Rhodiola rosea.Rosavin.Salidroside.Narrative History,Function,Uses and Application of Rhodiola rosea.Rhodiola Rosea Extract.
Article Content:
- .Basic Botanical info of Rhodiola rosea.
- .Narrative History of Rhodiola rosea.
- .Rhodiola rosea in Traditional Medicine.
- .Specific compounds set Rhodiola rosea apart from other Rhodiola species.
- .Rhodiola rosea in Modern Medicine.
- .Pharmacological and Clinical Studies of Salidroside.
- .HPLC analysis of rosavins and salidroside.
- .Phytochemistry of Rhodiola rosea.
- .Rhodiola Rosea Summary and Side Effects Note.
- .How Search engine think about Rosavin.
- .Experimental Studies and Application Study.
- .Research Update of Rhodiola rosea.Rosavin.
Specific compounds set Rhodiola rosea apart from other Rhodiola species.
Rhodiola species contain a range of antioxidant compounds, including p-tyrosol, organic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids (catechins and proanthocyanidins).The stimulating and adaptogenic properties of Rhodiola rosea are attributed to p-tyrosol, salidroside (synonym: rhodioloside and rhodosin), rhodioniside, rhodiolin, rosin, rosavin, rosarin, mad rosiridin.Rosavin is the constituent currently selected for standardization of extracts.p-Tyrosol has been shown to be readily and dose-dependently absorbed after an oral dose; however, pharmacokinetic data on the other adaptogenic compounds found in Rhodiola rosea is unavailable.
After more than a decade of research, Kurkin and colleagues presented evidence in 1986 that the chemical composition of Rhodiola rosea root is, in fact, different from the other species of genus Rhodiola.Using newly developed methods of analysis, Dubichev and colleagues demonstrated that Rhodiola rosea root contains three cinna myl alcohol-vicianosides rosavin, rosin, and rosarin that are specific to this species.The term rosavins can be used to include rosavin, rosin, and rosarin (see chemical figures).
It became evident that salidroside is present in all chemically analyzed plants in the genus Rhodiola, and in a wide variety of species outside the genus.The term salidroside is derived from Salix, the genus name for the willows. Salidroside was first isolated in 1926 from Salix triandra L. (Salicaceae).Since then it has been detected in Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae) and in Rhododendron (plants not belonging to the genus Rhodiola) in concentrations that can be higher than levels found in Rhodiola species, including Rhodiola rosea. Therefore, salidroside alone is not a useful marker compound for differentiating true Rhodiola rosea from other Rhodiola species; nor should it be used as the only marker compound for the standardization of Rhodiola rosea root extracts.
According to the revised 1989 Soviet Pharmacopeia,the extracts of Rhodiola rosea primarily in the form of water/alcohol tinctures or dried root extract are now standardized for both rosavins and salidroside. Although rosavins are now the accepted marker for genetically pure Rhodiola rosea(and its extracts), they are not necessarily the only pharmacologically active ingredients responsible for the efficacy observed in clinical studies. In fact, precise identification of the compounds responsible for the numerous health benefits of Rhodiola rosea remains to be confirmed.
The chemical composition and physiological properties of Rhodiola species are to a degree species-dependent, although some overlap in constituents and physiological properties does exist in many Rhodiola species.
Twenty-eight compounds have been isolated from the roots and above-ground parts of Rhodiola rosea, including 12 novel compounds. The roots contain a range of biologically active substances including organic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic glycosides. The stimulating and adaptogenic properties of Rhodiola rosea were originally attributed to two compounds isolated from its roots, identified as p-tyrosol and the phenolic glycoside rhodioloside. Rhodioloside was later determined to be structurally similar to the known glycoside salidroside found in several other plant species. Salidroside, rhodioloside, and occasionally rhodosin are used to describe this compound and are considered to be synonyms. Additional glycoside compounds isolated from the root include rhodioniside, rhodiolin, rosin, rosavin, rosarin, and rosiridin. These glycoside compounds are also thought to be critical for the plant's observed adaptogenic properties.
A range of antioxidant compounds have been identified in Rhodiola rosea and related species, including p-tyrosol, organic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids (catechins and proanthocyanidins). Significant free-radical scavenging activity has been demonstrated for alcohol and water extracts of Rhodiola sp. and is attributed to the variety of antioxidant compounds. p-Tyrosol has been shown to be readily and dose-dependently absorbed after an oral dose, and appears to produce a significant antioxidant and modest 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity in vivo.
Salidroside (rhodioloside), the additional salidroside-like glycoside compounds (rhodiolin, rosin, rosavin, rosarin, and rosiridin), and p-tyrosol are thought to be the most critical plant constituents needed for therapeutic activity. The contents of salidroside and p-tyrosol in root samples gathered from various areas in China have been shown to range from 1.3-11.1 mg/g and 0.3-2.2 mg/g, respectively. These two compounds have been found in all studied species of Rhodiola; however, the other active glycosides, including rosavin, rosin, and rosarin, have not been found in all examined Rhodiola species. Because of this variation within the Rhodiola genus, verification of Rhodiola rosea by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is dependent on the content of the additional glycosides (rather than salidroside and p-tyrosol); rosavin is the constituent currently selected for standardization of extracts.
Reference:
1.Rhodiola rosea.Rosavin.Salidroside.Narrative History,Function,Uses and Application of Rhodiola rosea.Rhodiola Rosea Extract.
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