Wolfberry appear thick shrub,cultivated species normally grow high to 1.6~2.0m,diameter of single main trunk reach to 10cm to 20cm,hat diameter about 1.6m less or more;wild species of wolfberry normally small arbor,height 25cm,thorn and white stab on stem.Single leaves grow cross on short branches,fasciation,needle shape leaves,complete edge,no hair,length 2~3cm,width 2~6cm.Flower fasciation,on short branches,calyces cup shape,chaplet funnel shape,color shallow purple or purple-red.berry shape oval,length 6~20cm,diameter 5 to 10cm,fresh red or dark red,some type appear orange or orange-yellow.
Family Name:Solananceae
Tribe Name:Solaneae Reich Tribe,Lyciinae Wettst sub-tribe.
Chinese Genus Name:Lycium Barbarum;
Chinese Species Name:Lycium barbarum L.
Common Name:Fructus Lyeii;
Scientific Name:Lycium barbarum L.
Common English:Barbary Wolfberry Fruit;barbary wolfberry,wolfberry
Botanical Source:barbary wolfberry(Origin:NingXia,China)
China Synoms:West wolfberry,White stab,Wild wolfberry, mountain wolfberry,Ningxia Wolfberry(barbary wolfberry), ZhongNing Wolfberry(ZhongNing is an area located in Ningxia,the largest origin of wolfberry and famous for wolfberry cultivation)
Botanical Origin:Dry Fruit of Lycium barbarum L.
Description from The American Heritage? Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
SYLLABICATION: wolf.ber.ry
PRONUNCIATION: wlfbr NOUN: A deciduous shrub (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) of western North America, having white berries and pinkish bell-shaped flowers.
Wolfberry appear thick shrub,cultivated species normally grow high to 1.6~2.0m,diameter of single main trunk reach to 10cm to 20cm,hat diameter about 1.6m less or more;wild species of wolfberry normally small arbor,height 25cm,thorn and white stab on stem.Single leaves grow cross on short branches,fasciation,needle shape leaves,complete edge,no hair,length 2~3cm,width 2~6cm.Flower fasciation,on short branches,calyces cup shape,chaplet funnel shape,color shallow purple or purple-red.berry shape oval,length 6~20cm,diameter 5 to 10cm,fresh red or dark red,some type appear orange or orange-yellow. Bloom from May to September,Fruit from July to October.pulp thick with glutinosity,contain wolfberry seeds 25 to 50.seeds flat kidney shape,length2.5mm,width 2mm,soil yellow color appear.
Origin and Source: normally grow in wild field,sunny corner of plant field.Main Source in China is Ningxia(Especially in ZhongNing and south mountain area),GanSu,QingHai,NeiMeng,xinJiang Province where sunny days yearly.
Lycium is a major Chinese tonic herb, first mentioned in the Divine Husbandman's Classic (Shen'nong Bencaojing), written in the 1st century AD. Traditionally lycium is believed to promote long life -a Chinese herbalist said to have lived for 252 years ascribed his longevity to tonic herbs, including lycium. Today both the berries and the root have a wide range of medicinal uses.
Plant live Ability:anti-low temperature,endure drought,live without fertilizer,afraid of waterlogging.fruit in 2 years from cultivation of young plant,fruit vigorously and richly after 5 year and output good quantity.
Stem Cultivation,Seed reproduce,Fruit Preparation and Root Preparation of wolfberry.:
Reproduce by Seeds:cultivate shallow channel on seed bed,shallow width 1~1.5m,distance channel to channel 30~35cm,dunk seeds in water of normal temperature for one night before broadcast, broadcast seeds in the channel prepared ok,earth up and press,then water,cover grass and keep moisture. new seedling grow out in 10days normally,transplant in spring,dig hole with width 30cm and depth 30cm,individual distance2-3*1.2-2m, put natural fertilizer,then transplant young plant into the hole, earth up,press,then water. cut tip from 60cm height of branch live up the same year,leave 5 to 7 sub-branches as fruit branch 10to 20cm below the cut tip. Leave 3 to 4 branches the second year,and cut these branches at 30cm length.Cut excess branch from the main branch the third year,the length need to cut about 20 to 30cm, and the height of wolfberry tree could reach1.5m to 2m after 5 to 6 years care,diameter of fruit branch reach about 1.2 to 2.0cm.
