The herb has proven to work faster than Proscor, a drug prescribed for an enlarged prostate. New theories hold that the herb may inhibit the action of an important hormone-regulating enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, a process believed to be important in the development of both an enlarged prostate and prostate cancer. Preventing this conversion is also the way finasteride works, which is the standard medication. Furthermore, it does not impair sexual function as does finasteride.
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Basic Instruction
Serenoa repens,Sabal serrulata,Saw Palmetto Herb Extract Benefit.
Saw Palmetto Botanical Info: Botanical Source:Serenoa serrulata (Hook);A plant genus in the family Arecaceae,order Arecales, subclass Arecidae.
Latin Names: Serenoa repens, Serenoa serrulata, Sabal serrulata
Botanical Name:Sabal serrulata syn. Seronoa repens
Species Name:Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small
Common Names: American Dwarf Palm Tree, Cabbage Palm, Ju-Zhong, Palmier Nain, Sabal, Sabal Fructus, Saw Palmetto, Saw Palmetto Berry.
Synonyms:Brahea serrulata (Michx.) H. Wendl.;Corypha repens Batr.;Serenoa serrulata Nichols;Sabal, Shrub Palmetto, American Dwarf Palm, Cabbage Palm,Serenoa repens (Bartram), Sabal serrulatum (Roem & Schult.), saw palmetto berries, sabal,Palmetto, dark palmetto fan palm,Sabal serrulatum Roem. and Schutt.
Part Used:The fruit, usually referred to as the berries. The entire cluster is cut when most of the fruits are ripe. These are shaken off and dried on racks or tables. When still fresh they are not readily injured by rain, but if partially dried out they will absorb moisture which is not easily removed. It is best, therefore to protect them from rain, which will also assure a more uniformly colored product.
Serenoa repens is the most common palm in the U.S. (Bennett and Hicklin 1998). It grows as a shrub that attains a height of 0.6 ~ 2.1 m (2 ~ 7 feet), or as a small tree that grows to 6 ~ 7.5 m (20 ~ 25 feet). Shrubs grow in a creeping horizontal form with many branches on their stems. As a tree, the crown projects above the many tangled branches. Stems run parallel to the soil, and can gradually bury to form rhizomes. Stems sprouted from rhizomes can measure 3 ¨C 4.6 meters (10 to 15 feet) in length (Tanner et al. 1996).
Two vegetative forms are recognized. The common type is yellow-green in color, while the less common type is a blue-green color sometimes referred to as the silver form (Essig et al. 2000). This type occurs in a continuous stretch in a narrow belt along Florida east coast from St. John to Dade Counties, and occasionally inland in Polk and Highlands Counties (Essig et al. 2000).
S. repens is easily recognized by its multiple leaves, or fronds, that protrude from horizontal stems the occur at or slightly below ground level. Fronds are evergreen and palmate (fan-shaped), measuring approximately 1 m (3 feet) in width. Petioles bear sharp spines from which this species earned its common name. Flowers are white and borne on stalked panicles growing from leaf axils. Fruit is a yellowish green in the unripe state, gradually turning blue-black as it ripens. Fruits are fleshy and ellipsoid in shape.
Regional Occurrence:Serenoa repens, saw palmetto, is endemic to coastal plains from South Carolina to southeastern Louisiana including the Florida peninsula.
IRL Distribution:Saw palmetto occurs in every county of Florida. It is common throughout the Indian River Lagoon area in both scrub and upland communities.
Standardization and Saw Palmetto Herb Extract Benefits?
Standardization:
Standardization involves measuring the amount of certain chemicals in products to try to make different preparations similar to each other. It is not always known if the chemicals being measured are the "active" ingredients. A standardized extract of saw palmetto containing 80% to 95% sterols and fatty acids (liposterolic content) is often recommended.
One small study examining amounts of saw palmetto contained in preparations compared to amounts stated on labels reported a -97% to +140% difference compared to label claims. Half of the samples (3 samples) contained less than 25% of the stated amounts. Although this study examined very few saw palmetto products, it is a noteworthy example of limited quality assurance.
General Indications:
Chronic or sub-acute cystitis, prostatic hypertrophy, catarrh of the genito-urinary tract, testicular atrophy, sex hormone disorders. Specifically indicated in prostatic enlargement.
Effective treatment for shrinking an enlarged prostate gland Widely known to stimulate the libido in males and increase sexual energy.
General Actions:
Diuretic, urinary antiseptic, endocrine agent, anabolic agent, relaxant, sedative, tonic to the male reproductive system, particularly the prostate, reduces congestive catarrhal conditions of the respiratory system, reputed aphrodisiac,anabolic,diuretic,estrogenic,sedative,tonic
One of Saw Palmetto's key uses is treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is enlargement of the prostate gland, and can block the urethra and require surgery. Saw palmetto is believed to inhibit the actions of testosterone on the prostate, which causes enlargement of the prostate which interferes with urinary flow. Saw Palmetto herb helps improve urinary flow, and reduces the frequency and urgency of urination in men with BPH.
Saw Palmetto is also used to treat bladder inflammation, chronic bronchitis, among other conditions. The fatty acids in Saw Palmetto are thought to have testosterone inhibiting effects on the prostate. Saw Palmetto also prevents testosterone from converting into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which causes prostate cells to multiply, and also leads to male balding. Saw palmetto herb prevents the binding of DHT to androgen receptors, thus playing a key role in helping prevent and treat prostate enlargement, and also hair loss.
Saw Palmetto Herb Extract Benefits:
Of the many benefits associated with Saw Palmetto, treating BPH is obviously the most significant. Below are some health benefits of Saw Palmetto.
Saw Palmetto inhibits testosterone action on the prostate, thus is used widely for BPH treatment.
Saw Palmetto also prevents binding of DHT to androgen receptors, hence helps with hair loss.
Saw Palmetto inhibits androgen and estrogen receptor activity and helps both men and women to balance hormones.
Saw Palmetto cure inflammation:herb helps treat bladder inflammation and helps with urinary flow.
Saw Palmetto for women:Women also use Saw Palmetto herb to stimulate breast enlargement and also to treat uterine irritability.
