Matrine Oxymatrine.Lighiyellow Sophora Root.

  seminal trace...Lighiyellow Sophora Root.Matrine.M.F.C15H24N2O.98%Oxymatrine.M.F.C15H24N2O2.98%.Sophora Alkaloids Tannate.14%By Titration.Total Matrines.70%By Titration.Lighiyellow Sophora Root Extract...

   1.Basic Instruction of Sophora japonica (kushen,Sophora flavescens Ait.);Lighiyellow Sophora Root;Sophora flavescens Ait.root?
 Family Name:leguminous plants
 Botanical Origin:Sophora japonica (kushen,Sophora flavescens Ait.);Lighiyellow Sophora Root;Sophora flavescens Ait.root
 Other Origin:Sophora subprostrata (shandougen),Sophora alopecuroides,
 Common Name:Sophora japonica (kushen);sophoraal opecuraidesl;Sophora flavescens Ait.
 Scientific Name:Sophora japonica
 Synonyms in English:Sophora japonica(kushen),Sophora alopecuroides L.;Radix Sophorae Flavescentis
 Synonyms in Chinese PinYin:Ku GanCao,KuShen Cao,KuDou Gen,XiDou Gen,Ku Ping Zi,Ye Huai Gen,Shan Huai Gen,Gan Ren Cen("Gan" means dry,Recn Cen means Ginseng),Ku Gu(means bitter bone).


   Plant Description: Basic Phyto Character of Sophora japonica(Kushen):

 Sophora japonica (kushen) is a kind of perennial leguminous plants,Sophorae sp, top plant grow out spring,bloom,seed,dry in Winter,year after year.Sophora japonica (kushen) is a kind of plant could live in salt soil,soil as following could be ok for this herb: Salt:NMT0.02% .CI-:NMT0.06% .SO4-:NMT0.1% ,HCO3-:NMT0.02%.Seeds left for broadcasting and branches dried and died out, new root grow out from old root the next spring,year after year, Sophora japonica (kushen) grow and make large area full, and it's self-renew ability is very strong.Sophora japonica (kushen) in nature mainly live on soil with sands,root cross with good tenacity,stem woodened, and good sand soil character, content in Sophora japonica (kushen) mainly phyto protein,sugar,organic acid,pigment and alkaloid.

 Sophora japonica (kushen) is a kind of Sub-Shrub,grow up to 50~120 cm,root column,skin outside appear yellow,stem and branches herbage like,color green,yellow hair on young stem.Singular feather shape leaves,cross grow,line shape stipule; leaves reach to 20-25cm length,with small leaves 5 to 21 pieces,oval shape,complete edge. flower 10-20cm, short hair,flower yellow to white,10 stamen,1 pistil.bloom from May to July, Fruit from july to September.Seed 3 to 7,color black,similar ball shape.

    Habitate and Origin:

 Sophora japonica (kushen) grow widely on grass land,sand soil,road side,and red soil sunny side. nearly 12 species from inland China, disperse in north west china,especially aggregate in NingXia Province,GanSu Province,QingHai Province,XinJiang Province,and NeiMengGu Province of China,especially large quantity in middle area of NingXia Province,such as Salt City,LingWu,TaoLe and other sand soil area of NingXia Province which famous for thousands of herb medicine in west china. Sophora japonica (kushen) grow widely and disperse widely,also have good character of liveing in salt-soil and strong wind environment, so good for soil protection, and local farmers would like protect this plant Sophora japonica (kushen).

    Collection:

 collect in Spring and Autumn. Dig out,then cut top of root,and fibre,wash clean,dry in the Sun.cut fresh root into pieces and make dry,dry pieces named Sophora japonica pieces(kushenpian).

    Herb Medicine:

 Dry root shape column,10-30cm length,1-2.4cm diameter,clear vertical crinkle on surface,lenticel pop out and turn over a little,extend crossly.root skin thin,light yellow brown to gray browm,break out and turn over,easy to flake off and appear yellow skin part.root rigid and not easy to break,section shape crude fibre,cross section yellow to yellow white,clear cambium.Smells stimulate,taste bitter,Sophora japonica root pieces all think pieces,length 2-5cm,rigid,taste bitter and color yellow to white.


