Valeriana officinalis.Valerian and Medical Attributes.

  seminal trace...Valerian Extract.Valerian root extract.Valerienic acid 0.2%0.4%,0.6%,0.8%.CAS.NO:109-52-4.M.F.C5H10O2.Pentanoic acid;Valeric acid;n-Valeric acid...

 


   Botanical Description of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.

 Family Valerianaceae
 Valeriana officinalis
 Common Names:All-heal, Amantilla,Great Valerian,Valeriana,Setwall/Set-Wall, Setewale, Capon Tail, Capon's tail, Common Valerian,Heliotrope, Vandal Root, All-heal,Blessed Herb,Capon's Tail,English Valerian,Garden Heliotrope,German Valerian,Great Wild Valerian,Heliotrope,Setwall,Tagara,Valerian,Vandalroot,Vermont Valerian,Wild Valerian;European Valerian, Garden Heliotrope, Garden Valerian, Kediotu, Phu, Seiyo-Kanoko-So, Setwall, Set Well, Valeriana, Valerian Root, Vandal Root
 Etymology:The name Valerian comes from the Latin word valere, meaning "to be strong or healthy", generally thought to refer to its medicinal use, though many references suggest that it also refers to the strong odor.
 Properties:Antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, hypnotic, hypotensive, relaxant, sedative, stimulant, warming, powerfully nervine

 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Valerian is native to the Americas, Asia, and Europe and has been particularly popular since the 17th century. the herb is an erect perennial, growing to four feet with pinnate, divided leaves and clusters of small white or pink flowers. It has a massive root system and short rhizomes. The roots are a hairy, spindly mass and are collected in the autumn from two-year-old plants. It grows wild in damp areas, and is cultivated in Germany, Holland, Belgium, and Russia for pharmaceutical purposes. Other varieties are found in South Africa, China, and Indonesia, the Himalayas, and North America. Each is used for a variety of reasons. Valerian grows as a weed in Europe and most parts of the British Isles.
 This is one of the most calming herbs for insomnia, restlessness, stress and anxiety. It helps migraines, cramps and mild spasmodic movements, such as in epilepsy. It may also ease menstrual and stomach cramps and thus irritable bowel syndrome as well as some of the restlessness that accompanies attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
 

 There exist about 150 species of the given plant (V. sambucifolia, V. celtica, V. Milkanii, V. sitchensis), which differ a little from one another, but herbalists use mainly the sort, called V. officinalis.
 The number of sorts of the same genus may be explained by its growing in many parts of the world (in various climatic conditions, soils, etc.). It can be found in North America, Europe, and Asia. Though the plant prefers damp heavy soils, it accommodated itself to all these places.

 Valerian is a member of the Valerianaceae family. It is a perennial erect plant, which can be 4 feet high. It has a short, conical, erect yellowish root-stock with multiple long thin roots. Only one stem usually grows from the root. It is round and hollow, with hairs near the base. The main stem then terminates in several flowering stems (though, the plant may not bloom during its first year).
 The leaves of Valerian are made up of 6-8 pairs of lance-shaped segments and are attached to the stem by short sheaths.
 Valerian is in bloom since June, forming seeds in September. Flowers are small, usually white or pink, with peculiar odor. Actually, the whole plant smells very specifically, and many find that smell unpleasant.
 


 Botanical Description of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.
 Narrative History and Ancient Register of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.
 Medical Attributes of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.
 Medical Parts,Key actions and key components of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.
 Valerian:Pharmacology,Mechanisms of Action
 Traditional Uses of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.
 Cautions of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.
 Dosage of Valerian:How much to take?
 Safety and Acute toxicity:Valerienic acid
 Valerian and Dreams
 Valerian,Nardostachys and Patrinia
 Research update of Valerian Root:


   Narrative History and Ancient Register of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.:

   "Men who begin to fight and when you wish to stop them, give to them the juice of Amantilla id est Valeriana and peace will be made immediately."

 This mediaeval recipe illustrates that people have known and used Valerian for ages. These days it is also popular among traditional herbalists as the herb with a powerful soothing effect.

 There exist different legends, explaining the name of the well-known plant. Some say it is named after Valerius, a man who was the first to use it in medicine; others derive it from the Latin word "valere", which means "to be strong" or "to be in health". Nowadays we are used to name it simply "Valerian", though, traditional names still remain in many countries: Great Wild Valerian, Amantilla, Setwall, All-Heal, Capon's tail, Phu.
 

 The Greek physicians, Galen and Dioscorides, aptly called the plant "phu" because of its distinctive and rather unpleasant smell resembling that of ancient leather or something akin to stale perspiration. The older botanical classification, V. phu, reflects this. The root is still added as a musky tone to perfumes. The plant was named in the 9th or 10th century, and the name is thought to have derived from the Latin verb valere meaning "to be happy."

 For centuries, it was used for a variety of disorders, including epilepsy, which, in 1592, a cure of such was published by Fabius Calumna. Today, there is some evidence to support it as an anticonvulsant.
 First mentioned in a medicinal context by Isaac Judaeus in the year 924 CE, it has since been highly regarded by herbalists as a nervine and sedative. Dioscorides and Gerard taught that it was an antidote for poisons, but it is as a treatment for nervous complaints that Valerian has become most noteworthy.
 Since cats and dogs are attracted to the scent, it is said that the Pied Piper of Hamelin carried the root to lure the rats, and his music was just a decoy. In cats, it acts as a stimulant and can be substituted for catnip. In humans, it has the opposite effect and is a very popular remedy for insomnia.
 It has long been valued by Nordic, Persian, and Chinese herbalists.
 The variety, V. sylvatica, was used by Canadian Indian warriors as a wound antiseptic.