Saw Palmetto is also used to treat impotence,frigidity, and also used as an aphrodisiac.
Reduce enlarged prostate gland
Relieve the symptoms relating to mens' genitourinary system
Improve metabolism, digestion and sense of well-being
Some new evidence shows that Saw Palmetto may also help with thyroid deficiencies.
Saw Palmetto is used to clear chest congestion,treat coughs, asthma, and bronchitis.
Long known as male tonic :Improve impotence ;Boost sex drive ;Sexual rejuvenator,Native Americans ate saw palmetto fruits for at least 12,000 years.
Recently draw attention as the source of a possible treatment for prostate cancer Functionality:Work synergistically with Muira Puama and Damiana.
Enhances sexual functioning:Improves sexual desire reduces cholesterol and fatty acids in the blood.
Prevention and Treatment of Benign Prostate Enlargement
Prevention and Treatment of Benign Prostate Enlargement:
Enlargement of the prostate gland occurs in most men with advancing age and is accompanied by reduced urinary flow and increased residual urine volume. Hormonal imbalances have previously been blamed for age related prostate disorders, but other factors have been identified as causes of the benign proliferation of prostate cells (BPH) and accompanying urinary impairment caused by this condition. Men with severe BPH often use a combination of saw palmetto and pygeum to improve urine flow and bladder voiding. These men usually wake up less frequently at night to urinate.
Published scientific literature, along with ten years of reports from members of the Life Extension Foundation, show that saw palmetto extract is effective in alleviating symptoms of BPH in most men. Pygeum extract has been shown to specifically inhibit prostate cell proliferation by blocking the binding of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and other growth factors to prostate cell membranes. Pygeum has anti-edema effects that shrink the prostate gland significantly. Recent studies show it also inhibits the proliferation of prostate cells, by interfering with the activity of the enzyme kinase C that is needed by all rapidly growing benign and malignant cells.
Although more than 80% of men report improvement after using saw palmetto and/or pygeum extracts, some prostate enlargement often remains that continues to interfere with urinary flow and bladder evacuation. Urtica dioica, an herbal extract of nettle root that has been used in Germany for more than a decade to treat BPH, has been shown to reduce symptoms by 86% after 3 months of use. Learning of these studies, researchers at St. Luke¡¯s/Roosevelt Hospital in New York conducted a study to discover the mechanism by which standardized nettle root extract relieves the symptoms of BPH. In their study, published in 1995, these scientists showed Urtica dioica inhibits the binding of a testosterone-related protein to receptor sites on prostate cell membranes. In January 1998, the Foundation made nettle root extract available in one formula combined with saw palmetto and pygeum. Saw palmetto, pygeum and Urtica dioica are approved drugs in Germany for the treatment of BPH.
Native Americans traditionally used the berries of the saw palmetto plant to treat the symptoms of urinary tract problems. Since 1983, seven good European studies have compared standardized saw palmetto extracts with look-alike (but pal-metto-less) placebos in men with urinary problems caused by BPH. About 350 men took the extracts for one to three months.
In five of the seven studies, saw palmetto was better than the placebo in relieving some symptoms. On average, the saw-palmetto-takers felt less urgency to urinate, got up less often at night to go to the bathroom, or had greater urine flow.
In another large study, European researchers gave either saw palmetto or the prescription drug Proscar to more than 1,000 men for six months. Both proved equally effective in relieving,but not eliminating,the symptoms of BPH (though both failed to help about a third of the men). While Proscar was better at increasing the maximum rate of urine flow and shrinking the prostate, the men taking saw palmetto reported fewer problems with sex drive and performance.
Results like these led the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) to conclude last April that there is ¡°moderate evidence of effectiveness¡± for saw palmetto in men with BPH. USP is a quasi-governmental agency that sets manufacturing standards for drugs and advises health professionals on their appropriate use.
Saw palmetto appears to be safe, causing no more short-term side effects than a placebo. Still, there are no long-term studies looking at possible side effects in humans. Probably the biggest risk is taking saw palmetto to relieve the discomfort of BPH without first seeing your physician to rule out prostate cancer, which can have the same symptoms.
Saw palmetto is believed to inhibit the actions of testosterone on the prostate that cause prostate enlargement and interference with urinary flow. Among the main constituents of saw palmetto are fatty acids and sterols. The fatty acids are purported to be responsible for testosterone-inhibiting effects within the prostate. The mechanism of action of the sterols is not well understood, although they are present in other herbs (such as Pygeum bark, stinging nettle root, and pumpkin seed extract) used in treating prostate conditions. At least 85% of the weight of clinical quality saw palmetto products are expected to be attributable to specific fatty acids and sterols.
Currently, saw palmetto and other dietary supplements are not considered drugs in the U.S. and are not required to be tested for quality by any governmental or independent agency prior to sale. As part of its mission to independently evaluate health, wellness and nutrition products, ConsumerLab.com purchased and tested saw palmetto dietary supplements sold in the U.S.
Therapeutics and Pharmacology of Saw Palmetto:
Serenoa is a valuable remedy for male reproductive system, particularly the prostate gland. It is known as the 'plant catheter' because of its tonic effect on the neck of the bladder and on the prostate. It is prescribed for debilitated conditions of the male reproductive system such as testicular atrophy, low libido and impotence. It is also recommended for inflammation of the prostate and for enlarged prostate. The steroidal saponins are responsible for the nourishing qualities of the fruit extending to the sexual organs, while the volatile oil is likely to have the main urinary antiseptic action. Serenoa is also believed to be effective for functional infertility in women and to increase the supply of mother's milk. It may be used to relieve painful periods associated with lack of tone of the reproductive organs. The berries have a toning and soothing influence on mucous membranes throughout the body as well as an expectorant property, making this a useful remedy for colds and catarrh, especially where chronic and congestive - the isolated oil is an effective inhalant. It has a traditional use for asthma and bronchitis. The berries are also used to treat urinary disorders and enuresis, and are of value in all infections of the urinary tract. Serenoa is reputed to be mildly sedative to the nervous system.
