Phytochemical info of Rhodiola rosea and Rhodiola rosea Extract:
Product Name:
Synonym:
Definition: Rhodiola rosea Extract are majorly composed of
Chemical information disclosed as following table:
HPLC analysis of rosavins and salidroside:
The content of rosavins and salidroside were determined using a Waters System HPLC equipped with 996 Photodiode Array Detector, two model 515 Pumps, a Gradient Mixer Kit 051518, a Pump Control Module, a Bus SAT/IN Module, a model 7725I Injector with 20 ml loop, and a Millenium32 Chromatography Manager (Version 3.0). For all separations a RP-C18 analytical column C-18, 3.9 x 150 mm, 5 mm particle size was used (Symmetry, WATO27324, Waters Associates, Inc.). Two mobile solvents were used to develop a binary gradient, phase A: 0.16 M ammonium acetate solution in water (w/v) (pH is adjusted to 5.5 with acetic acid) and, phase B: methanol. The mobile phase flow rate was adjusted to 1.0 ml/min, and UV detection wavelength was set at 2 different wavelengths, 254 for rosavin, rosin and rosarin, and 280 nm for salidroside (Dubichev et al. 1991; Kurkin et al. 1986a; Ramazanov & Bernal Suarez, 1999). After 5 min holding the initial solvent mix, 66:34 (A: B, v/v), a linear ramp up to 60:40 (A: B, v/v) over 17 min was developed, followed by a return to the initial conditions over 5 min, and 5 min equilibration before the next analysis.
The HPLC reference standards of rosavin, rosin, rosarin and salidroside. Stock standard solutions were prepared in ethanol: water (85:15, v/v) to a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Four standard solutions containing both components in different concentrations, between 0.01 and 0.3 mg/ml, were injected. The calibration curve for each standard was linear in the described range with correlation coefficients of 0.99.
Qualitative Reactions of Rhodiola rosea:
Into a 20ml flask is put 1 gram of mill stock (see Section Quantitative Determination), then add 10ml of methyl alcohol and heat on water bath at 65 for 20 minutes with a reflux condenser. Extract is filtered through a paper filter. On the starting line of Silufol* plate UV-254 with a micropipette is applied 0.002ml of resultant filtrate. The plate with the applied sample is placed into a chamber which is previously saturated with solvents mixture (chloroform-methyl alcohol-water (26:14:3)) for not less than 24 hours and chromatograph by the ascending method.
When the solvent front passes about 13cm, the plate is taken out of the chamber, dries in air for 5 minutes and looked through UV light at 254nm wavelength. On the chromatogram must appear a dominating spot of violet color with R1 constituting about 0.4 (rosavine); it is possible to have available other spots.
The chromatogram is sprinkled with a 10% solution of sodium carbonate ...... at 110 for 2 minutes, then sprinkle with diazotized sulfacyl and heat at 110 for 2 minutes. On the chromatogram must appear a spot of rosy color with R1 constituting about 0.42 (salidrozide); it is possible to have available other spots.
Quantitative Determination:
A stock analytical sample up to the size of particles passing through a 2mm sieve. About 0.5 gram (precise weight) of mill stock is put into a 100ml flask, then add 10ml of water and heat on boiling water bath with a reflux condenser for 15 minutes.
Then the extract is filtered through a paper filter into a 50ml measuring flask avoiding getting stock particles on the filter. Extraction is repeated again 3 times by 10ml water, heating each time for 10 minutes and filtering into the same measuring flask.
To the cooled filtrate is added 6ml of 10% solution of lead acetate, 2ml of saturated solution of sodium sulfate, then thoroughly mix, bringing the volume of the solution with water up to the mark and filter through a paper filter. The first 15ml of filtrate is discarded.
Into a 25ml measuring flask is transferred 5ml of resultant filtrate, add 2.5ml of 2% solution of sodium carbonate, 2.5ml of diazotized sulfanyl, bringing the volume of the solution with water up to the mark, mix and in 5 minutes measure the optical density on a spectrophotometer at 486nm wavelength in a cuvette with the layer 10mm thick, using water as a reference solution.
The content of salidrozide in terms of absolutely dry stock in percentage terms (X) should be computed from the formula:
? 250 100 X = ---------------------------- ,
253
m (100 - W)
where:
D
- Optical density of solution under analysis;
253
- Specific index of absorption (E ... ) of salidrozide;
m
- Stock mass in grams;
W
- Mass loss during stock drying in percentage terms.
Notes:1. Preparation of diazotized sulfanyl:7 grams of sodium sulfanyl is dissolved in 50ml of water in a 100ml measuring flask, add 9ml of concentrated hydrocarbon acid and bring the volume of the solution with water to the mark, then 1ml of resultant solution is put into a 100ml measuring flask, put it on ice, add 50ml of water, 0.2ml of 10% solution of sodium nitrite, mix and bring the volume of the solution with water to the mark. The solution should be used fresh.
Notes:2. Preparation of saturated solution of sodium sulfate:60 grams of sodium sulfate is filled with 100ml of water and leave, while frequently shaking, for 24 hours.
Phytochemistry of Rhodiola rosea:
The investigation of the phytochemistry of Rhodiola rosea root has revealed the presence of six distinct groups of chemical compounds:
Phenylpropanoids: rosavin, rosin, rosarin (specific to Rhodiola rosea);
Phenylethanol derivatives: salidroside (rhodioloside), tyrosol;
Flavanoids: rodiolin, rodionin, rodiosin, acetylrodalgin, tricin;
Monoterpernes: rosiridol, rosaridin;
Triterpenes: daucosterol, beta-sitosterol;
Phenolic acids: chlorogenic and hydroxycinnamic, gallic acids.
The standardization of Rhodiola rosea root extract has gone through two distinct p hases. Initially, in the 1970s, the compound responsible for its unique pharmacological properties was believed to be salidroside (rhodioloside).Therefore, the first generation of Rhodiola rosea tincture/extracts approved by the Russian Pharmacopoeia Committee was standardized to a minimum of 0.8 percent salidroside content.
In the late 1980s, demand for Rhodiola rosea-based phytomedicines dramatically incr eased. The wild-crafted raw material was over-harvested, resulting in a steady decline in the quality and effectiveness of "Rhodiola" preparations. Scientific investigation revealed that other species of genus Rhodiola (which also contained salidroside) were being substituted for Rhodiola rosea. While some of these mixed batches were highly variable in quality, others had no pharmacological effect. Logically, the suspicion arose that the salidroside standard was inadequate. Based on comparative analysis, the obvious hypothesis was that the original high potency product contained other active compounds specific to Rhodiola rosea that had not yet been identified.
Rhodiola Rosea Summary and Side Effects Note:
Rhodiola rosea counteracts the effects of stress and reduces the cortisol stress hormone that ultimately causes many age related diseases.
Rhodiola helps cardiac problems related to stress by decreasing the levels of catecholamines and corticosteroids released by the adrenal glands under stress conditions.
Rhodiola, extracts rosavin and salidroside, in animal studies have improved the transport of serotonin precursors, tryptophan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the brain.
Rhodiola normalizes hormones by modulating the release of glucocorticoid into the body.
Rhodiola decreases harmful blood lipids and decreases the risk of heart disease.
Rhodiola helps to properly regulate the heart beat thereby counteracting heart arrhythmias.
Rhodiola stimulates and protects the immune system by promoting metabolic homeostasis.
Rhodiola has potent antioxidant brain protecting properties.
Russian researchers have found that Rhodiola inhibited tumor growth in rats by 39 percent and Rhodiola rosea resulted in significant increased survival rate.
Rhodiola has significantly increased survival in cases of cancers of glandular tissue such as the breast and the lung.
Rhodiola improves the ratio of lean body mass to fat and increases hemoglobin and erythrocytes levels.
Rhodiola improves hearing and mental concentration.
Rhodiola helps with burns to inhibit the progression of pyorrhea.
Rhodiola helps regulate blood sugar levels for diabetics.
Rhodiola protects the liver from toxins.
Side Effects Note:
Rhodiola has few side effects; however, some people report increased blood pressure. Rhodiola may thin your blood, so discontinue use before surgery and consult your doctor if you take blood-thinning medications like Coumadin (warfarin) or supplements like vitamin E.
Although rare, certain individuals who experience nervous excitability, feverish states, and hypertension, should not use rhodiola unless supervised by a qualified practitioner. Persons who experience coronary spasm and fluctuations in arterial pressure should also use under supervision.
To date, the medical literature has not reported any adverse effects related to foetal development during pregnancy or to infants who are breast-fed. Yet little is known about the use of this dietary supplement while pregnant or breast-feeding. Therefore, it is recommended that you inform your healthcare practitioner of any dietary supplements you are using while pregnant or breast-feeding.
To date, the medical literature has not reported any adverse effects specifically related to the use of this dietary supplement in children. Since young children may have undiagnosed allergies or medical conditions, this dietary supplement should not be used in children under 10 years of age unless recommended by a physician.
How Search engine think about Rosavin:
rosavin is the herb rhodiola rosea
rosavin is an adaptogen that comes from the polar artic regions of eastern siberia
rosavin is a phytochemical that comes from a plant called rhodiola rosea
rosavin is the primary active compound that helps the body shed unwanted fat
rosavin is responsible for lipase activation
rosavin is a phytochemical comes from rhodiola ros www
rosavin is a phytochemical comes from rhodiola ros;
rosavin is essential for lipase activation and fatty acid mobilization
rosavin is the constituent
Experimental Studies and Application Study.:
Adaptogenic Activity.:
Rhodiola rosea appears to offer generalized resistance against physical, chemical, and biological stressors in rats and other animals studied. Evidence also suggests cardioprotective and anticancer benefits in animals.
In the test of swimming "to the limit," Rhodiola rosea administration increased the swimming time of rats 135-159 percent. Working capacity of the rats consistently improved throughout the supplementation period.
Eggs from the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis were incubated in water extracts of Rhodiola rosea and subsequently exposed to a variety of environmental stressors, including heat shock (43 for four minutes), oxidative stress (600 menadione for two hours), and heavy metal-induced stress (one-hour exposure to 150 copper sulphate or 20 cadmium chloride). Exposure to these environmental stressors kills 80-90 percent of larvae within four days post-exposure. Pre-incubation with Rhodiola rosea extract afforded a significant degree of non-specific resistance against each of these environmental stressors as measured by rate of survival. While only nine percent of the control population survived exposure to heat shock, approximately 90 percent of snail larvae pre-incubated with Rhodiola rosea (40.5 mg/ml) survived. Pre-incubation with Rhodiola resulted in non-specific resistance to oxidative stress (survival of approximately 68 percent) and heavy metal stress (approximately 28-35 percent of larvae survived depending on the metal exposure).
Two experiments have suggested possible benefit on various aspects of learning and memory in rats under certain experimental conditions. Rhodiola rosea extract administered orally at a dose of 0.1 mL/day for 10 days resulted in a non-significant trend toward protection against impairments in memory, as assessed by step-down passive avoidance, induced by electroshock in rats.Rhodiola rosea extract was administered in a single dose of 0.10 mL. Improvements in both learning and memory retention, as determined by using a maze test with negative reinforcement, were observed. Repeated dosing with the same quantity of the extract over a 10-day period generated significant improvement in long-term memory as assessed by the maze test with negative enforcement and the "staircase" method with positive enforcement. However, in this experiment two other doses were tested (0.02 and 1.0 mL) and were found to have no substantial effect on learning and memory.
This suggests the possibility of an efficacious dose of Rhodiola rosea administration, above and below which beneficial physiological effects might be less likely. In the other experimental conditions investigated (active avoidance with negative reinforcement using a "shuttle box" and passive avoidance using "step down" and "step through") no beneficial effects on either learning or memory were observed with any of the administered doses of Rhodiola rosea.
Cardioprotective Activity.:
Rhodiola rosea has been shown to moderate against stress-induced damage and dysfunction in cardiovascular tissue. Treatment with Rhodiola rosea extract prevents the decrease in cardiac contractile force secondary to environmental stress in the form of acute cooling and contributes to stable contractility. In animals, acute cooling leads to a decrease in myocardial contractile activity that partially recovers during the first 18 hours after the cold-stress is removed. This recovery is viewed as only partial, since the heart tissue is incapable of stable contractility during perfusion. Pretreatment with Rhodiola rosea extracts appears to create a beneficial adaptive response in this type of stress. When Rhodiola pretreated rats were exposed to acute cooling, the decrease in contractility was prevented and stable contractility of heart tissue occurred during perfusion.
Other reports suggest administration of Rhodiola rosea protects cardiovascular tissue from stress-induced catecholamine release and mitigates against adrenaline-induced arrhythmias in rats. The antiarrhythmic effect of Rhodiola rosea is suggested to be secondary to an ability to induce opioid peptide biosynthesis13 and related to the stimulation of peripheral kappa-opioid receptors.
Anticancer Activity.:
Administration of Rhodiola rosea appears to have potential as an anticancer agent, and might be useful in conjunction with some pharmaceutical antitumor agents. In rats with transplanted solid Ehrlich adenocarcinoma and metastasizing rat Pliss lymphosarcoma, supplementation with Rhodiola rosea extract inhibited the growth of both tumor types, decreased metastasis to the liver, and extended survival times.Administration of Rhodiola rosea extract also directly suppressed the growth of and the extent of metastasis from transplanted Lewis lung carcinomas.When Rhodiola rosea extract was combined with the antitumor agent cyclophosphamide in these same tumor models, the antitumor and antimetastatic efficacy of drug treatment was enhanced. The authors also commented that, "complete abrogation of the haematotoxicity of cyclophosphamide" was observed. The chemotherapeutic drug Adriamycin is known to induce pronounced liver dysfunction, generally reflected by an increase in transaminase levels. In animal experiments, adding Rhodiola rosea extract to a protocol with Adriamycin resulted in an improved inhibition of tumor dissemination (as compared to that found with Adriamycin alone), and the combined protocol prevented liver toxicity.
Application Study.:Muscle Superman
There is some herb formula named Muscle Superman formulated following: These three anabolic supplements push muscle growth from a variety of angles:
Believe it or not, the best way to pack on lean muscle mass isn't by concentrating just on increasing muscle growth. You need a multitiered approach that includes 1) boosting the processes in muscle fibers that lead to more mass and 2) enhancing other physiological systems that can influence muscle hypertrophy.
