Capsicum.Cayenne.Red Pepper.Capsicum Frutescens.

  seminal trace...Capsicum.Cayenne.Red Pepper.Capsicum Frutescens.Capsicum Extract.Cayene Pepper extract,Red Pepper Extract.Capsaicine,Capsaicin 5-50%HPLC.CAS RN:404-86-4...

   Botanical Basic Data:Classification and Nomenclature

 Scientific name:Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum frutescens L.
 Family:Solanaceae
 Common Names:Capsicum, chili pepper, hot pepper, cayenne, red pepper, tabasco paprika pepper, sweet pepper, bell pepper, green pepper (Rosengarten, 1969).
 Herbs: Herbs: Cayenne (Capsicum Frutescens)
 Botanical: Capsicum Frutescens
 Common name:Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper)
 Synonyms:Red Pepper, Bird Pepper, African Bird Pepper ,African Pepper,Chillies,Bird Pepper,African Chillies,Cayenne,Capsicum
 Part Used:Fruit, ripe and dried.
 Habitat:Zanzibar,but now grown in most tropical and sub-tropical countries.
 Definition:Capsicum consists of the dried ripe fruits of Capsicum minimum Roxb. (Fam. Solanaceae), a small erect shrub indigenous to tropical America and cultivated in South America and Africa. Capsicum contains a crystalline pungent principle capsaicin, traces of a liquid alkaloid, red colouring matter and a fatty oil. B.P.C. (1973., p. 72,Martindale, 26th Edn., p. 1235.)
 


 Botanical Basic Data of Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper)
 Description of Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper).
 Narrative History of Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper).
 Properties and Constituents of Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper).
 Images and Classification of peppers.
 Common Uses.Medicinal Action and Uses of Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper):
 Capsicum:Mode of Action
 Applications and Preclinical Studies of Capsicum.Cayenne.Red Pepper:
 Suggestions and Administration of Capsicium.
 Toxicology and Safety:Capsaicin and Capsicium Extract.
 Cayenne for Weight Control.
 Cayenne for Pain Control.
 Research Update:Capsium.
 How Search engine think about Capsium:red pepper.


   Properties and Constituents of Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper):

  Properties of Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper):

 Alterative, Antispasmodic, Astringent, Blood Purifier, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Rubefacient, Sialoguge, Stimulant, Vulnerary Stimulant. Spasmolytic. Carminative. Diaphoretic.Externally - Counter- Irritant. Antiseptic. Rubefacient
 Primary Nutrients: Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Rutin, Selenium, Sodium, Sulphur, Vitamins A, B-complex, Vitamin C, G, and Zinc

  Constituents of Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper):
 Capsaicin, a red colouring matter, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids.

  Chemical Constituents
 

  Nitrogenous Compounds  Miscellaneous Nitrogenous Compounds

 The most potent and predominant chemical entity in Capsicum is capsaicin (0.14%) (Cordell and Araujo, 1993). A series of homologous branched- and straight-chain alkyl vanillylamides, collectively known as capsaicinoids, is present in lesser concentrations than the parent compound, capsaicin. Of the capsaicinoid fraction, capsaicin (48.6%) is quantitatively followed by 6,7-dihydrocapsaicin (36%), nordihydrocapsaicin (7.4%), homodihydrocapsaicin (2%), and homocapsaicin (2%) (Duke, 1985). Capsaicinoids and capsaicin are collectively found in amounts of 0.1% to 1%, with quantities varying according to soil and climate (Rumsfield and West, 1991).
 Capsaicin, a colorless crystalline substance, was first synthesized in 1930. Capsaicin has been studied since the mid-19th century and its structure is elucidated as 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl vanillylamide (Cordell and Araujo, 1993). Most pharmacological studies performed with isolated constituents of chile pepper have focused on Capsaicin, which is the major pungent constituent.
 The crude extract of Capsicum fruits, known as Capsicum oleoresin, contains at least 100 different volatile chemical constituents, and therefore may function in differing ways from pure capsaicin. Thus, it is important to distinguish between studies using capsaicin and those employing Capsicum oleoresin (Cordell and Araujo, 1993).
 Nonivamide (pelargonic acid vanillylamide) is a common synthetic adulterant of Capsicum products. Although structurally different from Capsaicin, its presence in Capsicum or capsaicin samples can be detected spectrographically and there is no evidence that this compound occurs naturally in Capsicum (Cordell and Araujo, 1993).
 The most important constituents of Capsicum are pungent phenol compounds (0.05 - 1.5 %), the most prominent is capsaicin (C18H27NO3) the vanillyl amide of isodecenoic acid. Besides capsaicin (69% or 10 - 800 mg %of herb), the pungent principle contains dihydrocapsaicin (22%), nordihydrocapsaicin (7%), homo-capsaicin (1%), and homodihydrocapsaicin (1%). Some other constituents include carotenoids (capsanthin, capsorubin, carotene, lutein etc.). There is also a minute quantity of a liquid alkaloid, a saponin capsicidin and a fixed oil. Capsicum also contains up to 0.2% ascorbic acid.
 The vitamin and mineral content (per 100 gm) is: calcium (29 mg), phosphorus (78 mg), iron (1.2 mg), potassium (374 mg) beta-carotene 12,960 IU), thiamine (0.22 mg), riboflavin (0.36 mg), and niacin (4.4 mg).

 

  Terpenoid Compounds  Steroids:

 Other parts of the plant contain steroidal alkaloid glycosides (solanine, solanidine, solasodine) (Newall et al., 1996). The seeds contain the steroidal glycosides capsicoside A through D, all furostanol glycosides (Yahara et al., 1994)

  Other Constituents:
 C. annuum is rich in carotenoid pigments, including capsanthin, capsorubrin, carotene,luteine, zeaxanthin, and cucurbitaxanthin A) (Leung and Foster, 1996; Hornero-M¨¦ndez and M¨ªnguez-Mosquera, 1998).
 Capsicum is also rich in fats (9-17%) and protein (12-15%) (Leung and Foster, 1996) and is an excellent source of vitamin C (~370 mg/100 g) and vitamin A (77,000 IU/100 g, equivalent to 7,700 RE/100 g) (Ensminger et al., 1993).
 Volatile oils are present as a trace component, including over 125 individual constituents, 24 of which have been identified (Marsh, 1977).
 Scopoletin, a coumarin, also occurs in the plant (Newall et al., 1996).
 

  Other Phytochemicals of Red Pepper including following:

 Capsaicin, solanidine, solanine, solasdine, scopoletin, chlorogenic acid, alanine, amyrin, caffeic acid, camphor, carvone, cinnamic, citric acid, linalool, linoleic acid, oleic, piperine, vitamin B1, B3, C, E, oleoresin, hexanal, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2,3-butanedione, 3-carene, trans-2-hexenal, linalool;trans-p-ferulylalcohol-4-O-(6-(2-methyl-3-hydroxypropionyl) glucopyranoside and luteolin-7-O-(2-apiofuranosyl-4-glucopyranosyl-6-malonyl)-glucopyranoside;trans-p-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside; trans-p-sinapoyl-beta- D-glucopyranoside;quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside;luteolin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside-8-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside;apigenin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside-8-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside and luteolin 7-O-[2-(beta-D-apiofuranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside];prenigroxanthin or all-E,3R,3'S,6'S)-beta,gamma-carotene-3,3',6'-triol;capsicosides A-D, 6''',7''-dihydro-5',5'"-dicapsaicin, capsicosides E-G;26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-22-O-methyl-5alpha-furost-25(27)-en-2alpha,3beta,22xi,26-tetraol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(->3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1¡ú3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (1);26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5alpha-furost-20(22)-en-2alpha,3beta,26-triol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1->3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside;and 26-O-beta-D-gluco-pyranosyl-(25R)-5alpha-furosta-3beta,22xi,26-triol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (Li, 2000; Uquiche et al, 2004; 2004; Materska et al, 2003; Yahara et al, 1994; Ochi et al, 2003; Iorizzi et al, 2002).

  Nutritional Constituents:
 Nutritional Components: Capsicum is rich in Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and Zinc, two nutrients which are vital for a strong and healthy immune system. It is also high in vitamins, A, C, rutin (a bioflavonoid), beta carotene, iron, calcium and potassium. Capsicum also contains magnesium, phosphorus, sulphur, B-complex vitamins, sodium and selenium. The nutritional breakdown of Capsicum is as follows:
 Fats: 9-17% Proteins: 12-15%
 Vitamin A and red carotenoids (capsanthin, carotene, lutein) Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) B-Complex vitamins
 Potassium: 2014 mg per 100 edible grams
 Rutin (flavonoid)
 PABA Note: Capsicum's red color is due in part to its very high content of vitamin A, which is vital for normal vision, cellular activity, growth and strong immune defenses.
 