Saw Palmetto: Mode of Action
This herb has been successfully studied for the treatment of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As a male ages, more male hormones such as testosterone collect in the prostate. This testosterone in turn converts into a more potent form - dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT causes cell multiplication that eventually produces enlargement of the prostate. Left untreated, a certain percentage of cases will lead to prostate cancer. The lipid compounds of saw palmetto have been shown to prevent the conversion of testosterone into DHT and inhibit male hormone binding to cellular and nuclear receptor sites. Saw palmetto also increases the breakdown of DHT already present in the body. In addition to the anti-androgenic action, saw palmetto berries also have anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous activity. Saw palmetto acts by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways that produce prostaglandin E2 and leukotrienes, and by inhibition of arachidonic acid cascades. The exact constituent responsible is unknown, but is part of the lipid group. Saw palmetto has had a long history of being used on cancer, especially of the urogenital system. This has not been clinically studied to date, but beta-sitosterol although been shown to have anti-cancer activities.
There have been many clinical trials, using different protocols (including double-blind and controls) with groups of more than 2,000 BPH patients in Germany. Confirmation in multiple studies has confirmed reduction in prostate size within 30 days. It should be noted that almost all authorities feel the use of alcohol extract or straight berries far exceeds the effectiveness of the water extractions.
Saw palmetto's polysaccharides have also been shown to have immune-stimulating properties. This herb also has anti-androgen and anti-edema effects. Beta-sitosterol might be responsible for claims that saw palmetto is able to enlarge breast size in pubescent women since studies on mice indicate that beta-sitosterol has an estrogenic activity. Saw palmetto has bee shown to reduce female hirsutism (excessive male pattern hair growth). There have also been claims for saw palmetto's nutritive, tonic, diuretic, sedative and antiphlogistic effects. It has been used specifically for head colds. An extract of S. repens was shown to possess anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activity in rats, mice and guinnea pigs. This might be due to its ability to inhibit both cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, which are associated with inflammation.
Saw Palmetto is also known by the names Sabal, Pan Palm, and Dwarf Palmetto. It is a small palm tree found in the West Indies and the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The plant grows from 6 to 10 feet high with a crown of large, 2 to 4 foot high foliage forming what is called the "palmetto scrub". The berries of this impressive palm are gathered from September through January. The genus name, Serenoa, is named after the American botanist, Sereno Watson (1826-1892).
The plant was first considered a nuisance and cleared from the land. Then settlers began to notice that their animals would lean over the fences to get at the black fruit. These animals were healthier than the ones who did not eat the berries, which prompted farmers to gather the plant and feed it to their animals, and then eat it themselves. The rest is history.
It was through Native American tribes, especially the Seminole Indians, that the healing aspects of the plant first came into recognition for what it is used for today. The Seminoles ground the berries into a nutritious flour. They also made an infusion from the berries to cure stomachaches and dysentery. The inner bark of the trunk was used as a packing on snake bites, insect bites, and skin ulcers. The dried fruits were useful for indigestion, respiratory infections, and cararrhal irritations. They, and several other tribes, utilized various parts of the plant to make baskets, brooms, and ropes.
At archaeological sites throughout central Florida, saw palmetto, sea grape (Cocoloba uvifera), and cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco) are all ubiquitous (Bennett and Hicklin 1998). Saw palmetto appears to have been one of the most important food sources for Florida's pre-Columbian population, for the later Miccosukee and Seminole tribes, and for subsequent settlers such as the Spanish during the sixteenth century. Even as late as the early 1900s, pioneers used saw palmetto berries to make soft drinks (Bennett and Hicklin 1998).
The medical value of S. repens has been reported since the 1800s (Hale 1898 in Tanner et al. 1996). Bennett and Hicklin (1998) reported over 50 medicinal uses of saw palmetto extracts for illnesses ranging from whooping cough to alcoholism.
It was included in the US National Formulary until 1950, when it was dropped because conventional physicians were not convinced of its effectiveness. Nevertheless, its popularity continued in Europe and has since regained its proper respect with a new breed of American physician.
Historically, Native Americans used saw palmetto for such urinary tract disorders as bladder inflammation and infection, as well as a diuretic. It was also used for respiratory diseases and reproductive tract disorders although it is mainly used for the prostate.
Since the 19th century, the fruit pulp has been used as a tonic for debility, urinary tract problems, and for reducing enlarge prostate glands.
The root doctors of the Louisiana bayou used the berries to treat syphilis and other infectious diseases.
Saw Palmetto: Folklore
This plant was used by white and black cultures in the southern U.S. as a nutrient to increase growth in humans and livestock. The Eclectics used it to increase nutrient assimilation and to promote weight gain. They also used it to restore and relax the nervous system, to restore reproduction and the respiratory mucosa. It has been used to 'tone' the thyroid.
A History of Healing By Native Americans:
Native Americans knew of the healing powers of Saw Palmetto long before European settlers came to North America. Traditional plant remedies were the only medicines available and Saw Palmetto berries were taken to treat ailments ranging from painful urination to lack of appetite. Today research supports many of the plants' historical uses.
It is known that Native Americans regularly consumed both fresh and dried Saw Palmetto berries as a tonic. They had probably seen animals eat the fruit and then tried it for themselves. One recent report confirms the appetite that some animals have for Saw Palmetto, stating that an adult female bear was found to have consumed more than 30lb (13.5kg) of the plants' fruit.
In the early 1700's, it was observed that Saw Palmetto berries were vital to the native tribes of the Florida peninsula; they used them to treat inflammation of the prostrate and atrophy of the testes. The berries were also used for cases of impotence and to stimulate sexual activity in men. More generally, they were taken as a wide-acting tonic.
Native Americans did not only use Saw Palmetto medicinally. Tannin from the stems was employed to cure hides, while the leaves and branches were utilised to make items such as baskets, brooms and hats.
Similarly in early European settlers in North America used Saw Palmetto berries to treat disorders of the genitourinary and reproductive systems.
The berries, although usually known for their treatment of conditions suffered by men, were historically used to treat women too. In particular, they were taken to alleviate painful periods and infertility. They were also prescribed to stimulate the growth of under-developed breasts and to increase the amount of milk produced by nursing mothers.
Historically, the berries have also been used as a bronchial expectorant and tonic, as well as an appetite stimulant and an anti-inflammatory agent.