To build more muscle, testosterone isn't the only concern ~ the immune and endocrine systems must be running at full efficiency. Keeping your thyroid gland in optimal health helps keep muscles growing because thyroid hormones are actually anabolic. As for your immune system, if it's run down due to excessive stress from superintense training or other daily stressors, your body won't spend energy on growth. Instead, it'll focus on kicking up your immune system in an effort to fight off any foreign invaders that could be making you sick.
Taking a supplement stack that stimulates protein synthesis in muscle fibers (aka muscle growth) and enables the body to better deal with stress is a smart idea. This jump-starts the process of muscle growth and keeps it ramped up. The following three supplements, when taken together, do just that. They'll help increase protein synthesis, strength and endurance, and defend against stress and fatigue.
20-Beta-Ecdysterone:
This phytoecdysteroid ~ a plant chemical produced to defend against insects ~ is actually a steroid hormone that has potent anabolic properties. Research shows it can enhance lean muscle growth, even in instances when calorie intake was reduced. The mechanism involves pathways in muscle fibers that cause the muscle to synthesize more muscle protein. And the more muscle protein a muscle has, the bigger it is.
Researchers say 20-beta-ecdysterone provides numerous other effects, such as increasing muscle endurance by enhancing the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ~ the energy currency of all cells ~ in muscle cells. It also increases insulin sensitivity, not only allowing insulin to enhance glycogen storage in muscle cells but having a more potent anabolic effect on them.
Dose: Look for products that give you about 2~3 mg per pound of bodyweight per day, or about 300~800 mg total daily for those weighing between 150 and 250 pounds. The best way to take ecdysterone is in 3~6 doses daily with food.
Rhodiola Rosea:
Considered an effective adaptogen, this plant increases the body's resistance to a variety of chemical, biological and physical stressors, such as intense exercise, anxiety, pollution, poor sleep habits and emotional stress. Regardless of the source, stress leads to the same outcome: disturbances in key physiological systems in your body.
Two systems most at risk from stress are the immune and endocrine systems. While an immune system compromised by stress leaves you highly susceptible to colds and infections, taking rhodiola allows your body to better deal with most stressors to help ward off infections and keep growing. When your endocrine system is battered by stressors, most anabolic hormones, such as testosterone, growth hormone, IGF-1 and the thyroid hormones, become blunted. And since these guys are critical drivers of muscle growth, muscle growth gets blunted, too.
To add insult to injury, the catabolic hormone cortisol peaks in times of stress, inhibiting testosterone's effects in muscle cells and instigating muscle breakdown. Taking an adaptogen, such as rhodiola rosea, however,helps prevent the blunting of anabolic hormones and inhibit the rise of catabolic hormones, ultimately leading to greater gains in muscle size and strength.
One way rhodiola works is by increasing cellular ATP and creatine phosphate levels, which should lead to not only greater muscle endurance but also muscle strength.
Dose: The recommended dosage is 100~300 mg daily of a standardized extract yielding a minimum of 3% rosavins and 0.8%~1% salidrosides (3:1 ratio of rosavins to salidrosides). Take it in 2~3 divided doses throughout the day.
Bacopa Monnier:
An adaptogen like rhodiola, this herb has strong anti-stress and antioxidant properties, plus it promotes memory and concentration and enhances visual processing (great for athletes whose sports require hand-eye coordination). While its adaptogenic properties are great for stabilizing the body's critical systems so muscle growth adaptations can take place, bacopa's effects on the thyroid gland may be the most critical. Research shows it can increase anabolic thyroid hormone levels by more than 40%, which can have a dramatic impact on muscle growth and plays a major role in regulating the metabolic rate. Higher thyroid hormone levels mean you burn more calories in a typical day, so you can add muscle while keeping fat off.
Dose: Take 100¨C300 mg of bacopa monnieri extract standardized to at least 20% bacosides in 2~3 divided doses throughout the day. M&F
Guide or Dosage Suggestions:
Take these three supplements in several divided doses per day. Supplement Daily Dose:20-beta-ecdysterone 300~800 mg,Rhodiola rosea 100~300 mg,Bacopa monnieri 100~300 mg.
An Example:Eva Birath-a swedish bodybuilder
This is what I eat:Fish, shrimps, turkey, chicken, eggs and red meat with salads and vegetables. I use oil for cooking, casew and peanuts for snacks.
This I donĄ¯t eat:Diary products. sugar, almost no complex carbohydrates like pasta, rice, potatoes and soft bread.
Following an example of what I eat on a weekday:
Supplements:Multivitamin,Vitamin C,Glocusamin and MSM,Aminoacids,Rhodiola Rosea,Tribulus,E-Bol.
Food:
9.00 Wholeweat bread with two eggs and caviar
12.00 Chicken 150g, salad with avocado, lettuce, peas and tomato
15.00 Banana and 1 dl casew or peanuts
17.30 Two chicken filets with salad, peppers avocado and broccoli and some oil
21.00 Shrimps 175g, tomato, wholeweat bread and 1dl casew or peanuts
Research Update of Rhodiola rosea.Rosavin.
Antioxidative effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts in liver of diabetic mice.:Biofactors. 2006; 26(3):209-19 (ISSN: 0951-6433).Kim SH; Hyun SH; Choung SY.Department of Hygienic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
Both Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts are used as anti-diabetic folk medicines. Recently, increased oxidative stress was shown to play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This study was designed to examine the effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts on blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, the level of reduced glutathione and its related enzymes (glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase), and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver of db/db mice. Diabetic C57BL/Ks db/db mice were used as experimental models. Mice were divided into control (n=10), Cinnamomi cassiae (200 mg/kg/day, n=10), and Rhodiola rosea (200 mg/kg/day, n=10) treated groups for 12 weeks of treatment. These type II diabetic mice were used to investigate the effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea on blood glucose, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts significantly decreased on blood glucose, increased levels of reduced glutathione and the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver. Extract treatment also significantly decreased lipid peroxidation. Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts may be effective for correcting hyperglycemia and preventing diabetic complications.
Evaluation of Rhodiola crenulata and Rhodiola rosea for management of type II diabetes and hypertension.:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006; 15(3):425-32 (ISSN: 0964-7058).Kwon YI; Jang HD; Shetty K.Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
In the current study, we investigated 2 species of the genus Rhodiola for the inhibition of alpha-amylase,alpha-glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Water extracts of Rhodiola crenulata had the highest alpha-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50,98.1 microg total phenolic /ml) followed by ethanol extract of R.crenulata (IC50, 120.9 microg total phenolic/ml) and ethanol extract of R.rosea (IC50, 173.4 microg total phenolic /ml). Ethanol R.rosea (IC50, 44.7 microg total phenolic/ml), water extract of R.rosea (IC50, 52.3 microg total phenolic/ml), water extract of R.crenulata (IC50, 60.3 microg total phenolic /ml) and ethanol extract of R.crenulata (IC50, 60.2 microg total phenolic/ml) also showed significant alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts was compared to standard tyrosol, which was significantly detected in the extracts using HPLC. Tyrosol had strong alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50, 70.8 microg total phenolic/ml) but did not have any inhibitory effect on the alpha-amylase activity. Results suggested that alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of both Rhodiola extracts correlated to the phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of the extracts. The ability of the above Rhodiola extracts to inhibit rabbit lung angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) was investigated. The ethanol extracts of R.rosea had the highest ACE inhibitory activity (38.5 %) followed by water extract of R.rosea (36.2 %) and R.crenulata (15.4 %).
Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance.:Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004; 14(3):298-307 (ISSN: 1526-484X).De Bock K; Eijnde BO; Ramaekers M; Hespel P.Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy in the Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute and 4-week Rhodiola rosea intake on physical capacity, muscle strength, speed of limb movement, reaction time, and attention. METHODS: PHASE I: A double blind placebo-controlled randomized study (n= 24) was performed, consisting of 2 sessions (2 days per session). Day 1: One hour after acute Rhodiola rosea intake (R, 200-mg Rhodiola rosea extract containing 3% rosavin + 1% salidroside plus 500 mg starch) or placebo (P, 700 mg starch) speed of limb movement (plate tapping test), aural and visual reaction time, and the ability to sustain attention (Fepsy Vigilance test) were assessed. Day 2: Following the same intake procedure as on day 1, maximal isometric knee-extension torque and endurance exercise capacity were tested. Following a 5-day washout period, the experimental procedure was repeated, with the treatment regimens being switched between groups (session 2). PHASE II: A double blind placebo-controlled study (n = 12) was performed. Subjects underwent sessions 3 and 4, identical to Phase I, separated by a 4-week R/P intake, during which subjects ingested 200 mg R/P per day.
RESULTS: PHASE I: Compared with P, acute R intake in Phase I increased (p <.05) time to exhaustion from 16.8 +/- 0.7 min to 17.2+/- 0.8 min. Accordingly, VO2peak (p <.05) and VCO2peak (p<.05) increased during R compared to P from 50.9 +/- 1.8 ml x min(-1) x kg(- )1 to 52.9 +/- 2.7 ml x min(-10) x kg(-1) (VO2peak) and from 60.0 +/- 2.3 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) to 63.5+/- 2.7 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) (VCO2peak). Pulmonary ventilation (p =.07) tended to increase more during R than during P (P: 115.9+/- 7.7 L/min; R: 124.8 +/- 7.7 L/min). All other parameters remained unchanged. PHASE II: Four-week R intake did not alter any of the variables measured. CONCLUSION: Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise capacity in young healthy volunteers. This response was not altered by prior daily 4-week Rhodiola intake.
Does Rhodiola rosea possess ergogenic properties?:Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006; 16(3):305-15 (ISSN: 1526-484X).Walker TB; Robergs RA.Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA.
Rhodiola rosea is an herb purported to possess adaptogenic and ergogenic properties and has recently been the subject of increased interest The purpose of this article was to review and summarize recent investigations of the potential performance-enhancing properties of Rhodiola rosea. Such studies have generated equivocal results. Several investigations conducted in Eastern Europe have indicated that Rhodiola rosea ingestion may produce such positive effects as improved cognitive function and reduced mental fatigue. Other research from this region has illustrated enhanced endurance exercise performance in both humans and rats. Studies conducted in Western Europe and in North America have indicated that Rhodiola rosea may possess substantial antioxidant properties but have produced mixed results when attempting to demonstrate an ergogenic effect during exercise in humans.
Effect of extracts from Rhodiola rosea and Rhodiola crenulata (Crassulaceae) roots on ATP content in mitochondria of skeletal muscles.:Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003; 136(6):585-7 (ISSN: 0007-4888).Abidov M; Crendal F; Grachev S; Seifulla R; Ziegenfuss T.Institute of Immunopathology, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow.
We studied the effects of oral treatment with extracts from Rhodiola rosea (50 mg/kg) and Rhodiola crenulata (50 mg/kg) roots on the duration of exhaustive swimming and ATP content in mitochondria of skeletal muscles in rats. Treatment with R. rosea extract significantly (by 24.6%) prolonged the duration of exhaustive swimming in comparison with control rats and rats treated with R. crenullata. R. rosea extract activated the synthesis or resynthesis of ATP in mitochondria and stimulated reparative energy processes after intense exercise. Experiments proved different pharmacological characteristics of R. rosea and R. crenulata: R. rosea is most effective for improving physical working capacity.
Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice.:Phytother Res. 2007; 21(1):37-43 (ISSN: 0951-418X).Perfumi M; Mattioli L.Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Via Scalzino 3, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy.
Rhodiola rosea L., or 'golden root', is a popular plant in traditional medicine in Eastern Europe and Asia, with a reputation for improving depression, enhancing work performance, eliminating fatigue and treating symptoms of asthenia subsequent to intense physical and psychological stress. Due to these therapeutic properties, R. rosea is considered to be one of the most active adaptogenic drugs. To confirm and extend results obtained in the few preclinical and clinical studies available in English language journals, the purpose of the present study was to re-investigate the effects produced by a single oral administration of an R. rosea hydroalcohol extract (containing 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside) on the central nervous system in mice. The extract was tested on antidepressant, adaptogenic, anxiolytic, nociceptive and locomotor activities at doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg, using predictive behavioural tests and animal models. The results show that this R. rosea extract significantly, but not dose-dependently, induced antidepressant-like, adaptogenic, anxiolytic-like and stimulating effects in mice. This study thus provides evidence of the efficacy of R. rosea extracts after a single administration, and confirms many preclinical and clinical studies indicating the adaptogenic and stimulating effects of such R. rosea extracts. Moreover, antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like activities of R. rosea were shown in mice for the first time.
Antiproliferative and antimitotic effect, S phase accumulation and induction of apoptosis and necrosis after treatment of extract from Rhodiola rosea rhizomes on HL-60 cells.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 103(1):43-52 (ISSN: 0378-8741).Majewska A; Hoser G; Grazyna H; Furmanowa M; Miros??awa F; Urba??ska N; Natalia U; Pietrosiuk A; Agnieszka P; Zobel A; Alicja Z; Kura?? M.Department of Plant Morphogenesis, Warsaw University, Poland. AgaMajewska@biol.uw.edu.pl
Rhodiola rosea is a medicinal plant having stimulating and adaptogenic properties, and some reports also indicate its anticancer and antimutagenic effect. However, the mechanism of its anticancer effect is unknown as there have been no cytological studies regarding cytostatics, cell cycle, induction of apoptosis or the mitotic activity of healthy and cancerous cells. In the present paper, those parameters were investigated using HL-60 cells, with flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. It has been found that the extract of Rhodiola rosea rhizomes inhibits division of HL-60 cells, which is preceded by an accumulation of cells at the prophase stage. This leads to induction of apoptosis and necrosis in HL-60 cells, and to marked reduction of their survival. The cells enter apoptosis from phase G2/M of the cell cycle. After treatment with the extract, no chromosome aberrations or micronuclei were observed, which indicates the mild action of the extract. The cytostatic and antiproliferative effect of the Rhodiola rosea rhizome extract, and its mild action, raises hope for its use in anticancer therapy by enhancing the effectiveness of cytostatics.
Rhodiola rosea as antioxidant in red blood cells: ultrastructural and hemolytic behaviour.:Eur J Histochem. 2005; 49(3):243-54 (ISSN: 1121-760X).Battistelli M; De Sanctis R; De Bellis R; Cucchiarini L; Dach? M; Gobbi P.Istituto di Scienze Morfologiche, Istituto di Chimica Biologica Giorgio Fornaini, Universit? degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy.
Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) is a plant that lives at high altitude in Europe and Asia, widely used for its high capacity to increase the organism resistance to different stress conditions. Although a few international literature supports these effects, today R. rosea has become a common component of many dietary supplements also in the Western world. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the R. rosea roots aqueous extract on in vitro human erythrocytes exposed to hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-oxidative stress. Several damages occur in human erythrocytes exposed in vitro to HOCl, among these membrane protein and lipid modifications, shifting from the discocyte shape to the echinocyte one, and determining lysis ultimately. Therefore, in the present work, the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the Rhodiola extract has been carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy and of hemolytic behaviour on human erythrocytes exposed to HOCl in the presence of increasing doses of the aqueous extract in different experimental environments (co-incubation and subsequent incubations). The results obtained are consistent with a significant protection of the extract in presence of the oxidative agent, but a cautionary note emerges from the analysis of the data related to the cell exposition to the plant extract in the absence of any induced oxidative stress. In fact, the addition to erythrocyte of high doses of R. rosea extract always determines severe alterations of the cell shape.
In vitro protective effect of Rhodiola rosea extract against hypochlorous acid-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes.:Biofactors. 2004; 20(3):147-59 (ISSN: 0951-6433).De Sanctis R; De Bellis R; Scesa C; Mancini U; Cucchiarini L; Dach? M.Istituto di Chimica Biologica "Giorgio Fornaini", Universit? degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino (PU), Italy.
Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) is a plant living at high altitudes in Europe and Asia. Its roots have long been used in the traditional medical system of these geographical areas to increase the organism resistance to physical stress; today, it has become an important component of many dietary supplements. In this study we investigate the antioxidant capacity of the R. rosea aqueous extract evaluating its ability to counteract some of the main damages induced by hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a powerful oxidant generated by activated phagocytes, to human erythrocytes. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference substance because of its physiological HOCl-scavenging ability. Our study demonstrates that R. rosea is able to significantly protect, in a dose-dependent manner, human RBC from glutathione (GSH) depletion, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) inactivation and hemolysis induced by the oxidant. Furthermore, we demonstrate that R. rosea aqueous extract acts from the inside of the erythrocyte suggesting a probable involving of cell components. The protection on GSH afforded by the R. rosea extract with respect to ascorbic acid, occurred also if added 2 or 5 min. later than the oxidant, suggesting a more rapid or powerful effect.
Extract of Rhodiola rosea radix reduces the level of C-reactive protein and creatinine kinase in the blood.:Bull Exp Biol Med. 2004; 138(1):63-4 (ISSN: 0007-4888).Abidov M; Grachev S; Seifulla RD; Ziegenfuss TN.Center of Modern Medicine, Ministry of Defense Industry of Russian Federation. info@abidov.ru
The effects of extracts of Rhodiola rosea radix on blood levels of inflammatory C-reactive protein and creatinine kinase were studied in healthy untrained volunteers before and after exhausting exercise. Rhodiola rosea extract exhibited an antiinflammatory effect and protected muscle tissue during exercise.
Experimental analysis of therapeutic properties of Rhodiola rosea L. and its possible application in medicine.:Medicina (Kaunas). 2004; 40(7):614-9 (ISSN: 1648-9144).Kucinskaite A; Briedis V; Savickas A.Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmacy Organization, Kaunas University of Medicine, A. Mickeviciaus 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania. agnute.ku@delfi.lt
The paper presents a review of the scientific publications on Rhodiola rosea L. known for its adaptogenic characteristics. Biologically active substances salidroside, rosin, rosavin, rosarin and tyrosol, which are mainly found in plant rhizomes, demonstrate therapeutic effect. These active components effect the central nervous system by increasing the ability to concentrate, the mental and physical power; they are efficient in the asthenic states and improve general resistance of the cells and the organism against the harmful outer influence. They also prevent the heart system from stress and arrhythmias, and posses some antioxidant activity. Some data confirm that the Rhodiola rosea L. preparations stop the growth of the malignant tumors and metastases in the liver. Some preclinical and clinical data of the golden root preparations are discussed in the survey. The interaction of the herb with other medicines, its usage and effect, recommended doses, and its side effects are also reviewed in the paper.
Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Rhodiola rosea.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2003; 51(4):467-70 (ISSN: 0009-2363).Tolonen A; Pakonen M; Hohtola A; Jalonen J.Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, Finland. ari.tolonen@oulu.fi
Rhodiola rosea L. (Golden Root) has been used for a long time as an adaptogen in Chinese traditional medicine and is reported to have many pharmacological properties. Along its known secondary metabolites tyrosol (1), salidroside (rhodioloside) (2), rosin (3), rosarin (4), rosavin (5), sachaliside 1 (6) and 4-methoxy-cinnamyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), four compounds were isolated from aqueous methanol extract of the plant and identified as cinnamyl-(6'-O-beta-xylopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside (8), 4-methoxy-cinnamyl-(6'-O-alpha-arabinopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside (9), picein (10) and benzyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside (11) by UV, MS and NMR methods. Compounds 8 and 9 are new natural compounds whereas compounds 10 and 11 were isolated first time from R. rosea. Also the compounds 6 and 7 are isolated earlier only from the callus cultures of the plant but not from the differentiated plant.
Bioactive compounds from Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae).:Phytother Res. 2005; 19(9):740-3 (ISSN: 0951-418X).Ming DS; Hillhouse BJ; Guns ES; Eberding A; Xie S; Vimalanathan S; Towers GH.Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. dsming@interchange.ubc.ca
The methanol extract of the underground part of Rhodiola rosea was found to show inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of a 95% ethanol extract from the stems of R. rosea led to the isolation of five compounds: gossypetin-7-O-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), rhodioflavonoside (2), gallic acid (3), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (4) and p-tyrosol (5). Their structures were elucidated by UV, IR, MS and NMR data, as well as by comparison with those of the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antibacterial and antiprostate cancer cell activities. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited activity against Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 50 microg/mL and 100 microg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies of 1 and 2 also displayed activity against the prostate cancer cell line with IC(50) values of 50 microg/mL and 80 microg/mL, respectively.
Identification of flavonoids of Rhodiola rosea by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.:J Chromatogr A. 2006; 1112(1-2):224-31 (ISSN: 0021-9673).Petsalo A; Jalonen J; Tolonen A.Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
Phenolic compounds from the aerial parts of medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea were identified using LC/MS experiments with time-of-flight and triple quadrupole instruments, providing accurate mass and CID fragmentation data about the compounds. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used to remove non-polar compounds from the samples, followed by liquid extraction of the flavonoids. Flavonoids were the main constituents in aerial parts of the plant, and no phenylpropanoids were detected. In addition to usual fragment ions providing the size of the attached glycosides in flavonoids, ions due to radical cleavage of glycosides were observed in the negative ion mode with relatively high collision energies. Use of these ions for elucidating the glycosylation site in the aglycone part was evaluated and was found to give some tentative information, but their use in unambiguous identification of unknown flavonoids is not recommended. Fifteen flavonoids, of which 10 were previously unreported from the plant, were identified.
Comparative evaluation of effects of p-tyrosol and Rhodiola rosea extract on bone marrow cells in vivo.:Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2003; 66(4):50-2 (ISSN: 0869-2092).Pashkevich IA; Uspenskaia IuA; Nefedova VV; Egorova AB.Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Krasnoyarsk State Medical Agricultural University, pr. Mira 88, Krasnoyarsk, 660049 Russia.
The effects of p-tyrosol and Rhodiola rosea extract on the hemopoietic system were compared on a model of subacute lead intoxication. No significant differences between the activity of two preparations were revealed by the study of plasma membrane blebbing, apoptosis, and necrosis processes in bone marrow. At the same time, p-tyrosol exhibited a more pronounced effect upon lipid peroxidation and offered significant protection against lead intoxication.
A randomized trial of two different doses of a SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work.:Phytomedicine. 2003; 10(2-3):95-105 (ISSN: 0944-7113).Shevtsov VA; Zholus BI; Shervarly VI; Vol'skij VB; Korovin YP; Khristich MP; Roslyakova NA; Wikman G.Centre of Sanitary and Epidemiological Inspection of the R.F. Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical study with an extra non-treatment group was performed to measure the effect of a single dose of standardized SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract on capacity for mental work against a background of fatigue and stress. An additional objective was to investigate a possible difference between two doses, one dose being chosen as the standard mean dose in accordance with well-established medicinal use as a psychostimulant/adaptogen, the other dose being 50% higher. Some physiological parameters, e.g. pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, were also measured. The study was carried out on a highly uniform population comprising 161 cadets aged from 19 to 21 years. All groups were found to have very similar initial data, with no significant difference with regard to any parameter. The study showed a pronounced antifatigue effect reflected in an antifatigue index defined as a ratio called AFI. The verum groups had AFI mean values of 1.0385 and 1.0195, 2 and 3 capsules respectively, whilst the figure for the placebo group was 0.9046. This was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001) for both doses (verum groups), whilst no significant difference between the two dosage groups was observed. There was a possible trend in favour of the lower dose in the psychometric tests. No such trend was found in the physiological tests.
LC/MS/MS identification of glycosides produced by biotransformation of cinnamyl alcohol in Rhodiola rosea compact callus aggregates.:Biomed Chromatogr. 2004; 18(8):550-8 (ISSN: 0269-3879).Tolonen A; Gyargy Z; Jalonen J; Neubauer P; Hohtola A.Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. ari.tolonen@oulu.fi
Cinnamyl alcohol was added to the media of compact callus aggregates (CCA) of Rhodiola rosea for stimulating the production of cinnamyl glycosides. The biotransformation reaction produced high amounts of rosin, while only a very low amount of rosavin was produced. As the consumption rate of cinnamyl alcohol was much higher than production of rosin, the aqueous methanol extracts of compact callus aggregates were studied by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric methods and four new unexpected biotransformation products of cinnamyl alcohol were identified.
Lotaustralin from Rhodiola rosea roots.:Fitoterapia. 2004; 75(6):612-4 (ISSN: 0367-326X).Akgul Y; Ferreira D; Abourashed EA; Khan IA.Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ege, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey. yayla@sci.ege.edu.tr
Lotaustralin was isolated as a mixture of two diastereoisomeric forms from the methanol extract of Rhodiola rosea roots, together with the known compounds rosavin, rosarin, rosin, rosiridin, salidroside, and beta-sitosterol. The structure of lotaustralin was established by 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, including 1H-1H COSY, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC, and FAB and HR MS.
Comparison of electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization techniques in the analysis of the main constituents from Rhodiola rosea extracts by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.:J Mass Spectrom. 2003; 38(8):845-53 (ISSN: 1076-5174).Tolonen A; Hohtola A; Jalonen J.Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. ari.tolonen@oulu.fi
Rhodiola rosea L. (Golden Root) has been used for a long time as an adaptogen in Chinese traditional medicine and is reported to have many pharmacological properties. A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with mass spectrometric (MS) detection based on selected ion monitoring (SIM) was developed for determining salidroside, sachaliside 1, rosin, 4-methoxycinnamyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside, rosarin, rosavin, cinnamyl-(6'-O-beta-xylopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside, 4-methoxy-cinnamyl-(6'-O-alpha-arabinopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside, rosiridin and benzyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside from the callus and plant extracts in one chromatographic run. Good linearity over the range 0.5-500 ng ml(-1) for salidroside, 2-2000 ng ml(-1) for rosavin and 2-500 ng ml(-1) for benzyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside was observed. The intra-assay accuracy and precision within quantitation ranges varied between -10.0 and +13.2% and between 0.7 and 9.0%, respectively. Optimization of the ionization process was performed with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization techniques using four different additive compositions for eluents in the LC/MS scan mode, using both positive and negative ion modes. The best ionization sensitivity for the compounds studied was obtained with electrospray ionization when using pure water without any additives as the aqueous phase.
.:
Cordyceps sinensis- and Rhodiola rosea-based supplementation in male cyclists and its effect on muscle tissue oxygen saturation.:J Strength Cond Res. 2005; 19(2):358-63 (ISSN: 1064-8011).Colson SN; Wyatt FB; Johnston DL; Autrey LD; FitzGerald YL; Earnest CP.Department of Health Sciences, McLennan Community College, Waco, Texas 76708, USA. scolson@mclennan.edu
Cordyceps sinensis (Cs) and Rhodiola rosea (Rr) are herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a multitude of ailments as well as to enhance performance. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of a formula containing Cs and Rr (Cs-Rr) on circulatory dynamics, specifically muscle tissue oxygen saturation (Sto(2)), in male subjects during maximal exercise. This study followed a double blind, randomized, placebo-treatment, pre-post test design. Capsules were administered to 8 subjects who were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. The treatment group received Cs-Rr, and the control group received a placebo. All subjects performed 2 exercise stress tests to volitional fatigue on a cycle load ergometer.
Rhodiolosides A-E, monoterpene glycosides from Rhodiola rosea.:Chem Pharm Bull.2006; 54(8):1229-33 (ISSN: 0009-2363).Ma G; Li W; Dou D; Chang X; Bai H; Satou T; Li J; Sun D; Kang T; Nikaido T; Koike K.College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, 8 Xinyi Road, Urumki 830054, P.R. China.
Five new monoterpene glycosides, rhodiolosides A-E (1-5), were isolated from the roots of Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae). Their structures were elucidated as (2E,6E,4R)-4,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), (2E,4R)-4-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl alpha-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), (2E,4R)-4-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->3)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), (2E,4R)-4,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), and (2E)-7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), on the basis of various spectroscopic analyses and chemical degradation.
Rhodiola rosea: a possible plant adaptogen.:Altern Med Rev. 2001; 6(3):293-302 (ISSN: 1089-5159).Kelly GS
Rhodiola rosea is a popular plant in traditional medical systems in Eastern Europe and Asian with a reputation for stimulating the nervous system, decreasing depression, enhancing work performance, eliminating fatigue, and preventing high altitude sickness. Rhodiola rosea has been categorized as an adaptogen by Russian researchers due to its observed ability to increase resistance to a variety of chemical, biological, and physical stressors. Its claimed benefits include antidepressant, anticancer, cardioprotective, and central nervous system enhancement. Research also indicates great utility in asthenic conditions (decline in work performance, sleep difficulties, poor appetite, irritability, hypertension, headaches, and fatigue) developing subsequent to intense physical or intellectual strain. The adaptogenic, cardiopulmonary protective, and central nervous system activities of Rhodiola rosea have been attributed primarily to its ability to influence levels and activity of monoamines and opioid peptides such as beta-endorphins.