 By the eighteenth century, European herbalists were using valerian for many kinds of nervous disorders. During the 1800s valerian was especially popular for treating "vapors" in women, with symptoms ranging from "waves of heat and cold" to fear and panic. The part of the plant used is the rhizome ("root"), which is generally harvested near the end of September when essential oil content is highest. The fresh root does not smell bad; the distinctive aroma develops as the root dries.
 Valerian was used during the First and Second World Wars for treating shell shock and nervous stress.
 Many tribes used the herb for treating nervous conditions and insomnia. The Blackfoot also used it to treat stomach problems, while several tribes, including the Thompsons of British Columbia and the Menominee, have used valerian root topically to treat cuts and wounds.
 

 Since ancient times Valerian was used as a medicinal herb, prescribed for insomnia, headaches, heart palpitations, gastro-intestinal disorders, epileptic seizures and hyperactivity. In the mediaeval times this herb was so highly praised that was even called "All-Heal" (this name remained till our days in some countries).
 Besides medicine, Valerian was also used to aromatize baths, prepare soap and aromatic oils, and even broths or meats (Scotland).
 However, in the 19th century the plant was for some reason considered to be a stimulant, not a sedative, and was thus used rarely.

 These days the well-known and widely spread herb is treated as a food supplement by the official medicine, but the majority of people use it as a sedative for insomnia or other sleeping disorders, to smooth the nervous system, and to slow the heart rate. For all these reasons the dried roots of the plant are taken to prepare teas or tinctures. However, the capsules and tablets with the dried plant materials and extracts are also available.
 As it often happens to the folk remedies, the scientists know too little about their power and need more research to make official conclusions. The same is the story of Valerian: specialists are still in the process of discovering its pros and contras.

 Valium, the most widely prescribed antianxiety drug, is said to have taken its name from the same source and from the herb itself.


   Medical Attributes of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.:

 Valeriana officinalis, commonly called valerian, is a perennial herb of the Valerianaceae. Its habitats include marshy thickets, and borders of ditches and rivers of Europe and North America. Valerian can be identified by its unpleasant odor and pinkish-colored flowers that grow from a rhizome. Historically called the wild nard, valenan was originally used as a stimulant, and valued for its odor and food flavoring charactenstics. During the 200-year period from 1733-1936, valerian was one of the six most prescribed medicines in European and American medicine. It was used as a antispasmodic to treat hysteria and nervous afflictions, an emmenagogue, a carminative, and a diuretic, among other uses. Mention of valerian can be found in drug books from the late 1600s to the 20th century.

 In the 20th century, valerian is well known for its sedative and restorative affects on the nervous system, and is widely used in herbal and allopathic medicines. The root ofthe Valeriana officinalis has been used safely and effectively as a sedative and sleep aid for several thousand years, and is widely supported by modern research as a mild sedative for the central nervous system. On June 7, 1994, the European-American Phytomedicines Coalition (EAPC) filed a citizen's petition with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for valerian to be sold as a over-the-counter (OTC) drug for use as a nighttime sleeping aid. The petition argues that unlike prescription drugs that reduce REM sleep and cause drowsiness, valerian is not a hypnotic agent or psychotropic tranquilizer and has been proven to be effective as a mild sedative and sleep-aid without side effects and limitations. Included in the petition is reference to the marketing of valerian in Europe for many centuries and in the U.S. as an prescription drug until.
 

 The rhizome of valerian contains a vanety of compounds including valepotriates, valeric acid, and volatile oils. These compounds affect brain receptors for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
 Extracts from the rhizome of valerian have been found to inhibit the uptake and stimulate the release of GABA using the [3H] muscimol binding technique on synaptic membranes isolated from rat brain cortices. The release of [3H] GABA is caused by the reversal of the GABA carrier, independent of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and the membrane potential of the brain cortex. The use of Valeriana officinalis on the central nervous system of mice has been shown to produce sedative activity at high dosage, anxiolytic activity at low dosage, and weak anticonvulsive properties.

 Valerian has many useful properties including being a hypotensive, a carminative, a emmenagogue, an anti-spasmodic, and a nervine relaxant. Valerian influences the cerebro-spinal system and has a sedative effect for conditions such as St. Vitus's dance, neuralgic pains, and insomnia by allaying pain and promoting sleep without the aftereffects of narcotics .
 Tests on the physiological effects of valerian as a mild sedative have confirmed through superficial and deep electro-encephalograms (EEG) that those who took valerian fell asleep more quickly, woke up less often, and experienced relatively no drowsiness. Subjective evaluations on valerian have reported significant decreases in the time it takes to fall asleep, improvement in the quality of sleep, and unaffected night awakenings, dream recall, and somnolence .
 Valerian has been shown to have no detected developmental effects on offspring, after treatment of mothers during pregnancy . In addition, the effects of valepotriates did not change the average estral cycle length or phases during the administration period, nor did it effect the fertility index.