    Chemical Content:

 Researchers begin to do research on Sophora japonica from 30th of last century by Russia Sceintist,Chinese Sceintists begin research on Sophora japonica pieces from early 70th of last century, all research pay much attention on phyto alkaloids,scientists and professionals from china now developed out successfully alkaloids from Sophora japonica root as following:oxymatrine(C15H24N2O2),Matrine(C15H24N2O),Iosmatrine(C15H24N2O),sophor-anol,Sophocarpine(C15H22N2O),N-oxysophocarpine(C15H22N2O2),Sophoridine(C15H24N2O),Aloperine,Sparteine,N£­methylcytisine,Anagyrine,bap-iifoline,Sophocarpine,d-Matrine,d£­isomatrine,d-Oxymatrine,l-Anagyrine,l-Methyleytisine,Baptifoline,kurarid-in,Sophoranol, C15H24N2O2,SophoranholN-oxide(C15H24N2O3),N-methylcytisine(C12H16N2O),all these are bio alkaloids from root of Sophora japonica,they belong to tetracyclo-quinolizindine alkaloids.

 Bio flavones from Sophora japonica root:Sophora japonica root flavones normally as following:Norkurarinone(C25H28O6),Kuraridinol;Kurarinol,Neo£­kurarinol,Norkurarinol,isokurarinon(C26H30O6),Maackiain(C16H12O5),4-methoxy-maackiain(C17H14O6),Trifolirhizin(C22H22O10),Nor-anhydroicaritin(C20H18O6),Sophoraflavanone B(C20H20O5),Formoronetin(C16H12O4),and other bio-flavones£¬such as Xanthohumol£¬Isoxanthohunol;3£¬4`5-Tri-7-Meth-8-prenylkeamferol; Stem and Leaves contain Luteolin-7-glucoside.
  

 Fatty Acid and naphtha:about 20 kinds of fatty acid have been isolated from Sophora japonica root.
 Similarity and difference between Sophora japonica (kushen,Sophora flavescens Ait.;Lighiyellow Sophora Root) and Radix Sophorae Subprostrata:


   Description in brief of Subprostrate Sophora Root:

 

 Botanical Name:Radix Sophorae Subprostrata
 Herb Medicien Name:Subprostrate Sophora Root
 Botanical Synoms:Shan Dou Gen,Xiao Huanglian.
 Botanical Source: Sophora subprostrata Chun et T.Chen;(Part used:dry root)


 Plant Description:shrub grow to 1~2m,feather leaves grow cross,small leaves 11~17,oval shape,length to 1~2.5cm,width 0.5~1.5cm,short hair face side,gray short hair down side.raceme grow on branch top and axilla, wear hair;calyx shape broad bell; chaplet shape butterfly,flower yellow to white; stamen 10; fluff grow in germen,legumen fruit bead shape,bloom from May to june,fruit from July to August.

 Habitate:lime hill area or rock sew,mainly grow in GuangXi Province.

 Root Description of Radix Sophorae Subprostrata:irregular node shape root,branch several pieces.Root shape long column,a little curl,length 10~35cm,diameter0.3~1.5cm;appear brown to dark brown,vertical furrow and horizontal lenticel.rigid root have yellow to white wooden part,taste very bitter.

 Main Chemical component of Subprostrate Sophora Root:matrine,0xymatrine,N-methylcytisine,Anagyrine,Sophoranone,Sophoranochromene,Sophoradin,Pterocarpine,Maackiain,etc.
 Common Components share between the two plants:
 Sophora japonica and Radix Sophorae Subprostrata root all contain same content as following:
 Matrine,0xymatrine,N-methylcytisine,Anagyrine.
 


 Matrine and Oxymatrine,as mentioned above, is two kind of alkaloids from Sophora japonica (kushen,Sophora flavescens Ait.;Common Name:Lighiyellow Sophora Root,);and the main plant origin is Sophora japonica (kushen),also available from other plant origin such as Sophora subprostrata (shandougen),top parts of Sophora alopecuroides,and Radix Sophorae Subprostrata root(GuangDouGen).Matrine first isolated and identified out since 1958,and this is a unique etracyclo-quinolizindine alkaloids(see Gigure.1),this component Matrine(Sophocarpidine,C15H24N2O)

 State: Matrine is the isomer of lupanine,and Matrine has 4 form:
 a-Matrine needle crystal or Column crystal,melting point 76;
 B-Matrine Prismatic crystal ,melting point 87;
 r-Matrine fliud,boiling point 223;
 &-Matrine Column crystal,melting point 84;

 a-Matrine is common type;
 Solubility:Matrine soluble in water,benzene,chloroform,methanol,ethanol,slightly soluble in Petroleum Ether.

  Oxymatrine(Kushen Su):
 Formula:C15H24N2O2,M.W. 264.36;CAS Nr. 16837-52-8

 

 Oxymatrine is a kind of alkaloids from Sophora japonica (kushen,Sophora flavescens Ait.;Common Name:Lighiyellow Sophora Root,);and the main plant origin is Sophora japonica (kushen),also available from other plant origin such as Sophora subprostrata (shandougen),top parts of Sophora alopecuroides,and Radix Sophorae Subprostrata root(GuangDouGen).