Effect of Rhodiola rosea on the yield of mutation alterations and DNA repair in bone marrow cells.:Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1997; (4):22-4 (ISSN: 0031-2991).Salikhova RA; Aleksandrova IV; Mazurik VK; Mikha?-lov VF; Ushenkova LN; Poroshenko GG.
The study was made of the influence of the Rhodiola rosea extracts administration on chromosome aberrations, production of cells with micronuclei and unscheduled DNA synthesis in bone marrow cells of mice under action of mutagens cyclophosphamide and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU). It was found that Rhodiola rosea extracts reduce significantly the yield of cells with the chromosome aberrations and micronuclei induced by cyclophosphamide in vivo, inhibit unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by NMU in vitro. It is emphasized that Rhodiola rosea extracts are antimutagens due to ability to raise the efficiency of the intracell DNA repair mechanisms.
Contribution of the opioid system to realization of inotropic effects of Rhodiola rosea extracts in ischemic and reperfusion heart damage in vitro.:Eksp Klin Farmakol. 1997; 60(3):34-6 (ISSN: 0869-2092).Lishmanov IuB; Naumova AV; Afanas'ev SA; Maslov LN
It has been established that a course of oral administration of Rhodiola rosea extract in a dose of 3.5 mg/kg prevents reperfusion decrease in contraction amplitude of the isolated perfused rat heart. It also prevents reduction of coronary flow and development of contracture in the postischemic period. Intravenous infusion of naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) completely abolishes the favorable effect of Rhodiola in relation to the heart contractility and coronary flow parameters. The protective effect of Rhodiola may probably be connected with increase in the level of endogenous opioid peptides.
Quantitative determination of salidroside and tyrosol from the underground part of Rhodiola rosea by high performance liquid chromatography.:Arch Pharm Res. 2000; 23(4):349-52 (ISSN: 0253-6269).Linh PT; Kim YH; Hong SP; Jian JJ; Kang JS.College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea.
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine salidroside and tyrosol simultaneously in the Rhodiola rosea. The optimum condition was Nova-Pak C18 as stationary phase, 6.5% methanol in water as mobile phase and detection at UV 225 nm. The identification was carried out by comparing the retention time and IC/MS spectrum of the relevant peaks with those of isolated standards. The contents of salidroside and tyrosol in the samples gathered from various area in China were ranged over 1.3-11.1 mg/g and 0.3-2.2 mg/g, respectively.
Rhodiola rosea extract for prophylaxis of ischemic cerebral circulation disorder.:Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2002; 65(4):19-22 (ISSN: 0869-2092).Pogorely?- VE; Makarova LM.Pharmacology Department, State Pharmaceutical Academy, Pyatigorsk, pr. Kalinina 11, 357532 Russia.
It was experimentally established that prophylactic introduction of a Rhodiola Rosea extract prevents the ischemic brain damage development. A course administration of the drug in a dose of 700 mg/kg arrests the development of hyper- and hypoperfusion in cerebral circulation, weakens the postischemic hyperglycemic reaction, lowers oxygen extraction by cerebral tissues, suppresses lactate acidosis, promotes pyruvate participation in metabolic processes inhibits edema swelling, prevents the "calcium paradox" development, and decreases manifestations of the lipid peroxidation processes.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of the stimulating and adaptogenic effect of Rhodiola rosea SHR-5 extract on the fatigue of students caused by stress during an examination period with a repeated low-dose regimen.:Phytomedicine. 2000; 7(2):85-9 (ISSN: 0944-7113).Spasov AA; Wikman GK; Mandrikov VB; Mironova IA; Neumoin VV.Volgograd Medical Academy, Russia.
The objective was to investigate the stimulating and normalizing effect of the adaptogen Rhodiola rosea extract SHR-5 in foreign students during a stressful examination period. The study was performed as a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled with low repeated dose regime. The study drug and the placebo were taken for 20 days by the students during an examination period. The physical and mental performance were assessed before and after the period, based on objective as well as on subjective evaluation. The most significant improvement in the SHR-5 group was seen in physical fitness, mental fatigue and neuro-motoric tests (p <0.01). The self-assessment of the general well-being was also significantly (p < 0.05) better in the verum group. No significance was seen in the correction of text tests or a neuro-muscular tapping test. The overall conclusion is that the study drug gave significant results compared to the placebo group but that the dose level probably was suboptimal.
Hepatoprotective properties of liquid extract of Rhodiola rosea.:Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2002; 65(6):57-9 (ISSN: 0869-2092).Iaremi?- IN; Grigor'eva NF.Medical Chemistry Department, Bukovinian State Medical Academy, ul. Bogomol'tsa 2, Chernovtsy 58000, Ukraine.
The effect of a liquid extract from Rhodiola rosea on the functional state of rat liver with experimental toxic hepatitis was studied. The extract produces a hepatoprotective effect, as manifested by normalized activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, normalized content of medium-molecular-weight peptides, urea, and bilirubin, and reduced activity of alanine aminotransferase and glutathione-S-transferase in the blood plasma of rats with the toxic hepatitis model.
Volatiles from rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L.:Phytochemistry. 2002; 59(6):655-61 (ISSN: 0031-9422).Rohloff J.The Plant Biocentre, Department of Botany, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway. jens.rohloff@chembio.ntnu.no
Terpenes and aroma volatiles from rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L. from Norway have been isolated by both steam distillation and headspace solid-phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. The dried rhizomes contained 0.05% essential oil with the main chemical classes: monoterpene hydrocarbons (25.40%), monoterpene alcohols (23.61%) and straight chain aliphatic alcohols (37.54%). n-Decanol (30.38%), geraniol (12.49%) and 1,4-p-menthadien-7-ol (5.10%) were the most abundant volatiles detected in the essential oil, and a total of 86 compounds were identified in both the SD and HS-SPME samples. Geraniol was identified as the most important rose-like odour compound besides geranyl formate, geranyl acetate, benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol. Floral notes such as linalool and its oxides, nonanal, decanal, nerol and cinnamyl alcohol highlight the flowery scent of rose root rhizomes.
Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue--a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty.:Phytomedicine. 2000; 7(5):365-71 (ISSN: 0944-7113).Darbinyan V; Kteyan A; Panossian A; Gabrielian E; Wikman G; Wagner H.Department of Neurology, Armenian State Medical University, Yerevan. epilepsy@acc.com
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated low-dose treatment with a standardized extract SHR/5 of rhizome Rhodiola rosea L, (RRE) on fatigue during night duty among a group of 56 young, healthy physicians. The effect was measured as total mental performance calculated as Fatigue Index. The tests chosen reflect an overall level of mental fatigue, involving complex perceptive and cognitive cerebral functions, such as associative thinking, short-term memory, calculation and ability of concentration, and speed of audio-visual perception. These parameters were tested before and after night duty during three periods of two weeks each: a) a test period of one RRE/placebo tablet daily, b) a washout period and c) a third period of one placebo/RRE tablet daily, in a double-blind cross-over trial. The perceptive and cognitive cerebral functions mentioned above were investigated using 5 different tests. A statistically significant improvement in these tests was observed in the treatment group (RRE) during the first two weeks period. No side-effects were reported for either treatment noted. These results suggest that RRE can reduce general fatigue under certain stressful conditions.
The anti-arrhythmia action of an extract of Rhodiola rosea and of n-tyrosol in models of experimental arrhythmias.:Eksp Klin Farmakol. 1998; 61(2):37-40 (ISSN: 0869-2092).Ma?-meskulova LA; Maslov LN.Department of Experimental Cardiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk Research Center, Russia.
A daily 8-day course of Rhodiolae fluidum extract (1 ml/kg; ED50 = 0.43 ml/kg)--a preparation from the group of adaptogens caused a marked preventive antiarrhythmic effect on models of adrenaline and CaCl2-induced, but not acontine, arrhythmias. Aglycone--n-tyrosol demonstrated a lower antiarrhythmic activity (ED50 = 16 mg/kg) than that of Rhodiola extract.
Analysis of the marker compounds of Rhodiola rosea L. (golden root) by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography.:Chem Pharm Bull.2001; 49(4):465-7 (ISSN: 0009-2363).Ganzera M; Yayla Y; Khan IA.National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University 38677, USA.
An HPLC method permitting the first simultaneous detection of 5 marker compounds (salidroside, rosarin, rosavin, rosin, rosiridin) of R. rosea was developed. A separation was achieved within 27 min by using C-18 column material, a phosphate buffer/acetonitrile gradient system and at a separation temperature of 60 degrees C. All five compounds could be detected at concentrations as low as 0.62 microg/ml and were clearly assignable in R. rosea plant material and commercial products. Therefore, this quantitative and qualitative applicability of the method offers efficient and reliable means for the evaluation of R. rosea and products thereof.
Comparative phytochemical characterization of three Rhodiola species.:Phytochemistry. 2006; 67(21):2380-91 (ISSN: 0031-9422).Yousef GG; Grace MH; Cheng DM; Belolipov IV; Raskin I; Lila MA.Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
In comparison to the well-recognized adaptogenic herb Rhodiola rosea, phytochemical constituents of two other Rhodiola species (R. heterodonta and R. semenovii) were elucidated and characterized. Two major phytochemical groups; phenolic and/or cyanogenic glycosides and proanthocyanidins, were isolated and identified in the three species. Chemical similarities among the three species were observed; however, each species displayed differences in phytochemical constituents. R. heterodonta contained a newly detected phenylethanoid glycoside, heterodontoside, in addition to the known compounds tyrosol, viridoside, salidroside, and rhodiocyanoside A. Both R. heterodonta and R. rosea contained phenylethanoid/propanoid compounds that were not detected in R. semenovii. For R. semenovii, the cyanogenic glucosides rhodiocyanoside A and lotaustralin were detected. Although the three species have proanthocyanidins composed of (-)-epigallocatechin and its 3-O-gallate esters in common, the degree of polymerization greatly differed between them. In contrast to R. heterodonta and R. semenovii, R. rosea has higher molecular weight polymeric proanthocyanidins. This study resulted in the identification and isolation of phytochemical constituents for direct cross-comparison between three Rhodiola species of medicinal and pharmacological value.
Potential of cranberry-based herbal synergies for diabetes and hypertension management.:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006; 15(3):433-41 (ISSN: 0964-7058).Apostolidis E; Kwon YI; Shetty K.Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
Water soluble cranberry-based phytochemical combinations with oregano, rosemary, and Rhodiola rosea were evaluated for total phenolic content, related antioxidant activity and inhibition of diabetes management-related alpha -glucosidase, pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibition, and hypertension-related ACE-I inhibitory activities. Water extracts of oregano had 114.9 mg/g DW of phenolics which was highest among all the extracts tested, whereas the 75% cranberry with 25% oregano combinations had the highest phenolics (38.9 mg/g DW) among all the combinations tested. The water extracts of oregano had the highest DPPH radical inhibition activity (73.6 %), whereas among combinations the 75% cranberry and 25% oregano had the highest DPPH radical inhibition activity (50.8 %). These results indicated a correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The water extracts of pure Rhodiola rosea had the highest alpha -glucosidase inhibition, whereas the 75% cranberry and 25% Rhodiola rosea combination had the highest inhibition among the combinations. In the case of alpha -amylase inhibition the water extracts of Rhodiola rosea had the highest inhibition, whereas the 75% cranberry with 25% Rhodiola rosea combination had the highest inhibition among the combinations. All the water extracts tested indicated that they had anti-ACE-I inhibitory activity. More specifically, among the water extracts 100% cranberry had the highest ACE-I inhibitory activity and among the combination the 75% cranberry with 25% rosemary had the highest ACE-I inhibitory activity. The analysis of alpha -glucosidase,alpha -amylase, and ACE-I inhibitory activities suggested that inhibition depend on the phenolic profile of each unique extract and by bringing together synergistic combinations to cranberry, health beneficial functionality was enhanced. This enhanced functionality in terms of high alpha -glucosidase and alpha -amylase inhibitory activities indicate the potential for diabetes management, and high ACE-I inhibitory activity indicates the potential for hypertension management.
Identification of Rhodiola species by using RP-HPLC.:J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2005; 6(6):477-82 (ISSN: 1673-1581).Wang Q; Ruan X; Jin ZH; Yan QC; Tu S.Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China. wangqiangsky@263.net
An approach was established using RP-HPLC (reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography) to identify ten species of Rhodiola, R. coccinea A. Bor, R. junggarica C.Y. Yang et N.R. Cui spn., R. heterodonta A. Bor, R. linearifolia A. Bor, R. pamiro alaiucm A. Bor, R. kaschgarica A. Bor, R. litwinowii A. Bor, R. gelida schrenk, R. rosea L. and R. quadrifide Fisch et Mey collected from the Tianshan Mountains areas of China. Chromatograms of alcohol-soluble proteins, generated from these ten Rhodiola spp. were compared. Each chromatogram of alcohol-soluble proteins came from a single seed of one wild species only. The results showed that when using a Waters Delta Pak. C18, 5 microm particle size reversed phase column (150 mm x 3.9 mm), a linear gradient of 22%-55% solvent B with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and a run time of 67 min, the chromatography gave optimum separation of Rhodiola alcohol-soluble proteins. Chromatogram of each species was different and could be used to identify those species. Cluster analysis of genetic similarity coefficients of 37% to 60% showed a medium degree of genetic diversity among the species in these eco-areas. Cluster analysis showed that the ten species of Rhodiola can be divided into four clusters and yielded the general and unique biochemical markers of these species. RP-HPLC was shown to be a rapid, repeatable and reliable method for Rhodiola species identification and analysis of genetic diversity.
Analysis on the trace element and amino acid content in xinjiang 6 series Rhodiola L. plant.:Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2001; 21(4):542-4 (ISSN: 1000-0593).Ruan X; Hou P; Zhou J; Wang Q; Li G.Department of Environmental Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 830052 Urumqi.
Trace elements Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se and 20 kinds of amino acid in Xinjiang 6 series of Rhodiola's root and rootstalk were measured. The result shows that contents of 9 kinds of trace elements in them are different. They contain from 8 to 18 kinds amino acid, and also contain from 3 to 7 kinds of indispensable amino acid respectively. Rhodiola rosea L. contains most kinds of amino acid among six kinds of Rhodiola L. in Xingjiang, and contents of trace elements in it are also moderate, so it is fittest to be a nutrious chinese traditional and herbal drug of six kinds of Rhodiola L. in Xingjiang.