Scarification in early spring,first watering from later April to early May,fertilize with Ammonium Sulphate and calcium superphosphate mixture 1 time, and after 1 to 2 fruit season,water,fertilize once ok.
Plant disease and insect pest:including Glomerella cingulate,Trioza sp.,aphis,Lema decempunctata,Aceria macrodonis,Neoceratitis asiatica,etc.
Fruit Preparation:Pick grown up fruit late Summer and Autumn,lay open,thickness no more than 3cm,put to shade corner and make dry till fruit skin begin to crinkle,then insolate till scarfskin turn dry and rigid,screen out fruit handle,store and airproof.
Root Preparation:Dig up root late Autumn,wash clean,peel off the root skin,then dry up in the sun,then good for herbal medicine use.
Fresh branches and wolfberry leaves could be used as tasty dish.
Wolfberry first registered in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing,and listed as top grade. Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing Registered:
"Wolfberry taste bitter and cold,cure inside evil disease, warm heart and kidney,decrease thirsty,long taste stick bone, good for body and keep young."Ben Cao Gang Mu Registered:"remedy for kidney,nutritional for lung,good for vision and eyes."Wolfberry rich of many type of amino acid,vitamines,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn,Se and more other nutritional components and minerals, supply body fluid and increase internal secretion,increase immunity,decrease acidic content in blood,long taste benefit for liver and anti-cancer,increase sperm and increase Qi, nutrient blood and wise eyes,cure weak and calm spirit, prolong life,all these good characters make wolfberry the best natural health care products.Widely used in health food,health drink,and teas.
Wolfberry origin from NingXia Province big grain,fruit thick,seed less,taste positive,quality best, content of polysaccharides higher than other origin,best for increase immunity.กก
The berries are thought to have a protective effect on the liver and kidneys, nourishing and acting as a tonic. Conditions where this is most effective are those where there is a sore back and legs, low-grade abdominal pain, excessive urination at night (nocturia), wasting and thirsting disorders, consumption, and, in the reproductive system for men, impotence. Another of its major functions is as a tonic for the eyes, especially where the circulation is thought to be poor, in conditions of dizziness, blurred vision, and diminished sight. In the respiratory system it is used to tonify the lungs, especially in conditions with a consumptive cough. In the cardiovascular system lycium is used as a circulatory tonic, to reduce blood pressure and to lower lipid levels. The Chinese properties are those of sweet and neutral.
2.Constituents and Pharmacology of wolfberry:
The fruit contains beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamins B1 and B2, beta-sitosterol (an anti-inflammatory agent), linoleic acid (a fatty acid), immunologically active polysaccharides (5-8%), sesquiterpenoids (cyperone, solavetivone), tetraterpenoids (zeaxanthin, physalin), and betaine (0.1%).
Chinese pharmacological research, conducted during the past forty years, revealed that lycium extracts administered to mice could enhance non-specific immunity, promote production of red blood cells, increase production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), and reverse the inhibition of white blood cells caused by cancer drugs. The principal active components are polysaccharides, betaine, and physalin.
In a review of research on lycium fruit appearing in Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Drugs,polysaccharides from lycium fruit, like those from astragalus and ganoderma, enhance cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. In a dose of just 5-10 mg/kg daily for one week, lycium fruit polysaccharides could increase activity of T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells in laboratory animals. The amount of polysaccharides in lycium fruit of the soft edible variety is probably not more than 5%, so this amount corresponds to a human dosage of about 7-14 grams of the whole fruit. In a study of lycium, reported in the Journal of the Beijing Medical University (1992), it was noted that lycium fruit reduced antibodies associated with allergy-type reactions, which was presumed to be accomplished through the mechanisms of promoting CD8 T cells and regulating cytokines. Probably as a result of this activity, lycium fruit has been reported to be a useful treatment for psoriasis.
Several plant polysaccharides have been shown to enhance IL-2 production; the enhancing effect of lycium polysaccharides on IL-2 activity was reported by the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology in Beijing (1989). In the U.S., IL-2 has been under study as an immune promoting factor since 1983, used for some cancers and for HIV infection.
Betaine, when added to chicken feed, enhances growth of the animals and egg production, and it is currently used in poultry farming because of these effects. Lycium fruit given to rats lowered their blood cholesterol and blood sugar; given to rabbits, it inhibited the formation of atherosclerosis. Betaine was shown to protect the livers of laboratory animals from the impact of toxic chemicals; other pharmacologic studies have shown that it is an anticonvulsant, sedative, and vasodilator.