European Settlers:
It was not until the late 19th century that the white European medical community began to take an interest in Saw Palmetto. Farmers had reported that their animals appeared in particularly good health when they had eaten the fruit of the plant. Decoctions were soon being tested by herbal practitioners and articles about the plants' beneficial effects began to appear.
By the end of the 19th century, physicians of the Eclectic movement, which aimed to combine the best of scientific knowledge with traditional herbal remedies, are known to have included Saw Palmetto berries in their repertoire of herbs. Felter and Lloyd, for example, in their influential revision of King's American Dispensatory in 1898, referred to Saw Palmetto as 'the old man's friend' and clearly supported its' use in relieving symptoms associated with an enlarged prostrate, saying it could help treat irritation of the prostrate, painful urination and dribbling of urine.
They also wrote that the berries had a direct influence on the glands of the reproductive system. As such, they said, the berries acted on the prostate, testes, ovaries and breasts, supporting their function and restoring them to normal size.
Recent History:
After World War I, Saw Palmetto was considered one of the most important natural remedies in the southern states. Word of its' healing powers began to spread worldwide and in the 1960's French researchers began to study the chemical constituents of the berries and their medicinal value. The result was the first trademarked Saw Palmetto product, Permixon, which was released in 1981.
Traditionally, saw palmetto berries were used to treat urinary problems in men, and breast disorders in women. In the early part of the 20th century, herbalists used infusions and teas made of saw palmetto berries to treat urinary tract problems and increase sex drive in men.
In the 1960s, scientists learned that by concentrating the oils of saw palmetto berries, they could maximize the herb¡¯s effectiveness. Since that time, dozens of studies have been conducted using saw palmetto extracts for a variety of conditions. In many countries, it is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition that affects the urinary system, and can help shrink enlarged prostate glands, without the side-effects associated with drugs such as alpha blockers. It is sometimes combined with nettle root extract to treat BPH.
Infusions are used as a diuretic to improve urine flow, for irritable bladders, and to treat enlarged prostate glands. Tinctures are used for longterm debility. Nicknamed "the plant catheter", the herb is given to strengthen the neck of the bladder.
The berries are also used to treat respiratory tract problems, including coughs and colds, bronchitis, and asthma.
It is one of the few Western remedies that is considered to be anabolic, that is, strengthens and builds body tissues while encouraging weight gain. It is often given to those suffering from wasting disorders and failure to thrive. As a tonic, an infusion with two teaspoons each of saw palmetto and horsetail, one teaspoon of licorice root, and 200 ml water can be divided and taken twice a day.
Uses based on tradition or theory:
The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Acne, aphrodisiac, asthma, bladder inflammation, breast feeding, breast enlargement or reduction, bronchitis, cancer, cough, cystitis, diabetes, digestive aid, diarrhea, diuretic, dysentery, enhancing physical performance, Epstein-Barr virus, excess hair growth, expectorant, high blood pressure, hormone imbalances (estrogen or testosterone), immune stimulation, impotence, indigestion, inflammation, lactation stimulation, laryngitis, libido, menstrual pain, migraine headache, muscle or intestinal spasms, ovarian cysts, polycystic ovarian syndrome, postnasal drip, prostate cancer, reproductive organ problems, sedation, sexual vigor, sore throat, sperm production, testicular atrophy, upper respiratory tract infection, urethritis, urinary antiseptic, uterine or vaginal disorders.
Saw Palmetto used as breast enlarger:
Saw palmetto is now a popular and effective treatment for prostate enlargement in men but has it origins in natural medicine as a breast enlarger and is still recommended today by naturopathic physicians for increasing breast size. It is also used as an aphrodesiac, for the treatment of impotence in men, and for inhibited sexual desire in women. Saw palmetto has been used for centuries. Native Americans, dating back to pre-Mayan civilizations, used the berries for food and medicine and particularly for breast disorders in women.
Early American botanists noted that animals who were fed with these berries grew sleek and robust, experienced restored sexual vigor and improved muscle tone. Saw palmetto is useful as a nutritive tonic, supporting the function of a healthy appetite and smooth digestion.
Saw palmetto berry also tones the urethra, and it may be used to uphold the healthy function of the thyroid gland and urinary system. This remarkable herb has no side effects or drug interactions. It breast enhancing effects stem from phyto-nutrients that stimulate breast tissue, increasing health and size. To call saw palmetto a an herb?is a disservice to it healthy benefits for both sexes.
Saw Palmetto:A breif Summary from Ancient till today
Saw palmetto is an extract derived from the deep purple berries of the saw palmetto fan palm (Serenoa repens), a plant indigenous to the coastal regions of the southern United States and southern California.
Saw palmetto is a remarkable herb for both men and women and is used by natural health practitioners to treat a variety of ailments such as testicular inflammation, urinary tract inflammation, coughs and respiratory congestion. It is also used to strengthen the thyroid gland, balance the metabolism, stimulate appetite and aid digestion. This wonderful herb is becoming famous for its uses in hair restoration, prostate health, sexual vigour, breast enhancement and as a nutritive tonic.
Saw palmetto berry also tones the urethra and it may be used to uphold the healthy function of the thyroid gland and urinary system.
In the United States, its medicinal uses were first documented in 1879 by Dr. J.B. Read, a physician in Savannah, Georgia, who published a paper on the medicinal benefits of the herb in the April 1879 issue of American Journal of Pharmacy. He found the herb useful in treating a wide range of conditions. "By its peculiar soothing power on the mucous membrane it induces sleep, relieves the most troublesome coughs, promotes expectoration, improves digestion and increases fat, flesh and strength. Its sedative and diuretic properties are remarkable," Read wrote. "Considering the great and diversified power of the saw palmetto as a therapeutic agent, it seems strange that it should have so long escaped the notice of the medical profession."
Since the 1960s, extensive clinical studies of saw palmetto have been done in Europe. A review of 24 European trials appeared in the November 1998 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. The trials involved nearly 3,000 men, some taking saw palmetto, others taking Proscar and a third group taking a placebo.
The men taking saw palmetto had a 28% improvement in urinary tract symptoms, a 24% improvement in peak urine flow and 43% improvement in overall urine flow. The results were nearly comparable to the group taking Proscar and superior to the men taking a placebo.