Possible mechanisms underlying the effect of natural preparations on erythropoiesis under conditions of conflict situation.:Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003; 136(2):165-9 (ISSN: 0007-4888).Provalova NV; Skurikhin EG; Pershina OV; Minakova MY; Suslov NI; Dygai AM.Institute of Pharmacology, Tomsk Research Center, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.
We studied the effects of various natural preparations, including extracts of Siberian ginseng, Rhodiola rosea, bergenia, and ginseng and pantohematogen on erythropoiesis under conditions of conflict situation. The test preparations were divided into 2 groups depending on their modulatory effect on intensified erythropoiesis under conditions of conflict situation. Some of them reduced (extracts of ginseng, bergenia, and Rhodiola rosea), while others increased the degree of hyperplasia in the erythropoietic stem (extract of Siberian ginseng and pantohematogen). The regulatory effect of preparations depended on activity of the corresponding neurotransmitter systems in the brain and local regulatory mechanisms of hemopoiesis.
Stimulating effect of adaptogens: an overview with particular reference to their efficacy following single dose administration.:Phytother Res. 2005; 19(10):819-38 (ISSN: 0951-418X).Panossian A; Wagner H..Swedish Herbal Institute, Viktor Rydbergsgatan 10, SE-411 32 Gothenburg, Sweden. ap@shi.se
Plant adaptogens are compounds that increase the ability of an organism to adapt to environmental factors and to avoid damage from such factors. The beneficial effects of multi-dose administration of adaptogens are mainly associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a part of the stress-system that is believed to play a primary role in the reactions of the body to repeated stress and adaptation. In contrast, the single dose application of adaptogens is important in situations that require a rapid response to tension or to a stressful situation. In this case, the effects of the adaptogens are associated with another part of the stress-system, namely, the sympatho-adrenal-system (SAS), that provides a rapid response mechanism mainly to control the acute reaction of the organism to a stressor. This review focuses primarily on the SAS-mediated stimulating effects of single doses of adaptogens derived from Rhodiola rosea, Schizandra chinensis and Eleutherococcus senticosus. The use of these drugs typically generates no side effects, unlike traditional stimulants that possess addiction, tolerance and abuse potential, produce a negative effect on sleep structure, and cause rebound hypersomnolence or 'come down' effects. Furthermore, single administration of these adaptogens effectively increases mental performance and physical working capacity in humans. R. rosea is the most active of the three plant adaptogens producing, within 30 min of administration, a stimulating effect that continues for at least 4-6 h. The active principles of the three plants that exhibit single dose stimulating effects are glycosides of phenylpropane- and phenylethane-based phenolic compounds such as salidroside, rosavin, syringin and triandrin, the latter being the most active.
Effect of a combination of extract from several plants on cell-mediated and humoral immunity of patients with advanced ovarian cancer.:Phytother Res. 2006; 20(5):424-5 (ISSN: 0951-418X).Kormosh N; Laktionov K; Antoshechkina M.NN Blokhin Cancer Research Center of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation. nkormosh@hotmail.com
The influence of a plant preparation AdMax (Nulab Inc., Clearwater, FL, USA) on immunity in ovarian cancer patients was studied. The preparation is a combination of dried ethanol/water extracts from roots of Leuzea carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus and fruits of Schizandra chinensis. Twenty eight patients with stage III-IV epithelial ovarian cancer were treated once with 75 mg/m(2) cisplatin and 600 mg/m(2) cyclophosphamide. Peripheral blood was collected 4 weeks after the chemotherapy. Subclasses of T, B and NK lymphocytes were tested for in the blood samples: CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD11B, CD16, CD20, CD25, CD38, CD45RA, CD50, CD71 and CD95. Immunoglobulin G, A and M concentrations were also determined. Changes were observed in the following T cell subclasses: CD3, CD4, CD5 and CD8. In patients who took AdMax (270 mg a day) for 4 weeks following the chemotherapy, the mean numbers of the four T cell subclasses were increased in comparison with the mean numbers of the T cell subclasses in patients who did not take AdMax. In patients who took AdMax, the mean amounts of IgG and IgM were also increased. The obtained results suggest that the combination of extracts from adaptogenic plants may boost the suppressed immunity in ovarian cancer patients who are subject to chemotherapy.
Impact of Chisan (ADAPT-232) on the quality-of-life and its efficacy as an adjuvant in the treatment of acute non-specific pneumonia.:Phytomedicine. 2005; 12(10):723-9 (ISSN: 0944-7113).Narimanian M; Badalyan M; Panosyan V; Gabrielyan E; Panossian A; Wikman G; Wagner H.Department of Family Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized (simple randomisation), pilot (phase III) study of Chisan, (ADAPT-232; a standardised fixed combination of extracts of Rhodiola rosea L., Schisandra chinensis Turcz. Baill., and Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim) was carried out on two parallel groups of patients suffering from acute nonspecific pneumonia. Sixty patients (males and females; 18-65 years old) received a standard treatment with cephazoline, bromhexine, and theophylline: in addition, one group of 30 patients was given Chisan mixture, whilst the second group of 30 patients received a placebo, each medication being taken twice daily from the beginning of the study for 10-15 days. The primary outcome measurements were the duration of antibiotic therapy associated with the clinical manifestations of the acute phase of the disease, together with an evaluation of mental performance in a psychometric test and the self-evaluation of quality-of-life (QOL) (WHOQOL-Bref questionnaires) before treatment and on the first and fifth days after clinical convalescence. The mean duration of treatment with antibiotics required to bring about recovery from the acute phase of the disease was 2 days shorter in patients treated with Chisan compared with those in the placebo group. With respect to all QOL domains (physical, psychological, social and ecological), patients in the Chisan group scored higher at the beginning of the rehabilitation period, and significantly higher on the fifth day after clinical convalescence, than patients in the control group. Clearly, adjuvant therapy with ADAPT-232 has a positive effect on the recovery of patients by decreasing the duration of the acute phase of the illness, by increasing mental performance of patients in the rehabilitation period, and by improving their QOL. Both the clinical and laboratory results of the present study suggest that Chisan (ADAPT-232) can be recommended in the standard treatment of patients with acute non-specific pneumonia as an adjuvant to increase the QOL and to expedite the recovery of patients.
Effects of a commercial herbal-based formula on exercise performance in cyclists.:Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36(3):504-9 (ISSN: 0195-9131).Earnest CP; Morss GM; Wyatt F; Jordan AN; Colson S; Church TS; Fitzgerald Y; Autrey L; Jurca R; Lucia A.Center for Human Performance and Nutrition Research, The Cooper Institute Center for Human Performance and Nutrition Research, Dallas, TX 75230, USA. cearnest@cooperinst.org
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: We examined the effects of a commercially marketed herbal-based formula purported to increase endurance on oxygen consumption (VO2) in 17 competitive category III/IV amateur cyclists [mean (SEM) age: 31.1 (1.8) yr; height: 178.5 (1.8) cm; weight: 77.1 (1.6) kg]. METHODS: Each cyclist participated in two (pre/post) cycling tests progressing 25 W.4 min(-1) starting at 100 W administered in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind fashion. The second trial was performed 14 d after the ingestion of a manufacturer recommended loading phase (4 d x 6 caps.d(-1)) and a maintenance phase (11 d x 3 caps.d(-1)). Three treatment capsules contained 1000 mg of Cordyceps sinensis (CS-4) and 300 mg Rhodiola rosea root extract as the primary ingredients; 800 mg of other ingredients included calcium pyruvate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ribose, and adenosine and 200 mcg of chromium. RESULTS: Using a 2 x 2 ANOVA, we observed no significant treatment effect for any between or within group variables including peak VO2 [treatment 4.14 (0.2) L.min(-1); placebo 4.10 (0.2) L.min(-1)], time to exhaustion [treatment 38.47 (1.7) min; placebo 36.95 (1.8) min], peak power output (PO) [treatment 300.00 (12.1) W; placebo 290.63 (12.9) W], or peak heart rate. We also observed no differences for any subpeak exercise variable including the PO eliciting 2 mmol.L(-1) blood lactate (BLa) [treatment 201.00 (18.1) W; placebo 167.50 (19.2) W] and 4 mmol.L(-1) BLa [treatment 235.88 (15.8) W; placebo 244.78 (14.9) W], ventilatory threshold, respiratory compensation point, or Vo2 L.min(-1) gross efficiency at each stage. CONCLUSION: A 2-wk ingestion schema of a commercial herbal-based formula is insufficient to elicit positive changes in cycling performance.
Effects of adaptogens on granulocytopoiesis during paradoxical sleep deprivation.:Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002; 133(3):261-4 (ISSN: 0007-4888).Provalova NV; Skurikhin EG; Suslov NI; Dygai AM; Gol'dberg ED
Institute of Pharmacology, Tomsk Research Center, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.
We studied the effects of extracts from Siberian ginseng, Rhodiola rosea, bergenia, and ginseng (G115) and pantohematogen on granulocytopoiesis after paradoxical sleep deprivation. The effects of adaptogens on the blood system were most pronounced during hyperplasia of granulocytopoiesis. Natural preparations were divided into groups depending on their activity. Extracts of Siberian ginseng and Rhodiola rosea did not modulate granulocytopoiesis. Ginseng G115 extract suppressed granulocytopoiesis. Bergenia extract and pantohematogen produced ambiguous effects on the granulocytic hemopoietic stem.
Mechanisms underling the effects of adaptogens on erythropoiesis during paradoxical sleep deprivation.:Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002; 133(5):428-32 (ISSN: 0007-4888).Provalova NV; Skurikhin EG; Pershina OV; Suslov NI; Minakova MY; Dygai AM; Gol'dberg ED.Institute of Pharmacology, Tomsk Research Center, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.
We studied the effects of adaptogens extracts of Siberian ginseng, Rhodiola rosea, bergenia, and ginseng and pantohematogen, on erythropoiesis after paradoxical sleep deprivation. Adaptogens stimulated bone marrow erythropoiesis in the early stage, but decreased the count of bone marrow erythrokaryocytes 3-7 days after treatment. The effect of adaptogens on erythropoiesis is associated with modulation of the state of brain neurotransmitter systems followed by changes in functional activity of cells in the hemopoiesis-inducing microenvironment.
Screening of Mongolian plants for influence on amylase activity in mouse plasma and gastrointestinal tube.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2003; 26(7):1045-8 (ISSN: 0918-6158).
Mongolian plants were screened for their influence on alpha-amylase activity in mouse plasma. Methanolic extracts of Geranium pratense, Rhodiola rosea, Ribes pullchelum and Vaccinium uliginosum inhibited the enzyme activity in isolated mouse plasma by greater than 40% and the effect was concentration dependent. Vaccinium uliginosum also showed a depressive effect on elevation of postprandial blood glucose to some extent.
Effect of Valerian Extract Preparation (BIM) on the Sleep-Wake Cycle in Rats.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2007; 30(2):363-6 (ISSN: 0918-6158)
In the present study, we studied the effect of valerian extract preparation (BIM) containing valerian extract, golden root (Rhodiola rosea L.) extract and L-theanine (gamma-glutamylethylamide) on the sleep-wake cycle using sleep-disturbed model rats in comparison with that of valerian extract. A significant shortening in sleep latency was observed with valerian extract and the BIM at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. On the other hand, valerian extract and the BIM caused no significant effects on total times of wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and REM sleep. Valerian extract and the BIM at a dose of 1000 mg/kg also had no significant effect on delta activity. In conclusion, it became clear that the BIM could be useful as a herbal medicine having a sleep-inducing effect without causing an alteration of the sleep-wakefulness cycle.
The effect of salidroside on cell damage induced by glutamate and intracellular free calcium in PC12 cells.:J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2006; 8(1-2):159-65 (ISSN: 1028-6020)
Salidroside (Sald), was extracted from Rhodiola rosea L, a traditional Chinese medicine which has been used for long time for anti-aging, anti-cancer and anti-oxidative stress etc. In present experiment, salidroside could protect the PC12 cell against injuries caused by exposure of PC12 cells to 2 mmol/L glutamate for 15 min followed by incubation with serum-free medium for 24 h, which resembled the excitotoxin in vivo system. Furthermore, saldroside could decrease the [Ca2+]i of PC12 cells in Mg2+-free Hanks' solution and D-Hanks' solution but there was no effect on basal [Ca2+]i in Hanks' solution. The studies also indicated that salidroside inhibited the increases of [Ca2+]i induced by KCl and glutamate. In conclusion, salidroside may protect PC12 cell against glutamate excitotoxic damage through suppressing the excessive entry of Ca2+ and the release of the calcium stores.
Fast screening method for the analysis of total flavonoid content in plants and foodstuffs by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with polarity switching.:Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18(24):3113-22 (ISSN: 0951-4198).Tolonen A; Uusitalo J.Novamass Analytical Ltd, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. ari.tolonen@novamass.net
A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) method based on time-of-flight (TOF) MS with polarity switching and continuous exact mass measurement using a LockSpray ion source was developed for fast evaluation of the total flavonoid content in plants and foodstuffs. No complicated sample preparation was needed, but only a dilution of the extracts. A fast generic gradient elution and wide mass range acquisition was used with good sensitivity. The total analysis time was only 23 min. The ion chromatograms for flavonoid compounds were automatically extracted, and the fragmentation patterns obtained using positive ion mode and exact mass data for both polarities were used for the tentative identification of compounds. Software-based automated searching of molecular ions for flavonoids and their glycosides (xylosides/arabinosides, rhamnosides, glucosides/galactosides) from total ion chromatograms was used. The compounds were quantified using quercetin, quercitrin, rutin and kuromanine as external standards and dextromethorphan as an internal standard. The detection limits ranged from 0.01-0.04 microg/mL, while the quantitation ranges obtained were 0.2-10 microg/mL for anthocyanins and 0.2-4 microg/mL for the other flavonoids. The accuracies within these ranges varied between 80-120% and precision was in the range 0-14% (relative standard deviation). Flavonoid contents of two medicinal plants (Hypericum perforatum and Rhodiola rosea), two grape red wines, two orange juices and two green teas were evaluated using the method, and the results obtained were in good agreement with those published previously.