In 1974, it was reported that betaine could treat various chronic liver diseases; lycium fruit is often administered with another Chinese herbal fruit, schizandra, for that purpose. In recent years, betaine has been included in some Western nutritional supplement products, especially those used for improving muscle mass. Betaine is an alkaloid, sometimes classed as an amino acid, that is found also in capsicum, silybum (the source of the liver-protective flavonoid silymarin), and beets (Beta vulgaris, from which betaine gets its name). Betaine is used by the liver to produce choline, a compound which calms nervousness, enhances memory, and protects against fatty liver disease. In the sugar beet, which is the commercial source of the isolated compound, betaine is present at a level of 0.3-0.7%.
Another plant in the Solanaceae family, Physalis angulata, contains physalin (one of the lycium ingredients) as a major active component. The herb is used as a treatment for hepatitis B. Extracts of physalis have been shown to increase splenic natural killer cell activity in normal and tumor-bearing mice, with anticancer effects for several cancer lines.
Lycium fruit has been given to treat sexual impotence. It was reported that by taking lycium fruit orally and in the form of an alcohol extract, it could markedly increase androgen levels in the blood, making patients feel more energetic. It is likely that sitosterols or terpenoids are responsible for this effect. The daily dosage of lycium fruit needed to obtain these effects is about 10 grams/day.
Like other commonly eaten fruits, lycium is non-toxic. Toxicity studies showed that injection of 2.4 grams/kg of lycium fruit extract did not cause adverse reactions, but at the huge dosage of 25 g/kg, toxic reactions were rapid. The LD50 was determined to be about 8.3 grams/kg (about one pound of the dried fruit, extracted and injected, for a human).
3.Ancient Medicine for Overall Wellbeing:
Wolfberry's value to human health was explored in China thousands of years ago. It has been cited by several ancient Chinese Medica since the Tang Dynasty (1000-1400 A. D) for its multiple health benefits, such as: nourishing the Yin (Yin-Yang theory is the fundamental theory of Chinese Traditional Medicine. Yin represents the material part of the body and Yang represents the energy and function of the body), strengthening the eyes, liver and kidney and nourishing the blood. Wolfberry fruits are used in many herbal formulas to maintain overall health when suffering from chronic conditions, such as weariness of the loins and legs, dizziness and ringing in the ear, visual degeneration, headaches, insomnia, chronic liver diseases, diabetes, tuberculosis, and hypertension. Ancient people used wolfberry fruit to make tea, soup, stew and wine or chewed them like raisins. Scientists in modern China have extensively studied wolfberry fruits, their nutrients and their medical benefits. They have further substantiated the ancient medical applications such as: maintain healthy immune system (including specific and non-specific immune response), improving eye conditions, support healthy liver function, maintain healthy blood pressure and blood sugar. Wolfberry is also an excellent herb for anti-oxidant and anti-aging.
4.Natural Multi-nutrients of chinese wolfberry:
Wolfberry (a member of Solanacea family) is a wild bush found in the north west of China. Because of its nutrient value and pleasant taste, Chinese people have been growing this magic herb for hundreds of years. Wolfberry can tolerate temperatures from -27 to 39 deg C. It blooms between April and October and harvest is from June to October depending on the weather and growing areas. When ready for harvest, the fruit turns red, is nearly oblong in shape and juicy. Fullness, redness and sweat taste demonstrates the best quality of the fruit. The main active component of the fruit is the Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharide (LBP). The amount of LBP may vary depending upon the type of wolfberry; the better the wolfberry, the higher percentage of LBP. Wolfberry contains 19 types of amino acids and 21 trace minerals. It has more beta-carotene than carrots and nearly as much Vitamin C as oranges and protein as bee pollen. In 1983, the Ministry of the Public Health of China approved Wolfberry to be marketed as a natural food or botanical medicine.
5.Function of Wolfberry Extracts and Wolfberry polysaccharides :
Wolfberry polysaccharides as good immunity enhancer(Support healthy immune system):
Wolfberry polysaccharides from wolfberry has good function to enhance immunity, researchers do experiment on about 20 case of original liver cancer,the patient arranged taste Wolfberry polysaccharides togethor with chemical treatment,and good for immune system benefit and prolong life. Modern medical research prove that the Wolfberry polysaccharides from wolfberry good for cure cancer caused by damage of body immune system, and also best for cure many kind of immune system bug.