 Clinical studies of valerian have included studies utilizing the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) expression system, which concluded that Valeriana officinalis does not inhibit in vitro [3H]naloxone binding to the mu-opioid receptors, which may be a possible mechanism for its anti-anxiety effects. The neurotropic activity of valerian has been confirmed through pharmacological assessment during central nervous system ischemia in frogs, without ethanol driving-off, which is associated with volatilization of ethanol oil, the active factor in tincture of valerian. Other studies have shown that valerian may possess some level of antifungal properties. In addition, a variety of valerian known as Valeriana officinalis var latifolia (VOL), which relieves smooth muscle spasms and vasodilatation, has been indicated to be effective in the remission of angina symptoms, decreasing frequency of attacks and shortening duration of angina, restoring blood supply to ischemic myocardium, and lowering plasma lipids without toxic action.

 Commonly sold in drug stores, markets, and apothecaries throughout Europe, valerian has become highly recommended by herbalists, naturopathic doctors, and chiropracters for mild tension and insomnia even in the U.S.. Although valerian has not yet become an over-the-counter drug in the U.S., its usefulness as a sleep-aid has been well documented and its popularity is growing. As more research is conducted on the many beneficial properties of valerian, it may soon find its way into the mainstream of U.S. medications as a safe and effective alternative to treating many ailments including insomnia and angina.
 


   Medical Parts,Key actions and key components of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.:

   Key Actions of Valerian(Valeriana officinalis):antispasmodic,carminative,diuretic,expectorant,lowers blood pressure,tranquilizer.
   Key Components:volatile oil(up to 1.4% including isovalerianic acid, borneol,beta-caryphyllene),alkaloids,iridoids (valepotriates,valtrate,isovaltrate)
 

   Name:Valeric acid:
 Chemical Name:Pentanoic acid;Valeric acid;n-Valeric acid
 Synonyms:NSC 406833;Pentanoic acid;Propylacetic acid;N-;Valerianic acid;Valeric acid;n-Pentanoic acid;n-Valeric acid
 CAS RN.109-52-4
 

   Medicinal Parts of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.:
 Root and rhizome
 In recent years, the plant has been well researched and found to have chemicals called valepotriates which seem to depress the nervous system and act as mild muscle relaxants. Although the extracts are useful, the fresh plant is more sedating.
 Valerian has been extensively researched in Germany and Switzerland which confirmed its sleep-promoting qualities. Other constituents are also responsible for its actions but they have not yet been identified. It is able to reduce nervous activity by prolonging the action of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. In essence, valerian seems to work by calming the brain and relaxing tensed muscles so that sleep can occur more naturally.

   Valerian:Pharmacology,Mechanisms of Action

  Pharmacology and Mechanisms of Action:

 This plant is well known as a CNS-depressant. The active ingredient is a matter of some debate. This group of chemicals is not usually present in significant amounts in the crude herb or tincture, which clinically also shows a sedative effect. It might be the volatile oils and valeric acid that have the sedating effect, depressant effect on the autonomic system. It can be said that this herb is antispasmodic and equalizing (sedative in state of agitation and stimulant in fatigue). Valerian is also hypotensive, antibacterial, especially Gram positive bacteria (due to its alkaloids), antidiuretic, and hepatic (protecting the liver from necrosis). The iridoid compound is very attractive to cats. They obtain a euphoric "high" from it.
 Valerian has an affinity for GABAA receptors, likely due to the relatively high GABA content in valerian itself. The amount of GABA present in valerian extract is sufficient to induce release of GABA in synaptosomes and may also inhibit GABA reuptake.
 Other believed mechanisms of action in valerian include inhibition of the catabolism of GABA by valerenolic acid and acetylvalerenolic acid and affinity for the 5-HTA receptor by another constituent of valerian, called hydroxypinoresinal.
 Due to the herb's historical use as an anti-convulsant, sedative, migraine treatment and pain reliever, most basic research has been focused on the interaction of valerian constituents with the GABA neurotransmitter. The findings of these studies remain inconclusive.

 Scientists have isolated over 150 phytochemical [plant-based] components from the rootstock of Valerian since the early 1900s. There are at least two (2) primary compounds as well as other amino acid constituents that are thought to exhibit a sedative effect in Central Nervous System (CNS) . These include:

  Valerenic Acids (valerenic acid, hydroxy valerenic acid, acethoxy valerenic acid and valerenal)
  Valepotriates (valtrate, isovaltrate, acevaltrate, didrovaltrate)
  GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
  Tyrosine, Arginine, and Glutamine

 Pharmacological research suggests that together, these components naturally inhibit enzyme-induced GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) breakdown in the brain, although, the precise mechanism of action has yet to be defined.

 In human clinical trials Valerian Root has been shown to reduce restlessness, nervous tension, occasional anxiety and panic, and sleep difficulties. Results of further analysis indicate that Valerian Root can also help to stabilize mild mood changes and support a positive mood balance. Research has demonstrated that neither single nor repeated evening administrations of Valerian Root have a negative impact on reaction time, alertness or concentration the day after use.
 


  Clinical Research:

 Clinical study indicates that the combination of phytochemical components derived from Valerian Root (i.e., flavonoids such as valepotriates, valerenic acid, and free amino acids like Glutamine and Gamma-AminoButyric Acid) act to effectively relax the Central Nervous System (CNS) when administered in moderate to high dosage ranges. Research results demonstrate an increased release of GABA, decreased GABA reuptake [reabsorption], and decreased GABA degradation in laboratory settings.

 The review of all available clinical trials, observations and empirical data based on traditional and contemporary use reveals overwhelming evidence to support the effectiveness of Valerian Root as a natural sedative as well as in its ability to potentiate relaxation of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Studies confirm that Valerian Root is well-tolerated. Side effects were rare or mild and no adverse events related to withdrawal, dependence or addiction were observed.