Screening substances derived from cultures of medicinal plants for antimutagenic activity in the Escherichia coli-bacteriophage lambda system.:Tsitol Genet. 2002; 36(2):3-10 (ISSN: 0564-3783).Dvornyk AS; Pererva TP; Kukakh VA
In Escherichia coli--bacteriophage lambda system protective properties of the extracts derived from the biomass of cultured Panax ginseng, Polyscias filicifolia, Rhodiola rosea, Ungernia victoris cells, and those from intact Rhodiola roots have been studied. Escherichia coli--bacteriophage lambda system responsiveness was found to vary with the test-object state, namely: the deleted bacteriophage form (lambda-4) as well as previously mutagenized bacteriophage were more sensitive to the mutagenic and antimutagenic influence versus the native bacteriophage lambda +. The contribution of extracts in the induction and realization of the lethal injuries in phages caused by nitrite acid in extracellular phage (conditions in vitro) was estimated thus enabling to discriminate between the protective and antimutagenic extract activities. Protective extract effect in the given test-system appeared to be higher their antimutagenic action. With the most responsive bacteriophage variant the extracts from the biomass of cultured Rh. rosea and P. filicifolia cells showed high protective and somewhat lower antimutagenic activities. With other phages significant antimutagenic potential of extracts was demonstrated, which by their protective effect could be arranged in a raw as follows U. victoris > P. ginseng > P. filicifolia. The primary screening for the antimutagenic effect of preparations in the prokaryotic systems could be reduced to the investigation of their effects on the object inactivation exposed to the mutagen in vitro.
The antimutagenic activity of biomass extracts from the cultured cells of medicinal plants in the Ames test.:Tsitol Genet. 1999; 33(6):19-25 (ISSN: 0564-3783).Duhan OM; Baryliak IR; Nester TI; Dvornyk AS; Kunakh VA
Antimutagenic activity of 20 and 40% ethanol extracts from the biomass of Rhodiola rosea, Polyscias filicifolia, Panax ginseng and Ungernia victoris cultured cells have been studied. DDDTDP, ethidium bromide, benz(a)pyrene, benzidine served as model mutagens for Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain (the latter two were tested in presence of metabolic activation system); for S. typhimurium TA 100 strain these were tio-tefa, bichromate potassium and sodium azide and heavy metal compounds (chlorides of manganese, zinc, cadmium, lead acetate) for both strains. Higher capacity of the extracts from the biomass of R. rosea and P. filicifolia to counteract gene mutations induced by various mutagens was demonstrated (ca. 90% inhibition in isolated cases). In the experiment with the metabolic activation most effective proved to be the extracts from the P. ginseng biomass (up to 34% and 47% mutagenicity inhibition).
Medicinal plant preparations used as adjuvant therapeutics in experimental oncology.:Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2000; 63(5):59-61 (ISSN: 0869-2092).Razina TG; Zueva EP; Amosova EN; Krylova SG.Tomsk Scientific Center, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia.
Experiments on mice inoculated with metastasing Lewis lung carcinoma showed that the antitumor and antimetastatic effects of cyclophosphan (cyclophosphamide) are potentiated by the extracts of phytopreparations based on Baikal scullcap (Scutellaria baikalensis), rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea), common licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), and their principal acting components--baikalin, paratyrosol, and glycyrram.
Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine.:Phytother Res. 1999; 13(4):275-91 (ISSN: 0951-418X).Rege NN; Thatte UM; Dahanukar SA.Ayurveda Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth GS Medical College, Parel, Mumbai, India. kemarc@bom3.vsnl.net.in
Plants from all over the world such as Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Raponticum carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum have been extensively evaluated for their adaptogenic potential. However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an adaptogen in the clinic. This paper discusses some of the problems in evaluation of adaptogens which have precluded their inclusion as clinically useful drugs. We further discuss our results with six rasayana plants from Ayurveda, which were studied for their adaptogenic potential. The whole, aqueous, standardized extracts of selected plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Piper longum and Terminalia chebula) were administered orally to experimental animals, in a dose extrapolated from the human dose, following which they were exposed to a variety of biological, physical and chemical stressors. These plants were found to offer protection against these stressors, as judged by using markers of stress responses and objective parameters for stress manifestations. Using a model of cisplatin induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility, the ability of these plants to exert a normalizing effect, irrespective of direction of pathological change was tested. All the plants reversed the effects of cisplatin on gastric emptying, while Tinospora cordifolia and Asparagus racemosus also normalized cisplatin induced intestinal hypermotility. Tinospora cordifolia was also tested for its ability to modulate the changes occurring in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages after exposure of rats to either carbon tetrachloride or horse serum. It was found to normalize the phagocytic function irrespective to the direction of change, complying to the definition of an adaptogen. All the plant drugs were found to be safe in both acute and subacute toxicity studies. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the plants revealed that they all produced immunostimulation. The protection offered by Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced gastric mucosal damage was lost if macrophage activity was blocked. Emblica officinalis strengthened the defence mechanisms against free radical damage induced during stress. The effect of Emblica officinalis appeared to depend on the ability of target tissues to synthesize prostaglandins. Recent data obtained with Tinospora cordifolia suggest that it may induce genotypic adaptation, further opening the arena for more research and experimentation.
The cardioprotective and antiadrenergic activity of an extract of Rhodiola rosea in stress.:Eksp Klin Farmakol. 1994; 57(6):61-3 (ISSN: 0869-2092).Maslova LV; Kondrat'ev BIu; Maslov LN; Lishmanov IuB.
The course of administration of Rhodiola rosea extract was studied for effects on the pattern of stress-induced cardiac damage which was assessed by 99mTc-pyrophosphate accumulation in the heart. Rhodiola rosea was found to prevent stress-induced cardiac damage. Simultaneously, myocardial catecholamines and cAMP levels were measured. Rhodiola rosea was ascertained to prevent both stress-induced catecholamine release and higher cAMP levels in the myocardium. Moreover, the adaptogen prevented lower adrenal catecholamines during stress. The findings suggest that the antistressor and cardioprotective effects of Rhodiola rosea are associated with limited adrenergic effect on the heart.
Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on learning and memory.:Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1986; 12(1):3-16 (ISSN: 0323-9950).Petkov VD; Yonkov D; Mosharoff A; Kambourova T; Alova L; Petkov VV; Todorov I
The effect of alcohol-aqueous extract (1:1) from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on the processes of learning and memory is studied on rats. Several methods of active avoidance with negative and positive reinforcements are used, as well as of passive avoidance. Using the maze-method with negative (punitive) reinforcement, it has been found that Rhodiola extract in a single dose of 0.10 ml per rat essentially improves learning and retention after 24 hours. Significant improvement of the long-term memory is also established in memory tests after 10-day treatment with the same dose of the extract. In the other two doses tested (0.02 and 1.0 ml per rat) the extract has no substantial effect on learning and memory. In a dose of 0.10 ml per rat the Rhodiola extract had a favourable effect on the training process using the "staircase" method with positive (food) reinforcement as well. With the other methods used (active avoidance method with negative reinforcement "shuttle-box" and passive avoidance methods "step down" and "step through") Rhodiola extract in the dose used (0.10 ml per rat) had no substantial effect on learning and memory (a certain deterioration of the training process was even observed using the "shuttle-box" method, while the "step-down" method resulted in deterioration of the memory). The great significance of the method used for studying the effects of the pharmacological agents on learning and memory for the results obtained is evident.
The anti-arrhythmia effect of Rhodiola rosea and its possible mechanism.:Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1993; 116(8):175-6 (ISSN: 0365-9615).Lishmanov IuB; Maslova LV; Maslov LN; Dan'shina EN
A course injection of Rhodiola rosea extract for eight days was reported to increase the resistance of experimental animals to adrenalin- or CaCl2-induced arrhythmias. Preliminary injection of naloxone in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg eliminated the antiarrhythmic effect of Rhodiola. Indomethacin had no effect the antiarrhythmic action of Rhodiola. The antiarrhythmic effect of Rhodiola course injections was assumed to be associated with the induction of opioid peptides biosynthesis.
The participation of the mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors in the realization of the anti-arrhythmia effect of Rhodiola rosea.:Eksp Klin Farmakol. 1997; 60(1):38-9 (ISSN: 0869-2092).Ma?-meskulova LA; Maslov LN; Lishmanov IuB; Krasnov EA
A course of the adaptogen extractum Rhodiola rosea (3.5 ml/kg given per os daily for 8 days). produces am antiarrhythmic effect on models of epinephrine-induced arrhythmia. Blockade of mu-opiate receptors (OR) by naloxone (0.2 mg/kg) and delta-OR by ICI 174.864 (2.5 mg/kg) had no effect on the resistance of the heart of rats adapted to epinephrine. Higher doses of naloxone reduced significantly the antiarrhythmic effect of extr. Rhodiola. The antiarrhythmic effect of the extract is assumed to be related to activation of the opioid system and stimulation of kappa-OR.
The role of humoral factors of regenerating liver in the development of experimental tumors and the effect of Rhodiola rosea extract on this process.:Neoplasma. 1991; 38(3):323-31 (ISSN: 0028-2685).Udintsev SN; Shakhov VP.Research Institute of Pharmacology, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, USSR.
In experiment on rats with Pliss lymphosarcoma (PLS) it was shown that partial hepatectomy (PHE), a course application of Rhodiola rosea extract (RRE) or combined effects inhibit the growth of tumors by 37, 39 and 59%, respectively, and that of metastases by 42, 50 and 75%. In combined treatment the process of hepatic regeneration was completed in earlier terms versus the animals which underwent PHE, and proliferative activity of the tumor and metastases decreased by 15 and 59%, respectively, judging by the degree of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of these tissues. The assessment of clonogenic activity of PLS cells taken in the animals of this group, using the method of diffusion chambers, revealed a significant decrease in this index versus the rats which underwent PHE or which were given RRE (number of colonies per chamber being 4.8 +/- 0.5; 8.6 +/- 0.9; 5.7 +/- 0.6, respectively; in control 13.8 +/- 1.5). The assumption that these effects are determined by factors originating from the regenerating liver was confirmed in experiments with double-layer agar systems. Inhibition of colony-forming activity of PLS cells was the maximum in application of the hepatocytes of the rats which underwent a complex of effects, as a feeder, versus the hepatocytes taken in intact or hepatectomized animals, or the rats which were given RRE (number of colonies per plate well being 4.6 +/- 0.3; 15.7 +/- 1.6; 7.4 +/- 0.8; 8.7 +/- 0.9, respectively; in the control 25.6 +/- 6.5). In experiments on mice with Ehrlich adenocarcinoma, the factors isolated from the liver of animals subjected to PHE against a background of RRE administration and from the liver of mice which were given RRE only, as well as operated or intact ones, inhibited the tumor growth to 63, 38, 35 and 21%, respectively.
The effect of a Rhodiola rosea extract on the incidence of recurrences of a superficial bladder cancer (experimental clinical research).:Urol Nefrol (Mosk). 1995; (2):46-7 (ISSN: 0042-1154).Bocharova OA; Matveev BP; Baryshnikov AIu; Figurin KM; Serebriakova RV; Bodrova NB.
Oral administration of Rhodiola rosea extract to a small group of patents (n = 12) with superficial bladder carcinoma (T1G1-2) improved the characteristics of the urothelial tissue integration, parameters of leukocyte integrins and T-cell immunity. The average frequency of relapses for these patients has been found to fall twice, though statistical differences were not significant.
Effect of a Rhodiola extract on the tumor process in an experiment.:Vopr Onkol. 1987; 33(7):57-60 (ISSN: 0507-3758).Dement'eva LA; Iaremenko KV
Antitumor and antimetastatic effects of an official extract of Rhodiola rosea were established in experiments on inbred and noninbred mice and rats with transplantable NK/Ly tumor, Ehrlich's adenocarcinoma, melanoma B16 and Lewis lung carcinoma. Application of the said preparation to sarcolysin-treated animals was followed by an increase in survival.
Cardiac contractile function following acute cooling of the body and the adaptogenic correction of its disorders.:Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1993; 116(11):480-3 (ISSN: 0365-9615).Afanas'ev SA; Alekseeva ED; Bardamova IB; Maslova LV; Lishmanov IuB
In experiments on white Wistar rats the effect of acute 4-hour freezing at -10 degrees C on contractile function of the hearts isolated by the Langendorff technique, and the protective efficacy of Rhodiola rosea extract were investigated. The obtained results testify to the fact that acute cooling leads to a decrease in myocardial contractile activity that recovers during 18 hours. But this recovery cannot be complete as it does not result in stable contractility of isolated heart in perfusion. Preliminary adaptation of animals during treatment with Rhodiola rosea extract prevents the decrease in contractility force immediately after acute cooling and contributes to the stable contractility during 60 minutes of perfusion. Moreover, Rhodiola rosea extract does not remove the disturbance in diastolic function and in all cases leads to a decrease in coronary blood flow. The effect of Rhodiola rosea extract on the myocardium is likely to be similar to that of myocardial recovery after acute cooling.
Changes in clonogenic properties of bone marrow and transplantable mice tumor cells during combined use of cyclophosphane and biological response modifiers of adaptogenic origin.:Eksp Onkol. 1990; 12(6):55-6 (ISSN: 0204-3564).Udintsev SN; Shakhov VP
The clonogenic activity of tumors and blood marrow cells has been studied in experiments on CBA, BALB/C and C57B1/6 mice with the Ehrlich adenocarcinoma and Lewis lung carcinosarcoma treated with adaptogenic drugs of Rhodiola Rosea extract, a synthetic analog of Rhodiola phenol derivative, methyluracil and their combinations with cyclophosphamide. The extract and derivative are shown to protect the myelopoietic tissue from the toxic action of cyclophosphamide, retaining or increasing the suppressive effect of the latter towards clonogenic tumors cells. These data can be the reason for using the extract and derivative during the antitumor chemotherapy as biological response modifiers.
Decrease in the growth rate of Ehrlich's tumor and Pliss' lymphosarcoma with partial hepatectomy.:Vopr Onkol. 1989; 35(9):1072-5 (ISSN: 0507-3758).Udintsev SN; Shakhov VP
In experiments with transplantable tumors, partial hepatectomy, Rhodiola rosea extracts or their combination were shown to inhibit the rate of Ehrlich's tumor and Pliss' lymphosarcoma as well as dissemination of the latter. These effects are to a certain extent attributed to production of humoral factors by the liver inhibiting clonogenic activity of tumor cells in vivo and in vitro.