Many studies have shown wolfberry fruits increase the lymphocyte transformation rate and improve the macrophage phagocytic function in animals. LBP assists spleen lymphocyte transformation induced by Concavalin A5. LBP increases the antibody reaction to T cell-dependant antigen (SRBC) which means that LBP selectively strengthen the T cell immune response6. LBP enhances the T cell immune response by increasing the number of E receptors on the surface of T cells or increasing the numbers of T cells directly.
LBP also can be used to reduce lead toxicity because LBP inhibits the reduction of T cells and delayed allergy activity induced by lead.
One study was done on seniors in China. This study showed after taking wolfberry, lysozyme, IgG and IgA in serum increased in all participants. The activities of interleukin 2 (IL-2) were found to increase 2.26 fold in two-thirds of the participants.
6.Wolfberry Extracts as good tumor inhibitor(Cancer prevention):
Research from lab center of MDidea Group show that patients with evil tumor(malignancy) arranged taste wolfberry for a period, the lick up ability of it's macrophage increased togethor with T-lymphocyte transform rate increased.Wolfberry could adjust immune ability,so good and benefit for old man used as anti-tumor remedy. During it's functional period, wolfberry and wolfberry extracts not kill tumor cells directly, but to increase the immunoreaction of normal cell,such as activate macrophage,T-lymphocyte,B-Cells or prompt live up of antibody,or activate antibody, from this way, wolfberry and wolfberry extracts could inhibit and decrease tumor,and no any harm to normal cells.
Other studies from China show the acetone extract from wolfberry fruit inhibits the gene mutation induced by TA98 and TA1008. Some scientists believe that wolfberry fruit may be a very good supplement to prevent liver cancer because it exerts liver protection and anticancer effects at the same time.
Seventy-nine advanced cancer patients in a clinical trial in China were treated with LAK/IL-2 combined with LBP. Initial results of the treatment from 75 available patients indicate that objective regression of cancer was achieved in patients with malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lung cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and malignant hydrothorax. The response rate of patients treated with LAK/IL-2 plus LBP was 40.9% while that of patients treated with LAK/IL-2 alone was 16.1% (P<0.05). LAK/IL-2 plus LBP treatment led to a more marked increase in NK and LAK cell activity than LAK/IL-2 alone. The mean remission in patients treated with LAK/IL-2 plus LBP also lasted significantly longer. The results indicate that LBP may be used as an adjuvant in the biotherapy of cancer.
Another study from China showed LBP increased the sensitivity to radiation therapy and enhanced the immune system for cancer patients.
Chinese researchers reported wolfberry fruits could inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
7. Wolfberry Extracts as good old man remedy:
Old man taste wolfberry and wolfberry extracts,could feel better and increase inside hormone,oxygen in plasma,and no any bad effects.wolfberry extracts could make old man good sleep,good taste,good body health,less cold,less night emiction.also,clinical research show that wolfberry could decrease cholesterol and increase phospholipid level.Wolfberry food also affect stuctures of protein and character of cell wall decisively,also wolfberry taste could control cell divide and polarization,adjust growth and caducity of human cells.
the effective content Betaine from wolfberry also best for treat heart disease and cure illness related with old age, togethor with hypochondria.
8.Wolfberry Extracts as good kidney remedy:
Wolfberry contain many useful nutritions,including Wolfberry polysaccharides,zeaxanthine,physalein,Ascorbic acid,Carotene,Riboflavin,Vitamine C,etc, all these substances are good natural antioxidant,and best function as anti-inflammation,anti-infection,and so many good natural antioxidant make wolfberry the best body energy remedy, taste fitful amount of wolfberry or wolfberry extracts could be good for: increase blood flow, increase blood vessel elasticity,decrease thrombus and blood aggregation,this could be good for heart,liver,kidney and other organs of human body,also increase sexual ability.
9.Ancient literature registered wolfberry as a kind of herb medicine for anti-age:
Ben Cao Hui Yan registered:"wolfberry could make energy full,blood enough,Growth of Yang and Yin, decrease rheumatism,act as topmost herb remedy."
Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing registered:"Wolfberry taste bitter and cold,cure inside evil disease, warm heart and kidney,decrease thirsty,long taste stick bone, good for body and keep young."
Ben Cao Gang Mu registered:"Wolfberry long taking good and make energy full,make skin good appearance,wise brain and good for eyes,make spirit active,also prolong life."
Chinese Pharmacopoeia registered:"Wolfberry good for liver and kidney fill,increase sperm and make eyes clear,good for cure waist and knee ache,weak and short of sperm,inside fever and thirsty."
All these good character added up make wolfberry a good herb medicine for anti-oldness, diabetes,high choleaterol,liver disease,gastritis and other disease such as anti-tumor,increase white blood cell.
10.Liver protection of Wolfberry Extracts:
One study in China discovered that the hepaprotective component (zeaxanthin dipalmitate) from wolfberry helps counteract carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity.
Another study from China found LBP exerts hepaprotection through inhibiting the lipid peroxidation of liver cells in aging mice. LBP helps to repair liver cell injury induced by CCl4 and facilitates recovery from hepatic necrosis.
11.Wolfberry and wolfberry extracts act as good remedy for hairdressing and skin care:
Wolfberry contain large amount of amino acid and phytoprotein,this could prompt protein metabolism and formation of skin protein, large quantity of antioxidant from wolfberry also play as good cleanser of skin waste and function and inhibitor of free radical,good for skin antioxidant and make skin white,Wolfberry polysaccharides inside the body also help to adjust internal secretion,inside and outside adjustment and benefit for hairdressing and skin caring.
Also wolfberry contain large amount of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and biochemicals such as SOD,this all good skin care and cosmetic material.
Help hairdressing and hair growth:the effective content from wolfberry named taurine good and benefit for growth of hair and hair health,dip hair into water contain taurine from wolfberry,then dry hair,measure after one night,and the intensity of hair and hair cell growth all improved.
12.Wolfberry as good Hemopoiesis promoter:
Wolfberry contain large amount of good nutrients including polysaccharides,physalein,Ascorbic acid,and Carotene all act as good remedy and function of soften blood vessel,anti blood aggregation,prompt speed of blood flow,and increase function of heart muscle, then improve the blood making ability of human heart.So wolfberry and wolfberry extracts could be used as best hemopoiesis promoter.
A study in China showed LBP facilitated stem cell proliferation and increased the number of monocytes in bone marrow.LBP helps the monocytes to convert to matured leukocytes.
13.Vision improvement function of wolfberry and wolfberry extracts:
Antioxidant of wolfberry could act effectively increase effects of blood vessle and capillary.This protect could help to decrease blood pressure,anti blood aggregation, reduce swelland sediments in blood,so make blood flow more good.Also wolfberry and wolfberry extracts could increase blood platelet and decrease bleeding of wound damage,increase blood flow activity and decrease cholesterol,so could be best choice as antioxidant.And best for stable antioxidant ability of capillary,prompt formation of collagen,prompt circulation of blood,and increase antioxidant ability of blood vessel.
Taurine from wolfberry could be better for brain ability improvement and antioxidant,short of taurine may lead to growth dysfunction,and dysfunction of cerebel.
Vision improvement:
Wolfberry fruits were very popular for their vision improvement properties in ancient China. Modern Chinese scientists found wolfberry fruits reduce dark adapting time and improve vision under subdued light.
Physiologic scotoma decreased and vitamin A increased in patients after taking wolfberry fruits. Many scientists believe wolfberry contains more beta-carotene than carrots, which may attribute to this fact.
14.Cholesterol reducer of wolfberry and wolfberry extracts:
Wolfberry contain protein about 5.8%,and this concentration even higher than milk,also contain Linoleic Acid 1%,many vitamines and botanical calcium,B-sitosseryl-B-glucoside from wolfberry has similar structure as cholesterol,but not easy to be obsorbed by human body,also competitive as cholesterol inhibitor,decrease the content of cholesterol in blood,best for cure high blood cholesterol and arteriosclerosis,Wolfberry polysaccharides act as good enhancer of immune system function,and best for old people.
15.Anti-aging function of wolfberry and wolfberry extracts:
Wolfberry fruit functions to maintain normal cell growth and improve DNA restoration and repair. LBP also has the function of anti-peroxidation of free radicals, therefore changing the electrical parameters of cell membranes to the normal range.
In one study in China, a 48% increase of Super Oxide Dismutase and a 12% increase of hemoglobin were found in serum for all senior participants. A 65% decrease of LPO in serum was found in the same study. This indicates wolfberry fruit may be a potent anti-oxidant, which may slow the aging process.