 A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial was recently completed to determine whether Valerian Root extracts adversely affected alertness, reaction time and concentration. During a period of 14 days, participants were measured using the primary criterion, the Vienna Determination Test, to assess reactive stress tolerance. Evaluation of secondary criteria, which included further [VDT] parameters and safety standards were found to be consistent with the results of the primary criterion. Researchers concluded that Valerian Root extracts administered in either a single dose [of 600mg] or repeated high doses [of up to 600mg] did not have a negative impact on participants' alertness, reaction time or concentration the morning after intake.


  Remedies:

 Macerations, infusions, and tinctures are used to treat insomnia and anxiety.
 Compresses soaked in the tincture can ease muscle cramps.
 Washes from the infusion or maceration are used for chronic ulcers and wounds and for drawing out splinters.
 Valerian root is used primarily as a mild sedative to calm restlessness and anxiety and overcome mild insomnia. At least two double-blind studies have demonstrated that valerian extract can significantly reduce the amount of time it takes people to fall asleep without changing the normal stages of sleep. Valerian is used in Europe as an antispasmodic, particularly for abdominal cramps due to nervousness and for uterine cramps and menstrual agitation. Valerian is also used as a mild tranquilizer for people experiencing emotional stress, much as antianxiety drugs are prescribed, and has been prescribed for exhaustion. Some herbalists have also recommended it for tension headaches, bronchial spasms, and lingering coughs. Valerian has occasionally been tried as part of a program to take a patient off antidepressants or benzodiazepines, and valerian is sometimes used as a muscle relaxant to treat pain.
 The dried roots of valerian smell unmistakably of 3-methylbutanoic acid (isovaleric acid, 'sour toes'), but more pleasantly smelling elements may also be perceived, e.g. myrtenyl isovalerate. Small amounts of various sesquiterpenes are present too, e.g. valerianol. Extracts from valerian roots are available in pharmacies as a mild sedative. Earlier, when the pharmacies made their own extracts and discarded the roots in the backyards, one could see cats from the town roll upon them. Male cats are mad with some pyridine alcaloids in valerian root, e.g. the iridoid monoterpene actinidine, resembling the active ingredient nepetalactone in catnip (or catmint), Nepeta cataria (Labiatae)
 isovaleric acid and myrtenyl isovalerate:  actinidine and nepetalactone:


   Scientific Proofs of Valerian's Effectiveness:Valerian Trials

 A human body is far from being a "perpetum mobile". It needs much rest and good care to function well. Nature has reserved the time for rest ,it is a night, when all we can restore our strength and give a break to out nervous system after the hard work and psychological stresses of the day-time.
 However, many people cannot have healing rest at night, because their bodies are tortured by insomnia. Others cannot get rid of the anxiety even spending a quiet and soothing evening with friends and relatives. Doctors would prescribe them very effective pills (but the latter always have side effects); traditional herbalists would unambiguously recommend to try Valerian, the herb, which people all around the world have been using for centuries to fight sleeping disorders and to sooth the nervous system.
 Indeed, Valerian is a powerful sedative; and an anxiolytic. Although it was said to be effective against many different diseases, its main function is to cause the relaxation of the whole body and provoke sleep.

 Nowadays scientists carry out multiple trials to discover and make official conclusions concerning the power and effect of Valerian on human bodies.
 Actually, the work that has already been done proves that Valerian plant (herbalists and scientists usually employ only one sort, V. officinalis) can really help fight insomnia (usually improving the ability to fall asleep, increasing total sleep time, reducing sleep latency, and making the quality of all sleep stages better), lessen the stress (decreasing systolic blood pressure and heart rate reaction), and reduce anxiety (especially GAD ¨C generalized anxiety disorder).

 Many people, who considered themselves to be poor sleepers, reported about the positive effect of Valerian extract after the clinical trials. Researchers concluded that the herb worked best in older male patients, female poor sleepers, younger people, smokers and those who had lengthy sleep latencies.
 A great advantage of Valerian treatment was that patients noticed no side effects in response to the doses of the extract used in the trials (400 to 600 mg of a standardized commercial preparation of dried Valerian root). Still, overdose in anything is dangerous. The known symptoms of Valerian overdose are dizziness, blurry vision, nausea, restlessness, excitability, and grogginess upon awakening.

 As for the anxiety disorders, clinical trials proved the improvement of patient's state, significantly decreased subjective feelings of somatic arousal, and reduction in the psychic factor of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale in response to either valerian,propranolol tincture (100mg Valerian, 20mg propranolol), or Valerian extract (50 mg~ 3 times daily in one trial and 600 mg of Valerian in comparison to 120mg of Kava Kava and placebo daily in another study).
 The results of the trials made are quite promising. Nevertheless, many questions still remain: why do some people not respond to Valerian extract; who cannot take it; what are the consequences of the long-term Valerian usage...? There is no data on all these issues. To be on the safe side, pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as children under 3 are not recommended to take this sedative. High doses are also forbidden.

 To study all these aspects, scientists must understand the mechanism of Valerian activity and its components better. For the time being, they defined such constituents in Valerian extract: volatile oil (including valeric acid), iridoids (valepotriates), alkaloids, furanofuran lignans, and free amino acids such as g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), tyrosine, arginine, and glutamine. What ingredient is responsible for the sedative and hypnotic effect is not known exactly. There are two versions, however: either volatile oil or the whole bouquet (which is more likely) may produce such effect.
 Scientists suggest that Valerian extract increases the amount of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter) and blocks an enzyme that destroys it. This may cause the sleep-provoking effect of Valerian.
 Hopefully, scientists will find the answers to all their and our questions. For the time being, it is possible to confirm that Valerian helped and still helps many people at least lessen, if not solve, their sleeping and anxiety disorders.
 