 Character: Melting Point:162-163 Deg C.
 Solubility:Oxymatrine soluble in water,methanol,ethanol,chloroform,benzene,could not soluble in aether.


   Function and usages of Lighiyellow Sophora Root:

 The crude herb and crude hot-water extracts of sophora have been available in the West for more than 25 years. An alkaloid fraction of sophora roots containing a standardized level of oxymatrine and matrine (20%) was first introduced by the Institute for Traditional Medicine, and made available to practitioners in tablet form under the name Oxymatrine (White Tiger) in 1998. It has been used without reported side effects. In China, the alkaloids are often given by injection, but this method of administration is not acceptable in the West, so oral dosing is used here instead. When taken orally, much of the oxymatrine is converted to matrine; to get high blood levels of oxymatrine, it must be given by injection. However, it is unclear whether oxymatrine is clinically more effective than matrine. Chinese researchers have also used the alkaloids in capsule form, with results that appear similar to the injection. Sophora is also administered in complex formulas made as decoctions and taken orally.

 Sophora japonica contains about a dozen alkaloids, with matrine and oxymatrine being by far the highest, together comprising about 2% of the dried root stock (most of it in the form of oxymatrine), followed by closely related alkaloids: mainly sophocarpine, but also minute amounts of sophoranol, sophoramine, sophoridine, allomatrine, isomatrine, and others (see Figure 2). These alkaloids were first reported as constituents of kushen in a series of publications from 1958-1978.

 Sophora japonica alkaloids has functions as following:anti-virus,anti-tumor,anti-heart dysfunction,anti-inflammation,anti-abnormality,anti-ulcer, increase white blood cell, decrease asthma, anti-fever,anti-pain,kill-worm,sedation,ease pain,and more other health functions.


  1.Diuresis Function:
 Fluid Extract of Sophora japonica root and Oxymatrine injection in rabit experiment proved good Diuresis Function,salt ejectment content increase before increase of emiction.

  2.Against Pathogen:
 Fluid Extract of Sophora japonica root in high concentration(1:100) show good inhibiting ability to Mycobacterium tubereulosis. Fluid Extract of Sophora japonica root in 8% concentration show inhibiting ability to skin epiphyte.

  3.Other Function of:
 Oxymatrine injection to rabitt experiment prove central nerve anesthesia synoms,togethor with spasm,breath stop and die.Oxymatrine injection to frog experiment prove excitement first,then palsy,breath turn low and irregular,spasm finally and stop breath to death; and the cause of spasm perhaps origin from reflect of spinal cord. the minimal death dosage to rabitt is about 0.4grams/kilograms.
 


  4.Oxymatrine as best medicine and inhibitor of HBV(Hepatitis B Virus) and inhibitor of HCV(Hepatitis C Virus)

 Oxymatrine show powerful inhibiting bio activity to Hepatitis B Virus(HBV) in animal experiment,also good function as inhibitor of Hepatitis B Virus(Hepatitis B Virus inhibitor, HBV inhibitor).
 A clinical case:Compare experiment of effect between Oxymatrine injection and a-IFN injection to 64 patient of Hepatitis B Virus, 3 month cure with Oxymatrine(Dosage:600mg/one time/one day for 45 days;then 400mg/one time/one day for 45days),normal synoms of HBV such as tired and no power,paunch bulge disappear rate about 90% less or more, liver swell decreased and increased white blood cell and blood platelet.Also good for liver function,recover rate of ALT and recover rate of SB reach to 81.6% and 69.9%; Negative Change Rate of HBeAg and HBV DNA show 444% and 45.3%, but the same index by a-IFN injection only show 46.0% and 48.0%,no large difference.Result metioned above show that Oxymatrine injection is better to treat with Hepatitis B Virus(HBV).


 Clinical Study from china show that: Oxymatrine injection once daily,600mg muscle injection once for 39 HBV patient for 12 weeks,Negative Change Rate of HBeAg and HBV DN A result 44.4% and 50.0%, after ALT and AST treatment,function of liver improved largely,total effectiveness amount to 70.0%,and this show the Oxymatrine efffective for inhibiting HBV, at the same time, safety enough and no any harm.

 Another Case:Clinical Report Shows,Oxymatrine injection treatment for 42 patient of HBV,result show the major index of recover rate 94.4% to 100%. swell of liver and spleen reduced by rate of 30.05 and 30.3%, increase white blood cell and blood platelet. Oxymatrine recover rate to ALT,AST,SB result as 71.4%,61.9% and 100%; Negative Change Rate of HBeAg and HBV DNA show 50% and 30.8%, show clear difference to compare patient team.

 Many Clinical Studies and report show that Oxymatrine injection and other Oxymatrine remedy all good for HBV patient and improve liver function,increase Negative Change Rate of HBeAg and HBV DNA, and effective for long time since injection stopped.

 Oxymatrine not only show function of inhibiting HBV, but also act as inhibitor of HCV.
 Clinical studies show that:Oxymatrine daily,600mg muscle injection once for 17 patients of HCV,Negative Change of serum HBV DN A case 8, and rate 47.1%. but the compare team only case 1 and rate 5.6%. differences between two teams, and Serum ALT Recover Rate of Oxymatrine team higher than compare team later of the first month and the second month,this result show that Oxymatrine have good ability to inhibiting reproduce of HCV,and Oxymatrine have good chances to be good inhibitor of HCV.

 Mechanism of Oxymatrine as inhibitor of HBV and HCV:
 1>.Oxymatrine could induce something in cell(as IFN) form,and this could prompt Gene of HBV and HCV de-composition.
 2>.Oxymatrine share similar structure as purine,and it's inhibiting ability to HBV and HCV need more deep research.


  6.Oxymatrine Against Liver Fibrosis:
 Oxymatrine could act Against Liver Fibrosis
 Clinical Report from china show that:Experiment Model of rat liver damage by CCL4 and result liver fibrosis, cure with Oxymatrine, test level of ALT,IV-C,HA,TNF-¦Á,and liver tissues,calculate by computer,result show Oxymatrine result better than comparing team. and this mean Oxymatrine could inhibiting fiber produce cell III mRNA expression.

  7.Oxymatrine adjust immune system.
 Oxymatrine play as a kind of double-way adjustor for immune system, low concentration level could stimulate lymphopoiesis,high concentration of Oxymatrine inhibit lymphopoiesis,and inhibiting function is major.

 Clinical Study show Oxymatrine appear could be better inhibitor of lung cancer, inhibitor of inner cell multiplication ,and Oxymatrine could act as medicine to treat tumor cell shift.

  8.Oxymatrine:anti-inflammtion,anti-sensitivity.


   Toxicity and Safety:

  Safety and Acute toxicity:Matrine

 CAS No.:519-02-8.Molecular Formula:C15-H24-N2-O. Molecular Weight:248.41
 Synonmys:Matridin-15-one;(+)-Matrine;alpha-Matrine.

 Acute toxicity(LD50):Matrine
 LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intraperitoneal.Rodent-rat.125 mg/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:CPBTAL Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin.(Trading Co.,USA,1255 Howard St.,San Francisco,CA 94103)V.6-1958-Volume(issue)/page/year:18,2555,1970.
 LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intraperitoneal.Rodent-mouse.150 mg/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:CTYAD8 Zhongcaoyao.Chinese Traditional and Herbal Medicine.(China International Book Trading Corp.,POB 2820,Beijing,Peop.Rep.China)V.11-1980-Volume(issue)/page/year:18,214,1987.
 LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intravenous.Rodent-mouse.64850 ug/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intramuscular.Rodent-mouse.74150 ug/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:ZYZAEU Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi.Chinese Pharmacuetical Journal.(China International Book Trading Corp,.POB 2820,Beijing,Peop.China)V.24-1989-Volume(issue)/page/year:27,201,1992.

  Safety and Acute toxicity:Oxymatrine

 CAS No.:16837-52-8.Molecular Formula:C15-H24-N2-O2. Molecular Weight:264.41
 Synonmys:Matridin-15-one,1-oxide,(1-beta)-;Matrine oxide;Matrine N-oxide;Oxymatrine.

 Acute toxicity(LD50):Oxymatrine
 LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill. Intraperitoneal.Rodent-mouse.521 mg/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:YHTPAD Yaoxue Tongbao.Bulletin of Pharmacology.(China International Book Trading Corp.,POB 2820,Beijing,Peop.Rep.China)V.13-23,1978-88.For publisher information,see ZYZAEU.Volume(issue)/page/year:18(7),23,1983.
 LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intravenous.Rodent-mouse.150 mg/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:CPBTAL Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin.(Trading Co.,USA,1255 Howard St.,San Francisco,CA 94103)V.6-1958-Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,2555,1970
 LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intramuscular.Rodent-mouse.257 mg/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:ZYZAEU Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi.Chinese Pharmacuetical Journal.(China International Book Trading Corp,.POB 2820,Beijing,Peop.China)V.24-1989-Volume(issue)/page/year:27,201,1992.


  Scientific References:

  1.Matrine Oxymatrine.Lighiyellow Sophora Root.