15.-Blood tonic: In China, lycium berries are taken as a blood tonic. They improve the circulation and absorption of nutrients by the cells and help with many symptoms, including dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, and wasting conditions.
16.-Liver and eye tonic: The berries are a liver and kidney tonic. In Chinese medicine, the liver is associated with the eyes, and lycium berries are considered excellent for failing eyesight.
17.-Cooling properties: Lycium root is used in China to "cool the blood," helping to reduce fever, sweating, irritability, and thirst. These cooling qualities also help to stop nosebleeds, reduce vomiting of blood, and soothe coughs and wheezing, whenever they are due to "patterns of excess heat. "
18.-Blood pressure: As a result of recent research, lycium root is beginning to be used in China to treat people suffering from high blood pressure.
Functional Dosages of chinese wolfberry.:
For common health:9 to 15 grams daily enough;
For anti-oldness: 6 to 9 grams daily enough;
For skin white:10 grams daily less or more;
For eyes clear and antioxidant:8 to 10 grams daily,twice divide taste,stop one day after double days take.
For blood flow and immune system: 4 to 5 grams daily enough.
Nutrients note of chinese wolfberry.
Lycium contains betaine, beta-sitosterol.
Berries only: physalien, carotene, vitamins B1, B12, and C.
Root only: cinnamic acid, psyllic acid
Functional common taken method of chinese wolfberry.:
Chew Wolfberry: Chew 10-15 gram of fruits every morning and evening.
Wolfberry Tea:
Boil 15-gram wolfberry fruits, make a wolfberry tea and drink it every day. It helps to alleviate the effects of high blood pressure and high blood sugar.
Take 6 gram of wolfberry fruits and 6 gram of chrysanthemum (Flos chrysanthemi, L) to make a tea. It helps to alleviate blurry vision.
Take 4 or 5 wolfberry fruits, green tea, sugar, raisins, walnuts, date, democarpus langan lour fruit, hawthorn, and ziayphus jujuba mill fruits, to make an eight-ingredients tea (Chinese call it eight treasure tea).
Wolfberry Wine:
Put 25 gram of wolfberry fruits and some Chinese cooking wine in a bottle or a jar and carefully seal it. It is ready to use after 30 or 60 days. Drink once per day. It helps to alleviate teary eyes.
Take 200 gram of wolfberry fruits and 1 liter of Chinese white wine and seal them in a bottle or a jar. Ready to use in 10 days.
Stew or steam with meat:
Stew pork, beef, chicken or fish, add 15-25 gram of wolfberry fruits 10 minutes before the meat is done. You may steam fish or chicken with wolfberry fruits as well.
Wolfberry Rice soup:
Take 50 gram of wolfberry fruits and 100 gram of rice and add some sugar to make rice soup.
Wolfberry Cereal:
Mix 15 gram of wolfberry fruits with cereal to make a healthy breakfast.
Wolfberry Bread or muffin:
Use wolfberry fruits to make a banana bread or muffins just like raisins. Wolfberry bread provides more nutrients than raisins.
Safety and Acute Toxicity of LBP and LbGp:
Safety and Acute Toxicity:LBP.
LBP:LD50.Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral.rodent-mice.>10 grams(10000 mgs)/kg.
LBP:LD50.Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Oral.rodent-rat.>10 grams(10000 mgs)/kg.
Reference:Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine.03.2002
LBP acute toxicity test and Mutagenic test proved LD50 orally administrated result for mice and rat no less than 10 grams/kg weight, actually belong to innocuity.Ames test, mice micronucleus and sperm test all negative result, no Mutagenic functions.LD50 of LbGp by Bliss method resulted 713.5 mg/kg,highly safety proved.
Reference:Pharmacological Research Progress of LBP.2007-01-04.China Pharmaceutical News.
Where to source the largest quantity and best quality Chinese Wolfberry and products from China?:
ZhongNing City of NingXia Province is most famous for wolfberry cultivation and wolfberry industry, and got famous name as Wolfberry Kingdom of China since 1995 by Central Government of China.
MDidea Group is one of the most professional processor of wolfberry extracts and use material directly from ZhongNing City,fresh new big wolfberry same year, and main content standardized as wolfberry polysaccharides by UV-Vis and concentration reach to 20%UV to 50%UV,best quality,good price,delivery arrange to most major city on the earth.
Scientific References:
1.Wolfberry and Wolfberry extract.
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).