  Valerian and Insomnia,Sedative Action:All-Heal Effect

 Valerian, a tall, wispy perennial plant from Valerianaceae family, grows in Europe and Northern Asia and is cultivated in North America. Its popularity in many cultures from ancient times produced a few tens of names:

 Amantilla, All-Heal, Baldrian, Baldrianwurzel, Belgium Valerian, Common Valerian, Fragrant Valerian, Garden Heliotrope, Garden Valerian, Indian Valerian, Mexican Valerian, Pacific Valerian, Valeriana, Valeriana officinalis, Valeriana rhizome, Valerianae radix, Valeriane; Valeriana edulis; Valeriana jatamansii, Valeriana wallichii; Valeriana sitchensis; Capon's Tail, Cat's Love, Garden Heliotrope, Setwall, Spikenard, Vandal root.

 From 250 Valerian spices Valerian Officinalis is most frequently used.

 Beginning from ancient Greek physicians of all times recommended Valerian as calming, sleep-promoting, soothing, quieting, relaxing and antispasmodic mean. It was believed a remedy for cholera, carminative, anxiolytic, anti-convulsant in epilepsy and pain killer. Different parts of herb were used in soap perfumery and cookery.
 Numerous investigations also proved Valerian efficient for mood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), muscle and joint pain, restlessness, alcoholism, nervous asthma, migraine, stomach upset, menstrual cramps and symptoms associated with menopause.
 Almost all mentioned Valerian actions could be explained by its sedative effect on central nervous system. Volatile oil, derived from herb root with pungent odour, appears to contribute to the sedating properties. It contains monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, valerenic acids, valerenal and valeranone.
 The way by which Valerian extract may cause sedation is increase of GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) production; exactly GABA receptors regulate CNS sedation. In addition, valerenic acid inhibits an enzyme that destroys GABA. Another constituent ,pyruvate,enhances the transport of glucose into the muscle cells.

 Today Valerian is widely used for insomnia and various conditions caused by nervous disorders. Comparing to other sleep-promoting medicines Valerian is safe and gentle, not toxic and not produces dependency. It reduces the time it takes to fall asleep and improves the quality of sleep itself. Valerian best woks in case of its rotation with other sleep-inducing herbs like melissa, hops or chamomile.

 In case of proper use in recommended doses Valerian herb produce no side effects. Failing overdose it may cause vivid dreams, blurred vision, changes in heart rhythm, stomach upset, itching, fatigue, abdominal cramping, chest tightness, foot and hand tremor or liver damage. Inasmuch as Spikenard may have mutating effects on cells, pregnant and lactating women should avoid use of this herb. It also is not recommended for children under 3 and persons with liver dysfunction.

 To avoid dangerous interactions don't take Setwall with other muscle relaxants; narcotic pain relievers; prescription sleep medications; cancer, allergy and antifungal drugs; and alcohol.
 Daily dose of All-Heal herb varies for each form medicine sold in (tincture, tablet, liquid, capsule and dried herb/tea), age and condition of the patient.
 


   Traditional Uses of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.:

 Valerian Root is a tall perennial herb whose name comes from the Latin word valere, meaning well-being. Traditionally, Valerian Root has been prescribed as a natural sedative that works to relax the Central Nervous System (CNS) in moderate doses and improves overall sleep quality when administered in higher doses.
 In modern research studies, the active components of Valerian Root have been shown to provide positive support for:
  Tension, nervousness and irritability
  Occasional anxiety and panic
  Mild to moderate mood changes
  Depressed mood caused by everyday stress
  Restlessness and sleep difficulties

 Valerian Root has been clinically shown to promote relaxation, emotional balance and improve overall sleep cycle within between one (1) to thirty (30) days of continued use.

   1.Valerian Stengthen the heart:
 Valerian has been found to strengthen the heart and can sometimes reduce high blood pressure, if it is caused by stress and anxiety.

   2,Wound Healing Prompter:  It encourages ulcer and wound healing and, when used topically, is effective for muscle spasms and menstrual cramps.

   3,Valerian As an expectorant:   it helps a tickling, nervous cough.
 In South Africa, V. capensis, is used for hysteria and epilepsy. In China, V. hardwickii, is used as an atispasmodic. The Menominee tribe of North America, used V. ulginosa for cramps and menopausal symptoms while, in the Himalayas, V. wallichi is used in almost exactly the same way.
 It has a relaxing nature is a benefit to those unable to relax during stress-related periods and in general has a more calming effect rather than a sedating one. It is also beneficial in relaxing overcontracted muscles and helpful for shoulder and neck tensions, asthma, colic, and irritable bowel syndrome.
 For more than a decade, it has been used to treat ADHD and researchers have found it to be more effective than pharmaceutical agents with fewer adverse side effects.

   4.Valerian used to treat Nervous spasms and tremors, phobias, insomnia, and restlessness:
 It has also been successfully used as a tincture in treating the condition known as Ekbom's Syndrome, or "restless legs". This condition causes the person to feel that they must constantly move their legs to prevent cramping. The symptoms usually intensify at night when in a supine position. An infusion of Valerian root will normally keep the symptoms at bay if taken on a regular basis after the initial course of treatment is over. Valerian is not addictive or habit-forming and causes no known side effects. However, it should not be taken in large doses except under professional supervision.
 Although it is not safe to take with Valium or other pharmaceuticals, it is safe to take with other calming herbs such as lemon balm, chamomile, catnip, or kava, and with 5-HTP, GABA, and other calming supplements. However, large amounts over a long period of time is not advised.

   5.Historical uses:  Known as "all-heal" in the Middle Ages, valerian was credited with many virtues -in particular with healing epilepsy. In 1592, Fabius Calumna published a detailed work on herbal medicine in which he claimed to have cured his epilepsy with the herb.

   6.Stress-related disorders:  Valerian reduces mental over activity and nervous excitability, helping people who find it hard to "switch off." Valerian is beneficial for almost any stress-related condition, and, in general, has a calming, rather than directly sedative, effect on the mind.

   7.Anxiety & insomnia:  Many symptoms of anxiety, including tremors, panic, palpitations, and sweating, can be relieved with valerian. Valerian is a useful remedy for insomnia, whether caused by anxiety or overexcitement.

   8.Effective relaxant:  Valerian relaxes over contracted muscles, and is helpful for shoulder and neck tension, asthma, colic, irritable bowel syndrome, muscle spasms, and menstrual pain.

   9.High blood pressure:  Valerian is used with other herbs in remedies for high blood pressure caused by stress and anxiety.

   10.Other Uses :  Phobia, Temporomandibular joint syndrome or disorder / TMJ (TMD), Urinary incontinence.
 

   11.Folklore:

 Valerian can be found in Western herbology since prehistoric times. Some early herbals such as Moore (1564) and Gerard (1597), make clear note of it. It also appears in Willis (1681), Lewis (1769), Motherby (1785), Bigelow (1822), Griffith (1847) and had a prominent place in the practices of the Eclectics at the turn of the century.Valerian has a marked influence on the cerebrospinal system and is employed as a sedative of the higher nerve centre for afflictions such as St. Vitus's Dance, nervous unrest, neuralgic pain, epileptic fits, hysteria (especially female), restlessness, and wakefulness. Though small ordinary doses of valerian root are good, large doses taken over a period of time cause headache, heaviness and stupour.

 It is recommended in cases of heart palpitation because it slows down the heart rate while increasing the strength of the beats. It also is used for circulatory problems as well as to stimulate the stomach and intestinal motility. Valerian is often used for hypochondria. It has an unpleasant odor which is often masked by essence of aniseed. Over half a dozen Valeriana species are known to have been used by the Native peoples of North America. The plant was used to treat colds, cuts, inflammation, headaches and constipation.

   12.Therapeutic Actions:

 Valerian can be classified in many different therapeutic categories. It is one of the best nervine herbs for its efficacy in treating disorders of the nervous system and in calming the entire body. Other categories include anodyne (pain reliever), anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antiemetic, carminative (tones, soothes, and stimulates the digestive and elimination systems), sedative, hypnotic, antihypertensive, and antibacterial.

   13.Usage:

 Valerian may be indicated for the relief of insomnia, stress-related anxiety, and nervous restlessness. It may also be used to ease stomach and menstrual cramps, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), some of the restlessness that accompanies attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and migraine symptoms. And, more rarely, it may be used to treat convulsions from a seizure disorder. In its most well-documented use, however, it is used as a calmant to help people sleep.

   14.Preparation Methods:

  The volatile oils in valerian are extremely pungent, somewhat like aged cheese or milk. Valerian is often prepared in tea form, and in doing so it should not be prepared with boiling water, as this may drive off the lighter oils. As well, valerian is commonly taken as a dietary supplement, often in tablet or capsule form.

   15.Nervine:Central nervous system soother and depressor

 Valerian root extract has conventionally been used as a nervine, antispasmodic and stomachic. Successful results were reported when using Valerian root extract in cases where the chief cause of trouble is emotional or mental as in cases of a hypochondriac or hysteria. It was also successful in helping with migraines and insomnia in addition to depression.
 History reports that the women in Germany would take Valerian along with their coffee, which resulted in a lack of nervousness or irritability. Valerian behaves as a soother and depressor of the central nervous system. Although once questioned to be a narcotic of some kind, there is no proof that it is habit forming.
 It serves as a beneficial treatment for nervous conditions. It increases heart action and temperature, and helps stimulate circulation, secretion and peristalsis for the stomach and intestines.
 The body does away with Valerian root extract through the mucous membranes of the kidneys, bronchial tubes and genitourinary tract.

   16.Antispasmodic:valerianic acid

 The chief antispasmodic (substance used to relieve or prevent spasms (especially of the smooth muscles) element is valerianic acid. It is a thin, oleaginous liquid that contains the bad smell mentioned earlier.

   17.calming effects:valepotriates

 The calming effects are allowed by the alkaloids called valepotriates. In addition, the alkaloids are antibacterial, antidiuretic, and have the potential to prevent liver necrosis.

   18.Effect on Cats and Rats

 An unusual feature of valerian is that the dried root affects the domestic cat in a similar way as that of catnip. If valerian root is left in a place to which cats have access, they will roll in it, salivate onto it and eat it. Burmese cats are attracted to the dried herb and will deliberately destroy containers to obtain it. However, some cats will not go near valerian root.[citation needed]
 Valerian's effect on cats is featured as a clue in two works by Agatha Christie.
 Valerian is also very attractive to rats, so much so that it has been used to bait traps. Some versions of the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin have him using valerian, as well as his pipes, to attract the rats.