Plasma beta-endorphin and stress hormones in stress and adaptation.:Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1987; 103(4):422-4 (ISSN: 0365-9615).Lishmanov IuB; Trifonova ZhV; Tsibin AN; Maslova LV; Dement'eva LA
The experiments on white rats have shown that the induction of 4 hour stress produces an acute increase in beta-endorphin level, as well as characteristic changes in ACTH, cortisol, insulin, thyroxin and triiodothyronine concentrations. Different types of adaptation (training with short stress periods or injection of rhodiola rosea extract) promote a moderate increase in the amount of serum immunoreactive beta-endorphin, preventing its subsequent stress-induced elevation. Adaptation is characterized by a decrease or total prevention of hormonal changes peculiar to stress. The role of opioid neuropeptides in enhancing stress tolerance and the effect of adaptation factors are discussed.
The effect of low concentrations of adaptogen solutions on the functional activity of murine bone marrow cells in vitro.:Biofizika. 1991; 36(1):105-8 (ISSN: 0006-3029).Udintsev SN; Shakhov VP; Borovsko?- IG; Ibragimova SG
Influence of water solutions of chemically pure adaptogens--a synthetic analog of Rhodiola rosea extract phenol combination (SAR) and Dibazol on the functional activity of mice hemopoietic cells in vitro was studied. A clear periodical character of drugs effects manifestation with a tendency to the stimulating activity domination was revealed. A reliable stimulation of clonogenic activity was in correlation with 4 x 10(-11) and 4 x 10(-15) adaptogens molecules in SAR and Dibazol solutions per 1 blood marrow cell. This phenomenon is suggested to be connected with the solvent (water) molecules changes and the formation of structures, keeping the information of adaptogenes with possible translation of the latter during the process of consistent dissolution of the solvent.
Mechanism of differential effect of low dose adaptogens on the functional activity of normal and transformed cellular elements in vitro.:Biofizika. 1991; 36(4):624-7 (ISSN: 0006-3029).Udintsev SN; Shakhov VP; Borovsko?- IG
Influence of water solutions of chemically pure adaptogen--synthetic analog of Rhodiola Rosea extract phenol composition (SAR) on functional activity of hemopoietic and tumor cells of mice with Ehrlich ascite cancer was studied in vitro. The periodical character of SAR effects was shown to be different for both types of cells, and at 1 x 10(-2) and 1 x 10(-26) M concentrations simultaneous stimulation of blood marrow cells colony-forming activity and inhibition of the latter in tumor elements was revealed. Essential changes of reactions of both cell types after adding the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase blocker Actinomycin D permit to suggest SAR effects to be connected with drug influence on the membrane RNA of the target cells.
The enhancement of the efficacy of adriamycin by using hepatoprotectors of plant origin in metastases of Ehrlich's adenocarcinoma to the liver in mice.:Vopr Onkol. 1992; 38(10):1217-22 (ISSN: 0507-3758).Udintsev SN; Krylova SG; Fomina TI
It was shown that the use of an anthracycline antibiotic--adriamycin in mice with metastatic involvement resulted in pronounced liver dysfunction, as suggested by a sharp increase in blood transaminase levels. In the same model, a hepatoprotector of plant origin--Rhodiola rosea extract--was shown to inhibit tumor dissemination. Combined application of adriamycin and the extract proved no inferior in terms of antimetastatic efficacy and nearly free from toxicity.
Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice.:Phytother Res. 2007; 21(1):37-43 (ISSN: 0951-418X).Perfumi M; Mattioli L.Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Via Scalzino 3, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy.
Rhodiola rosea L., or 'golden root', is a popular plant in traditional medicine in Eastern Europe and Asia, with a reputation for improving depression, enhancing work performance, eliminating fatigue and treating symptoms of asthenia subsequent to intense physical and psychological stress. Due to these therapeutic properties, R. rosea is considered to be one of the most active adaptogenic drugs. To confirm and extend results obtained in the few preclinical and clinical studies available in English language journals, the purpose of the present study was to re-investigate the effects produced by a single oral administration of an R. rosea hydroalcohol extract (containing 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside) on the central nervous system in mice. The extract was tested on antidepressant, adaptogenic, anxiolytic, nociceptive and locomotor activities at doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg, using predictive behavioural tests and animal models. The results show that this R. rosea extract significantly, but not dose-dependently, induced antidepressant-like, adaptogenic, anxiolytic-like and stimulating effects in mice. This study thus provides evidence of the efficacy of R. rosea extracts after a single administration, and confirms many preclinical and clinical studies indicating the adaptogenic and stimulating effects of such R. rosea extracts. Moreover, antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like activities of R. rosea were shown in mice for the first time.
Comparison of electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization techniques in the analysis of the main constituents from Rhodiola rosea extracts by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.:J Mass Spectrom. 2003; 38(8):845-53 (ISSN: 1076-5174).Tolonen A; Hohtola A; Jalonen J.Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. ari.tolonen@oulu.fi
Rhodiola rosea L. (Golden Root) has been used for a long time as an adaptogen in Chinese traditional medicine and is reported to have many pharmacological properties. A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with mass spectrometric (MS) detection based on selected ion monitoring (SIM) was developed for determining salidroside, sachaliside 1, rosin, 4-methoxycinnamyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside, rosarin, rosavin, cinnamyl-(6'-O-beta-xylopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside, 4-methoxy-cinnamyl-(6'-O-alpha-arabinopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside, rosiridin and benzyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside from the callus and plant extracts in one chromatographic run. Good linearity over the range 0.5-500 ng ml(-1) for salidroside, 2-2000 ng ml(-1) for rosavin and 2-500 ng ml(-1) for benzyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside was observed. The intra-assay accuracy and precision within quantitation ranges varied between -10.0 and +13.2% and between 0.7 and 9.0%, respectively. Optimization of the ionization process was performed with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization techniques using four different additive compositions for eluents in the LC/MS scan mode, using both positive and negative ion modes. The best ionization sensitivity for the compounds studied was obtained with electrospray ionization when using pure water without any additives as the aqueous phase.
LC/MS/MS identification of glycosides produced by biotransformation of cinnamyl alcohol in Rhodiola rosea compact callus aggregates.:Biomed Chromatogr. 2004; 18(8):550-8 (ISSN: 0269-3879).Tolonen A; Gy??rgy Z; Jalonen J; Neubauer P; Hohtola A.Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. ari.tolonen@oulu.fi
Cinnamyl alcohol was added to the media of compact callus aggregates (CCA) of Rhodiola rosea for stimulating the production of cinnamyl glycosides. The biotransformation reaction produced high amounts of rosin, while only a very low amount of rosavin was produced. As the consumption rate of cinnamyl alcohol was much higher than production of rosin, the aqueous methanol extracts of compact callus aggregates were studied by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric methods and four new unexpected biotransformation products of cinnamyl alcohol were identified.
Experimental analysis of therapeutic properties of Rhodiola rosea L. and its possible application in medicine.:Medicina (Kaunas). 2004; 40(7):614-9 (ISSN: 1648-9144).Kucinskaite A; Briedis V; Savickas A.Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmacy Organization, Kaunas University of Medicine, A. Mickeviciaus 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania. agnute.ku@delfi.lt.
The paper presents a review of the scientific publications on Rhodiola rosea L. known for its adaptogenic characteristics. Biologically active substances salidroside, rosin, rosavin, rosarin and tyrosol, which are mainly found in plant rhizomes, demonstrate therapeutic effect. These active components effect the central nervous system by increasing the ability to concentrate, the mental and physical power; they are efficient in the asthenic states and improve general resistance of the cells and the organism against the harmful outer influence. They also prevent the heart system from stress and arrhythmias, and posses some antioxidant activity. Some data confirm that the Rhodiola rosea L. preparations stop the growth of the malignant tumors and metastases in the liver. Some preclinical and clinical data of the golden root preparations are discussed in the survey. The interaction of the herb with other medicines, its usage and effect, recommended doses, and its side effects are also reviewed in the paper.
Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Rhodiola rosea.:Chem Pharm Bull.2003; 51(4):467-70 (ISSN: 0009-2363).Tolonen A; Pakonen M; Hohtola A; Jalonen J.Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, Finland. ari.tolonen@oulu.fi
Rhodiola rosea L. (Golden Root) has been used for a long time as an adaptogen in Chinese traditional medicine and is reported to have many pharmacological properties. Along its known secondary metabolites tyrosol (1), salidroside (rhodioloside) (2), rosin (3), rosarin (4), rosavin (5), sachaliside 1 (6) and 4-methoxy-cinnamyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), four compounds were isolated from aqueous methanol extract of the plant and identified as cinnamyl-(6'-O-beta-xylopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside (8), 4-methoxy-cinnamyl-(6'-O-alpha-arabinopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside (9), picein (10) and benzyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside (11) by UV, MS and NMR methods. Compounds 8 and 9 are new natural compounds whereas compounds 10 and 11 were isolated first time from R. rosea. Also the compounds 6 and 7 are isolated earlier only from the callus cultures of the plant but not from the differentiated plant.
Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance.:Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004; 14(3):298-307 (ISSN: 1526-484X).De Bock K; Eijnde BO; Ramaekers M; Hespel P.Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy in the Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute and 4-week Rhodiola rosea intake on physical capacity, muscle strength, speed of limb movement, reaction time, and attention. METHODS: PHASE I: A double blind placebo-controlled randomized study (n= 24) was performed, consisting of 2 sessions (2 days per session). Day 1: One hour after acute Rhodiola rosea intake (R, 200-mg Rhodiola rosea extract containing 3% rosavin + 1% salidroside plus 500 mg starch) or placebo (P, 700 mg starch) speed of limb movement (plate tapping test), aural and visual reaction time, and the ability to sustain attention (Fepsy Vigilance test) were assessed. Day 2: Following the same intake procedure as on day 1, maximal isometric knee-extension torque and endurance exercise capacity were tested. Following a 5-day washout period, the experimental procedure was repeated, with the treatment regimens being switched between groups (session 2). PHASE II: A double blind placebo-controlled study (n = 12) was performed. Subjects underwent sessions 3 and 4, identical to Phase I, separated by a 4-week R/P intake, during which subjects ingested 200 mg R/P per day. RESULTS: PHASE I: Compared with P, acute R intake in Phase I increased (p <.05) time to exhaustion from 16.8 +/- 0.7 min to 17.2+/- 0.8 min. Accordingly, VO2peak (p <.05) and VCO2peak (p<.05) increased during R compared to P from 50.9 +/- 1.8 ml x min(-1) x kg(- )1 to 52.9 +/- 2.7 ml x min(-10) x kg(-1) (VO2peak) and from 60.0 +/- 2.3 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) to 63.5+/- 2.7 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) (VCO2peak). Pulmonary ventilation (p =.07) tended to increase more during R than during P (P: 115.9+/- 7.7 L/min; R: 124.8 +/- 7.7 L/min). All other parameters remained unchanged. PHASE II: Four-week R intake did not alter any of the variables measured. CONCLUSION: Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise capacity in young healthy volunteers. This response was not altered by prior daily 4-week Rhodiola intake.
Stimulating effect of adaptogens: an overview with particular reference to their efficacy following single dose administration.:Phytother Res. 2005; 19(10):819-38 (ISSN: 0951-418X).Panossian A; Wagner H.Swedish Herbal Institute, Viktor Rydbergsgatan 10, SE-411 32 Gothenburg, Sweden. ap@shi.se
Plant adaptogens are compounds that increase the ability of an organism to adapt to environmental factors and to avoid damage from such factors. The beneficial effects of multi-dose administration of adaptogens are mainly associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a part of the stress-system that is believed to play a primary role in the reactions of the body to repeated stress and adaptation. In contrast, the single dose application of adaptogens is important in situations that require a rapid response to tension or to a stressful situation. In this case, the effects of the adaptogens are associated with another part of the stress-system, namely, the sympatho-adrenal-system (SAS), that provides a rapid response mechanism mainly to control the acute reaction of the organism to a stressor. This review focuses primarily on the SAS-mediated stimulating effects of single doses of adaptogens derived from Rhodiola rosea, Schizandra chinensis and Eleutherococcus senticosus. The use of these drugs typically generates no side effects, unlike traditional stimulants that possess addiction, tolerance and abuse potential, produce a negative effect on sleep structure, and cause rebound hypersomnolence or 'come down' effects. Furthermore, single administration of these adaptogens effectively increases mental performance and physical working capacity in humans. R. rosea is the most active of the three plant adaptogens producing, within 30 min of administration, a stimulating effect that continues for at least 4-6 h. The active principles of the three plants that exhibit single dose stimulating effects are glycosides of phenylpropane- and phenylethane-based phenolic compounds such as salidroside, rosavin, syringin and triandrin, the latter being the most active.
Analysis of the marker compounds of Rhodiola rosea L. (golden root) by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography.:Chem Pharm Bull.2001; 49(4):465-7 (ISSN: 0009-2363)Ganzera M; Yayla Y; Khan IA.National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University 38677, USA.
An HPLC method permitting the first simultaneous detection of 5 marker compounds (salidroside, rosarin, rosavin, rosin, rosiridin) of R. rosea was developed. A separation was achieved within 27 min by using C-18 column material, a phosphate buffer/acetonitrile gradient system and at a separation temperature of 60 degrees C. All five compounds could be detected at concentrations as low as 0.62 microg/ml and were clearly assignable in R. rosea plant material and commercial products. Therefore, this quantitative and qualitative applicability of the method offers efficient and reliable means for the evaluation of R. rosea and products thereof.
Rhodiola rosea L. extract reduces stress- and CRF-induced anorexia in rats.:J Psychopharmacol. 2007 Jan 26;.Mattioli L, Perfumi M.Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
Rhodiola rosea L. is one of the most popular adaptogen and anti-stress plants in European and Asiatic traditional medicine. Its pharmacological properties appear to depend on its ability to modulate the activation of several components of the complex stress-response system. Exposure to both physical and psychological stress reduces feeding in rodents. The aim of this work was thus to determine whether in rats an hydroalcoholic R. rosea extract standardized in 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside (RHO) reverses hypophagia induced by (1) physical stress due to 60 min immobilization; (2) intracerebroventricular injection of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF, 0.2 microg/rat), the major mediator of stress responses in mammals; (3) intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 microg/kg); (4) intraperitoneal administration of fluoxetine (FLU, 8 mg/kg). The effect of the same doses of the plant extract was also tested in freely-feeding and in 20 h food-deprived rats. RHO was administered acutely by gavage to male Wistar rats 1 h before the experiments. The results show that at 15 and 20 mg/kg, RHO reversed the anorectic effects induced both by immobilization and by intracerebroventricular CRF injection. Moreover, at the same doses, RHO failed to reduce the anorectic effect induced both by LPS and FLU, and did not modify food intake in both freely-feeding and food-deprived rats. These findings strongly demonstrated that RHO is able selectively to attenuate stress-induced anorexia, providing functional evidence of claimed adaptogen and anti-stress properties of Rhodiola rosea L.
Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice.:Phytother Res. 2007 Jan;21(1):37-43.Perfumi M, Mattioli L.Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Via Scalzino 3, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy. marina.perfumi@unicam.it
Rhodiola rosea L., or 'golden root', is a popular plant in traditional medicine in Eastern Europe and Asia, with a reputation for improving depression, enhancing work performance, eliminating fatigue and treating symptoms of asthenia subsequent to intense physical and psychological stress. Due to these therapeutic properties, R. rosea is considered to be one of the most active adaptogenic drugs. To confirm and extend results obtained in the few preclinical and clinical studies available in English language journals, the purpose of the present study was to re-investigate the effects produced by a single oral administration of an R. rosea hydroalcohol extract (containing 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside) on the central nervous system in mice. The extract was tested on antidepressant, adaptogenic, anxiolytic, nociceptive and locomotor activities at doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg, using predictive behavioural tests and animal models. The results show that this R. rosea extract significantly, but not dose-dependently, induced antidepressant-like, adaptogenic, anxiolytic-like and stimulating effects in mice. This study thus provides evidence of the efficacy of R. rosea extracts after a single administration, and confirms many preclinical and clinical studies indicating the adaptogenic and stimulating effects of such R. rosea extracts. Moreover, antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like activities of R. rosea were shown in mice for the first time.
Antioxidative effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts in liver of diabetic mice.:Biofactors. 2006;26(3):209-19.Kim SH, Hyun SH, Choung SY.Department of Hygienic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
Both Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts are used as anti-diabetic folk medicines. Recently, increased oxidative stress was shown to play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This study was designed to examine the effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts on blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, the level of reduced glutathione and its related enzymes (glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase), and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver of db/db mice. Diabetic C57BL/Ks db/db mice were used as experimental models. Mice were divided into control (n=10), Cinnamomi cassiae (200 mg/kg/day, n=10), and Rhodiola rosea (200 mg/kg/day, n=10) treated groups for 12 weeks of treatment. These type II diabetic mice were used to investigate the effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea on blood glucose, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts significantly decreased on blood glucose, increased levels of reduced glutathione and the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver. Extract treatment also significantly decreased lipid peroxidation. Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts may be effective for correcting hyperglycemia and preventing diabetic complications.
Evaluation of Rhodiola crenulata and Rhodiola rosea for management of type II diabetes and hypertension.:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15(3):425-32.Kwon YI, Jang HD, Shetty K.Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
In the current study, we investigated 2 species of the genus Rhodiola for the inhibition of alpha-amylase,alpha-glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Water extracts of Rhodiola crenulata had the highest alpha-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50,98.1 microg total phenolic /ml) followed by ethanol extract of R.crenulata (IC50, 120.9 microg total phenolic/ml) and ethanol extract of R.rosea (IC50, 173.4 microg total phenolic /ml). Ethanol R.rosea (IC50, 44.7 microg total phenolic/ml), water extract of R.rosea (IC50, 52.3 microg total phenolic/ml), water extract of R.crenulata (IC50, 60.3 microg total phenolic /ml) and ethanol extract of R.crenulata (IC50, 60.2 microg total phenolic/ml) also showed significant alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts was compared to standard tyrosol, which was significantly detected in the extracts using HPLC. Tyrosol had strong alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50, 70.8 microg total phenolic/ml) but did not have any inhibitory effect on the alpha-amylase activity. Results suggested that alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of both Rhodiola extracts correlated to the phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of the extracts. The ability of the above Rhodiola extracts to inhibit rabbit lung angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) was investigated. The ethanol extracts of R.rosea had the highest ACE inhibitory activity (38.5 %) followed by water extract of R.rosea (36.2 %) and R.crenulata (15.4 %).
Stimulating effect of adaptogens: an overview with particular reference to their efficacy following single dose administration.:Phytother Res. 2005 Oct;19(10):819-38.Panossian A, Wagner H. Swedish Herbal Institute, Viktor Rydbergsgatan 10, SE-411 32 Gothenburg, Sweden. ap@shi.se
Plant adaptogens are compounds that increase the ability of an organism to adapt to environmental factors and to avoid damage from such factors. The beneficial effects of multi-dose administration of adaptogens are mainly associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a part of the stress-system that is believed to play a primary role in the reactions of the body to repeated stress and adaptation. In contrast, the single dose application of adaptogens is important in situations that require a rapid response to tension or to a stressful situation. In this case, the effects of the adaptogens are associated with another part of the stress-system, namely, the sympatho-adrenal-system (SAS), that provides a rapid response mechanism mainly to control the acute reaction of the organism to a stressor. This review focuses primarily on the SAS-mediated stimulating effects of single doses of adaptogens derived from Rhodiola rosea, Schizandra chinensis and Eleutherococcus senticosus. The use of these drugs typically generates no side effects, unlike traditional stimulants that possess addiction, tolerance and abuse potential, produce a negative effect on sleep structure, and cause rebound hypersomnolence or 'come down' effects. Furthermore, single administration of these adaptogens effectively increases mental performance and physical working capacity in humans. R. rosea is the most active of the three plant adaptogens producing, within 30 min of administration, a stimulating effect that continues for at least 4-6 h. The active principles of the three plants that exhibit single dose stimulating effects are glycosides of phenylpropane- and phenylethane-based phenolic compounds such as salidroside, rosavin, syringin and triandrin, the latter being the most active.
LC/MS/MS identification of glycosides produced by biotransformation of cinnamyl alcohol in Rhodiola rosea compact callus aggregates.:Biomed Chromatogr. 2004 Oct;18(8):550-8.Tolonen A, Gyorgy Z, Jalonen J, Neubauer P, Hohtola A.Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. ari.tolonen@oulu.fi
Cinnamyl alcohol was added to the media of compact callus aggregates (CCA) of Rhodiola rosea for stimulating the production of cinnamyl glycosides. The biotransformation reaction produced high amounts of rosin, while only a very low amount of rosavin was produced. As the consumption rate of cinnamyl alcohol was much higher than production of rosin, the aqueous methanol extracts of compact callus aggregates were studied by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric methods and four new unexpected biotransformation products of cinnamyl alcohol were identified.
Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance.:Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004 Jun;14(3):298-307.De Bock K, Eijnde BO, Ramaekers M, Hespel P. Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy in the Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute and 4-week Rhodiola rosea intake on physical capacity, muscle strength, speed of limb movement, reaction time, and attention. METHODS: PHASE I: A double blind placebo-controlled randomized study (n= 24) was performed, consisting of 2 sessions (2 days per session). Day 1: One hour after acute Rhodiola rosea intake (R, 200-mg Rhodiola rosea extract containing 3% rosavin + 1% salidroside plus 500 mg starch) or placebo (P, 700 mg starch) speed of limb movement (plate tapping test), aural and visual reaction time, and the ability to sustain attention (Fepsy Vigilance test) were assessed. Day 2: Following the same intake procedure as on day 1, maximal isometric knee-extension torque and endurance exercise capacity were tested. Following a 5-day washout period, the experimental procedure was repeated, with the treatment regimens being switched between groups (session 2). PHASE II: A double blind placebo-controlled study (n = 12) was performed. Subjects underwent sessions 3 and 4, identical to Phase I, separated by a 4-week R/P intake, during which subjects ingested 200 mg R/P per day. RESULTS: PHASE I: Compared with P, acute R intake in Phase I increased (p <.05) time to exhaustion from 16.8 +/- 0.7 min to 17.2+/- 0.8 min. Accordingly, VO2peak (p <.05) and VCO2peak (p<.05) increased during R compared to P from 50.9 +/- 1.8 ml x min(-1) x kg(- )1 to 52.9 +/- 2.7 ml x min(-10) x kg(-1) (VO2peak) and from 60.0 +/- 2.3 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) to 63.5+/- 2.7 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) (VCO2peak). Pulmonary ventilation (p =.07) tended to increase more during R than during P (P: 115.9+/- 7.7 L/min; R: 124.8 +/- 7.7 L/min). All other parameters remained unchanged. PHASE II: Four-week R intake did not alter any of the variables measured. CONCLUSION: Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise capacity in young healthy volunteers. This response was not altered by prior daily 4-week Rhodiola intake.
Analysis on the trace element and amino acid content in xinjiang 6 series Rhodiola L. plant.:Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2001 Aug;21(4):542-4.Ruan X, Hou P, Zhou J, Wang Q, Li G. Department of Environmental Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 830052 Urumqi.
Trace elements Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se and 20 kinds of amino acid in Xinjiang 6 series of Rhodiola's root and rootstalk were measured. The result shows that contents of 9 kinds of trace elements in them are different. They contain from 8 to 18 kinds amino acid, and also contain from 3 to 7 kinds of indispensable amino acid respectively. Rhodiola rosea L. contains most kinds of amino acid among six kinds of Rhodiola L. in Xingjiang, and contents of trace elements in it are also moderate, so it is fittest to be a nutrious chinese traditional and herbal drug of six kinds of Rhodiola L. in Xingjiang.
Association of free radicals and the tissue renin-angiotensin system: prospective effects of Rhodiola, a genus of Chinese herb, on hypoxia-induced pancreatic injury.: JOP. 2001 Jan;2(1):16-25.Ip SP, Che CT, Leung PS.School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Physiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
The renin-angiotensin system has long been recognized as crucial factor in the regulation of the systemic blood pressure and renal electrolyte homeostasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the presence of a local renin-angiotensin system in a variety of organs. A recent study of the pancreatic renin-angiotensin system showed that chronic hypoxia significantly increased the mRNA expression for angiotensinogen II receptor subtypes AT1b and AT2. The activation of the renin-angiotensin system may play an important role in cellular pathophysiological processes. Angiotensin II enhances the formation of reactive oxygen species via the activation of xanthine oxidase or NAD(P)H oxidase. The reactive oxygen species can cause oxidative damage in the pancreas and other tissues either directly or indirectly via the formation of other radicals such as reactive nitrogen species. Rhodiola therapy may protect hypoxia-induced pancreatic injury in two ways. It prevents hypoxia-induced biological changes by increasing intracellular oxygen diffusion and efficiency of oxygen utilization. Alternatively, it reduces hypoxia-induced oxidative damage by its antioxidant activities. Additional experimental data are required to fully elucidate the mode of action of this herbal drug.
Quantitative determination of salidroside and tyrosol from the underground part of Rhodiola rosea by high performance liquid chromatography.:Arch Pharm Res. 2000 Aug;23(4):349-52.Linh PT, Kim YH, Hong SP, Jian JJ, Kang JS.College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea.
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine salidroside and tyrosol simultaneously in the Rhodiola rosea. The optimum condition was Nova-Pak C18 as stationary phase, 6.5% methanol in water as mobile phase and detection at UV 225 nm. The identification was carried out by comparing the retention time and IC/MS spectrum of the relevant peaks with those of isolated standards. The contents of salidroside and tyrosol in the samples gathered from various area in China were ranged over 1.3-11.1 mg/g and 0.3-2.2 mg/g, respectively.
The effect of a Rhodiola rosea extract on the incidence of recurrences of a superficial bladder cancer (experimental clinical research).:1: Urol Nefrol (Mosk). 1995 Mar-Apr;(2):46-7.Bocharova OA, Matveev BP, Baryshnikov AIu, Figurin KM, Serebriakova RV, Bodrova NB.
Oral administration of Rhodiola rosea extract to a small group of patents (n = 12) with superficial bladder carcinoma (T1G1-2) improved the characteristics of the urothelial tissue integration, parameters of leukocyte integrins and T-cell immunity. The average frequency of relapses for these patients has been found to fall twice, though statistical differences were not significant.
Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on learning and memory.:Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1986;12(1):3-16.Petkov VD, Yonkov D, Mosharoff A, Kambourova T, Alova L, Petkov VV, Todorov I.
The effect of alcohol-aqueous extract (1:1) from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on the processes of learning and memory is studied on rats. Several methods of active avoidance with negative and positive reinforcements are used, as well as of passive avoidance. Using the maze-method with negative (punitive) reinforcement, it has been found that Rhodiola extract in a single dose of 0.10 ml per rat essentially improves learning and retention after 24 hours. Significant improvement of the long-term memory is also established in memory tests after 10-day treatment with the same dose of the extract. In the other two doses tested (0.02 and 1.0 ml per rat) the extract has no substantial effect on learning and memory. In a dose of 0.10 ml per rat the Rhodiola extract had a favourable effect on the training process using the "staircase" method with positive (food) reinforcement as well. With the other methods used (active avoidance method with negative reinforcement "shuttle-box" and passive avoidance methods "step down" and "step through") Rhodiola extract in the dose used (0.10 ml per rat) had no substantial effect on learning and memory (a certain deterioration of the training process was even observed using the "shuttle-box" method, while the "step-down" method resulted in deterioration of the memory). The great significance of the method used for studying the effects of the pharmacological agents on learning and memory for the results obtained is evident.
Scientific References:
1.Rhodiola rosea.Rosavin.Salidroside.Narrative History,Function,Uses and Application of Rhodiola rosea...
2.Research Update of Rhodiola rosea.Rosavin.
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
seminal trace...Rhodiola Rosea extract.Salidroside.CAS.NO:10338-51-9.M.F.C14H20O7,Rosavin.CAS.NO:84954 -92 -7.M.F.:C20H28O10.Siberian Rhodiola Rosea Root Extract,Rhodiola extract,Rhodiola rosea ethanol extract,golden root...
Phytochemical info of Rhodiola rosea and Rhodiola rosea Extract:
Qualitative Reactions of Rhodiola rosea:
20-Beta-Ecdysterone:
Scientific References:
Claims & Warning:
