CONSORT statement extension for reporting trials of herbal medicine interventions.

   History as a tool in identifying "new" old drugs.:Adv Exp Med Biol. 2002; 505:89-94 (ISSN: 0065-2598).Riddle JM.Department of History, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8108, USA.

 To trace the history of a natural product and its use, it is necessary to identify to correct plant among around a half-million species. One must also know how and when harvest the plant and the morphology of location and extraction. Within the same species plant chemistry varies, depending upon climatic and soil conditions, stage of maturity and even diurnal factors. To all of these variations must be added the diagnostic ability of physicians and native healers (to distinguish between Hippocratically-trained Western physicians and whose knowledge is less formally taught). Seldom was a disease identified as we Know it today, but the constellations of symptoms described, when studied carefully within the framework historical setting of the culture, can be related to modern medicine. It is essential to study the historical contemporary usage data in the language in which those accounts were writTen. Translators are often philologists who are not sensitive to medical nuances. Modern readers of translated historical documents often are unaware of the precision the authors delivered in describing medical afflictions and their treatments. Natural product drugs are truly products of human knowledge. Because so many modern pharmaceuticals are manufactured synthetically we forget that once either the compound or its affinity had a home in a natural product. Over 2,500 years ago man first used a drug obtained from white willow bark, which was aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid. Today's scientists continue to be bewildered by just what aspirin's mechanisms of action are, discovering new modes of action, and how they relate to medical diagnostics. Whatever the science of aspirin, an intelligent person today takes it just as our ancestors did fo millennia. Throughout time, explanations continue to vary just as purpose of administration do as well. Nevertheless, aspirin is perceived as being beneficial. Historical in-use data can also be a factor in judging a drug's safety, since the records of its use provide observations made by intelligent persons over generations of employment Many historical "drugs" have crossed the line from drug to food. A number of them are now common items on our tables: coffee, tea, sugar, lemon, chocolate, pepper, to name a few The example of coffee affords useful insight. It was first employed as a drug (like tobacco), its botany and chemistry are well known, it has been in widespread use for centuries with diverse ethnic populations in a variety of preparations and amounts consumed. Still we are unsure about coffee's effect on health, the latest assertion being that the caffeine it contains may delay the onset of Alzheimer's. In contrast, the mercury drugs were in widespread use for a long period of time by many populations and that fact indicates that the toxic tolerance in humans is probably higher than as currently proscribed. The past contains important data for the scientific investigator. Like any field of research, historical investigation requires specialized knowledge, but much of that knowledge is readily accessible and employable. Rediscovery through examination of historical contemporaneous use data can be efficient and relatively easy compared to the travails of original research in pursuit of a discovery only to learn later that our ancestors had already made that discovery through trial and error in human usage. If we had started a search from the clues provided by history, presumably our discoveries would have been earlier, and we would have benefitted. As it is. we learn history but not science or else we learn science, not history. Both taken together the learning can be enhanced.

   Use of ferric chloride to identify salicylate-containing poisons.:J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2002; 40(5):547-9 (ISSN: 0731-3810).Hoffman RJ; Nelson LS; Hoffman RS.Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA. rjhoffman@pol.net

 OBJECTIVE: Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is used to qualitatively test the urine of patients with presumed salicylate exposure. FeCl3 testing of an unidentified poison might provide evidence of salicylate exposure in situations where FeCl3 urine testing cannot be used. Such situations include the absence of a urine sample, immediately after ingestion before urine contains a detectable quantity of salicylate, or for patients chronically using salicylatesfor which FeCl3 testing is unhelpful. This study seeks to determine if FeCl3 can be used to identify salicylate-containing products. METHODS: We assessed the reactivity of FeCl3 with commercially available salicylate-containing products. We applied 0.1 mL of 10% FeCl3 solution to each of 15 various salicylate-containing products including: regular and buffered acetylsalicylic acid, bismuth subsalicylate, methylsalicylate, physostigmine salicylate, salicylic acid, trolamine salicylate, and herbal tablets with salicin-containing white willow bark (Salix sp.). These products tested were: regular and enteric-coatedpills (n = 4), powder (n = 1), topical creams (n = 5), topical liquids (n = 4), and intravenous solution (n = 1). FeCl3 was applied to crushed tablets and added directly to liquids and creams. Fifteen salicylate-free controls including liquids, pills, and creams similar in appearance to experimental samples were also tested. Three blinded physiciansfamiliar with FeCl3 testing independently observed the addition of FeCl3 to each sample and rated a positive or negative result. RESULTS: All salicylate-containing products were interpreted to be clearly FeCl3 positive and all control samples were interpreted to be clearly FeCl3 negative. CONCLUSION: Salicylate-containing products may be identified using FeCl33. When using FeCl3