   Cautions of Valerian.Valeriana officinalis.:

  Do not take for more than two or three weeks at a time without a break. Continual use or high doses can lead to headaches and palpitations.
  It should not be taken during the day since it does promote sleep.
  Do not take during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
  Do not take with sleep-enhancing drugs as this herb increases the action.
  Do not confuse the herb with the garden plant, red American valerian (Centranthus ruber), which has no medicinal value.

 In case of proper use in recommended doses Valerian herb produce no side effects. Failing overdose it may cause vivid dreams, blurred vision, changes in heart rhythm, stomach upset, itching, fatigue, abdominal cramping, chest tightness, foot and hand tremor or liver damage. Inasmuch as Spikenard may have mutating effects on cells, pregnant and lactating women should avoid use of this herb. It also is not recommended for children under 3 and persons with liver dysfunction.

 To avoid dangerous interactions don't take Setwall with other muscle relaxants; narcotic pain relievers; prescription sleep medications; cancer, allergy and antifungal drugs; and alcohol.
 Daily dose of All-Heal herb varies for each form medicine sold in (tincture, tablet, liquid, capsule and dried herb/tea), age and condition of the patient.

   Side Effects:

 Large doses of valerian may occasionally cause headache, muscle spasm, heart palpitations, dizziness, gastric distress, sleeplessness, and confusion. Uninterrupted use may cause depression.

 The American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) gives valerian a class 1 safety rating, indicating that it is a safe herb with a wide dosage range.
 Some people, however, experience adverse reactions to valerian. Rather than feeling the calming or sleep-inducing effects, they suddenly feel nervous, anxious and restless after taking the herb and may experience heart palpitations.
 There is also evidence that in some cases of long-term use, serious withdrawal symptoms may occur when it is stopped abruptly.

 Pregnant or breastfeeding women should not use valerian. It should not be used while driving, operating heavy machinery or engaging in other activities which require one to be alert, due to its tranquilizing effects. Those with liver disease are also warned against taking valerian in combination with skullcap, another herb commonly used for anxiety.
 Valerian should not be used if taking anesthesia, sedatives or anti-anxiety medications without first consulting a healthcare practitioner.

 Well, since Valerian root can act as a diuretic, people who tend to wake during the night to urinate may not find it effective as a sleep aid. Though side effects are rare, some people who use Valerian root for long periods of time may develop headaches, insomnia or agitation.
 Though this may seem paradoxical, the same side effect is often noted with prescription sleep aids and anti-anxiety medications if they are over-used.

 Valerian root should be used conservatively to treat symptoms of anxiety and insomnia, and it should not be discontinued suddenly. Because of possible negative interaction with barbiturates and benzodiazepines such as Ativan, Valium, and Xanax, people taking these medications should not use Valerian root.

 Research suggests that valerian does not impair one's ability to drive or operate machinery. There is one case reported of a man experiencing severe cardiac symptoms that may have been due to withdrawing from valerian. This man abruptly discontinued taking valerian, after having used 5-20 times the recommended amount "for many years". However, when taken at recommended amounts, valerian supplementation does not lead to addiction or dependence. In the case of an 18-year old college student who tried to kill herself by ingesting approximately 20,000 mg of valerian root (approximately 40-50 times the recommended amount), the only symptoms reported were fatigue, abdominal pain, and a mild tremor of the hands and feet. Valerian does not appear to impair reaction time, alertness, or concentration the morning after use. There are no known reasons to avoid valerian during pregnancy or breast-feeding.

   Precautions

 Valerian should not be used in large doses or for an extended period. People should not take it continuously for more than two to three weeks. Users of valerian may become tolerant to its effects with prolonged use. Increasing the dose of the herb to achieve desired effects may result in negative side effects. Prolonged use, according to some research, could result in liver damage and central nervous system impairment.

   Interactions

 Although valerian has been regarded as a relatively safe herb because few interactions with prescription medications have been reported, newer research indicates that it should be used cautiously following surgery. Like St. John¨ªs wort, valerian can interact with anesthetics and other medications given to patients after surgery. Because valerian has a mild sedative effect, it should not be taken together with alcoholic beverages, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or antihistamines. Long-term safety studies of valerian have not been done as of early 2003.


   Dosage of Valerian:How much to take?:

 Many people take 300-500 mg of valerian root herbal extract in capsules or tablets one hour before bedtime for insomnia. As an alcohol-based tincture, 5 ml can be taken before bedtime. Combination products with lemon balm, hops, passion flower, and skullcap can also be used. Children aged six to twelve often respond to half the adult dose.

 Decoction - 3 oz.
 Tincture - 0.5 ~ 1 tsp.
 Fluid Extract - 0.5 tsp.
 Oil - 5 drops
 Powder - 10 - 15 grains
 Total daily intake should be no more than 15 grams of plant material, which is usually about 15 to 20 drops of tincture taken several times a day or 450 to 500 mg of concentrated, standardized extract. Standardized extracts should contain between .5 % and 1% volatile oils. Valerian root can also be prepared as a tea by steeping 1 teaspoon of the dried root in a cup of hot water for ten minutes. Time-release formulas of Valerian root are useful for maintaining a feeling of relaxation throughout the day. They can also be taken an hour or so before bedtime to help induce sleep.