  The Nature of Capsaicin:

 Merck Index show the basic info:Capsaicin (aka trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-noneamide) is the pungent principle in fruit of various species of Capsicum, Solanaceae.Internally its a GI stimulant and externally it's a counter-irritant (which would be your topical pain reliever).
 The active principle that causes the heat in chile peppers is a crystalline alkaloid generically called Capsaicin. It is produced by glands at the junction of the placenta and the pod wall. The capsaicin spreads unevenly throughout the inside of the pod and is concentrated mostly in the placental tissue.

  Basic Info and Characteristics:

 Capsaicin is an incredibly powerful and stable alkaloid seemingly unaffected by cold or heat, which retains its original potency despite time, cooking, or freezing. Because it has no flavor, color, or odor, the precise amount of capsaicin present in chiles can only be measured by a specialized laboratory procedure known as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Although it has no odor or flavor, it is one of the most pungent compounds known, detectable to the palate in dilutions of one to seventeen million. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohols, fats, and oils.

  Narrative History of Capsaicin:

 P.A. Bucholtz in 1816 first discovered that the pungent principle of peppers could be extracted from the macerated pods with organic solvents. In 1846, L. T. Thresh reported in Pharmacy Journal that the pungent principle could be extracted in a crystalline state. It was Thresh who named the substance Capsaicin. In 1878, the Hungarian medical scientist Endre Hogyes extracted Capsaicin, which he called capsicol, and discovered that it stimulated the mucous membranes of the mouth and stomach and increased the secretion of gastric juices. Capsaicin was first synthesized in 1930 by E. Spath and F.S. Darling. It has virtually no odor or flavor, but it is one of the most pungent compounds known, detectable to the palate in dilutions of one to seventeen million. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol, fats, and oils.
 The word capsaicin actually describes a complex of related components named capsaicinoids by chemists in 1964. Capsaicinoids are the chemical compounds that give chile peppers their bite. Scientists have identified and isolated six naturally occurring members of this fiery family and one synthetic cousin, which is used as a reference gauge for determining the relative pungency of the others.

  Brief info of major Capsaicinoids:

 The major capsaicinoids that are contained in the crystalline extract and their percentages are capsaicin (69%), dihydrocapsaicin (22%), and three minor related components: nordihydrocapsaicin (7%), homocapsaicin (1%), and homodihydrocapsaicin (1%).
 The synthetic capsaicinoid vanillylamide of n-nonanoic acid (VNA), was administered to sixteen trained tasters by researchers Anna Krajewska and John Powers at the University of Georgia. The tasters compared the heat of VNA to the four natural capsaicinoids and the results were as follows.
 The mildest capsaicinoid was nordihydrocapsaicin (NDHC), which was described as the "least irritating" and "fruity, sweet, and spicy." Next was homodihydrocapsaicin (HDHC), a compound described as "very irritating," and one that produced a "numbing burn" in the throat, which also was the most prolonged and difficult to rinse out.
 The two most fiery capsaicinoid compounds were Capsaicin (C) and dihydrocapsaicin (DHC), which produced burning everywhere from the mid-tongue and palate down into the throat. Evidently, all of the capsaicinoids work together to produce the pungency of peppers, but Capsaicin itself is still rated the strongest.
 Pure capsaicin is so powerful that chemists who handle the crystalline powder must work in a filtered "tox room" in full body protection. The suit has a closed hood to prevent inhaling the powder. Said pharmaceutical chemist Lloyd Matheson of the University of Iowa, who once inhaled some capsaicin accidentally: It's not toxic, but you wish you were dead if you inhale it. One milligram of pure Capsaicin placed on your hand would feel like a red-hot poker and would surely blister the skin


   Common Uses.Medicinal Action and Uses of Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper):

  Primary Uses: Arthritis,Appetite stimulant,Asthma atherosclerosis,Bleeding, Blood Pressure/high/low, Bronchitis,Burning feet,Chills circulatory disorders ,Circulation/poor, Colds, Congestion,Depression,Diabetic neuropathy,Diabetes,Fatigue,Frostbite (prevention) ,Gastric Disorders, Heart Problems,Heart ailments Heart attack,Hemorrhage indigestion,Kidney Problems,Infection laryngitis,Lung Disorders,Migraines (cluster headaches) mouth pain,Nausea,Nosebleeds,General pain phlebitis,Phlebitis,Pleurisy Psoriasis, Rheumatism, Shock,Sore throat strokes,Tennis elbow tonsillitis,Toothache ulcers,Tumors, Throat/sore,Varicose veins,wound bleeding,Ulcers.

  Secondary Uses: Arteriosclerosis, Asthma, Blood Impurities, Bruises, Burns, Fevers, Gas, Infections, Jaundice, Lock Jaw, Malaria/ague, Mucus/excessive, Pain, Pancreatic Problems, Pus Discharge, Sinus Problems, Skin Disorders, Spasms, Sunburns, Wounds.

 Capsicum(Cayenne,Red Pepper) is A powerful local stimulant, with no narcotic effect largely used in hot climates as a condiment, and most useful in atony of the intestines and stomach. It should not be used in ordinary gastric catarrh. For persons addicted to drink it seems to be useful possibly by reducing the dilated blood-vessels and thus relieving chronic congestion. It is often added to tonics and is said to be unequalled for warding off diseases. Herbalists use it largely in pill form and powdered. Externally it is a strong rubefacient and acts gently with no danger of vesication; is applied as a cataplasm or as a liniment; it can be mixed with 10 to 20 per cent of cotton-seed oil. The powder or the tincture is beneficial for relaxed uvula. A preparation in use in the West Indies called Mandram, for weak digestion and loss of appetite, is made of thinly sliced and unskinned cucumbers, shallots, chives, or onions, lemon or lime juice, Madeira, and a few pods of bird pepper well mashed up in the liquids. It can be used as a chutney.

  Combination Choices: The following herbs create particularly good herbal complements with Capsicum: garlic, ginger, hawthorn berry, peppermint, myrrh, yucca, gotu kola, parsley, rosemary, echinacea,kelp,ginseng, ginkgo,bayberry,slippery elm,black walnut, papaya,pep- permint,fennel,St. John's Wort,lobelia,fragrant orchid,etc.
 

  Specific actions associated with capsicum and the conditions it can help relieve:
  can help to stop both internal and external hemorrhaging.
  facilitates the healing of ulcers.
  high flavonoid content makes it a good antioxidant.
  boosts heart action without raising blood pressure.
  improves the ratio of HDL to LDL cholesterol.
  supports vessel and capillary elasticity.
  helps to protect against heart disease and stroke.
  may help to minimize damage from heart attack or shock.
  works to re-build and heal injured stomach tissue.
  rich in vitamin C, it strengthens the immune system.
  promotes better digestion by boosting HCL secretion.
  acts to equalize blood pressure.
  may help to increase thermogenesis or the burning of fat.
  topical use relieves pain of arthritis, surgical scars, shingles etc.
  used on the skin, may help to protect against frostbite.
  serves as a powerful catalyst for other herbs.
  helps to relieve psoriasi.

 The Healing Power of Cayenne Pepper describes remedies using cayenne alone or in mixtures with ordinary items like lemon, vinegar, olive oil, honey, garlic , aspirin and more for common health problems like:
  *Accentuator: Cayenne, used as an accentuator, will increase the value and the healing properties of other herbs. Cayenne and other stimulants give activation when used with herbs such as yarrow. Cayenne will accentuate the therapeutic action of the yarrow and the yarrow will be felt in the lungs and the respiratory system faster.
  *Allergies: Cayenne reduces or even cures severe chronic allergic and nonallergic conditions that make people's noses run constantly.
  *Angina: This recipe for Angina pain was developed by master herbalist John R. Christopher.
  *Antiseptic: Capsicum is antiseptic and therefore a most valuable agent as a gargle in ordinary sore throat or in diphtheria (an acute febrile contagious disease marked by the formation of a false membrane esp., in the throat and caused by a bacterium [corynebacterium diphtheriae] that produces a toxin causing inflammation of the heart and nervous system).For sore and infectious throat, combine Cayenne with Lobelia and slippery elm.
  *Arthritis: See why an ingredient in cayenne can stop the destruction of cartilage and relieve pain and stiffness.Capsaicin inhibits the activity of substance P.
 The anti-inflammatory action of cayenne is attributed to the effect of capsaicin on substance P. Substance P is a nervous system-derived chemical (a peptide), released in the spinal cord as well as from the peripheral nerve endings. This neuropeptide has multiple pro-inflammatory properties and is released in greater quantities from pain transmission nerves (the sensory afferent nerve fiber terminals) located in knee and ankle joints, where a great deal of arthritic swelling usually occurs. Excess substance P isn't good because it breaks down the cartilage cushions in joints, contributes to osteoarthritis. It also serves as a pain neurotransmitter in both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In other words, overproduction of substance P in your system means you'll be feeling a great deal of pain.
  *Asthma: Read USA Today reporter's account of how a friend travelling in the jungle survived an asthma attack with a pinch of cayenne in this drink. Asthma, like arthritis, might be caused by an overproduction of substance P, and that excess receptors for it were in the lungs. A cayenne pepper tincture similar to the one given for angina might help to relieve the belabored breathing common the asthma.
  *Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis: Cayenne softens the arteries, dilates the circulatory system, strengthens the heart, and cleans the inner walls of the circulatory system.
 
