Wild Yam.Dioscorea villosa and Phytochemicals.

Dosage Recomments,Safety Toxicity and Administrations.

Wild Yam Extract INCI Name Dioscorea Villosa Extract DIOSCOREA VILLOSA EXTRACT EINECS ELINCS No.290-441-7 CAS:90147-49-2 Dioscin.19057-60-4.Diosgenin.512-04-9.photo picture image Dioscorea oposita root is most commonly taken in the form of decoction or tea, or as dry powder supplied in capsules, and in combination with other herbs in many formula.

Dose:Daily intake of up to 9-30 grams of dry root for decoction, or even 250 grams of dry root decoction in case of wasting and thirsting disorders is suggested [Chinese Herbal Medicine, Materia Medica: edited by Dan Bensky and Andrew Gamble, revised edition, 1993].

Usage levels of wild yam:
Prepare a decoction with 3-9g of the root or use 10-30 drops of tincture.
By infusion or decoction 6 - 12g/day of the dry herb
The extract should be used at a level of between 20-40ml per week (1:2)
Liquid extract, dose 2 - 4ml
Infusion: Steep 1 tsp root in 1 cup water for 30 minutes. Take 1 cup in the course of the day, a mouthful at a time. [Lust]
Tincture: Take 10 to 30 drops in water, three or four times a day as needed.
0.5-1 drachm of fluid extract. Dioscorein 0.25 to 4 grains.

Adults (18 years and older):

Topical (on the skin): Cream: Vaginal creams containing wild yam are available, but there is no widely accepted dose. Effects from absorption into the bloodstream have not been shown. Some products may contain synthetic progesterone, a steroid hormone with potential activity in vaginal changes.
Oral (by mouth): Note: safety and effectiveness of oral doses have not been proven .
Dried root: 2-4 grams or 1-2 teaspoons daily in 2-3 divided doses has been used.
Capsules: 250 milligrams of wild yam taken 1-3 times daily has been used, or 450-900 milligrams per day of dioscorea extract from wild yam.
Liquid(1:1 in 45% alcohol): 2-4 milliliters daily in 3 divided doses has been used.
Tincture: 4-12 drops or 2-4 milliliters taken 3-5 times daily has been used.

Children (younger than 18 years):Not enough evidence is available to recommend use in children. In unofficial reports, doses in children have been calculated in proportion to the weight of the child relative to a 70 kilogram (150 pound) adult. Divide the child's weight in kilograms by 70 (or weight in pounds by 150); this number multiplied by the recommended adult dose = the child's dose. Safety and effectiveness have not been proven, and dosing should be supervised by a licensed healthcare provider.

General Safety:The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Safety and Acute toxicity (LD50):Disgenin(Nitogenin)

Chemical Name: Spirost-5-en-3-beta-ol,(25R)-
Molecular Formula: C27-H42-O3. Molecular Weight:414.69 CAS.No:512-04-9
Beilstein No:0094582. 5-19-03-00030(Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Synonyms: Diosgenin,Nitogenin,Spirost-5-en-3-ol,(3-beta,25R)-

LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral.Rodent-rat.>8 gm(8000mg)/kg.
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
Reference:PCJOAU Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal(English Translation).Translation of KHFZAN.(Plenum Pub.Corp.,233 Spring St.,New York,NY 10013)No.1-1967-Volume(issue)/page/year:11,1095,1977.

LD50:Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intraperitoneal.Rodent-rat.4872 mg/kg.
Toxic Effects:Behavioral-changes in motor activity(specific assay)
Reference:PCJOAU Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal(English Translation).Translation of KHFZAN.(Plenum Pub.Corp.,233 Spring St.,New York,NY 10013)No.1-1967-Volume(issue)/page/year:11,1095,1977.

LD50:Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral.Rodent-mouse.>8 gm(8000mg)/kg.
Toxic Effects:Behavioral-changes in motor activity (specific assay).
Reference:PCJOAU Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal(English Translation).Translation of KHFZAN.(Plenum Pub.Corp.,233 Spring St.,New York,NY 10013)No.1-1967-Volume(issue)/page/year:11,1095,1977.

LD50:Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intraperitoneal.Rodent-mouse.3564 mg/kg.
Toxic Effects:Behavioral-changes in motor activity (specific assay).
Reference:PCJOAU Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal(English Translation).Translation of KHFZAN.(Plenum Pub.Corp.,233 Spring St.,New York,NY 10013)No.1-1967-Volume(issue)/page/year:11,1095,1977.

Safety and Acute toxicity (LD50):Dioscin

Chemical Name: beta-D-Glucopyranoside,(3-beta,25R)-spirost-5-en-3-yl0-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl-(1-2)-0-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-(1-4))-
Molecular Formula:C45-H72-O16 Molecular Weight:869.17 CAS.No:19057-60-4
Synonyms:Collettiside III,Dioscin,Dioscine.

LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Subcutaneous.Rodent-mouse.>300mg/kg.
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
Reference:JKXXAF (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office,Foreign Patents,Washington,DC20231) Volume(issue)/page/year:#91-271224.

Allergies:

Rubbing the skin with Dioscorea batatas (a yam species related to Dioscorea villosa ) has been reported to cause allergic rash. Workers exposed to Dioscorea batatas in large amounts and for a prolonged time have developed asthma that is made worse by exposure to the yam. A person who is known to have an allergy to Dioscorea batatas may also be allergic to other Dioscorea types.

Side Effects and Warnings:

Rubbing the skin with Dioscorea batatas , a related yam species, has been reported to cause a rash at the site of contact. Wild yam cream caused no rash in 23 healthy women in one reported study. In another study, wild yam given by mouth was reported to cause stomach upset at high doses.

Wild yam was believed in the past to have properties similar to the reproductive hormone progesterone, but this has not been supported by scientific studies. It has been suggested that some wild yam creams might be tainted with artificial progesterone. Based on theoretical hormonal properties and possible progesterone contamination, people with hormone-sensitive conditions should use wild yam products with caution. This caution applies to people who have had blood clots or strokes and to women who take hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills. In addition, women with fibroids, endometriosis, or cancer of the breast, uterus, or ovary should be aware that these are hormone-sensitive conditions that may be affected by agents with hormonal properties.

In animal studies, compounds from the Dioscorea dumentorum species lower blood sugar levels. It is not clear whether wild yam ( Dioscorea villosa ) lowers blood sugar in humans. Caution is advised in patients with diabetes or hypoglycemia and in those taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that affect blood sugar. Blood sugar levels may need to be monitored by a healthcare provider, and medication adjustments may be necessary.

Side Effects: Possible, but rare adversary effects that have been reported are constipation and elevation of blood pressure.
Wild Yam Extract INCI Name Dioscorea Villosa Extract DIOSCOREA VILLOSA EXTRACT EINECS ELINCS No.290-441-7 CAS:90147-49-2 Dioscin.19057-60-4.Diosgenin.512-04-9.photo picture image

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding:

Use of wild yam is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to lack of safety information. Wild yam is believed to cause uterine contractions, and therefore use is discouraged during pregnancy. Wild yam was once thought to have effects similar to those of reproductive hormones, although this has not been proven in scientific studies. Artificial progesterone may be added to some products.

Women with hormone-dependent conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and cancers of the breast, ovaries, or uterus should not take or use wild yam due to its possible estrogenic effects. Men with prostate cancer should also avoid taking wild yam.

Pregnant women should not take wild yam because it may stimulate the uterus to contract, possibly causing a miscarriage.

Because very little information is available on how wild yam might affect an infant or a small child, its use is not recommended while breast-feeding or during early childhood.

Interactions with Drugs:

In animals, wild yam lowers blood levels of indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and reduces irritation of the intestine caused by indomethacin. Human studies have not been reported in this area, and it is not clear if wild yam affects the blood levels of other anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Advil?, Motrin?).