There is much scientific documentation outlining the effectiveness of the herb in treating irritable bladder and urinary problems in men with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), an enlargement of the prostate gland. BPH results in a swelling of the prostate gland that obstructs the urethra. This causes painful urination, reduced urine flow, difficulty starting or stopping the flow, dribbling after urination and more frequent nighttime urination. In addition to causing pain and embarrassment, BPH can lead to serious kidney problems if undiagnosed and left untreated. It is a common problem in men over the age of 40. Estimates are that 50-60% of all men will develop BPH in their lifetimes.
Saw palmetto does not reduce prostate enlargement. Instead, it is thought to work in a variety of ways. First, it inhibits the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). BPH is thought to be caused by an increase in testosterone to DHT. Secondly, saw palmetto is believed to interfere with the production of estrogen and progesterone, hormones associated with DHT production.
In a controlled clinical trial with patients with enlarged prostate glands, 50 patients who received saw palmetto (320 mg per day - 4 tablets taken in two separate doses with meals) were compared to 44 patients receiving placebo. Patients treated with saw palmetto urinated less frequently, produced a better flow rate and amount of urine and had less pain and discomfort in urinating than control subjects. There were actually fewer adverse side effects in patients receiving saw palmetto than in controls.
Presently, saw palmetto is being evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of BPH. If approved, it would become the first herbal product to be licensed by the agency as a treatment for a specific condition.
Anatomy of Saw Palmetto:
The berries are the part of Saw Palmetto commonly used for medicinal purposes. They contain a large number of natural chemicals that have beneficial effects on the entire body, but particularly the hormonal system - for example, improving prostrate health.
Saw Palmetto berries:
Although Saw Palmetto berries are best known for their role in promoting prostate health, historically they have been used as a tonic, appetite stimulant, expectorant and nutritive. They are also capable (in a limited way) of normalising the function and size of reproductive organs; for instance, they can help reduce an enlarged prostate and can rebuild vaginal tissue as well as increase the size of women's breasts.
Chemical constituents:
When put them chemical analysis, Saw Palmetto extract is found to contain mostly fatty acids, which are probably the key, vital component and comprise some 80% of the active constituents. The extract contains small amounts of sterol compounds, which act in a similar way to estrogen, progesterone, or testosterone, depending on whether it is taken by a man or a woman. Other constituents include small quantities of polyphenols (long-chain alcohols) and polysaccharides, as well as alcohols, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, steroids, volatile oils and tannins. Sesquiterpenes are a type of compound that often taste bitter and are present in many essential oils. They may be responsible for the plants' antiseptic action.
When fresh, about 87% of the berry is composed of water, which reduces to about 7.5% when the fruit is air-dried. The sweet taste of the extract is due to the presence of the sugars fructose, glucose and sorbitol, which account for some 10% of the fruit.
Anti Cancer Content:
Saw Palmetto Contains two monoacylglycerides, 1-monolaurin or 1-monomyristin which have borderline activity against three tumor cell lines.
Fats and oils:
All Lipids are hydrophobic: that the one property they have in common. This group of molecules includes fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids (like cholesterol), and some other related compounds.
Fats and oils are made from two kinds of molecules: glycerol (a type of alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each of its three carbons) and three fatty acids joined by dehydration synthesis. Since there are three fatty acids attached, these are known as triglycerides. read?and pastries from a read factory?often contain mono- and diglycerides as ough conditioners.? Can you figure out what these molecules would look like? The main distinction between fats and oils is whether they are solid or liquid at room temperature, and this, as we soon see, is based on differences in the structures of the fatty acids they contain.
Structure of Fatty Acids:
The tail of a fatty acid is a long hydrocarbon chain, making it hydrophobic. The head of the molecule is a carboxyl group which is hydrophilic. Fatty acids are the main component of soap, where their tails are soluble in oily dirt and their heads are soluble in water to emulsify and wash away the oily dirt. However, when the head end is attached to glycerol to form a fat, that whole molecule is hydrophobic.
The terms saturated, mono-unsaturated, and poly-unsaturated refer to the number of hydrogens attached to the hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acids as compared to the number of double bonds between carbon atoms in the tail. Fats, which are mostly from animal sources, have all single bonds between the carbons in their fatty acid tails, thus all the carbons are also bonded to the maximum number of hydrogens possible. Since the fatty acids in these triglycerides contain the maximum possible amouunt of hydrogens, these would be called saturated fats. The hydrocarbon chains in these fatty acids are, thus, fairly straight and can pack closely together, making these fats solid at room temperature. Oils, mostly from plant sources, have some double bonds between some of the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail, causing bends or links?in the shape of the molecules. Because some of the carbons share double bonds, they are not bonded to as many hydrogens as they could if they were not double bonded to each other. Therefore these oils are called unsaturated fats. Because of the kinks in the hydrocarbon tails, unsaturated fats can pack as closely together, making them liquid at room temperature. Many people have heard that the unsaturated fats are wealthier?than the saturated ones. Hydrogenated vegetable oil (as in shortening and commercial peanut butters where a solid consistency is sought) started out as food?unsaturated oil. However, this commercial product has had all the double bonds artificially broken and hydrogens artificially added (in a chemistry lab-type setting) to turn it into saturated fat that bears no resemblance to the original oil from which it came (so it will be solid at room temperature).
In unsaturated fatty acids, there are two ways the pieces of the hydrocarbon tail can be arranged around a C=C double bond. In cis bonds, the two pieces of the carbon chain on either side of the double bond are either both up?or both down,? such that both are on the same side of the molecule. In trans bonds, the two pieces of the molecule are on opposite sides of the double bond, that is, one up?and one down?across from each other. Naturally-occurring unsaturated vegetable oils have almost all cis bonds, but using oil for frying causes some of the cis bonds to convert to trans bonds. If oil is used only once like when you fry an egg, only a few of the bonds do this so it not too bad. However, if oil is constantly reused, like in fast food French fry machines, more and more of the cis bonds are changed to trans until significant numbers of fatty acids with trans bonds build up. The reason this is of concern is that fatty acids with trans bonds are carcinogenic, or cancer-causing. The levels of trans fatty acids in highly-processed, lipid-containing products such as margarine are quite high, and I have heard that the government is considering requiring that the amounts of trans fatty acids in such products be listed on the labels.