  How it works in the body?
 Valerian's usefulness in the nervous system is mainly due to the valepotriates, which have a sedative effect on the mind. One of its main uses is in insomnia, where it both helps the sufferer to fall asleep more quickly and allows them to wake in the morning without feeling stupefied. Valerian is particularly useful for those whose minds are so active they cannot switch off enough to relax. Valerian is helpful for all types of stress-related anxiety as it does not impair the ability to concentrate, but has a calming effect. Valerian is used to treat numerous ailments, for example digestive complaints where there is a contributing stress or tension factor. Valerian is also a muscle relaxant, and is used with other herbs in the cardiovascular system to treat high blood pressure.

 Indicated for: Anxiety, confusion, cramp, depression with anxiety, dysmenorrhoea, encouraging sleep and improving sleep quality, hives, hypochondriasis, hysteria, improving circulation, insomnia and disturbed sleep patterns, intestinal colic, lack of concentration, menopausal dysfunction, retarded and scanty menstruation, migraines, nervous excitability, palpitations, PMS, rheumatic fever and pain, stress, tension, tranquiliser withdrawal.
 


   Safety and Acute toxicity:Valerienic acid

 Acute toxicity (LD50):Valerienic acid

 LD50:Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral.Rodent-mouse.600mg/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:85GMAT "Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic chemicals Under Single Exposure,"Izmerov,N.F.,et al.,Moscow,Centre of International Projects,GKNT,1982 Volume(issue)/page/year:-,119,1982.

 LD50:Lethal concentration,50 percent kill.Inhalation.Rodent-mouse.4100 mg/m3/2H.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:85GMAT "Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic chemicals Under Single Exposure,"Izmerov,N.F.,et al.,Moscow,Centre of International Projects,GKNT,1982 Volume(issue)/page/year:-,119,1982.

 LD50:Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intraperitoneal.Rodent-mouse.3590 mg/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:JPPMAB Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.(Pharmaceutical Soc.of Great Britian,1 Lambeth High St.,London SEI 7JN,UK)V.1- 1949- Volume(issue)/page/year:21,85,1969.

 LD50:Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Subcutaneous.Rodent-mouse.3590 mg/kg.
 Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
 Reference:JPPMAB Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.(Pharmaceutical Soc.of Great Britian,1 Lambeth High St.,London SEI 7JN,UK)V.1- 1949- Volume(issue)/page/year:21,85,1969.

 LD50:Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intravenous.Rodent-mouse.1290 mg/kg.
 Toxic effects:
 Behavioral:altered sleep time(including change in righting reflex)
 Behavioral:convulsions or effect on seizure threshold.
 Lungs,Thorax,or Respiration:Respiratory depression.
 Reference:APTOA6 Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica.(Copenhagen,Denmark)V.1-59,1945-86.For publisher information,see PHTOEH Volume(issue)/page/year:18,141,1961.

 NOSH data:Valerienic acid

 NOHS:National Occupational Hazard Survey(1974)
 NOHS Hazard Code: 84212
  No. of Facilities: 21 (estimated)
  No. of Industries: 1
  No. of Occupations: 3
  No. of Employees: 497 (estimated)

 NOHS:National Occupational Hazard Survey(1983)
 NOHS Hazard Code: 84212
  No. of Facilities: 79 (estimated)
  No. of Industries: 2
  No. of Occupations: 8
  No. of Employees: 4510 (estimated)
  No. of Female Employees: 780 (estimated)
 


   Valerian and Dreams:

 Valerian is well known for its sedative qualities and its ability to relax the central nervous system and the smooth muscle groups. It has been used as a sleeping aid for hundreds of years especially when there is excitation or difficulty in falling to sleep due to nervousness. Over 120 chemical components are found in valerian and although a very complex herb, it has not been found to have any negative side effects with moderate use.
 It is calming without exerting too sedative an effect and is practically non-addictive. It is a valuable treatment for insomnia, the sedative effect due to the valepotriates and the isovaleric acid.
 At least two double-blind studies have demonstrated that valerian extract can significantly reduce the amount of time it takes people to fall asleep without changing the normal stages of sleep.

 Documented research has noted a mild hypnotic action in both normal sleepers and insomniacs, indicated by a beneficial effect on sleep latency, wake-time after sleep, frequency of waking, nocturnal motor activity, inner restlessness and tension and quality of sleep. Sleepiness and dream recall the morning after were unaffected. The valepotriates have a regulatory effect on the autonomic nervous system; research suggests that they have a calming effect on agitated people but are also a stimulant in cases of fatigue.
 Valerian is used in Europe as an antispasmodic, particularly for abdominal cramps due to nervousness and for uterine cramps and menstrual agitation. It helps relieve dysmenorrhoea and it can be of benefit in migraine and rheumatic pain. It may also be applied locally as a treatment for cramps and other muscle tensions.

 Valerian is also used as a mild tranquilizer for people experiencing emotional stress, much as anti-anxiety drugs are prescribed and has been prescribed for exhaustion. Valerian has occasionally been tried as part of a program to take a patient off antidepressants or benzodiazepines, and is sometimes used as a muscle relaxant to treat pain.
 Valerian does not impair driving ability and produces no morning hangover effect. It is a gentle relaxant and an effective sleep aid.
 Millions of people have difficulty sleeping and the pharmaceutical industry has cashed in on the problem to the tune of billions of dollars. But herbal sleep aids can be as effective as the powerful prescription sedatives such as valium and other narcotic type drugs.


  Scientific References:

  1.Valeriana officinalis.Valerian and Medical Attributes.