   History of drugs for thrombotic disease. Discovery, development, and directions for the future.:Circulation. 1994; 89(1):432-49 (ISSN: 0009-7322).Mueller RL; Scheidt S.Division of Cardiology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021.

 The history of the antithrombotic agents--aspirin, heparin, warfarin, and the thrombolytics--is a rich and lively odyssey of serendipity, perseverance, vision, and conflict involving a number of striking personalities. The history of aspirin spans ages and continents from Hippocrates' analgesic for women in labor to the rediscovery of the white willow bark by English country scholar Reverend Edward Stone. Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann reinvented aspirin for his ailing father; suburban physician L.L. Craven pioneered the prophylactic antithrombotic uses of aspirin; and Sir John Vane elucidated aspirin's mechanism of action as the inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase. Heparin was discovered by McLean, working as a medical student in 1915 in search of a pure procoagulant in dog liver. His original impure material differed somewhat from today's heparin, but purified heparin was rapidly accepted for a myriad of clinical uses; to this day, diverse new properties of this complex glycosaminoglycan continue to be elucidated. The oral anticoagulants emerged from veterinary research in the 1920s on a hemorrhagic disorder afflicting cattle that consumed spoiled sweet clover hay. Several chance encounters led Karl Link and his University of Wisconsin team to the identification of dicumarol as the offending agent in 1939 and its widespread therapeutic use by Wright and others in the 1940s. Link later developed warfarin as a rodenticide, but its use in humans soon followed in the 1950s. Vitamin K was discovered in the 1930s; its involvement in the mechanism of the anticoagulant agents was not delineated until the 1970s. The intrinsic ability of clotted blood to liquify and the fibrinolytic properties of normal urine were noted in the 1800s. Tillett and Sherry's group stumbled on the fibrinolytic properties of streptokinase in the 1930s and pioneered the therapeutic use of streptokinase in the 1940s and of urokinase in the 1960s. Several teams found tissue-type plasminogen activator in various body sites beginning in the 1940s, leading to its cloning and widespread use in the 1980s; anisoylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex is an example of rational drug design. The discoverers of these diverse agents have not only provided physicians with a potent armamentarium of antithrombotic drugs but also helped elucidate much basic science and vividly demonstrated the merits of perseverance, independent thought, and adherance to the scientific method.

   Linkage mapping in tetraploid willows: segregation of molecular markers and estimation of linkage phases support an allotetraploid structure for Salix alba x Salix fragilis interspecific hybrids.:Heredity. 2003; 90(2):169-80 (ISSN: 0018-067X).Barcaccia G; Meneghetti S; Albertini E; Triest L; Lucchin M.Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Production, University of Padova, Agripolis, Via Romea 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy. gianni.barcaccia@unipd.it

 Salix alba-Salix fragilis complex includes closely related dioecious polyploid species, which are obligate outcrossers. Natural populations of these willows and their hybrids are represented by a mixture of highly heterozygous genotypes sharing a common gene pool. Since nothing is known about their genomic constitution, tetraploidy (2n=4x=76) in willow species makes basic and applied genetic studies difficult. We have used a two-way pseudotestcross strategy and single-dose markers (SDMs) to construct the first linkage maps for both pistillate and staminate willows. A total of 242 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and 50 selective amplifications of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) markers, which showed 1:1 segregation in the F(1) mapping populations, were used in linkage analysis. In S. alba, 73 maternal and 48 paternal SDMs were mapped to 19 and 16 linkage groups covering 708 and 339 cM, respectively. In S. fragilis, 13 maternal and 33 paternal SDMs were mapped in six and 14 linkage groups covering 98 and 321 cM, respectively. For most cosegregation groups, a comparable number of markers linked in coupling and repulsion was identified. This finding suggests that most of chromosomes pair preferentially as occurs in allotetraploid species exhibiting disomic inheritance. The detection of 10 pairs of marker alleles from single parents showing codominant inheritance strengthens this hypothesis. The fact that, of the 1122 marker loci identified in the two male and female parents, the vast majority (77.5%) were polymorphic and as few as 22.5% were shared between parental species highlight that S. alba and S. fragilis genotypes are differentiated. The highly difference between S. alba- and S. fragilis-specific markers found in both parental combinations (on average, 65.3 vs 34.7%, respectively) supports the (phylogenetic) hypothesis that S. fragilis is derived from S. alba-like progenitors.


   Heat shock protein 47 expression in aged normal human fibroblasts: modulation by Salix alba extract.:Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004; 1019:223-7 (ISSN: 0077-8923).Nizard C; Noblesse E; Boisd?? C; Moreau M; Faussat AM; Schnebert S; Mah?? C.LVMH Branche Parfums et Cosm??tiques, 45804, Saint Jean de Braye, Cedex, France. carine.nizard-u505@bhdc.jussieu.fr

 Heat shock protein (HSP) 47 is a specific chaperone of procollagen. This heat shock protein is responsible for the correct three-dimensional organization of procollagen and its control-quality prior secretion. The aim of the study is to evaluate the level of HSP 47 in aged, photoaged, and senescent fibroblasts and its modulation by a plant extract (Salix alba). The level of HSP 47 and/or procollagen expression in fibroblasts was measured by real-time RT-PCR (mRNA transcripts) and by flow cytometry (immunochemistry technique for measurement of arbitrary fluorescence intensity). Immunochemistry techniques and confocal microscopy were used to visualize the cellular localization of HSP 47 and procollagen. These parameters were compared with different age donors, nonsenescent, and senescent fibroblasts. Fibroblasts were irradiated by a noncytotoxic dose of UVA (6 J/cm(2)), and HSP 47 level was evaluated. S. alba extract was tested for its capacity to modulate HSP 47 expression. Colocalization of HSP 47 and procollagen was shown by confocal microscopy, indicating that HSP 47 could play a role of procollagen molecular chaperone in the cellular model. It was also shown that the HSP 47 level is decreased in old-donor cells, senescent, and irradiated cells. This decrease can be modulated by a S. alba extract (polyphenols rich) in a dose-dependent manner. The evaluation of HSP 47 expression in the experimental conditions can lead to a new approach of aging and photoaging, pointing out the implication of this chaperone in these pathophysiologic phenomena. Modulation of HSP 47 expression by this family of molecules could be of cosmetic and/or dermatologic interest.

   RAPD of controlled crosses and clones from the field suggests that hybrids are rare in the Salix alba-Salix fragilis complex.:Heredity. 2000; 84 ( Pt 5):555-63 (ISSN: 0018-067X).Triest L; De Greef B; De Bondt R; Van Slycken J.Laboratorium voor Algemene Plantkunde en Natuurbeheer (General Botany and Nature Management), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. ltriest@vub.ac.be

 The polyploid Salix alba-Salix fragilis hybrid complex is rather difficult to study when using only morphological characters. Most of the features have a low diagnostic value for unambiguously identifying the hybrids, introgression patterns and population structures, though morphological traits have proved to be useful in making a hybrid index. Morphology and molecular variation from RAPDs were investigated in several case studies on willows from Belgium. A thorough screening of full-sib progenies of interspecific controlled crosses was made to select homologous amplification products. The selected amplified products proved to be useful in a principal coordinate analysis for the estimation of variability of hybrid progenies. On the basis of genetic similarities and ordination analysis, a method for the identification of clones in the field was established using presumed pure species and presumed introgressants. The chosen reference clones were checked against additional European samples of putative pure species to ensure the reliability of the method beyond a regional scale. The RAPDs suggested that both species have kept their gene pools well separated and that hybridization actually does not seem to be a dominating process. The observation that molecular markers do not always follow the morphological traits or allozyme data is discussed.

   Semi-industrial isolation of salicin and amygdalin from plant extracts using slow rotary counter-current chromatography.:J Chromatogr A. 2005; 1074(1-2):43-6 (ISSN: 0021-9673).Du Q; Jerz G; Ha Y; Li L; Xu Y; Zhang Q; Zheng Q; Winterhalter P; Ito Y.Institute of Food and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou University of Commerce, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310035, China. qizhendu@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn

 Salicin in the bark extract of Salix alba and amygdalin in the fruit extract of Semen armeniacae were each separated by slow rotary counter-current chromatography (SRCCC). The apparatus was equipped with a 40-L column made of 17 mm i.d. convoluted Teflon tubing. A 500g amount of crude extract containing salicin at 13.5% was separated yielding 63.5 g of salicin at 95.3% purity in 20h using methyl tert-butyl ether-l-butanol (1:3) saturated by methanol-water (1:5) as a stationary phase and methanol-water (1:5) saturated by methyl tert-butyl ether-1-butanol (1:3) as a mobile phase. A 400g amount of crude extract containing amygdalin at 55.3% was isolated to yield 221.2g of amygdalin at 94.1% purity in 19h using ethyl acetate-1-butanol (1:2) saturated by water as a stationary phase and water saturated by ethyl acetate-1-butanol (1:2) as a mobile phase. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 50 ml/min. The results show that industrial SRCCC separation of salicin and amygdalin is feasible using a larger column at a higher flow rate of the mobile phase.

   Differentiation of extractive and synthetic salicin. The 2H aromatic pattern of natural 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol.:J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(26):7747-51 (ISSN: 0021-8561).Brenna E; Fronza G; Fuganti C; Gatti FG; Pinciroli M; Serra S.Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.

 The natural abundance deuterium NMR characterization of four commercially available samples (Kahlbaum, Aldrich, Fluka, and Extrasynthese) of salicin 1 in comparison with two extractive samples from Salix humboldiana and Salix purpurea L. and with a synthetic material, performed on the pentaacetate derivative 2 and on diacetyl salicyl alcohol 4, is reported. Product 2 from S. humboldiana and the sample from salicin Kahlbaum show mean (D/H)aromatic values of 117 and 121 ppm, whereas, for the remaining, values of 146, 154, 153, and 150 ppm are observed, thus suggesting that salicin Kahlbaum is from extractive origin. The (D/H) values at positions 5' and 6' of the sugar moiety suggest a hypothesis on the origin of the glucose residue discriminating between those deriving from C3 or C4 plants. The analysis of 4, obtained from 3, formed in the beta-glucosidase hydrolysis of salicin 1, reveals in the natural samples from S. purpurea and from Kahlbaum the trend (D/H)4(para) > (DH)3(meta) approximately (D/H)5(meta) > (D/H)6(ortho), the first example of deuterium pattern of an ortho-oxygen-substituted phenylpropanoid. The three samples derived from commercial 1 (Aldrich, Fluka, and Extrasynthese) and the synthetic sample show almost identical deuterium content at positions 4 and 6 (around 153 ppm), whereas for the two meta positions (D/H)3 > (D/H)5 (ca. 162 and 140 ppm, respectively). Product 4, obtained from 3 submitted to acid-catalyzed deuteration, shows different deuterium incorporations in the two meta positions (which are ortho/para to the activating phenolic hydroxyl group), suggesting that possibly the deuterium abundance at the two meta positions may be affected by exchange phenomena with the medium.

   Enzymatic synthesis of two salicin analogues by reaction of salicyl alcohol with Bacillus macerans cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase and Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-742CB dextransucrase.:Carbohydr Res. 2004; 339(8):1517-29 (ISSN: 0008-6215).Yoon SH; Bruce Fulton D; Robyt JF.Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Enzymology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.

 Beta-Salicin is a naturally occurring glycoside found in the bark of poplar and willow trees. Ancient man used it as an analgesic and antipyretic. It has a D-glucopyranose unit attached by a beta-linkage to the phenolic hydroxyl of salicyl alcohol. Two new salicin analogues have been enzymatically synthesized by transglycosylation reactions: (a) by the reaction of Bacillus macerans cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase with cyclomaltohexaose and salicyl alcohol, followed by reactions with alpha amylase and glucoamylase to give D-glucopyranose attached by an alpha-linkage to the phenolic hydroxyl of salicyl alcohol as the major product, alpha-salicin; and (b) by the reaction of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-742CB dextransucrase with sucrose and salicyl alcohol, followed by reactions with dextranase and glucoamylase to give alpha-d-glucopyranose attached to the primary alcohol hydroxyl of salicyl alcohol as the major product, alpha-isosalicin.


   Arbutin, salicin: the possibilities of their biotechnological production.:Ceska Slov Farm. 2005; 54(2):78-81 (ISSN: 1210-7816).Duskov?? J; Dusek J; Jahod??r L; Poustka F.Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Farmaceutick?? fakulta v Hradci Kr??lov??, Katedra farmaceutick?? botaniky a ekologie. duskova@faf.cuni.cz

 The paper aimed to transform exogenous precursors with in vitro cultures of Datura meteloides, Coronilla varia, Leuzea carthamoides and Schisandra chinensis. These cultures were added the precursors of arbutin and salicin (phenylalanine, cinnamic, p-coumaric, p-anisoic, o-coumaric, salicylic acids, salicylaldehyde, helicin), not yet tested by the present authors. The culture of Schisandra chinensis was also added, besides the above-mentioned precursors, hydroquinone, because this culture had not been employed for biotransformation purposes yet. The precursors tested were used in a concentration of 100 mg x l(-1) and the period of their action was 6; 12; 24; 48, and 168 hours. Positive results (both TLC and HPLC) in arbutin production were obtained in the culture of Schisandra chinensis after an addition of hydroquinone. The largest amount of arbutin in callus cultures was measured after a week's cultivation with hydroquinone (5.08 %). In this experimental variant, arbutin was released also to the culture medium. Our results revealed salicylaldehyde to be the optimal precursor of salicin. It was transformed by the culture of Datura meteloides after 6; 24, and 168 hours and by the culture of Coronilla varia after 6 hours. In comparison with arbutin, its amount was smaller.

   Does excretion of secondary metabolites always involve a measurable metabolic cost? Fate of plant antifeedant salicin in common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula.:J Chem Ecol. 2001; 27(6):1077-89 (ISSN: 0098-0331).McLean S; Pass GJ; Foley WJ; Brandon S; Davies NW.School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart Tas, Australia.

 Salicin was administered orally to six brushtail possums by incorporation in food for six days at three dose levels (0.05, 0.5, and 1.5% wet weight), giving mean +/- SD daily intakes of 0.31 +/- 0.09, 2.76 +/- 0.75, and 6.04 +/- 1.12 mmol salicin. Metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry and assayed by HPLC. Salicyl alcohol glucuronide accounted for 56-64% of urinary metabolites over the three doses, salicyluric acid 15-26%, salicin 10-18%, and there were smaller amounts of free (2-4%) and conjugated (0-6%) salicylic acid. beta,2-Dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid was a minor metabolite. The hydrolysis of dietary salicin enabled reconjugation of its aglycone, salicyl alcohol, with a more polar sugar, glucuronic acid, thus enhancing its renal excretion and resulting in little net loss of substrates for conjugation and a low measurable metabolic cost of excretion.

   Pharmacokinetics of salicin after oral administration of a standardised willow bark extract.:Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001; 57(5):387-91 (ISSN: 0031-6970).Schmid B; K??tter I; Heide L.Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universit?¡èt T??bingen, Germany.

 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of salicin and its major metabolites in humans after oral administration of a chemically standardised willow bark extract. METHODS: Willow bark extract corresponding to 240 mg salicin (1,360 mg, 838 micromol) was ingested by ten healthy volunteers in two equal doses at times 0 h and 3 h. Over a period of 24 h, urine and serum levels of salicylic acid and its metabolites, i.e. gentisic acid and salicyluric acid, were determined using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Renal excretion rate, elimination half-life and total bioavailability of salicylates were calculated. RESULTS: Salicylic acid was the major metabolite of salicin detected in the serum (86% of total salicylates), besides salicyluric acid (10%) and gentisic acid (4%). Peak levels were reached within less than 2 h after oral administration. Renal elimination occurred predominantly in the form of salicyluric acid. Peak serum levels of salicylic acid were on average 1.2 mg/l, and the observed area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC) of salicylic acid was equivalent to that expected from an intake of 87 mg acetylsalicylic acid. CONCLUSION: Willow bark extract in the current therapeutic dose leads to much lower serum salicylate levels than observed after analgesic doses of synthetic salicylates. The formation of salicylic acid alone is therefore unlikely to explain analgesic or anti-rheumatic effects of willow bark.

   Determination of salicin in extract of willow bark by high performance liquid chromatography.:Se Pu. 2001; 19(5):446-8 (ISSN: 1000-8713).Li LS; Huang WD; He Q; Ye S.Institute of Applied Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.

 An HPLC method for the determination of salicin in extract of willow bark is described. Chromatographic analysis was carried out on a Kromasil C18, 5 microns column(4.6 mm i.d. x 250 mm) with methanol-0.01 mol/L KH2PO4 buffer (pH 4.01) (15:85, volume ratio) as mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 265 nm. Salicin was extracted from samples with methanol-water(50:50, volume ratio), and centrifuged. Ten microL of supernatant were injected. The average recoveries were from 96.1% to 101.2% (n = 5), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.43%. The method is simple, rapid and accurate.

   .:


  How Search engine think about white willow:

white willow is a traditional basket
white willow is open to all faiths and all people who have open minds
white willow is salicin
white willow is that it is an anti
white willow is often combined
white willow is generally found along
white willow is a moon plant
white willow is sometimes called "natural aspirin" because it is used much like aspirin
white willow is thought to extend or increase the activity of several thermogenic ingredients in
white willow is less effective
white willow is a small deciduous tree with rather long thin leaves
white willow is a pain reliever
white willow is shown at its best
white willow is a deciduous tree found in moist places in north africa
white willow is present in chemical forms that are only converted to salicylic acid after
white willow is not for reducing pain
white willow is called salicin
white willow is reported to have fewer side effects and seems to be much milder on the body
white willow is currently in my scandinavian top three
white willow is very similar in properties to the north american variety but contains more tannins
white willow is one of these
white willow is actually a pop band
white willow is salicyclic acid
white willow is nature's aspirin
white willow is a deciduous tree native to temperate regions of europe and the us white willow bark contains salicin
white willow is relaxed and comfortable
white willow is the original aspirin source
white willow is promoted for rheumatism
white willow is substituted for proven remedies
white willow is also considered a remedy for jaundice
white willow is salicin which has pain relieving properties
;white willow is typically scandinavian
white willow is commonly used as a natural alternative to aspirin
white willow is a tree 30 to 80 feet in height
white willow is common used but does not have a very high salicin content 0
white willow is a musical theater for the mind's eye
white willow is hard at work with the new album
white willow is named for the whitish undersides of its leaves
white willow is a deciduous tree up to 25 m tall with ascending branches forming a narrow crown and a deeply fissured greyish
white willow is often in landscapes in the form of its weeping cultivars
white willow is approved by the german commission e for rheumatism and pain
white willow is a large tree
white willow is being recalled as nature's aspirin and gaining popularity around the world as an alternative treatment for fevers and
white willow is beneficial in treating acute and chronic pain and inflammation in conditions such as painful menstruation
white willow is named so because of the whitish undersides of its leaves
white willow is native to europe
white willow is an alternative to aspirin
white willow is the original herbal aspirin
white willow is a shrubby tree growing to 8 feet
white willow is helpful for a wide range of aches
white willow is recommended for many conditions including headache
white willow is a deciduous tree that grows to approx
white willow is guitarist/keyboardist jacob holm
white willow is the species of willow tree most commonly used for medicinal purposes
white willow is the source of aspirin
white willow is commonly used by human herbalists to relieve arthritic pain
white willow is effective in reducing headaches
white willow is a natural source and is converted by the body to salicylic acid
white willow is known by several names
white willow is believed to extend or increase activity of several thermogenic ingredients in elevating energy
white willow is the painkiller in the group
white willow is the wood for making cricket bats in ireland
white willow is a beautiful
white willow is a deciduous tree
white willow is thick
white willow is named for the whitish undersides of
white willow is useful for stomach troubles and heartburn
white willow is substantial
white willow is most commonly used medicinally
white willow is native of europe and can be found throughout america on the banks of streams and rivers
white willow is available in liquid and solid forms and as a component of various herbal remedies
white willow is one of the most significant progressive groups of the current era"
white willow is a mild antiseptic
white willow is excellent to help reduce inflammation and pain
white willow is one of the most significant progressive groups of the current era" the billboard guide to progressive music
white willow is a musical theater for the mind eye
white willow is converted to acetyl salicylic acid
white willow is finished in buff
white willow is open to all faiths and
white willow is a natural source of slow
white willow is found throughout europe


  Scientific References:

  1.Salicin from Willow Bark.
  2.Research update of Salicin,white Willow Bark.