We need fats in our bodies and in our diet. Animals in general use fat for energy storage because fat stores 9 KCal/g of energy. Plants, which do not move around, can afford to store food for energy in a less compact but more easily accessible form, so they use starch (a carbohydrate, NOT A LIPID) for energy storage. Carbohydrates and proteins store only 4 KCal/g of energy, so fat stores over twice as much energy/gram as fat. By the way, this is also related to the idea behind some of the high-carbohydrate weight loss diets. The human body burns carbohydrates and fats for fuel in a given proportion to each other. The theory behind these diets is that if they supply carbohydrates but not fats, then it is hoped that the fat needed to balance with the sugar will be taken from the dieter body stores. Fat is also is used in our bodies to a)cushion vital organs like the kidneys and b)serve as insulation, especially just beneath the skin.
Phospholipids:
Phospholipids are made from glycerol, two fatty acids, and (in place of the third fatty acid) a phosphate group with some other molecule attached to its other end. The hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acids are still hydrophobic, but the phosphate group end of the molecule is hydrophilic because of the oxygens with all of their pairs of unshared electrons. This means that phospholipids are soluble in both water and oil.
An emulsifying agent is a substance which is soluble in both oil and water, thus enabling the two to mix. A famous phospholipid is lecithin which is found in egg yolk and soybeans. Egg yolk is mostly water but has a lot of lipids, especially cholesterol, which are needed by the developing chick. Lecithin is used to emulsify the lipids and hold them in the water as an emulsion. Lecithin is the basis of the classic emulsion known as mayonnaise.
Our cell membranes are made mostly of phospholipids arranged in a double layer with the tails from both layers inside?(facing toward each other) and the heads facing put?(toward the watery environment) on both surfaces.
Steroids:
The general structure of cholesterol consists of two six-membered rings side-by-side and sharing one side in common, a third six-membered ring off the top corner of the right ring, and a five-membered ring attached to the right side of that. The central core of this molecule, consisting of four fused rings, is shared by all steroids, including estrogen (estradiol), progesterone, corticosteroids such as cortisol (cortisone), aldosterone, testosterone, and Vitamin D. In the various types of steroids, various other groups/molecules are attached around the edges. Know how to draw the four rings that make up the central structure.
Cholesterol is not a bad guy!? Our bodies make about 2 g of cholesterol per day, and that makes up about 85% of blood cholesterol, while only about 15% comes from dietary sources. Cholesterol is the precursor to our sex hormones and Vitamin D. Vitamin D is formed by the action of UV light in sunlight on cholesterol molecules that have “risen?to near the surface of the skin. At least one source I read suggested that people not shower immediately after being in the sun, but wait at least hour for the new Vitamin D to be absorbed deeper into the skin. Our cell membranes contain a lot of cholesterol (in between the phospholipids) to help keep them fluid?even when our cells are exposed to cooler temperatures.
Many people have hear the claims that egg yolk contains too much cholesterol, thus should not be eaten. An interesting study was done at Purdue University a number of years ago to test this. Men in one group each ate an egg a day, while men in another group were not allowed to eat eggs. Each of these groups was further subdivided such that half the men got lots of exercise while the other half were touch potatoes. The results of this experiment showed no significant difference in blood cholesterol levels between egg-eaters and non-egg-eaters while there was a very significant difference between the men who got exercise and those who did not.
Lipoproteins are clusters of proteins and lipids all tangled up together. These act as a means of carrying lipids, including cholesterol, around in our blood. There are two main categories of lipoproteins distinguished by how compact/dense they are. LDL or low density lipoprotein is the bad guy,being associated with deposition of cholesterol?on the walls of someone arteries. HDL or high density lipoprotein is the good guy,?being associated with carrying cholesterol? out of the blood system, and is more dense/more compact than LDL.
Saw palmetto berries were a staple food among native Americans of the southeastern United States, who also used them to treat digestive problems, genitourinary inflammation, dysentary, and lack of libido. Early in the 20th century, saw palmetto was listed in the US Pharmacopoeia as an effective remedy for enlargement of the prostate gland (called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH), urinary tract inflammation, cystitis (bladder inflammation), breast disorders, bronchitis, and laryngitis.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
In BPH, cells in the prostate gland (a tiny gland that lies behind the urethra) grow too quickly. The gland swells and presses on the urethra, creating the constant sensation of a need to urinate. The majority of men over 60 have urinary symptoms attributable to BPH, which can disturb sleep, affect self-confidence, cause constant low-grade anxiety or even pain, and may progress to infections in the bladder or kidneys.
Saw palmetto is comparable to finasteride (a common prescription drug that slows or stops the progression of BPH) in relieving symptoms of BPH during its early stages. Such symptoms include frequent need to urinate, a delay before being able to urinate, dripping after urinating, and having to get up numerous times throughout the night to urinate. While saw palmetto appears to produce symptom relief in a much shorter time than finasteride, one important difference between the two is that finasteride shrinks the size of the prostate, and saw palmetto only relieves the symptoms of BPH without changing the size of the prostate. Also, studies to date of saw palmetto have not evaluated the safety of the herb for long periods of time.
Intraoperative Hemorrhage:
A case report of a 53-year old male with left petroclavial meningioma had surgical resection of the tumor. During the procedure, the patient had brisk bleeding that was difficult to control. Later, it was discovered that the patient had been using saw palmetto for benign prostate hypertrophy. The prolonged bleeding time in this patient may have been a result of platelet dysfunction caused by cyclooxygenase inhibition from saw palmetto.
Prostate Cancer
Saw palmetto is also one of the eight herbal ingredients that make up PC-SPES, a Chinese herbal treatment for prostate cancer that is gaining popularity in the West as a possible alternative to conventional therapy for this condition. Research on PC-SPES is ongoing and may prove to be of particular interest for men who do not respond to surgery, radiation, or medication. (It is important to note, however, that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA] recently issued a warning to consumers that PC SPES may contain undeclared prescription drug ingredients that could cause dangerous side effects.)