  *Blood clots: Cayenne protects against blood clot formation by causing an increase in fibrinolytic (clot-dissolving) activity of the red blood cells.
  *Blood regulater: Cayenne regulates the flow of blood from the head to the feet so that it is equalized, it influences the heart immediately then gradually extends its effects to the arteries, capillaries, and nerves - the frequency of the pulse is not increased, but is given more power
  *Bowel Diseases: The neurotransmitter called substance P is released from the peripheral neurons (those outside the brain and spinal cord) that transmit pain signals to the brain; this, in turn, helps regulate the response of the immune system to damaged tissue. People with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases have high numbers of receptors for substance P in their intestinal tissue. With too many substance P receptors in the intestinal tract, the immune system is apt to overreact, inducing enough inflammation to trigger the sensory neurons to send more pain signals and release more substance P. This viscous cycle eventually leads to autoimmune bowel disorders like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
 Nerve endings that release substance P are also present in the urinary bladder; when any inflammation occurs there, greater amounts of substance P are automatically released, thus exacerbating inflammation.
 Substance P content "was strongly reduced by 80 percent following pretreatment with a high dose of capsaicin¡± injected beneath the skin. Capsicum's properties can also substantially reduce the release of substance P in those suffering from various bowel diseases.
  *Bruises and Sprains: Make this healing ointment right in your kitchen.An ointment made by combining one part of cayenne pepper powder with five parts of melted Vaseline. The mixture was thoroughly blended and then allowed to cool until in congealed again. Apply this salve topically to injured skin or muscle tissue once a day for about a week.
  *Cancer: Capsicum can protect the body against some known food and beverage chemicals that can cause cancer and induce cell mutations. (When capsaicin is taken with plant chlorophyll its mutagenic properties are suppressed.)
  *Carrier: Cayenne is can be used to carry other herbal agents more quickly to any specific area (it does this by stimulation and dilation of the circulatory system).
  *Cathartics: Cayenne is used with cathartics for the bowels. It is a good addition to relaxant cathartics, as Cayenne prevents griping.
  *Cholera: Capsicum is an important remedy in cholera; Capsicum stops vomiting (combine with equal parts of Capsicum and common table salt, one half ounce of each, one pint of good vinegar, give in tablespoon doses for cholera, vomiting cholera morbus.
  *Clogged Arteries: See how one man was cured with a simple cayenne concoction.
  *Colds and Flu: Stop a cold in its tracks with this doctor's home remedy.At the onset of symptoms take one teaspoon of cayenne powder in a glass of warm water with the juice of one lemon and a teaspoon of honey; stir thoroughly and drink slowly. The cayenne helps to flush out the bacteria and viruses responsible for the cold or flu by causing eyes to water, skin to sweat, nose to run, and lungs to discharge. This rush of fluids from the body carries out the invisible microbes responsible for such infections.
  *Congestive Heart Failure: Cayenne strengthens and relaxes the heart, dilates the circulatory system, and clears accumulated debris. Over the long run, a seriously diseased heart can return to near normal with the regular use of Cayenne pepper.
  *Cough: This recipe from a leading hospital cures a cough fast.
  *Counter-irritant: Red pepper brings blood t the surface to take toxins away.
  *Diabetes: Discover the recommended dose for lowering blood sugar naturally.Certain medicinal herbs are known for their strong hypoglycemic actions: garlic and onion, goldenseal and pau d¡¯arco. Another equally potent hypoglycemic agent is cayenne pepper.For diabetes mellitus the recommended dose of cayenne is two to four capsules daily with means. The ¡®hypoglycemic effect¡± means that the cayenne lowered blood sugar which is what insulin does because diabetics have high blood sugar. But for those already suffering from low blood sugar, cayenne is best avoided.
  *Diabetic Neuropathy: The topical application of capsaicin cream is quite safe and very effective in the treatment of pain ordinarily observed in patients experiencing diabetic neuropathy and diabetic polyneuropathy.
  *Diaphoretic: Cayenne is used with bayberry or pleurisy root to increase perspiration, and with tonics to reduce perspiration.
  *Disinfectant: Use as a supreme and harmless internal disinfectant. To expel worms; a tonic for all organs of the body, including the heart.
  *Duodenal Ulcers: When capsaicin was given regularly it increased the flow of protective mucus within the gut, thereby helping to heal duodenal ulcers.
  *Elevated Cholesterol: The cholesterol-reducing properties of capsaicin have been studied by various biochemists and reported in the scientific literature. Capsaicin has been shown to help prevent cholesterol associated heart diseases such as arteriosclerosis and its more advanced for of atherosclerosis.
  *Elevated Triglycerides: Medical researchers are also looking at the role of triglycerides in coronary artery disease and finding that these, more than cholesterol itself, may be to blame. (Triglycerides are neutral fats synthesized from carbohydrates for storage in body fat cells. When broken up by enzymatic action, they release free fatty acids in the blood.)
  *Emmenagogues: Cayenne will take uterine agents such as holy thistle directly to the uterus. Cayenne is employed when the treatment is intended for the entire body, however, Ginger will carry the herb to the reproductive organs and the abdominal area faster than Cayenne.
  *Emetics: A strong dose of Cayenne powder will bring on vomiting and in combination with other emetics their effect is accelerated.
  *Expectorants: Cayenne is used in compounds for coughs where expectorants clear the respiratory passages of mucus. Cayenne increases the power and process of expectoration.
  *Fatigue: Give tired blood a blast of energy.For general and chronic fatigue; capsaicin, by itself, can be very hypoglycemic, but when used in combination with equal amounts of ginseng and gotu kola, capsaicin can increase biochemical endurance during periods of emotional and physical stress.
  *Free Radical Activity: Compounds known as antioxidants effectively check the free-roaming and ravaging behavior of free radicals. Capsorubin, a carotenoid associated with capsaicin in cayenne pepper, functions as an excellent antioxidant that diminishes the potentially harmful actions of the free radicals.
  *Frostbite/Frozen Limbs: Feed the victim small amounts of powdered cayenne a number to times a day; this will stimulate the heart and blood to the damaged area; the dead tissue will drop away and new tissue will be in its place. This treatment can be painful, but it is effective.
  *General nervous stimulant: a specific for delirium tremens. For atonic gout, in paralysis, in dropsy, in tympanitis, and in the debilitated stages of fever. For Scrofulous; dyspepsia; flatulence; an excellent carminative. For sore throat~gargle (prepare the gargle with honey); for spasmodic and irritating coughs; heartburn and diarrhea; Enables feeble stomachs to digest food; for atonic dyspepsia; specific for hemorrhoids; cures intermittent fever; Capsicum has the power to control menorrhagia; relieves sea-sickness;In delirium tremens it is beneficial by enabling the patient to retain and digest food.
 
  *Headaches: Not a powder or a pill but these creams can knock out a headache fast.Nasal sprays containing tiny amounts of capsaicin are used to treat the intense pain of cluster headaches; also capsaicin ointment applied to the temples, the ointment raised the temperature at the temples, which ordinarily experience a heal loss during cluster attacks. (Keep the ointment away from the eyes.)
  *Head Congestion: A useful remedy from the Maya Indians of Belize calls for a warm tea made from cayenne pepper to be used in breaking up congestion in the nose, head and sinuses. Add one eighth teaspoon of cayenne to a cup of hot water.
  *Heart Arrhythmias: Capsaicin reduced ventricular tachycardias and ventricular fibrillations. Capsaicin also dramatically improved blood flow to the heart. Capsaicin seems to function as a natural calcium blocker, analogous to the effect of some prescription heart drugs.
  *Heart Attack: Dr. John R. Christopher used this formula: (1) steep one teaspoon of powdered cayenne in one cup of hot water until it is cool enough to drink; (2) if the patient can breathe normally, prop up the patient and pour the cayenne tea down the person's throat. Usually within a couple of minutes the heart attack will have ceased. Also, in an emergency, where very quick action is indicated, the alcohol/cayenne tincture described above can be administered by placing a few drops beneath the tongue.
  *Heart Disease: Because of its tonic effect on the heart and circulatory system cayenne pepper is an excellent remedy for all manner of heart disease. In places where cayenne is a frequent part of the diet (Mexico, South East Asia, India, and the state of New Mexico), heart disease rates are lower.
  *Heatstroke: Cayenne pepper, a familiar medicinal and culinary spice with well known heating properties, can produce an opposite reaction. When taken in small amounts, it stimulates circulation and the digestive processes. But, when consumed in large amounts it will cause a cooling effect. This helps to explain why people living in hot tropical climates are apt to eat a lot of cayenne. The cooling sensation is produced in two different ways. In one way the body (especially the face) starts to sweat; the more perspiration that gathers on the skin, the cooler a person will feel. The other way is through the release of endorphins by capsaicin into the bloodstream of people who eat cayenne pepper. These natural opiates in the brain affect the body¡¯s own internal temperature, lowering it a few degrees.
  *Hemorrhage: Utah Herbalist Dr. John R. Christopher was a strong proponent of cayenne pepper, believing it to stop bleeding better than anything else in the plant kingdom.
  *Herpes Zoster: The herpes family of viruses is divided into a variety of types. The varicella zoster type is responsible for two very distinct clinical disorders, namely primary varicella (chicken pox) and zoster (shingles). This particular kind of herpes virus is capable of affecting nerves and causing organ damage and severe pain that can last for months or even years. Cayenne pepper taken internally or the topical application of any capsaicin cream will help to minimize agonizing pain that can persist during and long after the viral infection is gone.
  *High Cholestero: The cholesterol lowering effect of cayenne has been reported in medical literature.
  *Hypertension: Cayenne lowers blood pressure.
  *Internal hemorrhage: Excellent for any type of internal hemorrhage,create an infusion with bethroot or star root.
  *Indigestion: 
 In the early-to-middle part of the 19th century there thrived an eclectic system of alternative medicine known as Thomsonian medicine. One of its outstanding features was the limited number of primary herbs repeatedly utilized, although many other secondary herbs were used occasionally. Samuel Thomson, the system's founder, recommended cayenne pepper the goldenseal root for their excellent healing properties. Of cayenne he said:"I am perfectly convinced that cayenne pepper is the best thing that can be used to produce a natural digestion of the food which will nourish the body, establish perspiration, and restore the health of the patient. I found it to be perfectly safe in all cases, and have never known any bad effects to arise from its use."
 He frequently used it in cases involving disturbances of the gastrointestinal tract. Capsaicin in the red pepper dramatically increased gastric secretions within the gut but did no actual harm. More specifically, the number of goblet cells (mucus secreting cells) in the duodenum portion of the small intestine increased in the presence of capsaicin.
  *Infection: Anyone at all familiar with the role of vitamin C in the health care process knows that it is the number one nutrient for warding off or treating existing infections in the body. But what isn't so well known is the part that a species of capsicum played in its discovery. Hungarian biochemist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi had been studying enzymes for years when he identified an active chemical, which he labeled "hexuronic acid." Hexuronic acid was found to be effective against scurvy and further tests revealed it to be a powerful nutrient, soon the chemical was renamed ascorbic acid. Szent-Gyorgyi found that red pepper contained large amounts of ascorbic acid.
  *Itching: People who suffer from severe itches i.e., pruritis, notalgia, parasthetica, and lichen simplex chronicus experience noticeable improvement when treated topically with any of the capsaicinoid creams.
  *Lumbago: Use cotton or wool which has been impregnated with capsaicin to successfully treat cases of lumbago, neuralgia, or rheumatism. The treated material is applied to the skin and left on for 20 minutes, use as frequently as needed.
  *Motion Sickness: Cayenne pepper is quite effective in dealing with motion sickness. A teaspoonful of cayenne in a tablespoon of olive oil taken internally at the first sign of nausea will help to prevent further symptoms of sea or air sickness. Or one-half teaspoon full each of cayenne and ginger root (chopped very fine or pulverized) in olive oil.
  *Mouth Sores: Oral stomatitis is a very painful condition of mouth sores caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiation treatments. The sores can be overwhelming to the point that some individuals can't chew food and must, therefore, cease treatment for their cancers. But in a very innovative way, capsaicin was used to treat this serious problem in cancer patients. The capsaicin was administered through candy; cook butterscotch brittle with capsaicin; cancer patients who consumed the candy with delight, reported feeling no more pain afterwards.
  *Multiple Sclerosis: Using cayenne pepper with those diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, IN THE EARLY STAGES ONLY. Taking four capsules of cayenne each day with food for several months, their symptoms subsided to a remarkable degree, but didn't entirely disappear.
  *Neuralgia: Try this safe and effective treatment proven in studies to relieve the pain. Controlled studies have demonstrated that topically applied capsaicin is a very safe and effective treatment for neuralgia.
  *Nerve Inflammation: Capsaicin is capable of reducing the sensation of painful inflammation in the sensory nerves and the pain-sensitive nerve terminals. Both topical creams and oral supplementation appear to work equally well to achieve this.
  *Night Blindness: Historian Garcilaso de la Vega described what he had heard form someone else in 1609: "I heard a Spaniard from Mexico declare that cayenne pepper was very good for the sight, so he used to eat two roasted peppers as a sort of dessert after every mean." A number of Mexican Indians have said that regular consumption of cayenne and chile peppers kept their eyesight from failing as they grew older.
  *Obesity: Researchers in England discovered cayenne can burn calories virtually as fast as exercise.
  *Pain: Learn how cayenne works on the body to stop pain.For the past several years a growing body of medical evidence has been gathering; demonstrating capsaicin's unique ability to stop the sensation of pain within the body. Capsaicin works by desensitizing small-diameter nerve fibers, the ones responsible for pain. But it has no effect on large-diameter nerve fibers.
  *Pleurisy: Make this rub and smooth it on to feel better fast.
  *Peptic Ulcer/Duodenal Ulcer: Capsicum might actually protect against peptic ulcers, a suggestion that is counter intuitive. The capsaicin protects the gastric mucosal membrane against damage from alcohol and aspirin; it does this by stimulating a hormone that increases blood flow and nourishes the gastric mucosal membrane.
  *Poor Appetite: Mixing small amounts of cayenne pepper with various foods, made the foods more appetizing to those who had no real desire to eat.
  *Psoriasis: The prescription cream Zostix, whose mail ingredient is capsaicin, has helped a number of older people suffering form psoriasis and shingles. When the cream was applied topically, it blocked the synthesis and nerve transport of substance P, the chemical largely responsible for the skin pain induced by these skin diseases.
  *Respiratory Disorders: The ancient Maya of the Yucatan Peninsula and the Guatemalan Highlands routinely incorporated cayenne pepper into their materia medica for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, coughs, colds, sore throats and other respiratory disorders.
  *Shingles: For pain relief apply capsaicinoid cream to the patients shingles-sensitive skin.
  *Sinusitis: This remedy begins with a can of soup and ends with quick relief.
  *Sore Throat: This potent gargle washes it away.
  *Toothache: An ancient remedy still works today. Eases toothache,preserves the teeth from rotting, and when rubbed on the gums, stimulates them enough to prevent pyorrhea.
 The Irish developed a great remedy for instant relief from excruciating toothache. One level teaspoon of cayenne pepper was combined with one pint of strong Irish whiskey and left to sit for two weeks, being thoroughly shaken every day. The solution was then strained into another bottle and stored until needed in a cool, dark, dry place. About four drops of this pepper extract could be put on a cotton ball and inserted into the mouth onto the infected tooth. Within minutes, the distressing pain disappeared.
  *Ulcers: Cayenne has been shown to actually protect against peptic ulcers when taken properly.


   Applications and Preclinical Studies of Capsicum.Cayenne.Red Pepper:

 

 Important Catalyst herb:Capsicum and Its extracts-Herbal Catalyst
 Capsicum:the purest and most certain stimulant.  Capsicum:the great booster of circulatory system.
 Capsicum:aid the viscera and interior actions.  Capsicum also heals ulcers:  Capsicum rich in vitamins and minerals:  Capsicum great for energy:  Capsicum stimulates the appetite:  Capsicum Speed circulation,slow bleeding:
 Cayenne as Cardiovascular stimulant:  Cayenne as Great Stimulant:  Capsaicin and Atypical Facial Pain:  Tips on Using Capsaicin:
 Cardiovascular and Circulatory Functions:Effects on Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism.
 Cardiovascular and Circulatory Functions:Peripheral vascular functions.
 Capsicum stimulate the gal bladder reflex:  Capsicum Antibacterial Effects:
 Capsicum Anti-inflammation Effects:  Digestive, Hepatic, and Gastrointestinal Functions:Gastric Functions:
 Immune Functions; Inflammation and Disease:
 Metabolic and Nutritional Functions:Carbohydrate metabolism; Antidiabetic Activity.
 Neurological, Psychological, and Behavioral Functions:Receptor and Neurotransmitter Mediated Functions.
 Capsicum Blood Detoxification:  Capsicum:An Impressive Pain Killer.
 Capsicum:Diabetic Neuropathy.  Capsicum:Migraine Headaches(Cluster Type).
 Pharmacokinetics:


  Important Catalyst herb:Capsicum and Its extracts-Herbal Catalyst

 Capsicum is a catalyst herb. Its stimulating properties speed the absorption and effectiveness of any herbs taken in combination with it. Capsicum combined with garlic & parsley will help lower blood pressure!Capsicum increases the power of all other herbs. It is said to be unequaled for warding off diseases and equalizing blood circulation.This property very useful in many fashionable herb remedy and formulas.For Example.a ED treatment named "VP-RX Super Penis Enlargement Capsule"(MF by XiZangJiangMin Pharmaceutical Co,Ltd.) use this thing and got very strong effect.Commonly used in herbal combinations as a catalyst to increase delivery of other synergistic herbs, Capsicum and related peppers have a long history of use as digestive aids in many parts of the world.

 Because Capsicum boosts peripheral circulation and stimulates organ secretion, it expedites the therapeutic delivery and action of other herbs. In other words, the medicinal benefits of these herbs reach infected or inflamed tissue more rapidly due to enhanced blood flow.Consider the following statement: "Cayenne will insure the rapid and even distribution of the active principles of the rest of the herbs to critical function - al centers of the body, including those involved in cellular respiration, metabolism, data transmission, and neural-hormonal activation. Cayenne is included in several other blends for this reason. In extremely small quantities it can dramatically increase the efficiency of most other herbs."Many health practitioners believe that the key to healing is CAPSICUM stimulation. Capsicum stimulates eve rything from blood flow to peristaltic action in the stomach, to intestinal transit time. The re m a rkable ability of Capsicum to stimulate organ secretion and even heart action makes it one of the strongest natural stimulants known. Se veral different kinds of herbal blends targeting various body systems will utilize Capsicum to boost the formula's efficacy.

  Capsicum:the purest and most certain stimulant

 There can be little doubt that Cayenne furnishes one of the purest and strongest stimulants, which can be introduced into the stomach; while at the same time it has nothing of the narcotic effects of ardent spritis.It is no doubt the most powerful stimulant known; its power is entirely congenial t nature, being powerful only in raising and maintaining the heat on which life depends. It is extremely pungent, and when taken, sets the mouth as it were on fire; this last, however, but a few minutes, and I consider it essentially a benefit, for its effects on the glands causes the saliva to flow freely, and leaves the mouth clean and moist.

  Capsicum:the great booster of circulatory system

 This herb is a great food for the circulatory system in that it feeds the necessary elements into the cell structure of the arteries, veins and capillaries so that these regain the elasticity of youth again, and the blood pressure adjusts itself to normal. It rebuilds the tissue in the stomach and heals the stomach and intestinal ulcers; in equalizing the blood circulation, Cayenne produces natural warmth; and in stimulating the peristaltic motion of the intestines, it aids in assimilation and elimination.

 When the venous structure becomes loaded with sticky mucus, the blood has a harder time circulating; therefore, higher pressure forces the liquid through. Cayenne regulates the flow of blood from the head to the feet so that the pressure is equalized; it influences the heart immediately, then gradually extends its effects to the arteries, capillaries, and nerves (the frequency of the pulse is not increased, but is given more vigor).

  Capsicum:aid the viscera and interior actions

 Capsicum supports the natural beat (rhythm) of the viscera and interior actions of the glandular, circulatory, lymphatic, and digestive systems. It has been used with great success as a cure for spotted fever (?); the most active stimulant to support and re-animate feeble or exhausted powers.Cayenne is a counter-irritant; brings blood t the surface to take toxins away.Capsicum may be valuable in the prevention and treatment of blood clots.

 This is a medicine of great value in the practice, and may be safely used in all cases of disease, to raise and retain the internal vital heat of the system, cause a free perspiration, and keep the determining powers to the surface. The only preparation is to have it reduced to a fine powder. For a dose, take from half to a teaspoonful in hot water or tea sweetened with honey.

  Capsicum also heals ulcers:

 It's a stimulant herb and a digestive aid, helping improve digestion and soothing inflammation. It helps remove toxins from the body, relieves gastrointestinal problems including bleeding ulcers, colic, dyspepsia, flatulence and even diarrhea. It helps relieve the pain of shingles, cluster headaches, and itching palms and feet of diabetes.
 Capsicum has been proven beneficial for arthritis, cardiovascular disease, gastric ulcers, vascular headaches, impotence (resulting from venous insufficiency) infections, kidney problems, menstrual complains, respiratory conditions such as asthma and pleurisy, and thyroid dysfunction.

  Capsicum rich in vitamins and minerals:

 Capsicum is high in vitamins and minerals that are needed for healing. It can also be applied directly to a wound. I'm not going to tell you that it doesn't hurt, because it hurts like hell, but it will stop the bleeding. Cayenne Pepper has a rich supply of vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Capsicum also contains carotenes. Carotenes are antioxidants known for their effects in helping prevent cancer and cardiovascular disorders and for helping to protect the body form carcinogenic and toxic chemicals. It also contains vitamin A, beta-carotene and vitamin C, as well as B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9 (folic acid), cobalt and zinc.

  Capsicum great for energy:

 Capsicum is great for energy. A little Capsicum sprinkled in water and gargled will eliminate a sore throat.It has also been found to be beneficial for chronic fatigue and mild depression.

  Capsicum stimulates the appetite:

 Capsicum stimulates the appetite, more especially as a hot climate tends to produce anorexia. We have always held the saliva is the key that unlocks the door to digestion. Capsicum, a sialogogue, will stimulate the flow of saliva and will be very helpful to people who have become accustomed to ¡®inhaling¡¯ their food and thus robbing themselves of the benefits of saliva in the digestive process. Capsicum would stimulate their flow of saliva as they return to a healthier attitude toward eating.

  Capsicum Speed circulation,slow bleeding:
  Capsicum has been used traditionally to speed circulation, slow bleeding, and as a general tonic. This herb helps to regulate the heart and blood pressure, and also to get circulation to the extremities.

 Studies have shown that it can raise metabolic rates by as much as 25 percent, aid in treating herpes, shingles and Raynauds disease, and help prevent heart disease and ulcers. Cayenne is also used as a natural pain killer with anti-inflammatory properties. Cayenne may be used internally or externally to treat arthritis, bunions, psoriasis, and muscle and joint pain. For external use just open a capsule and add some to a cream or lotion that you are already using if you want to use it for massage. Taken internally, cayenne is used to treat ulcers, improve circulation, and aid digestion. It is used as a tonic for the heart, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, spleen and stomach and to treat herpes, shingles and rheumatism.
 A stimulating stomachic. A catalyst for all herbs. Improves circulation, aids digestion by stimulating gastric juices, stimulates the appetite, reduces inflammation, is a mild stimulant or tonic, improves metabolism, relieves gas, colds, chills, and stops bleeding from ulcers. Good for the kidneys, lungs, spleen, pancreas, heart, and stomach.

  Cayenne as Cardiovascular stimulant:

 As a cardiovascular stimulant, Capsicum assists in lowering blood pressure and breaking down cholesterol buildup. The warming properties of Capsicum are useful for people suffering from poor circulation to the hands & feet and other related conditions.

 Capsicum is said to be unequaled for its ability to boost circulation and increase heart action. Interestingly, cultures who consume significant amounts of cayenne pepper in their diet have much lower rates of cardiovascular disease.Capsicum exerts a variety of desirable actions on the entire card i ovascular system. It has the extraordinary ability to enhance cardiovascular performance while actually lowering blood pressure.A quote taken from a card i ovascular publication reads, "Capsaicin has also been shown to prolong cardiac action potential in atrial muscle . . ."Michael T. Murray, N.D., has stated, "Cayenne pepper [Capsicum] should be recommended as a food for its beneficial antioxidant and cardiovascular effects." Herbalists have considered Capsicum as a superior ¡°f o o d¡± for the heart. In fact, in cases where a heart attack is suspected administering capsicum in hot water has been thought to help lessen the severity of the attack. Capsicum can also be placed on or under the tongue in emergencies involving heart attack, stroke or hemorrhaging.Note: Using Capsicum for any heart-related problem, especially a suspected heart attack should never take the place of medical attention or a physician's care.

  Cayenne as Great Stimulant:

 Cayenne is a medicinal and nutritional herb. It is the purest and most certain stimulant...The herb is a great food for the circulatory system in that it feeds the necessary elements into the cell structure of the arteries, veins, and capillaries so that these regain the elasticity of youth again, and the blood pressure adjusts itself to normal. It rebuilds the tissue in the stomach and heals stomach and intestinal ulcers,in equalizing the blood circulation, cayenne produces natural warmth, and in stimulating the peristaltic motion of the intestines it aids in assimilation and elimination....When the venous structure becomes loaded with sticky mucus, the blood has a harder time circulating, therefore, higher pressure forces the liquid through.

  Capsaicin and Atypical Facial Pain:
 Recently Capsaicin has been used to treat atypical facial pain, especially when a specific pain "trigger point" (a place, if touched, causes or exacerbates facial pain) is involved. Capsaicin is applied directly to this "trigger point" several times a day. If the trigger point is inside the mouth, a plastic dental splint is used to apply the capsaicin cream. If the trigger point is on the face, it is topically applied. In some cases, pain reduction only occurs after several weeks of application. There is anecdotal evidence that a course of capsaicin treatment can result in long-term pain remission for some patients with atypical facial pain.

  Tips on Using Capsaicin:

 Capsaicin usually burns when first applied. It sometimes takes more than a day or two for the effect to kick in, which is when the burning sensation stops. So spending a little more time building up a tolerance to the burning sensation might be one way to make the discomfort a bit more bearable.... It takes something with true detergent action to get this stuff off your skin -- a mild baby shampoo or dish liquid is your best bet -- and a wipe-down with rubbing alcohol won't hurt either. But if you can tolerate it on your skin for at least 15 minutes (so say the package inserts) you will get the benefit even if you have to wash it off later.

  Cardiovascular and Circulatory Functions:Effects on Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism

 For cholesterol, Capsicum significantly lowers serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides.By reducing blood vessel dilation, capsicum is able to help people overcome their addiction to alcohol.
 Capsaicin affects lipid metabolism as demonstrated in a study by Kawada et al. (1986). Male rats fed a diet containing 30% lard with capsaicin at 0.14% of the diet developed serum triglyceride levels that were significantly lower than those of animals receiving a high-fat diet without capsaicin. But levels of free fatty acids, cholesterol, and pre-beta-lipoprotein were not affected. Activities of liver enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and in carbohydrate metabolism (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were inhibited in the high-fat diet, but the activity of the latter was restored to control levels by the added dietary capsaicin. The weight of perirenal adipose tissue was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by capsaicin. These results suggested that capsaicin did not interfere with lipid biosynthesis. Rather, that capsaicin might stimulate lipid metabolism, and possibly facilitates mobilization of lipid from adipose tissue.
 In a follow-up to the study above, Kawada et al. (1986a) measured the effect of i.p. administered capsaicin on general energy metabolism, including oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, and substrate utilization. Capsaicin had a general stimulatory effect on metabolism, similar to that of epinephrine; oxygen consumption was elevated, respiratory quotient was initially elevated, then decreased; and serum glucose and insulin levels were elevated, concomitant with a rapid decrease in liver glycogen, and a gradual increase in serum triglycerides. The response was blocked by beta-adrenergic blockers, but was not effected by alpha-adrenergic or ganglion blockers. Their results suggested that capsaicin effects metabolism either as a direct beta-adrenergic agonist, or indirectly by stimulating catecholamine release.

  Blood Cholesterol Reducer: Various studies have conclusively demonstrated that Capsicum reduces the risk of developing atherosclerosis (hardening of the a rteries) by reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels .19 Additional clinical studies conducted in India found that when cayenne was ingested along with dietary cholesterol, the typical rise in liver and blood serum cholesterol levels was significantly inhibited. In addition, bile acids and free cholesterol were subsequently eliminated from the body through the stool.20 Interestingly, these tests revealed that using Capsicum was actually more effective in reducing cholesterol that capsaicin alone.2 1 Daniel Mowrey, Ph.D., emphatically points out that this is just one of many examples of the superiority of whole botanicals as opposed to their isolated components.22 Note: Using Capsicum in combination with Hawthorn is a particularly good cardiovascular tonic.

  Cardiovascular and Circulatory Functions:Peripheral vascular functions

 Yamato et al. (1996) showed that capsaicin produced a marked concentration-dependent decrease in the amplitude, the rate of rise, and the rate of relaxation of the contractile tension of rat ventricular papillary muscles; however, the half-life of the relaxation and the time to peak tension were only slightly effected. Calcium release and shortening of action potential duration in ventricular myocytes was profoundly reduced by capsaicin, perhaps resulting from the non-specific membrane-stabilizing effects of capsaicin.
 Capsaicin treatment caused a biphasic effect on contractile force, left ventricular systolic blood pressure, and heart rate of isolated perfused rat hearts. A transient initial increase in contractile force and left ventricular systolic pressure was observed, followed by a prolonged depression of both parameters. Heart rate was increased, but this effect was not followed by a subsequent reduction. The initial increases in contractile force and blood pressure could have been induced by the release of calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) from local sensory nerves; the negative inotropic effects following the initial increase may be due to a direct inhibitory effect of capsaicin on ventricular cells, or to nonspecific membrane-stabilizing effects. The increased heart rate was attributed to the release of CGRP (Kaygisiz et al., 1990).
 Capsaicin elicits a vasoconstrictive response in the large cerebral arteries of the cat (Saito et al., 1988), and in the middle and basilar cerebral arteries, an effect was attributed to a direct contraction of smooth muscle, since the response was independent of the presence of endothelium and nerve components. However, Saito et al. found results suggesting that while capsaicin releases and depletes vasodilator peptides from perivascular nerves, the direct vasoconstrictor effects of capsaicin overwhelm the vasodilator effects of these peptides.
 

  Capsicum stimulate the gal bladder reflex:

 Oral administration of Capsicum may stimulate the gal bladder reflex.Capsicum either contains a cholagogue, or acts as a powerful stimulus upon the mucous membrane of the duodenum.

  Capsicum Antibacterial Effects:

 In "The Antibacterial Effects of Spices","nine of the spices were found to be active. Garlic, particularly, and onions were active against all organisms (streptococci, Escherichia coli, Bacillus prodigiosis, B. proteus, B. subtilis, Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner, Ebertherla typhsa, Salmonella enteriditis, and Vibrio cholerae). The seven other spices (clove mustard, radish, horseradish, marjoram sage, paprika) were weaker and to attack some of the microorganisms. The action of garlic was by far the strongest. The most active spices come from members of the Liliaceae, then follow the Cruciferae, Myrtaceae and finally Libiatae. In mustard seeds, radish and horseradish, the antibacterial action was proportional to their content of mustard oils. Spices containing essential amounts of tannic substances or alkaloids were also effective. Garlic and onions were more effective when crushed then when segmented. Garlic was also active at a distance through the air but not onions, while both showed a diffusive inhibiting activity in agar. Bacteria could not be made resistant to spices. From this it seems apparent that a combination of garlic and cayenne would be very effective bestowing an immunity to unwanted bacteria upon the human system.

  Capsicum Anti-inflammation Effects:

 Capsicum plasters are valuable in pneumonia, pleurisy and other forms of acute congestion. Combine with lobelia and bran or hops. One hour is the maximum time to keep them applied.It is the only natural stimulant worth while considering in diarrhea and dysentery with bloody mucus, stools and offensive breath. Capsicum is indicated in all low fevers and prostrating disease. It increases the power of all other agents, and helps the digestion when taken with meals, and arouses all the secreting organs.


  Digestive, Hepatic, and Gastrointestinal Functions:Gastric Functions

 Red Pepper, a too much forgotten therapeutic agent against anorexia, liver congestion, and vascular troubles. Capsicum is highly effective in causing hemorrhoids to regress; and these fruits have the same action on varicose veins. The results are attributed to alkaloids or glucosides in the peppers.
 Excessive amounts of Capsicum (above 20 grams, thus, nearly an ounce) may induce frequent bowel movements.
 Capsicum stimulates the appetite, more especially as a hot climate tends to produce anorexia. We have always held the saliva is the key that unlocks the door to digestion. Capsicum, a sialogogue, will stimulate the flow of saliva and will be very helpful to people who have become accustomed to ¡®inhaling¡¯ their food and thus robbing themselves of the benefits of saliva in the digestive process. Capsicum would stimulate their flow of saliva as they return to a healthier attitude toward eating.
 In tests using cultured human intestinal epithelial cells, Jensen-Jarolim et al. (1998) found sufficient in vitro evidence to suggest that Capsicum may increase the permeability of the gastrointestinal tract to allow transport of macromolecules and ions across the epithelium; an effect, they add, that might have importance to food intolerance and allergic reactions to food. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of confluent human intestinal epithelial cells was significantly reduced (p<0.001) by paprika powder (C. annuum), chili pepper (p<0.001), or cayenne pepper (C. frutescens; (p<0.005). A sustained decrease in TER by paprika correlated with an increase in permeability for 40 kDa-sized macromolecules, which are sufficient for important plant-derived allergenic proteins to pass (i.e. MW 14 and 17 kDa). The authors note, however, that while chili pepper, cayenne pepper and paprika may loosen cell contacts to increase permeability of the intestinal epithelium, other spices (bay leaf, black pepper, and nutmeg) were found to decrease permeability (Jensen-Jarolim et al., 1998). This is interesting because in diets where these spices are used most commonly they are typically combined in dishes, a practice that could conceivably counteract an increase in gastrointestinal epithelial cell permeability.
 The stimulatory effect of orally administered capsaicin on gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow was studied in rats using amounts roughly equivalent to a normal Thai diet. Capsaicin was noted to have a protective effect on gastric mucosa of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats (Uchida et al., 1991). The protective effect was attenuated upon pretreatment with indomethacin and disappeared in capsaicin-sensitive nerve-degenerated rats, suggesting that enhanced prostaglandin formation inhibited lesion formation. Further study by the same group found decreased stomach motility and increased mucosal blood flow with intragastric capsaicin treatment, whereas capsaicin pre-treatment desensitized the afferent neurons, thereby mitigating this protective effect.
 Anuras et al. (1977) demonstrated effects of capsaicin on electrical slow waves in the isolated cat colon that paralleled the reported effects of other laxative agents. It has long been observed that oral ingestion of Capsicum can result in a laxative effect in humans, especially if the individual is unaccustomed to the dose taken.


  Immune Functions; Inflammation and Disease:

  Cancer. Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity:
 A full review of capsaicin's carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic potential (Suhr and Lee, 1996) provided theoretical evidence for both effects from capsaicin. Ernst and Barnes (1998) refer to this study with the comment that "Taken orally orally in regular high doses it may act as a carcinogen and could promote gastric cancer, but in low doses it seems to have anticarcinogenic activity." Duke (1985) points out that the low incidence of gastric cancers in Latin America suggests that hot pepper, with its many constituents, may be anticarcinogenic.

 Duke (1985) notes that in India, where dietary intake of Capsicum is common, submucous fibrosis of the palate and fauces (opening of the mouth and oral pharynx) has been reported. A 10% Capsicum, protein-deficient diet fed to rats led to a 54% increase in the incidence in hepatomas, suggesting that capsaicin may contribute to the development of liver cancer. Nalini et al. (1998) report that rats fed a diet containing red chili (8 mg/day/100 g body weight) alone or with a carcinogenic substance (DMH, 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine, 20 mg/kg, s.c.) in addition to the red chili showed a tumor incidence of 83.3% and 93.3%, respectively. Histopathological examination of the colons of the DMH plus red chili group showed a significant increase in beta-glucoronidase activity. This was not found in the red chili alone group. beta-glucoronidase is an enzyme that enhances the breakdown of glucuronides which conjugate toxins, drugs, and hormones in the liver, thereby rendering them soluble and detoxified. The authors point out that while over 90% of these conjugated toxins are excreted via the colon, if the colonic microflora becomes stimulated by procarcinogens (e.g., DMH, red chili) the glucuronides could be broken down and liberate toxins and drugs. Mucinase in the colon and fecal contents of the DMH plus red chili group was also significantly higher than in the controls, but not in the red chili alone group. Mucinase is found in the intestinal flora where it breaks down protective mucins (glycoproteins) which serve as lubricants and possibly serve as a barrier to the damaging effects of toxins, bacteria and viruses.
 Chili prepared by sun-drying, salting and deep-frying in groundnut oil contains a high amount of carcinogenic 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene. Long-term feeding studies in male mice with chili so-prepared (100 mg/day) added to a laboratory rodent diet found that whereas none of the controls developed tumors, the chili group showed a 35% incidence of adenocarcinoma in the abdomen over 2 yrs. The authors comment that their results suggest the high incidence of gastric cancer among the male population of Madras may owe to the contributing factor of salted, sundried and oil-fried red chili (Balachandran and Sivaramkrishnan, 1995).
 Park et al. (1998) found tumor-promoting activity from capsaicin lacking in a 2-stage skin carcinogenesis model in mice. Instead, capsaicin, when administered at the same time as a tumor promoter (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), was found to inhibit mouse skin carcinogenesis.

  Infectious diseases. Chemopreventive activity:

 An in vitro chemopreventive activity of capsaicin was shown by Morr¨¦ et al. (1995). When capsaicin was aded to cultured cells of Caov-3 human ovarian carcinoma, MCF-10A human mammary adenocarcinoma, HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia, and HeLa cells, a preferential growth-inhibition was evident as cells became smaller and underwent cell death. Condensed and appearing fragmented, the nuclear DNA of these cells suggested that capsaicin had induced apoptosis.

  Immune modulation:

 The arachidonic acid cascade is an important component of inflammation and the associated localized immune response. The release of arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids and subsequent leukotriene biosynthesis occurs during inflammation, and products formed by AA oxidation act in concert with numerous other factors, including cytokines, PAF (platelet-activating factor), nitrogen oxide, and histamine, all of which are important mediators of the immune response. A recent study (Panossian et al., 1996) found that at low concentrations capsaicin stimulated the production of interleukin-1a, while at higher doses it inhibited this response. Capsaicin caused a dose-dependent release of AA from PMNs (poly-morphonuclear leukocytes), and a similar concentration-dependent conversion of the AA metabolites, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and LTB4. When incubated with granulocytes, capsaicin caused an increased synthesis of 12-HETE, an eicosanoid metabolite of AA, but at the same time was found to cause a dose-dependent decrease of all products of 5-lipoxygenase. These results suggested that the dose-dependent reversible effects of capsaicin on immune cells and interleukin-1alpha are closely associated with arachidonic acid metabolism (Panossian et al., 1996).
 The immunomodulatory effects of capsaicin are varied and may be related to interactions with the neuropeptides somatostatin and SP, a peptide made up of 11 amino acids and found throughout the body in nerve cells and certain endocrine cells in the gut. Payan and co-workers (1984) hypothesized that exposure to noxious stimuli or injury of sufficient magnitude stimulates the release of SP and somatostatin from peripheral terminals of primary afferent neurons. SP triggers vasodilatation, increases permeability of regional microcirculation, and activates mast cells which release histamine, leukotactic peptides, and leukotrienes. Histamine and leukotrienes LTC4 and LTD4 increase vascular permeability, and peptide leukotactic factors stimulate the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes that have adhered to venular walls; SP magnifies the functional responses elicited by the leukotriene LTB4. In addition, increased vascular permeability promotes the local delivery of both the protein and cellular components of adaptive immunity, so that SP could augment the activity of T lymphocytes that accumulate at the site of reaction (Payan et al., 1984). However, in the opposite of what might have been expected, capsaicin pretreatment was shown to block the localized immune and inflammatory response. This effect was observed in studies described above, in which capsaicin prevented the SP-mediated increase in vascular permeability and inflammation in lung tissue exposed to noxious stimuli (Biggs and Ladenius, 1990; Krishna and Gosh, 1989; Lundberg and Saria, 1983). Other studies focusing on the role of SP and other neuropeptides in mediating the antigenic response have, in general, supported this hypothesis; for example, SP stimulates synthesis of lymphocytes and stimulates production of immunoglobulins (Stanisz et al., 1986; Helme et al., 1987). For example, pretreatment of neonatal rats with capsaicin reduced by more than 80% the number of lymphocytes secreting antigenic antibodies in response to a subcutaneous antigenic stimulus of sheep red blood cells. This could be reversed by a subcutaneous infusion of SP at the injection site immediately following antigen stimulation (Helme et al., 1987).

  Microbial infections:

 In Mayan herbal medicine, Capsicum species are used as antimicrobials. Including capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, Chichewicz and Thorpe (1996) used a filter-disk assay to assess the antimicrobial activity of several varieties of 5 species (C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens) against a range of pathogenic bacteria and one yeast, Candida albicans. The pure capsaicinoids showed no antimicrobial activity. In general, the extracts displayed varying degrees of inhibition against Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Clostridium sporogenes, C. tetani, and Streptococcus pyogenes. In some cases, heating the extracts 100¡ãC for 20 min. resulted in a complete or partial loss of activity. Most significantly, uncooked extracts of all species and varieties produced complete or partial inhibition of the growth of Clostridium sporogenes and C. tetani, indicating that the use of Capsicum species in Mayan medicine may have been related to the prevention or treatment of Clostridium-related diseases. Growth of Bacillus species in general was stimulated by the extracts, except for the leaves of the jalape?o and red chile varieties of C. annuum, which partially inhibited the growth of B. cereus and B. subtilis.


  Metabolic and Nutritional Functions:Carbohydrate metabolism; Antidiabetic Activity

 Monsereenusorn (1980) measured a hypoglycemic effect of crude Capsicum on blood glucose levels in the rat. Oral administration at 1,200 mg/kg resulted in an 18% reduction in fasting blood glucose levels, while i.p. administration resulted in a similar reduction (16.9%) at 700 mg/kg. In glucose tolerance tests, pretreatment with Capsicum (500 mg/kg, p.o.) flattened the oral glucose tolerance curve compared to controls. A small but significant reduction in blood glucose levels was observed when the glucose load was administered intracardially, suggesting that capsaicin induced changes in systemic glucose metabolism. In earlier studies
 Monsereenusorn, 1979; Monsereenusorn and Glinsukon, 1979), using everted sacs of rat and hamster jejunum, capsaicin caused a significant inhibition of glucose transport across the intestinal wall at pH 7.4, but only a slight inhibition at pH 5.0. Capsaicin at pH 7.4 increased the conversion of glucose to lactic acid, indicating a stimulatory effect on glucose metabolism; however, at the lower pH value of 5.0, glucose metabolism was suppressed with a concomitant increase in glucose transport across the intestinal wall. The authors speculated that at the lower pH oxidative glucose metabolism was disturbed, with the mucosal cells compensating by enhancing anaerobic glucose metabolism with a consequent increase in lactic acid formation (Monsereenusorn, 1979; Monsereenusorn and Glinsukon, 1979).
 A partial mechanism for the inhibition of glucose transport across the intestinal wall was suggested in experiments by Monsereenusorn and Glinsukon (1979). In everted sac preparations, capsaicin (14 mg/100 mL) produced a 22.6% inhibition of the intestinal Na+-K+-ATPase sodium pump in hamsters, although not in the rat. In the small intestine of hamsters and rats, there are high levels of these pumps. In addition to their potential involvement in active transport of cations across cell membranes, these pumps have been implicated in the sodium-dependent active transport of amino acids and sugar (Monsereenusorn and Glinsukon, 1979).

  Neurological, Psychological, and Behavioral Functions:Receptor and Neurotransmitter Mediated Functions:

 Capsaicin selectively activates certain populations of unmyelinated primary afferent sensory neurons (Type 'C'), and many of its cardiovascular effects and effects on respiratory reflex functions can be attributed to its excitation of a distinct population of these neurons in the vagus nerve (pneumogastric or 10th cranial nerve). Intact sensory supply is required for many of the actions of capsaicin; for example, deafferentiation of the skin areas and guinea pig ileum abolishes many capsaicin-induced responses, such as the inflammatory response and smooth muscle contraction. Some of the unmyelinated sensory fibers sensitive to capsaicin contain the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and somatostatin. SP is a highly potent vasoactive substance which appears to be a neurotransmitter. It mediates sensory pain, temperature, and touch. Capsaicin can stimulate the release of these neuropeptides. Prolonged exposure to capsaicin results in a gradual desensitization to capsaicin's acute effects; this effect may be due to the depletion of SP and somatostatin from the primary afferent neurons or other mechanisms (Nagy, 1982).

  Capsicum Blood Detoxification:

 "Cayenne is a kind of catalyst in the blood purification process . . . it acts as a diaphoretic, stimulating the excretion of wastes in the swe at." Because Capsicum stimulates organ secretion and boosts peripheral blood flow, it would only stand to reason that it would also facilitate the faster removal of toxins from the bloodstream and lymphatic system. You may have already noticed that Capsicum is frequently added to blood-purifying herbal combinations. Circulatory Booster Researchers have found that the simulating action of Capsicum on surface capillaries can help to pre vent cold hands and feet.For this reason, it may be helpful for Reynaud¡¯s Syndrome. Old remedies using Capsicum have even recommended placing it in socks to warm the feet and to help prevent frostbite. An old folk cure for a chilled body was a steaming hot cup of Capsicum tea. Free Radical Scavenger The rich flavonoid content of Capsicum gives it significant antioxidant capabilities. A recent study conducted in 1995 showed that Capsicum has a higher ascorbic acid content than chiles from the jalapeno or serrano varieties.Vitamin C and bioflavonoids can scavenge for dangerous free radicals which cause tissue damage and can predispose organs to degenerative diseases. Free radicals are found everywhere and are created as by-products of metabolic p rocesses including the act of breathing itself. Pollutants can expose the body to free radicals. An interesting study done in Mexico City and published in 1993 found that Capsicum extract was able to modulate the mutagenic activity of urban air samples.In other words, these potentially dangerous nitro - a romatic compounds found in polluted air were kept from mutating by red chile extract.Chemical breakdowns of Capsicum have also found that CAPSICUM the pepper is high in Provitamin A, which significantly contributes to its healing ability and immune fortification.Anti-Carcinogenic Compound Anti-cancer research recently tested Capsicum on laboratory rats and found that it does indeed demonstrate anti-cancer properties by inhibiting certain enzymes which can initiate the mutation of cells.31 What this implies is that taking Capsicum can afford the body some protection against the cellular mutation which occurs in malignant growths. Capsicum actually inhibited the formation of dangerous metabolites under laboratory conditions where they should have normally been activated .This study implies that Capsicum may have many more sophisticated bio-chemical actions than previously thought.

  Capsicum:An Impressive Pain Killer.

 Capsaicin has recently emerged as a remarkably effective pain reliever and has become the subject of recent clinical research . Applying capsaicin in cream or ointment form to painful joints, scar tissue or other painful conditions involving peripheral nerves confuses pain transmitters. In other worlds,capsaicin temporarily disrupts sensory nerve cell biochemistry there by impeding the relay of pain sensations from the skin surface. It does this by inhibiting a neurotransmitter called substance P. This specific compound is thought to be the main mediator of pain impulses from peripheral nerve endings.Substance P has also demonstrated its ability to inhibit inflammatory pain generated in arthritic joints in much the same way.Today,several over-the-counter topical preparations utilize capsaicin for the pain of arthritic joints. The ability of Capsicum to control severe and unresponsive pain is significant, to say the least. Modern clinical utilization of topical capsaicin may offer signifi-cant relief for a number of painful conditions including: diabetic neuropathy, cluster headaches, post-amputation pain, post-mastectomy pain, shingles and painful scar tissue.

  Post-Surgical Pain:

 In the early spring of 1996, prime time national news show s reported that scientists had found that individuals who had suffered from chronic pain in post-surgical scars (heart bypass, arterial grafts, etc.) were successfully treated with topical preparations containing capsaicin. While this may have been news to many of us, clinical studies had been already published for several years that capsaicin held profound value for various kinds of pain which did not respond to established medical treatments. Typically surgical scars and regions around them can produce persistent pain or can be very sensitive to the touch even when completely healed. This type of pain phenomenon seems to respond well to capsaicin ointments and creams.

  Post-Mastectomy Pain:

 When capsaicin preparations were applied following mastectomy or breast reconstruction, pain was significantly relieved. Se veral double blind studies found that using capsaicin creams four times daily for 4 to 6 weeks resulted in much less frequent occurrence of sharp, jabbing pain.All thirteen patients studied had a 50 percent or greater improvement . Various unpleasant sensations other than pain also improved with topical applications of capsaicin creams.

  Mouth Sores from Radiation or Chemotherapy:

 A fascinating study conducted at the Yale Pain Management Center discove red that capsaicin could ve ry significantly lessen pain caused by mouth sores which frequently develop after chemotherapy or radiation.Apparently delivering the capsaicin in the form of soft candy (taffy) enabled the substance to be retained in the mouth long enough to desensitize the nerve endings causing the pain. Each one of the eleven case studies reported that their pain had decreased and in two patients, it stopped entirely.

  Arthritis Pain:

 Clinical tests have confirmed that topical capsaicin ointments substantially alleviate the miserable pain that characterizes osteoand rheumatoid arthritis.These studies revealed that using 0.075 capsaicin cream reduced tenderness and pain.Dr. Michael T. Murray writes: ¡° . . . seventy patients wi