An early study suggests that wild yam may interfere with the body's ability to control levels of the reproductive hormone progesterone. Progesterone is a key ingredient in some hormone replacement and birth control pills. There are reports that some wild yam products may be tainted with artificial progesterone. Women taking birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy should speak with a licensed healthcare provider before starting wild yam.

It is not clear whether blood sugar is lowered by Dioscorea villosa (wild yam). Dioscoretine, a compound found in the related species Dioscorea dumentorum (Bitter or African yam), has been shown to lower blood sugar levels in rabbits and rats, but this has not been shown for Dioscorea villosa . Effects on blood sugar in humans have not been reported. Nonetheless, caution is advised when using medications that may also lower blood sugar. People taking diabetes drugs by mouth or insulin should be monitored closely by a qualified healthcare provider. Medication adjustments may be necessary.

Diosgenin, thought to be the active substance in wild yam, has been found in animals to reduce absorption of cholesterol from the intestine and to lower total cholesterol levels in the blood. Studies in humans show no change in the total amount of cholesterol in the blood, although the amounts of specific types of cholesterol in the blood may be changed: low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or "bad cholesterol") and triglycerides may be lowered, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good cholesterol") may be increased. It is thought that wild yam may enhance the effects of other cholesterol-lowering medications, including fibric acid derivatives such as clofibrate (Questran?), gemfibrozil (Lopid?), and fenofibrate (Tricor?). In animals, wild yam has been found to improve the effect of clofibrate in lowering cholesterol levels.

Tinctures of wild yam may contain high amounts of alcohol and may lead to vomiting if taken with disulfiram (Antabuse?) or metronidazole (Flagyl?).

Interactions with Herbs and Dietary Supplements:

In an early study, a wild yam preparation was reported to block the body's natural production of progesterone. However, this finding was not supported by later research. There have been several reports that some wild yam products are tainted with synthetic progesterone. Because wild yam may contain progesterone-like chemicals, the effects of other agents believed to have hormone-like properties, in particular those with estrogen-like properties, may be altered. Possible examples include alfalfa, black cohosh, bloodroot, burdock, hops, kudzu, licorice, pomegranate, red clover, soy, thyme, white horehound, and yucca.

It is not clear whether Dioscorea villosa (wild yam) lowers blood sugar levels. Although dioscoretine, produced by the related species Dioscorea dumentorum (Bitter or African yam), has been shown to lower blood sugar in rabbits, this reaction has not been seen with Dioscorea villosa and has not been reported in humans. Nonetheless, caution is advised when using herbs or supplements that may also lower blood glucose. Blood glucose levels may require monitoring, and doses may need adjustment. Possible examples include: Aloe vera , American ginseng, bilberry, bitter melon, burdock,fenugreek, fish oil, gymnema, horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE), marshmallow, milk thistle, Panax ginseng, rosemary, Siberian ginseng, stinging nettle, and white horehound.

Diosgenin, thought to be the active substance in wild yam, has been found in animals to reduce absorption of cholesterol from the intestine and to lower total cholesterol levels in the blood. Studies in humans show no change in the total amount of cholesterol in the blood, although the amounts of specific types of cholesterol in the blood may be changed: low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or "bad cholesterol") and triglycerides may be lowered, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good cholesterol") appears to be increased. In theory, wild yam may enhance the effects of other cholesterol-lowering agents, such as fish oil, garlic, guggul, or niacin. Vitamin C has been reported to enhance the ability of diosgenin to lower cholesterol. Further study is needed in this area.

Reference:

1.Wild Yam.Dioscorea villosa and Phytochemicals.

last edit date:1st,Mar.2010.

Available Product

Name:Wild Yam Extract
Serie No:S-030.
Specifications:Dioscin 6%12%20%HPLC
INCI Name:DIOSCOREA VILLOSA EXTRACT
EINECS/ELINCS No.:290-441-7
CAS:90147-49-2,Dioscin 19057-60-4,Diosgenin 512-04-9.
Chem/IUPAC Name:Dioscorea Villosa Extract is an extract of the rhizomes of the wild yam,Dioscorea villosa,Dioscoreaceae

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