Help the Prostate
In addition to helping to free up bound testosterone, saw palmetto has been proven to help the prostate in two additional ways. First, it inhibits the 5-alpha-reductase enzyme, which causes testosterone to be converted into a substance called dihydrotestosterone, which stimulates the growth of prostate tissue. And second, saw palmetto has been proven to exert an anti-inflammatory effect on prostate tissue.
Anabolic action
Saw palmetto is a tonic and is one of the few Western remedies that is considered to be anabolic -it strengthens and builds body tissues and encourages weight gain. Fruit pulp or tincture is given to those suffering from wasting illnesses and for general debility and failure to thrive.
Hormonal disorders
Although saw palmetto is generally considered to be a man's herb, given its probable estrogenic action saw palmetto is also a useful herbal remedy for women. Saw palmetto is prescribed for impotence, reduced or absent sex drive, and testicular atrophy in men, and in women has been given to stimulate breast enlargement.
Urinary remedy:Frequent and Painful Urination
Saw palmetto has been nicknamed the "plant catheter." This is because saw palmetto has the ability to strengthen the neck of the bladder and to reduce enlarged prostate glands. Saw palmetto is used chiefly as a diuretic to improve urine flow and as a urinary antiseptic in cystitis. Saw palmetto combines well with horsetail and hydrangea in the treatment of prostate infection.
Studies into prostatic hypertrophy have also found that saw palmetto statistically decreases both frequency of urine production and pain during urination
Common formulation for urinary infections nused saw palmetto combined with Common mallow herb,Corn silk stigma,Golden rod herb,Marshmallow leaf Dried Herb,Parsley piert herb to get good result.
Effective support for Prostate problems and Hair Loss
Effective support for Prostate problems and Hair Loss for years, berries of the saw palmetto plant have been used to treat bladder and prostate conditions. Saw palmetto berry extract is now used widely throughout the world for treatment of prostate problems. Also, because of its ability to block the formation of the hair follicle-killing dehydrotestosterone, many people (men and women!) find that saw palmetto berry extract enhances hair growth and luster. Recommended dosage: two capsules per day. (Can be taken with Pygeum.) These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.Dosage for this function normally 160mgs three times daily.
Male-pattern hair loss: It has been suggested that saw palmetto may block some effects of testosterone and therefore reduce male pattern hair loss, similar to the medication finasteride (Propecia;). More studies are necessary before saw palmetto can be recommended for this use.
Fluid Retention:
Studies have shown that saw palmetto can reduce fluid retention caused by histamine release (allergic-type reactions)and due to hostile chemicals.Anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing properties have also been noted for saw palmetto extracts
Diuretic:
Saw Palmetto has a therapeutic effect on the neck of the bladder and the prostate gland, promoting a good flow of urine.
Hormone tonic:
this herb supports the organs of the endocrine system, including the adrenals, thyroid, ovaries and pancreas.
Tonic and nutritive:
Saw Palmetto is used as a general tonic and also as a subtle booster for the sex drive and the immune system.
Underactive bladder:
There is currently little information on the effectiveness of saw palmetto for the treatment of bladder disorders.
Prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS):
A prospective, randomized, open label, 1-year study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of saw palmetto and finasteride in the treatment of men diagnosed with category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain (CP/CPPS). CP/CPPS treated with saw palmetto had no appreciable long-term improvement. In contrast, patients treated with finasteride had significant and durable improvement in multiple parameters except for voiding.
DHT Inhibition:
Scientist Iehle identified that Serenoa extract, at 7.2 microg/ml abd 4.9 microg/ml, respectively, inhibits both type 1 and type 2 human 5-alpha-reductase iso-enzymes so it has broader activity than finasteride which only inhibits type 2.
Serenoa repens extract strongly inhibits 3 ketosteroid reductase mediated conversion of (DHT) to 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol in human fibroblasts.
The DHT product of 5AR enzyme binds to androgen receptors in prostate cells causing stimulation of growth and cell division. High 5AR enzyme levels often seen in BPH makes it a logical target to inhibit and that is the target of widely used Proscar (finasteride)
Other
Because it effects both male and female sex hormones, saw palmetto may also be useful in treating such conditions as hirsutism (excessive growth of dark, coarse body and facial hair in women) and polycystic ovarian disease (multiple cysts in the ovaries that leads to irregular or absent menses and, possibly, infertility) in women.
Properties: Aphrodisiac,Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic,Diuretic,expectorant,Nutritive,mild diuretic,Rejuvenative, Sedative, Stimulant, Urinary Antiseptic, Yang Tonic, Yin Tonic.
Internal Uses: Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Convalescence, Cystitis, Frigidity, Impotence, Infertility, Premature Ejaculation, Prostatic Hyperplasia, Prostatitis, Wasting Diseases
Indicated for: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Increasing breast size, improving sexual vigor and as an aphrodisiac. Stimulating hair growth, colds, coughs, irritated mucous membranes, sore throat, asthma, chronic bronchitis, migraines and cancer. Prostate cancer. Nutritive tonic, relieving the symptoms of menstruation, improving muscle tone and muscle building.
Sex Hormone Problems and Saw Palmetto:
Saw Palmetto was once used in love potions. Saw Palmetto is an old American tonic, dating back to the Maya Indians or even further. John Lloyd, a famous early American medicinal botanist, observed that animals fed on these berries grew sleek and fat. The Saw Palmetto berry, when eaten, has a noticeable effect on body weight, general health and disposition, tranquilization, appetite stimulation and reproductive organ health. During much of the nineteenth century, saw palmetto berry extract was included in the National Formulary, a list of acceptable medicines, to treat the symptoms of prostate enlargement. As medicine came to rely more on science, doctors became skeptical about the value of this botanical remedy, and it was dropped from the Formulary before 1950.
Saw palmetto has been used for chronic and acute cystitis, Inflammation of the membrane in the genito-urinary tract, diminution in size and function of the testis, for sex hormone disorders and prostate enlargement.
Saw palmetto extracts can inhibit the production of androgens (male sex hormones).
High levels of beta-sitosterol within saw palmetto gives this herb oestrogenic (female hormone) properties. This is useful for people with over secretion of male hormones.
Case Study:Depression
Ben had been married for some 15 years when his wife announced that she was divorcing him. When she finally left, taking their children with her, Ben's life seemed to cave in around him. Although friends tried to help, he remained depressed, fatigued and quite unable to consider forming another romantic relationship. Finally he consulted a herbalist who advised him to take Saw Palmetto. He took 2 (80 per cent fatty acid content) capsules, 3 times daily for 2 weeks and then 1 capsule three times daily for 4 months. As the months went by, Ben felt stronger and fitter than he had for years. Colleagues at work began to compliment him, telling him he was looking exceptionally well. Ben began to feel that he had found a 'secret weapon' to help keep him healthy and attractive. The future began to look more promising and the idea of having a special girlfriend was rather pleasing too.
Saw Palmetto: Dosage and Functional Mechanism.
Dosage and How much to take?
Dried herb: 1 - 2 g.
Tincture (90%): 15 -20 drops three times daily
Extract (solid): 160 mg, twice daily
Small amounts can be sedative. Saw Palmetto has been found even more effective and faster-acting than leading drugs used for benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is considered a reproductive tonic for men and women and can even help treat 'honeymoon cystitis', where irritation occurs from excessive sex.
For BPH, the recommended dosage of saw palmetto is 160mg twice a day of an extract that has been standardized to contain 85-95% fatty acids and sterols. Some studies suggest that a single 320mg dose may be just as effective as two 160mg doses. Taking more than 320mg per day does not seem to produce better results in treating BPH.
For early-stage BPH, many people take 320 mg per day of saw palmetto herbal extract in capsules or tablets-which are rich in fatty acids, sterols, and esters. It may take four to six weeks to see results with BPH; if improvement is noted, the saw palmetto can be continued. The powdered dried fruit can also be taken as a tea; since this is weaker than the herbal extract, 5-6 grams may be taken per day. Liquid extracts of whole herb at 5-6 ml per day may also be effective.
Functional Mechanism of Saw Palmetto?
As the early settlers discovered, saw palmetto is a tonic which builds and restores body tissue. The sterols have an anabolic action, which helps to build and maintain weight, so can usefully be given to those who are convalescing or have lost weight through illness or debility. In the reproductive system it has useful applications for both men and women. In men it is given to enhance the sex drive and to treat impotence and infertility. In women it is thought to have an estrogenic action and can be used where this is a cause of disorder in the reproductive system. As a urinary tract tonic saw palmetto is used where there is weakness in the neck of the bladder, and also as a diuretic to improve urinary flow. Saw palmetto has been shown to be effective in treating enlargement of the prostate in men.
Many of the body's systems are affected by the naturally occurring chemical constituents found in Saw Palmetto berries. In the main, however, they affect the genitourinary, reproductive and digestive organs. The herb is a prime nutrient and stimulant of the reproductive system, reputedly with progestogenic, estrogenic and testosterone-like actions. Well known and regarded in the treatment of BPH, its' effects on the reproductive system are beloved to extend much further.
Even though modern scientific research has not yet been able to substantiate the claims made for Saw Palmetto, it has been used for centuries as a sexual tonic and aphrodisiac, helping to raise general energy levels. As such, it has been prescribed by herbal practitioners and therapists for impotence or frigidity or simply for those with a temporarily absent or reduced sex drive.
For the digestive system, Saw Palmetto is given as a tonic to stimulate appetite and assist assimilation of food.
Allergic Reaction to Saw Palmetto:
There have been no reports in medical literature of serious allergic reactions against Saw Palmetto berries. As with almost any medication, there is a tony risk of systemic allergic reaction or anaphylactic shock. This is more likely in people who have already shown an allergy to other plant extracts or herbal remedies. In the case of a massive shock reaction to any substance, call an ambulance or immediately take the person to the nearest accident and emergency department.
It is possible that people prone to allergic reactions might get a rash from handling the berries.
Pregnancy: Saw Palmetto berries contain constituents that have both estrogenic and progestogenic effects on the body. It would therefore not be advisable to take it in pregnancy.
Children: Little is known about Saw Palmetto as a children's remedy - either from written records or from traditional folklore. However, since the herb improves digestion and helps to put on body weight, it may have been used for underweight and sickly children in regions where it grew wild. Today, because of its' slight hormonal effects, it is best to consult a herbalist before giving the herb to your child. A little of the herb in a stew would be a safe way for children to receive Saw Palmetto.
Elderly People: The elderly are perhaps the people who benefit most from taking Saw Palmetto berries. Benign prostatic hyperplasia may affect half of all men over the age of 50, so it would seem that the berry is very important for alleviating the symptoms in a huge number of elderly people. In this way, Saw Palmetto can help cut the costs in the budgets of many health programs, which are usually oriented around expensive drug and surgical treatments. Saw Palmetto is also very nutritive and strengthening, which can be useful for some elderly men and women who have lost muscle mass and feel week.
Caution: It is normally safe to take Saw Palmetto alongside other prescription medicines, but check with your doctor or qualified herbal practitioner first.
Saw Palmetto has estrogenic chemical components, so if you have a gynaecological cancer that is stimulated by oestrogen, check with a qualified herbalist or medical practitioner before taking the herb.From the many clinical studies that have been done, no toxicity or side effects have been found. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has put saw palmetto on a list of "Herbs of Undefined Safety".
Official Recognition and Medical References:
Belgium - Approved for BPH
Germany - Commision E p 201
PDR for Herbal Medicine - p. 1136
Sweden - Classified as Nat product
UK - General Sales
US - Dietary supplement
Scientific References:
1.Serenoa repens,Sabal serrulata,Saw Palmetto Herb Extract Benefit.
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
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Serie No.:S039.Basic Data Sheet Download
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seminal trace...Saw Palmetto extract.Sabal serrulata extract.CAS.NO:84604-15-9.Mixed fatty acids.25%45%.M.F.C10H10O4.CAS.NO:67254-79-9.Total Fatty Acids. saw palmetto berry extract.Extract of saw palmetto,ext...
Saw Palmetto Botanical Info:
Fats and oils:
Scientific References:
Claims & Warning:
