Nettle.Stinging nettle,Nettle leaf,Nettle root,Common Stinging Nettle?Therapeutics and Pharmacology,Historical or traditional use of Nettle.

  seminal trace...Nettle Extract.4:1,Silica 1%UV.Nettle P.E. Beta-Sterols 1%UV.Nettle P.E. 4:1,Urticae radix Extracts,Nettle Root Extracts,Nettle P.E. 1%phytosterol,Urticae radix Extracts,Nettle Root Extracts...

 


  Botanical Basic Data of Nettle.:Urtica dioica L.,Urticae radix

 Latin Names: Uritca dioica,Urtica dioica (L),Urtica galeopsifolia.
 Synonyms and Common names:Urtica.gracilis,Urtica.lyallii,U.gracilis,U.lyallii,Urticae herba,Urticae radix,Stinging nettle,common nettle,nettle,nettle leaf,nettle root.Chinese Nettle,Common Nettle,Common Stinging Nettle,Great Nettle,Great Stinging Nettle,Hsieh-tzu-ts'ao,Nettle,Stinging Nettle,Nettle, Big String Nettle, Common Nettle, Stinging Nettle, Gerrais, Isirgan, Kazink, Nabat Al Nar, Ortiga, Grande Ortie, Ortie, Urtiga, Chichicaste, Brennessel, Gross d Ortie, Racine d Ortie, Grote Brandnetel, Ortiga Mayor, Devils Leaf
 German=Grosse brandnetel,French = Grande ortie,Spanish=ortiga,Italian=Grande ortica
 Parts used:the leaves or aerial parts of young plants; root,seed.
 Flowering time. Early summer to early autumn.
 Where to find it: It is very common growing near hedges and on waste ground.
 Astrology: A herb of Mars.
 Nettle is a leafy plant that is found in most temperate regions of the world. The Latin root of Urtica is uro, meaning"I burn,"indicative of the small stings caused by the little hairs on the leaves of this plant that burn when contact is made with the skin. The root and leaves of nettle are used in herbal medicine.
 Collection:the leaves are collected from June to October during the flowering period, the roots in spring and autumn.Nettle is native to temperate regions of Europe and Asia. It is now widely distributed throughout the world. It grows abundantly in waste ground, hedgerows, ditches and gardens. Often considered a nuisance and weed it is important to the life cycle of many insects and holds great value as a natural healer.
 Modern uses: Nettles are rich in vitamins and minerals. They should be collected just before they flower and dried. The leaves are used mainly for their diuretic properties and an infusion relieves high blood pressure and cystitis. The mineral-rich leaves are used in the treatment of anaemia and as a blood tonic and purifier. A decoction of the root is astringent and indicated for diarrhoea and dysentery. Homoeopaths use a fresh plant tincture for eczema.As an infusion, Nettle leaves are taken in doses Of 2 fl OZ (56 ml). The dose of the powdered herb is 5-10 grains (325-65o mg). Tinctures and fluid extracts are available from herbalists.
 


 Botanical Basic Data of Nettle.
 Plant Description of Nettle.Urtica dioica L....Spectrology and History of Nettle
 Active constituents and Phytochemicals of Nettle.Urtica dioica L.,Urticae radix.
 Actions and Indications of Nettle.Urtica dioica L.,Urticae radix.
 Therapeutics and Pharmacology,Historical or traditional use of Nettle.
 Nettle:Pharmacology.
  5 alpha-reductase inhibition:  Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity:  Antiviral activity:  Aromatase activity inhibition:
   Cell proliferation inhibition:  Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition:  Other activities:  Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics:
 Mechanism of Nettle.General Use of Nettle.
 Biological Activities and Clinical Research.
 Dosage,Safety and Suggestions of Nettle:
 Precautions and Possible Interactions.
 Research Update:Nettle and Its Constituents.
 How Search Engine think about Nettle.


  Active constituents and Phytochemicals of Nettle.Urtica dioica L.,Urticae radix.:

 Nettle contains histamine, formic acid, acetylcholine, serotonin, glucoquinones, many minerals (inc. silica), vitamins A, B, C, tannins.
 There has been a great deal of controversy regarding the identity of nettle's active constituents. Currently, it is thought that polysaccharides (complex sugars) and lectins are probably the active constituents. Test tube studies suggest the leaf has anti-inflammatory actions. This is thought to be caused by nettle preventing the body from making inflammatory chemicals known as prostaglandins. Nettle's root affects hormones and proteins that carry sex hormones (such as testosterone or estrogen) in the human body. This may explain why it helps benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although less frequently used alone like saw palmetto or pygeum, some limited clinical trials suggest benefit of nettle root extract for men with milder forms of BPH.

  Constituents:

 The constituents profile of Nettle is said to vary depending upon the plant part.As far as the roots are concerned,the principle chemicals of interest are the sterols and steryl glycosides,including beta-sitosterol.Nettle root also contains lignans(e.g. secoisolariciresinol) and six isolectins collectively refered to as UDA(Urtica dioica agglutinin).Other constituents in the root include phenylpropanes,polyphenols,polysaccharides,tannins and the coumarin scopoletin.The fresh leaf contains a similar range of constituents,with smaller amounts of plant sterols, but proportionally higher levels of flavonal glycosides such as quercitin, as well as carotenoids,chlorophyll,acids(e.g.carbonic and formic acid),vitamins (C,B and K) and minerals (e.g.calcium,magnesium,and pottassium.The stinging trichomes are stated to be fashioned primarily from silica,and contain a mixture including formic acid,acetylcholine,histamine and serotonin.There is no data for constituents in the seeds,although the flowers are also stated to posses scopoletin(Mills and Bone 2000,491;Bergner 1997,245;Newall et al 1996,201;Weiss 1988,261).

 Nettle Leaves: Flavonoids (isoquercitin, rutin); acrid components, particularly in the stinging hairs (including histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin),formic acid, volatile and resinous acids); silica, glucoquinone, tannins, ascorbic acid and other minerals and vitamins in appreciable levels.

 Nettle Root: polysaccharides, sterols and sterol glucosides, lignans, ceramides, fatty acids, monoterpene diols and glucosides.

  Constituents Additional Note: More than 100 chemical components have been identified in the hairs, roots, leaves and rhizomes of nettle.

 Amines, such as acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytriptamine (serotonin) and histamine are found in the stinging hairs;adrenaline and noradrenaline are in the chloroplasts.
 Acetyltransferase is responsible for the synthesis of acetylcholine in the stinging hairs of the nettle throughout the life of the leaf, and has optimum activity at 40 degree centigrade.
 Carboxylic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, butylic acid, carbonic acid, tartaric acid, silicilic acid, cinnamic acid and other aromatic fatty acids, are found in small quantities in the hairs, in which the amines mentioned above are dissolved.
 Carotenoids, such as chlorophyll, xanthophyll and beta-carotene have been identified in the herbage of fresh and dried plants.
 An aqueous extract of nettle was shown to contain ammonium, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Vitamins A, B1, B2, B9, C, E and K have been identified from fresh and/or dried plant sources.
 Sitosterol, sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside, and six sterol derivatives have been isolated from the roots. Phytosterins have been found in the leaves. Steroids closely related to sitosterol were also isolated from Urtica dioica. At least seven flavonol glycoside structures have been isolated from the flowers of Urtica dioica.
 Tannic acid appears to be the dominant type of tannin. Gallic acid has also been reported to be present. The roots of the plant contain more tannins than the leaves.
 Caffeic acids, such as caffeoylmalic acid and chlorogenic acid were identified in dried flowers from the female plant.
 Eighteen phenolic compounds have been identified in root extracts; some of the compounds identified include homovanillyl alcohol, vanillin, vanillic acid and phenylpropanes.
 Nineteen ligands have been identified in the roots; these compounds include isolaric, iresinol, secoisolariciresinol and neoolivil. A glycoprotein similar to the one found in Cannabis sativa has been identified.
 At least 11 different isolectins have been identified with carbohydrate-binding specificity and agglutination properties. Urtica dioica agglutinin (UGA) has been isolated and is the smallest known plant lectin. Scopoletin, a coumarin derivative, has been identified from the roots and flowers of nettle.
 Other components, such as cytokinnins, leukotrienes, scopoletin, volatile oils, rutin, ketones, ceramides, amino acids, glucokinins, mucilages, phospholipids (betaine, choline, lecithin) and glucoquinones have all been identified in nettle preparations.


  Nutritions and Contents of Nettle.

 Numerous analyses of nettle have revealed the presence of more than twenty different chemical constituents; few of them would provide any pronounced therapeutic activity from the plant when taken internally. Although the local irritation produced by the stinging hairs is real enough, there is just no evidence to show that nettle is effective in treating rheumatism or growing hair on bald heads. The principles in the hairs thought to be responsible for this irritant action include histamine, acetylcholine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. However, studies on plants of the closely related, but more toxic, genus Laportea have cast doubt on this, and the identity of the compound responsible for the pain from contact with nettle remains to be established.
 Nettle is rich in chlorophyll and serves as a readily available commercial source of that pigment. Young nettle shoots are edible when cooked and contain approximately the same amounts of carotene (provitamin A) and vitamin C as spinach or other similar greens. The diuretic properties of nettle leaf have long been recognized, and several pharmaceutical preparations incorporating it are currently marketed in Europe for this purpose. In addition, an extract of nettle root has become quite popular there in recent years for the treatment of urinary retention brought on by benign prostatic hypertrophy (enlargement of the prostate gland not due to cancer). Some clinical evidence attests to its effectiveness, including eight open and observational studies and two placebo-controlled, double-blind studies. Therefore, German health authorities now allow it to be used for this condition. Additional studies are needed to verify this or any other traditional medical use of nettle.
 Nettles are highly nutritious, high in vitamins and minerals, particularly iron, silica and potassium, and have been used for centuries as a nourishing tonic for weakness and debility, convalescence and anemia. Through their stimulating action on the bladder and kidneys, nettles help to cleanse the body of toxins and wastes. Nettles relieve fluid retention, bladder infections, stones and gravel. By aiding excretion of uric acid they make an excellent remedy for gout and arthritis as well as skin problems.
 
 The stinging sensation of the leaf hairs is caused by several plant chemicals including formic acid, histamine, serotonin, and choline. In addition to these chemicals, nettle leaf is rich in minerals, chlorophyll, amino acids, lecithin, carotenoids, flavonoids, sterols, tannins and vitamins. The root of the plant has other chemicals such as scopoletin, sterols, fatty acids, polysaccharides and isolectins. Several of nettle's lectin chemicals have demonstrated marked antiviral actions (against HIV and several common upper respiratory viruses). Other chemicals (flavonoids in the leaves and a lectin in the root) have been documented with interesting immune stimulant actions in preliminary research which led researchers to suggest that the lectin might be useful in the treatment of systemic lupus.
 Nettle's main plant chemicals include: acetophenone, acetylcholine, agglutinins, alkaloids, astragalin, butyric acid, caffeic acids, carbonic acid, chlorogenic acid, chlorophyll, choline, coumaric acid, folacin, formic acid, friedelins, histamine, kaempherols, koproporphyrin, lectins, lecithin, lignans, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, neoolivil, palmitic acid, pantothenic acid, quercetin, quinic acid, scopoletin, secoisolariciresinol, serotonin, sitosterols, stigmasterol, succinic acid, terpenes, violaxanthin, and xanthophylls.


  Actions and Indications of Nettle.Urtica dioica L.,Urticae radix.:

 Nettle has a long history of medical use. The Romans used to rub the leaves on their bodies to restore circulation to limbs numbed by the British winters. Nettle also contains vitamin C and iron, and increases the absorption of the latter. This makes it useful in cases of iron deficiency related illnesses according to research.
 Studies show that nettle is a circulatory stimulant, helps prevent haemorrhaging and can be used in treating nose bleeds. Nettle is also been known to mildly lower blood sugar levels. Nettle tea offers great relief to hayfever symptoms. This is probably due to the nettles antihistamine qualities. There are numerous other uses.

 Actions:reduces allergies,cleanses blood,reduces inflammtion,relieves pain,stops hair loss,increases urination,stops bleeding,dilates blood vessels,lowers blood pressure,heals wounds, mild diuretic, astringent, tonic, haemostatic, dermatological agent;stimulates digestion,aids lactation,promotes menstruation,kills germs,lowers body temperature,extracts are reported to have hypoglycaemic properties.
 Indications: rheumatic conditions, uterine haemorrhage, cutaneous eruptions, infantile and psychogenic eczema, epistaxis, melaena. Specifically indicated in nervous eczema. The root is indicated in the symptomatic treatment of micturition disorders such as nocturia, pollakisuria, dysuria and urine retention and in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
 Applications of Nettle:

 Aerial Parts Application:
 Infusion-Take to stimulate the circulation and to cleanse the system in arthritis, rheumatism, gout, and eczema. Also increases milk flow in nursing mothers. The fresh shoots make a revitalizing spring tonic.
 Tincture-Used in combinations for arthritic disorders, skin problems, and heavy uterine bleeding.
 Compress-Soak a pad in the tincture, and apply to painful arthritic joints, gout, neuralgia, sprains, tendinitis, and sciatica.
 Ointment-Apply to hemorrhoids.
 Wash- Apply to burns, insect bites, and wounds.
 Juice- Liquidize the whole fresh plant to make a good tonic for debilitated conditions and anemia, and to soothe nettle stings. Prescribed for cardiac insufficiency with edema.
 Powder- The powdered leaves are inhaled as snuff for nosebleeds.
 Nettle oil preceded paraffin and the plants juice was used to curdle milk and help to make cheese!

 Root Application:
 Hair Rinse- Use the decoction as a rinse for dandruff, falling hair, and as a general conditioner.


  Medicinal virtues:

 The roots or leaves, or the juice of them, boiled and made into an electuary with honey and sugar, is a safe and sure medicine to open the passages of the lungs, which is the cause of wheezing and shortness of the breath. It helps to expectorate phlegm and to raise the imposthumed pleurisy. As a gargle it helps the swelling of the mouth and throat.
 A decoction of the leaves provokes the courses and urine and.expels gravel and stone. It kills worms in children, eases pain in the sides and dissolves wind in the spleen.
 The seed taken as a drink is remedy against the bites of dogs and the poisonous qualities of Hemlock, Henbane, Nightshade and Mandrake. The bruised seed or leaves put into the nostrils takes away the polypus. The juice of the leaves or a decoction of the root is used as a wash for fistulas and gangrenes and for corroding scabs or itch.

  Excellent Horse Fodder:
 Nettle are one of the best herbs to use as supplements for young horses,as a fairly strong stimulant, getting the circulatory system going and good for horses competing in strenous activities. It is also a good source of vitamin C and a rich source of sodium and iron - two more of the minerals a horse needs to stay healthy. In the herd, there are three groups of horses who are in particular need of the strength- and health-giving properties of natural herbs. One is pregnant mares; another is elderly horses. The third group is that of young horses, who are growing quickly and forming new bone and tissue all the time. They need more energy, because they are so much more active in learning about everything around them. And they are also more vulnerable to disease and illness, since a weakly foal has fewer defences against attack.
 


  Therapeutics and Pharmacology,Historical or traditional use of Nettle.:

 Nettle has a long history of use. The tough fibers from the stem have been used to make cloth and cooked nettle leaves were eaten as vegetables. From ancient Greece to the present, nettle has been documented for its traditional use in treating coughs, tuberculosis, and arthritis and in stimulating hair growth.
 Fibre made from the stems of the stinging nettle has been found in Bronze Age sites, and was used in some northern countries until the 17th century to make rope, cloth and fishing line. Paper was also made from the pulped fibres. Indigenous Americans treated aches and pains by lashing the surrounding skin with nettle stalks.
 Urtica is rich in iron and vitamin C, making it a useful remedy in anaemia and other debilitated states, the presence of the vitamin C ensuring that the iron is properly absorbed. The herb has an important effect on the kidney and on fluid and uric acid excretion, so is of benefit in gout and other arthritic conditions, particularly if there is an element of anaemia. The painful, irritant effect of the sting is lost on drying or heating with water, but if preserved in cold alcoholic tincture the irritant action is preserved. A tincture of the fresh leaf applied locally to an inflamed joint will induce counter-irritation and produce reddening over the joint. Blood is thus flushed through the area and out to the surface of the skin, where the toxins may even be taken off in the fluid of a burst blister.
 A preliminary trial reported that capsules made from freeze-dried leaves reduced sneezing and itching in people with hay fever. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding, however.
 The historical practice of intentionally applying nettle topically with the intent of causing stings to relieve arthritis has been assessed by a questionnaire in modern times. The results found intentional nettle stings safe, except for a sometimes painful, sometimes numb rash that lasts 6¨C24 hours. Additional trials are required to determine if this practice is therapeutically effective.
 Urtica is also of benefit in chronic skin conditions such as eczema, helping to cleanse the body of accumulated toxins. An infusion of the dried leaf is effective in helping to control dandruff and hair loss on the scalp. As a haemostatic and astringent, Urtica helps check wound bleeding and to treat menorrhagia; it is also used for haemorrhoids and can be taken internally to treat gastric and intestinal problems. The powdered leaves were traditionally used as a snuff to arrest nosebleeds.
 Urtica is known to stimulate milk flow in nursing mothers, and is often used in this way by farmers for their stock. It has been shown experimentally to have both hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic properties, the hypoglycaemic component being 'urticin'.
 In a clinical trial, men with benign prostatic hypertrophy (Stages I and II) were treated with a dried standardised Urtica root extract for 20 weeks. A morphologically relevant effect on the prostate adenoma cells was found that may be due to competitive inhibition by the extract of the binding capacity of SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin). An increased binding capacity of SHBG to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone results in hyperplasia as a compensation for a decrease in hormones. Other clinical trials have reported improvements in urinary flow, and reduced urinary frequency, nocturia and residual urine after six months treatment.
 Nettles contain calcium, iron, magnesium, and Vitamins A, B and C. Infusions of the leaves reduce the blood sugar level, and promote activity of the kidney, liver and gall bladder (they are said to expel gall bladder stones). A strong infusion can be used as a healing wash for burns and rough skin, or can be used as a scalp tonic to encourage hair growth and to eliminate dandruff. The sting of most nettles is irritating but not dangerous, whereas that of the Australian species produces such a strong reaction that death has been reported in a few cases. The juice of crushed leaves and stalks is supposed to counteract the pain of nettle stings.
 


  Tribal and Herbal Medicine Uses:
 In folk medicine nettle plants have been used as a diuretic, to build the blood, for arthritis and rheumatism. Externally it has been used to improve the appearance of the hair, and is said to be a remedy against oily hair and dandruff.
 The plant has been widely used by herbalists around the world for centuries. In the first century, Greek physicians Dioscorides and Galen reported the leaf of nettle had diuretic and laxative properties and was useful for asthma, pleurisy and spleen illnesses. Bandages soaked in a leaf and stem infusion were used in early American medicine to stop the bleeding of wounds; an account of this use was recorded by Dr. Francis P. Procher, a surgeon and physician in the Southern Confederacy during the Civil War. Nettle leaves were also recommended as a nutritious food and as a weight loss aid by the famous American plant forager and naturalist, Euell Gibbons.
 In Brazilian herbal medicine the entire plant is used for excessive menstrual bleeding, diarrhea, diabetes, urinary disorders and respiratory problems including allergies. Externally, an infusion is used for skin problems. In Peru nettle is used against a variety of complaints such as muscular and arthritis pain, eczema, ulcers, asthma, diabetes, intestinal inflammation, nosebleeds and rheumatism. Externally it is used for inflammations, sciatica, wounds and head lice. In Germany today stinging nettle is sold as an herbal drug for prostate diseases and as a diuretic. It is a common ingredient in other herbal drugs produced in Germany for rheumatic complaints and inflammatory conditions (especially for the lower urinary tract and prostate). In the United States many remarkable healing properties are attributed to nettle and the leaf is utilized for different problems than the root. The leaf is used here as a diuretic, for arthritis, prostatitis, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, high blood pressure and allergic rhinitis. The root is recommended as a diuretic, for relief of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and other prostate problems, and as a natural remedy to treat or prevent baldness.


  Nettle:Pharmacology:

  5 alpha-reductase inhibition:

 The enzyme 5 alpha-reductase is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. A 30% methanol extract of Urtica dioica roots (10:1) markedly reduced activity of 5 alpha-reductase from rats at concentrations (12mg/mL). However, in studies conducted by Rhodes et al, extract of Urtica roots (Bazoton) failed to demonstrate 5 alpha-reductase inhibition in the rat anti-androgen assay, the rat androgen receptor binding assay, and the assay for in vitro inhibition of human prostatic 5 alpha-reductase or a seven-day human clinical trial.

  Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity:

 The proposed use of stinging nettle in the treatment of arthritis and inflammation may be due to components found in the extract of the root. A fraction of an aqueous extract containing polysaccharides demonstrated prolonged anti-inflammatory activity in the rat paw edema test. Some of the polysaccharides isolated from this fraction stimulated T-lymphocyte proliferation or influenced the complementary system. An ethanolic extract was found to potently suppress human leukocyte elastase (HLE). HLE is one of the most destructive enzymes released by polymorphonuclear granulocytes, which migrate into tissues during the inflammatory process. The water-soluble fraction of stinging nettle leaf extract (IDS 23 - Rheuma-Hek, Germany) demonstrated a dose dependent inhibition of phytohemagglutinin stimulated production of Th1-specific interleukin 2 and interferon-( in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In contrast, IDS 23 stimulated the production of Th2-specific interleukin 4. Inflammatory responses are primarily mediated by Th1 cells. IDS 23 has also demonstrated inhibition of leukotriene and prostaglandin syntheses, reduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in lipopolysaccharide stimulated human whole blood and inhibition of nuclear factor (B (NF-(B). The NF-(B family of transcription factors is critical for the inducible expression of many genes involved in inflammatory responses.

  Antiviral activity:

 The (N-acetylglucosamine)n-specific lectin from Urtica dioica (UDA) demonstrated in vitro inhibitory activity against HIV-1-, HIV-2-, CMV-, RSV- and influenza-A virus-induced cytopathicity

  Aromatase activity inhibition:

 Aromatase is a key enzyme in steroid hormone metabolism. It is responsible for the conversion of androgens into estrogens. Estrogens appear to be involved in the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Therefore, inhibition of aromatase could improve prostate disorder. Some constituents of the methanol extract of stinging nettle root demonstrated weak to moderate aromatase inhibition (inhibition was concentration-dependent) including the secondary fatty alcohol 14-octacosanol, two pentacyclic triterpenes (oleanolic and ursolic acid) and the fatty 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid.

  Cell proliferation inhibition:

 Urtica dioica directly inhibited cell proliferation and the binding of epidermal growth factor to its receptor in a tumor cell line. Subfractions of an aqueous ethanolic stinging nettle root extract inhibited growth of BPH-tissue in vitro; a methanolic extract suppressed proliferation of BPH-tissue ex vivo. This activity may contribute to anti-inflammatory and antiprostatic activity of the extracts. The polysaccharide fraction, of the 20% methanolic extract of stinging nettle roots, was able to reduce the induced growth of prostate gland by 33.8% in mice. Chronic intraperitoneal administration of Bazoton solution at a dose of 20mg per kilogram daily in male rats for 10 days had induced a reduction of prostate weight. A reduction of biological activity in prostate cells was noticed by fluorescent microscopy under the effect of extract of Radix urticae (ERU)-Bazoton in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy.

  Interaction with sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG): SHBG appears to play a role in the regulation of prostate cells. A hydroethanolic root extract and a methanolic root extract interfered with the binding of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with SHBG. An aqueous extract was able to inhibit the binding of SHBG to receptors on the membrane of human prostate cells.

  Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition:

 Different organic-solvent extracts of nettle root have demonstrated inhibition of the Na+, K+-ATPases from human prostatic hyperpalstic tissue. This inhibition may influence prostate cell metabolism and growth.

  Other activities:

 Compounds that induce differentiation are considered potential anticancer agents, because they may induce malignant cells to differentiate into normal cells. Urtica dioica demonstrated fungistatic activity in an in vitro study. An aqueous extract of aerial parts administered to male rats demonstrated an acute hypotensive action indicating a direct effect on the cardiovascular system as well as diuretic and natriuretic effects, suggesting an action on renal function (5). Teucher et al. studied the effect of Urtica dioica extract on cytokine secretion in 20 volunteers and found out that ingesting two capsules of nettle leaf extract twice daily for 21 days resulted in a decrease of lipopolysaccharide stimulated TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta releases in whole blood. Taskila et al. found that in stinging nettle-induced urticaria there was no release of LTC4, but a weak release of histamine.

  Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics:

 After oral administration of 20mg of Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) to healthy volunteers, 30-50% of the dose was excreted in the feces. The total amount of UDA in the urine was less than 1%.

 Prior to use as an herbal medicine, stinging nettle was used in fabric weaving. Archaeologists have discovered fabric burial shrouds made from nettle dating back to the Bronze Age. By-products of nettle, such a sugar, starch, protein and ethyl alcohol, have also been used. Nettle fibers have been used to make paper.
 Nettle can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable, and there are several recipes for nettle beer, nettle wine, nettle and potato soup, nettle tea, Scotch nettle pudding, creamed nettles, and nettle puree.

  Nettle was used as a medicinal agent as early as 3 BC both internally and externally mainly as a treatment or antidote for bites, wounds and poisonings. Nettle was smoked to treat asthma. Native Americans used nettle tea for pregnancy complications and to stop uterine bleeding after childbirth. The early settlers adopted these uses and used it to increase breast milk production. The juice of the nettle leaf was believed to be a hair growth stimulant.
 


  Mechanism of Nettle.General Uses of Nettle:
  Mechanism of Nettle:  Homeopathy:  Part Uses of Nettle:  General Uses of Nettle:
   Anti-inflammatory effect,enhance immune system:  Astringent:  Allergies:  Additional uses:
   Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):  Cleansing,detoxifier:  Excessive menstruation( Menorrhagia ):  Mild diuretic effect:
   Inflammatory joint disease:  Reduce allergy symptoms:  Regulate blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol levels:  Relieve joint pain and muscle aches:
   Reduce histamine and against allergen:  Skin disease treatment:  Stemming internal bleeding:  Urinary tract problems:
   Other Functions::  Summary:

  Mechanism of Nettle:

 Although the growing nettle stings externally, it has no such effect when it has been subjected to heat, either in cooking or when made into an infusion. Ironically, it is used in skin complaints as an antiallergenic, and can be used to treat eczema and related allergies when taken internally. Nettle is also antihemorrhagic, and can be used as an astringent to stop excessive bleeding, either from wounds, or in the reproductive system to diminish heavy bleeding. The iron and vitamin C content make it an excellent tonic for anemia and lack of iron. It was used, along with the other first herbs of spring, as a spring tonic. The root has been used to treat enlarged prostate.


  Homeopathy:

 Stinging nettles have been used medicinally throughout history. The 16th-century herbalist John Gerard used the plant as an antidote to poisoning and curiously, the juice of the nettle provides an excellent antidote for its own sting. This common weed is used in herbalism, to treat hemorrhoids, stomach problems, diabetes, and nosebleeds. Hives (urticaria), which looks very similar to nettle rash, is treated with the homeopathic remedy.
 This remedy, taken either internally or applied as an ointment externally, is mainly used for skin problems, especially if the skin is burning and stinging due to an allergic reaction. Urtica is an excellent remedy for skin rashes, for example, hives (urticaria) caused in particular by insect stings, and by eating shellfish, such as shrimp. Burns, where the skin is hot and blistered, and eczema, especially when the skin is itchy or blotchy, are both helped by this remedy. Skin eruptions that are suppressed by steroid ointments, for example, can lead to diarrhea, which is eased by this remedy.
 Urtica is also an effective remedy for rheumatism and is given for acute gout, neuritis (nerve inflammation), and neuralgia.
 In women, Urtica is a remedy for vulval itching and scanty breast milk in lactating mothers.
 It is also good for burning urine that causes itching and may be associated with cystitis.
 


  Part Uses of Nettle:

 Stinging Nettle is often used to reduce inflammation in allergic resposes, arthritis and lupus.
 Being very high in iron,chlorophyl and vitamin C, it is also a good tonic for treating anemia, especially if used as an infusion over many weeks.
 Nettle is very nourishing to the whole system, specifically the adrenals and kidneys. It's also a helpful uterine tonic. The high clorophyll and mineral content are good for the hormonal system.
 The roots are used for treating hay fever. In low doses, the root extract stimulates the production of T cells, which help control the immune cells causing the allergic reaction.
 An infusion of the leaf is said to be a nourishing tonic during pregnancy and lactation.
 Stinging Nettle grows abundantly in the spring and can be harvested and dried by hanging in a dark, dry place.
 Use caution when harvesting Stinging Nettle, as the tiny hairs on the stem and leaves can cause a "stinging" sensation that lasts for hours.
 Dried leaf is available loose and in teas.
 Tinctures and freeze-dried capsules are also available.


  General Uses of Nettle:
 Stinging nettle has been used for hundreds of years to treat rheumatism (disorders of the muscles and joints), eczema, arthritis, gout, and anemia. Today, many people use it to treat urinary problems during the early stages of an enlarged prostate (called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH), for urinary tract infections, for kidney stones, for hay fever (allergic rhinitis), or in compresses or creams for treating joint pain, sprains and strains, tendonitis, and insect bites. In fact, some small but well designed studies are beginning to confirm that certain traditional uses have scientific validity, particularly osteoarthritis especially when used in conjunction with anti-inflammatory medications (see Possible Interactions), and BPH. Plus, recent laboratory studies are offering plausible explanations for why stinging nettles might help rheumatoid arthritis as well as several of the conditions already mentioned.
 Decongestants, antihistamines, allergy shots and even prescription medications such as Allegra and Claritin treat only the symptoms of allergies and tend to lose effectiveness over a period of time. They can also cause drowsiness, dry sinuses, insomnia and high blood pressure. Nettle has none of these side effects. It can be used on a regular basis and has an impressive number of other benefits most notably as a treatment for prostate enlargement.
 Nettle has been studied extensively and has shown promise in treating Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, asthma, bladder infections, bronchitis, bursitis, gingivitis, gout, hives, kidney stones, laryngitis, multiple sclerosis, PMS, prostate enlargement, sciatica, and tendinitis! Externally it has been used to improve the appearance of the hair, and is said to be a remedy against oily hair and dandruff.


  Anti-inflammatory effect,enhance immune system:  Nettle aerial parts have also been used historically to treat muscle pain and arthritis. Taken orally, products made from nettle aerial parts may interfere with the body production of inflammation-causing chemicals specifically tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). Consequently, the aerial parts of nettle may have an anti-inflammatory effect. They may also enhance responses of the immune system. Chemicals in nettle aerial parts are also thought to reduce the feeling of pain or interfere with the way that nerves send pain signals. All of these effects may reduce the pain and stiffness of arthritis and similar conditions. They may also have some value for relieving other inflammatoty conditions such as colitis.
 Taken orally, products made from nettle's aerial parts may interfere with the body's production of prostaglandins and other inflammation-causing chemicals. Consequently, nettle may have an anti-inflammatory effect. It may also enhance responses of the immune system. Chemicals in nettle's aerial parts are also thought to reduce the feeling of pain or interfere with the way that nerves send pain signals. All of these effects may reduce the pain and stiffness of arthritis and other similar conditions.

  Astringent:  Nettle slows or stops bleeding from wounds and nosebleeds, and is good for heavy menstrual bleeding.

  Allergies:  Nettle is antiallergenic. Nettle treats hay fever, asthma, itchy skin conditions, and insect bites. The juice can be used to treat nettle stings.

 Allergic rhinitis: In a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study of 98 patients with allergic rhinits the effect of a freeze-dried preparation of Urtica dioica was compared against placebo.Based on daily symptom diaries and the global response recorded at the follow-up visit after one week of therapy,Urtica dioica was rated higher than placebo in relieving symptoms (Mittman 1990).

  Additional uses:  The leaves help anemia and improve breast-milk production. The root is now used to treat enlarged prostate.


  Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):

 Reports claim that as many as 80% of European men with BPH are given the option of herbal remedies for their symptoms, including saw palmetto and stinging nettle roots, rather than medication or surgery. Studies in people suggest that the root of the stinging nettle, in combination with other herbs especially saw palmetto, may be an effective treatment for BPH, relieving urinary symptoms such as reduced urinary flow, incomplete emptying of the bladder, post urination dripping, and the constant urge to urinate. These symptoms are due to the enlarged prostate gland pressing on the urethra (the tube that empties urine from the bladder). Laboratory studies have shown stinging nettle to be comparable to finasteride (a medication commonly prescribed for BPH) in slowing the growth of certain prostate cells. However, unlike finasteride, the herb does not decrease prostate size.

 In 1984 a large observational trial in Germany conducted on 4051 patients with BPH,Nettle root extract was shown to improve symptoms such as nocturia(Mills and Bone 2000,494).More recently Nettle root has undergone a series of double blind,placebo-controlled clinical trials.In two clinical trials conducted in 2000 and 1997,a subgroup of 431 patients and another group of 543 patients with early stage BPH were analyzed in a randomied,multicentre,double-blind clinical trial.Patients received a fixed combination of extracts of Saw Palmetto fruit(serenoa repens) and Nettle root (Urtica dioica),the synthetic 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride,or placebo.The herbal extract was shown to exhibit an activity similar to finasteride,but with significantly less adverse reactions,including significant fewer cases of diminished ejaculation volume,erectile dysfunction and headache(Sokeland 2000;Sokeland and Albrecht 1997).In another double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 40 BPH patients 1200 mg of a 5:1 Nettle root extract given on a daily basis was shown to decrease urinary frequency and serum levels of SHBG(Mills and Bone 2000,494).In a clinical trial in Poland 134 patients with symptoms of BPH were randomly assigned to receive two capsules of the standard dose of an Urtica and Pygeum preparation(300 mgs of Urtica dioica root extract combined with 25 mg of Pygeum africanum bark extract), or two capsules containing half the standard dose,twice daily for 8 weeks.After 28 days of treatment,urine flow,residual urine, and nycturia were significantly reduced in both treatment groups.After 56 days of treatment,further significantly reduced in both treatment groups.After 56 days of treatment,further significant decreases were found in residual urine(half-dose group) and in nocturia (both groups)(Krzeski et al 1993).
 In Germany today stinging nettle is sold as an herbal drug for prostate diseases and as a diuretic. It is a common ingredient in other herbal drugs produced in Germany for rheumatic complaints and inflammatory conditions (especially for the lower urinary tract and prostate). In the United States many remarkable healing properties are attributed to nettle and the leaf is utilized for different problems than the root. The leaf is used here as a diuretic, for arthritis, prostatitis, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, high blood pressure and allergic rhinitis.
 The root is recommended as a diuretic, for relief of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and other prostate problems, and as a natural remedy to treat or prevent baldness


  Cleansing,detoxifier:  Nettle's key use is as a cleansing, detoxifying herb. Nettle has a diuretic action, possibly due to its flavonoids and high potassium content, and increases urine production and the elimination of waste products. Nettle helps many skin conditions for example, childhood eczema and arthritic problems, especially when poor kidney function and fluid retention are features.

  Cleansing the blood.Skin complaints including eczema:  Nettle leaf is used in a simple infusion as a tonic decoction to cleanse the blood. Nettle can also be combined with yellow dock (Rumex crispis), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), cleavers (Galium aparine), and burdock root (Arctium lappa). In folk medicine, the plant was used in a practice known as urtication. The fresh herb was thrashed across the skin to induce a stinging, burning sensation used to relieve the deeper pain of rheumatism. A leaf infusion, or a homeopathic tincture of nettle, may also be helpful as supportive therapy for rheumatism. With sufficient water intake, nettle acts as a diuretic and is helpful in treating arthritis and rheumatism.

  Excessive menstruation( Menorrhagia ):  Women suffering from the condition known as menorrhagia are usually treated by the use of birth control pills in conventional medication. The failure to control the excessive monthly bleeding by use of contraceptive pills when it occurs is replaced with another so called "cure". The woman may sometimes be offered the unhappy choice of undergoing a hysterectomy in such cases-this being the second ¡°cure¡± of conventional medication.

 The correction of menorrhagia depends to a great deal on the intake of a healthy and appropriate diet.1 part dong quai powder,2 parts burdock root powder,1 part astragalus powder,4 parts dandelion root (raw) powder,1 part yellow dock root powder,2 parts spirulina powder.Mix the herb powders together and capsulate in "00" size capsules. Take two capsules three times daily during the month. Discontinue taking the capsules when you start to bleed and begin them again at the completion of your menstrual flow.


  Mild diuretic effect:  The "above-ground" or aerial parts (flowers, leaves, and stems) of nettle may be a mild diuretic, which means it may promote the loss of water from the body. Such a diuretic effect may explain why the aerial parts of nettle were formerly used extensively to treat urinary tract conditions such as bladder infections. In Europe, they are still taken along with large quantities of water in a treatment called "irrigation therapy" to force fluids through the urinary system. Diuretics are also used to relieve high blood pressure. Recent studies of both humans and laboratory animals confirm that nettle's aerial parts may increase the production of urine. More effective diuretics are now available, but the aerial parts of nettle are still used to relieve conditions such as premenstrual swelling. They are approved in combination with drinking large amounts of water for treating urinary tract inflammation and for treating and preventing kidney stones by Commission E of the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, the German governmental agency that evaluates the safety and effectiveness of herbal products. The United States does not have a comparable agency to evaluate herbal products.

  Inflammatory joint disease:

 In a group of eighteen patients with joint paint treated with the topical use of Nettle sting all except were sure that the therapy had been very helpful and several considered themselves cured.No observed side effects were reported,except a transient urticarial rash(Randall et al 1999).An extract of Urtica dioica leaf was investigated with respect to effects of the extract on the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in human whole blood of healthy volunteers.The resultant rise in tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta(IL-1beta) secretion after LPS administration was significantly reduced by the Urtica extract in a dose dependent manner.Isolated constituents including phenol carbon acid derivatives and flavonodes such as caffeic malic acid,caffeic acid,chlorogenic acid,quercetin and rutin did not influence LPS stimulated TNF-alfa,IL-1 beta and IL-6 secretion in tested concentrations (Obertreis et al 1996).In an open multicenter clinical trial of 219 patients with arthritis Nettle leaf was compared against NSAID therapy,demonstrating a similar reduction in pain and immobility,with excellent tolerability.In an open randomized trial of 37 patients with acute arthritis,50 gram of stewed Nettle leaf consumed on a daily combined with 50 mg of diclofenac was shown to be as effective as the full 200 mg dose of diclofenac in the treatment of symptoms, over a 2 week period (Mills and Bone 2000,495)


  Reduce allergy symptoms:  In addition, nettle's aerial parts may reduce the amount of histamine that is produced by the body in response to an allergen. An allergen is a substance such as pollen that may provoke an exaggerated immune response in individuals who are sensitive to it. Through this potential action, the aerial parts of nettle may help to reduce allergy symptoms. Results from one human study are promising, but more research is need before nettle's aerial parts can be recommended for allergy relief.
 Nettle has been used for centuries to treat allergy symptoms, particularly hayfever which is the most common allergy problem. It contains biologically active compounds that reduce inflammation. Dr. Andrew Wiel M.D. author of Natural Health/ Natural Medicine says he knows of nothing more effective than nettle for allergy relief. And his statement is backed up by studies at the National College of Naturopathic Medicine in Portland, Oregon.

  Regulate blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol levels:  Very early study results may show that the aerial parts of nettle have positive effects on blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol levels.The aerial parts of nettle plants were thought to raise blood sugar levels slightly. However, in recent studies of laboratory cultures and animals, an extract of nettle leaves has shown the opposite effect. In at least two separate studies that have been reported in recent scientific literature, researchers noted that animals treated with nettle leaf extract produced increased amounts of insulin, thereby reducing blood sugar. In one of the studies, decreased blood sugar occurred in animals with both high and normal blood sugar levels. Some of the animal studies also showed a decrease in blood pressure from nettle aerial parts, but the effect was slight and inconsistent. Other animal studies have found a cholesterol-reducing effect from nettle leaf extracts. Much more research is needed to prove or disprove these possible effects.


  Relieve joint pain and muscle aches:  Either the fresh juice or a solution made from dried aerial parts of nettle may be applied to the skin to relieve joint pain and muscle aches. Astringent properties of nettle aerial parts may also help to relieve the pain of mouth sores, treat acne, lessen the swelling of hemorrhoids, and stop bleeding from minor skin injuries such as razor nicks. An astringent shrinks and tightens the top layers of skin or mucous membranes, thereby reducing secretions, relieving irritation, and improving tissue firmness. Nettle's aerial parts may also be used topically for dandruff and overly oily hair and scalp.

  Reduce histamine and against allergen:  In addition, nettle's aerial parts may reduce the amount of histamine that is produced by the body in response to an allergen. An allergen is a substance such as pollen that may provoke an exaggerated immune response in individuals who are sensitive to it. Through this potential action, the aerial parts of nettle may help to reduce allergy symptoms. Results from one human study are promising, but more research is needed to be conclusive.


  Skin disease treatment:  A solution of the extract may be applied to the skin to relieve joint pain and muscle aches. Astringent properties of nettle aerial parts may also help to lessen the swelling of hemorrhoids and stop bleeding from minor skin injuries such as razor nicks. An astringent shrinks and tightens the top layers of skin or mucous membranes, thereby reducing secretions, relieving irritation, and improving tissue firmness. It may also be used topically for dandruff and overly oily hair and scalp.

  Stemming internal bleeding:  An infusion of the plant is very valuable in stemming internal bleeding. It is also used to treat anaemia, excessive menstruation, haemorrhoids, arthritis, rheumatism and skin complaints, especially eczema. Externally, the plant is used to treat skin complaints, arthritic pain, gout, sciatica, neuralgia, haemorrhoids and hair problems.

  Urinary tract problems:  Nettle is particularly helpful for treating urinary tract problems. An infusion of the leaves may be used for inflammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract. The infusion is thought to flush the system and to help expel kidney gravel. It has also been used internally to stop bleeding. An ointment preparation of the aerial parts, or a strong infusion, can be applied externally to relieve hemorrhoids. Nettle can increase and enrich the flow of milk in breast-feeding mothers.


  Other Functions:
 Relieve pain,anti-viral properties: In animal studies, nettle has been shown to relieve pain, have mild anti-inflammatory effects, and to lower blood sugar levels. Active compounds in stinging nettle may act as an expectorant (meaning that it can loosen and break up a cough) and have anti-viral properties.
 Nettle may also be effective for treating certain individuals with allergic rhinitis (hay fever). This traditional use has had a lot of historical value for individuals. Early studies of people suggest that this historic use is likely scientifically valid. However, while the studies thus far have been favorable, they have not been overwhelmingly so. More research would be helpful. In the meantime, talk to your doctor about whether it is safe for you to try nettle as a possible alternative treatment during allergy season if you are prone to hay fever.
 Although not prescribed by the British Pharmacopceia, the Nettle has still a reputation in herbal medicine, and is regarded in homoeopathy as a useful remedy. Preparations of the herb have astringent properties and act also as a stimulating tonic.
 Nettle is anti-asthmatic: the juice of the roots or leaves, mixed with honey or sugar, will relieve bronchial and asthmatic troubles and the dried leaves, burnt and inhaled, will have the same effect. The seeds have also been used in consumption, the infusion of herb or seeds being taken in wineglassful doses. The seeds and flowers used to be given in wine as a remedy for ague. The powdered seeds have been considered a cure for goitre and efficacious in reducing excessive corpulency.
 In old Herbals the seeds, taken inwardly, were recommended for the stings or bites of venomous creatures and mad dogs, and as an antidote to poisoning by Hemlock, Henbane and Nightshade.
 A quaint old superstition existed that a fever could be dispelled by plucking a Nettle up by the roots, reciting thereby the names of the sick man and also the names of his parents.
 Preparations of Nettle are said to act well upon the kidneys, but it is a doubtful diuretic, though it has been claimed that incipient dropsy may be remedied by tea made from the roots.
 A novel treatment for diabetes was reported by a sufferer from that disease in the daily press of April, 1926, it being affirmed that a diet of young Nettles (following a two days' fast) and drinking the brew of them had been the means of reducing his weight by 6 stone in three days and had vastly improved his condition.
 An efficient Hair Tonic can be prepared from the Nettle: Simmer a handful of young Nettles in a quart of water for 2 hours, strain and bottle when cold. Well saturate the scalp with the lotion every other night. This prevents the hair falling and renders it soft and glossy. A good Nettle Hair Lotion is also prepared by boiling the entire plant in vinegar and water, straining and adding Eau de Cologne.
 For stimulating hair growth, the old herbalists recommended combing the hair daily with expressed Nettle juice.
 The homoeopathic tincture of Nettle is made of 2 OZ. of the herb to 1 pint of proof spirit.
 The powder of the dried herb is administered in doses of 5 to 10 grains.


  Summary:

 Nettle is easily distinguished by its straight, rigid stems that may be reddish in color and may be as much as 3 feet tall in temperate climates. Its pointed, notched leaves grow in ladder-like arrangements and fuzzy strings of very small yellow or pink flowers grow on separate stems close to the main stalk. Leaves and stems of the mature plants are covered with short, stiff hairs that secrete irritating chemicals when the plants are mature -- hence the name "stinging" nettle. Nettle's young leaf tips may be collected safely early in the spring, however, before the irritating bristles develop. They may be cooked as a vegetable or added to salads as a good source of beta carotene, calcium, potassium, and vitamins C and K. For use in medicine, the entire top part of the plant is cut and dried just after the flowers bloom. Drying the plants eliminates most of the irritating chemicals.

 Due to astringent effects that may reduce skin oils and tighten skin tone, nettle aerial parts are sometimes included in hair and skin products. Nettle’s aerial parts have been taken orally to harden fingernails because they contain calcium, magnesium, potassium, and silica minerals which may possibly help to strengthen fingernails.

 Tradition indicates that nettle was carried into Europe and Great Britain by Roman soldiers who planted it along the roads they were building. Reportedly, they used the leaves as a remedy for the aches they suffered after long marches. In addition, the nettle stem supplies long fibers that are similar to flax, the fiber used to make linen cloth. Nettle fibers can be made into fabrics, paper, or rope. Used extensively for fibers in Scandinavia and northern Europe from prehistoric times until the late Middle Ages, nettle has regained limited worldwide popularity in the last several years as an easily renewable source of material for fishing nets, sails, and string.
 Nettles are of considerable value as fodder for live-stock, and might be used for this purpose where they occur largely. When Nettles are growing, no quadruped except the ass will touch them, on account of their stinging power, but if cut and allowed to become wilted, they lose their sting and are then readily cleared up by livestock. It is well known that when dried and made into hay, so as to destroy the poisonous matter of the stings, cows will relish them and give more milk than when fed on hay alone. In Sweden and Russia, the Nettle has sometimes been cultivated as a fodder plant, being mown several times a year, and given to milch cattle.

 Nettles were much used as a substitute for fodder during the war, and instructions for their use were laid down by German military authorities. It was found that horses which had become thin and suffered from digestive troubles benefited from the use of Nettle leaves in their rations. When dried, the proportion of albuminoid matter in Nettles is as high as in linseed cake and the fat content is also considerable.
 The Nettle is also of great use to the keeper of poultry. Dried and powdered finely and put into the food, it increases egg-production and is healthy and fattening. The seeds are also said to fatten fowls. Turkeys, as well as ordinary poultry, thrive on Nettles chopped small and mixed with their food, and pigs do well on boiled Nettles.
 In Holland, and also in Egypt, it is said that horse-dealers mix the seeds of Nettles with oats or other food, in order to give the animals a sleek coat.
 Although in Britain upwards of thirty insects feed solely on the Nettle plant, flies have a distaste for the plant, and a fresh bunch of Stinging Nettles will keep a larder free from them.
 If planted in the neighbourhood of beehives, it is said the Nettle will drive away frogs.
 The juice of the Nettle, or a decoction formed by boiling the green herb in a strong solution of salt, will curdle milk, providing the cheese-maker with a good substitute for rennet. The same juice, if rubbed liberally into small seams in leaky wooden tubs coagulates and will render them once more watertight.
 A decoction of Nettle yields a beautiful and permanent green dye, which is used for woollen stuffs in Russia: the roots, boiled with alum, produce a yellow colour, which was formerly widely used in country districts to dye yarn, and is also employed by the Russian peasants to stain eggs yellow on Maundy Thursday.
 


  Biological Activities and Clinical Research.:

 Nettle's long-standing use as an anti-inflammatory aid for rheumatism and arthritis has been confirmed with clinical research. In several clinical studies (including a randomized double-blind placebo trial) nettle leaf extracts were documented with anti-inflammatory actions as well as to be beneficial (and better than placebo) at relieving arthritis pain and inflammation in humans. Research suggests that nettle's anti-inflammatory actions are attributed to its ability to interrupt the production and actions of inflammation-producing immune cells in the body (cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotreines). Another randomized double-blind study was performed on nettle in 1990 which confirmed its traditional uses for allergies and rhinitis (a common inflammatory disorder causing sneezing, nasal congestion and discharge and itchy skin and often triggered by allergies). In this study with 69 patients, nettle extract again rated higher than placebo: 58% reported it relieved most all their symptoms and 48% stated it was more effective than other over-the-counter medications. It was still being confirmed as a beneficial treatment for rhinitis 10 years later when researchers then suggested the same sort of inflammatory immune cell suppression was responsible for the documented effects.

 Other recent animal studies with rats (in 2000 and 2002) reported that water extracts of nettle lowered blood pressure, reduced heart rate, and had notable diuretic actions. One of the studies reported that a nettle root extract performed better than the control drug they used (furosemide) at reducing blood pressure, increasing urine output, and increasing sodium excretion. Earlier studies reported nettle had no effect on blood pressure in rats but demonstrated a notable hypotensive effect in cats. It was also shown to have an pain-relieving effect in mice, a sedative effect in rats and mice, as well as to inhibit drug-induced convulsions and lower the body temperature of rats.

 The last area of research on nettle focuses on its usefulness for prostate inflammation (prostatitis) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). In more than 20 clinical studies thus far, nettle root (and nettle combined with other herbs) has demonstrated an improvement of clinical symptoms in BPH and prostatitis. (Prostatitis is the inflammation of the prostate gland and surrounding tissues usually caused by a bacteria. BPH is an age-related non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland due to increased numbers of cells triggered to grow in the prostate.) While nettle's benefit for prostatitis is most probably related to its documented anti-inflammatory properties demonstrated in the arthritis and rhinitis research, it's effect on BPH is quite different - it works on a hormonal level.

 BPH, the most common disease of the prostate that generally affects men starting from the age of 40, actually occurs on a hormonal level. Androgens like testosterone as well as estrogens (such as estradiol and estrone) have been shown to cause BPH in animal studies. While testosterone plays a role in BPH, it is rather the conversion of testosterone to the extremely potent dihydrotestosterone that is the problem (and this conversion naturally increases as men age for some unexplained reason). In excess, dihydrotestosterone causes pathological prostate growth. Estrogens, which also increases as men age, influences prostate tissue by stimulating prostate-cell growth. These main hormones travel around the body in a free state, as well as bound to proteins. One such protein is called sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG); its role is to maintain a dynamic hormonal balance in the body. SHBG binds or attaches to hormones and carries them to different receptor sites on cell membranes throughout the body where they can be utilized in different ways. The effect it has depends on which hormone it binds to and which receptor site it is carried to. For instance, in men, estrogen and dihydrotestosterone bound to SHBG, are usually carried to the receptor sites on the prostate gland and once there in excessive amounts, it can stimulate prostate tissue cells to divide and grow rapidly - resulting in BPH.

 Some of the more recent research on BPH and nettles indicates that nettle can interfere with or block a number these hormone-related chemical processes in the body that are implicated in the development of BPH. In clinical research, nettle has demonstrated the ability to stop the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (by inhibiting an enzyme required for the conversion), as well as to directly bind to SHBG itself - thereby preventing SHBG from binding to other hormones. Other research also reveals that nettles can prevent SHBG that has already bound to a hormone from attaching to the receptor sites on the prostate, as well as to decrease the production of estrogens (estradiol and estrone) by inhibiting an enzyme required for their production.

 It all sounds a bit complicated, but basically, most all of the complex intercellular processes required to trigger the prostate to grow new cells and enlarge seems to be inhibited by nettle. This is great news for men suffering from BPH (and there are millions)! Human and animal studies have confirmed these effects and benefits. In one study, a nettle root extract was shown to inhibit the growth of prostate cells by 30% in five days; another reported it inhibited BPH in mice by 51.4% (which suggested it could be used as a preventative as well as a treatment). In a study with 134 men with BPH, 300 mg of nettle root (with 25 mg of another plant called Pygeum) reduced retained urine (blocked by enlarged prostates) and reduced frequent urination at night (a bothersome symptom of BPH) in 28 days. A randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted with 543 BPH patients who were given a combination of saw palmetto and nettle root or a drug called finasteride. The average urine flow increased in both groups, while urinary urgency and frequency decreased in both groups. Other BPH symptoms also decreased in both groups, and, as usual; fewer side effects were reported by those taking the herbal combination than those taking the drug.

 It also should be noted that these same androgen hormones have profound effects on scalp and body hair in both males and females. Hair loss in both men and women has been linked to excessive dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels. While no clinical studies have been conducted yet on the use of nettle in treating DHT-related hair loss and male pattern balding, research does indicate that nettle root can prevent the conversion of testosterone to DHT. Interestingly, a U.S. patent has recently been filed on an herbal combination containing nettle root for the treatment of male pattern baldness. More research is sure to follow as this is a highly popular and profitable area of research.


  Current Practical Uses.:

 Over the last several years, more consumers and practitioners have been learning of nettle's many uses for prostate problems, arthritis and inflammation in general, allergies and hair loss and it follows that more nettle products are showing up on the shelves in stores. Nettle root, nettle leaf and whole herb (leaf, stem and root) products in tablets, capsules, and tinctures are now widely available at most health food stores at very reasonable prices. Consumers just need to remember that the root is much better for BPH and hair loss, while the leaf is better for inflammation (including prostatitis), allergies, and as a natural diuretic for people with hypertension.
 Unfortunately, consumers (and even natural product manufacturers) overlook these important distinctions between the root and leaf when searching for natural remedies and products. Nettle is now an ingredient in many herbal formulas for prostate health which are sold in the U.S. market. Pay close attention to the ingredients stated on the labels however; the root is needed for BPH, and the leaves will provide much better results for prostatitis. As a general preventative to prostate problems, for maintaining healthy prostate functions as well as male hormonal levels; clinical research suggests the root will work better than the leaf as well.

  Worldwide Ethnomedical Uses:

 Belize:childbirth, diarrhea, dysentery, prostate problems, rashes, skin problems, sores
 Brazil:for asthma, bronchitis, cough, bleeding, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, fever, liver support, lung problems, menstrual disorders, pneumonia, skin disorders, ulcers, urinary problems, and to increase perspiration
 Cuba:for bruises, burns, flu, hemorrhoids, urinary insufficiency, wounds
 Dominican Republic:for dysentery, fertility (veterinary), lung problems, and to increase perspiration
 Germany:for arthritis, inflammation, prostate diseases, rheumatism, urinary insufficiency, urinary tract disorders
 Greece:for asthma, inflammation, laxative, pleurisy, spleen disorders, urinary insufficiency
 Guatemala:for bruises, dermatitis, erysipelas, fever, gonorrhea, kidney disease, skin disease, skin irritation/eruptions, sores, ulcers, wounds, and to increase perspiration
 Haiti:for blood purification, coughs, diarrhea, digestive problems, fever, flu, fractures, scurvy, skin problems, wounds
 India:for eczema, nosebleeds, skin eruptions, uterine hemorrhages
 Mexico:for asthma, chest problems, childbirth, constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, elephantiasis, fever, gastrointestinal disorders, hemorrhages, kidney problems, leprosy, malaria, rashes, skin problems, syphilis, uterine disorders, wounds
 Peru:for arthritis, asthma, bleeding, diabetes, diuretic, dysentery, expectorant, hair, head lice, hemorrhoids, inflammation, intestinal inflammation, kidney stones, liver disease, muscle pain, nasal ulcers, pain, respiratory problems, rheumatism, sciatica, swelling, urinary insufficiency, wounds, and to increase perspiration
 U.S.:for allergies, arthritis, BPH, bleeding, hair loss, hypertension, inflammation, prostatitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, urinary insufficiency, wounds
 Venezuela:for syphilis, and wounds, and to lower body temperature, and increase perspiration
 Elsewhere:for aches, allergic rhinitis, asthma, bacterial infections, baldness, bleeding, bronchitis, bruises, burns, cancer, catarrh, chest problems, childbirth, cholecystitis, constipation, cough, dandruff, diarrhea, dyspnea, edema, elephantiasis, epilepsy, fever, gout, hair loss, hemorrhages, hypertension, insanity, iron-deficiency anemia, kidney stones, leprosy, liver diseases, lung problems, menstrual disorders, neuralgia, obesity, osteoarthritis, pain, paralysis, prostate disorders, rheumatism, skin diseases, sprains, stomach problems, swelling, tumors, uterine disorders, urinary insufficiency, urinary problems, worms, wounds, and to promote perspiration


  Dosage,Safety and Suggestions of Nettle:

  Adult:Oral
 Tea: prepare a cup by pouring 2/3 cup of boiling water over 3 to 4 tsp of dried leaves or dried root and steeping for 3 to 5 minutes. Drink three to four of these cups a day. An infusion can also be made with fresh nettle leaves. Always drink additional water along with the tea (at least 2 quarts per day).
 Dried leaf: 2 to 4 grams, three times a day
 Fluid extract (root,1:1): 1.5 mL, three to four times daily
 Fluid extract (leaf, 1:1): 2 to 5 mL three times daily
 Tincture (root, 1:5): 5 to 7.5 mL three to four times daily
 Fresh Plant Tincture:leaf or root,1:2,95% alcohol,3~60 gtt.
 Dry Plant Tincture:leaf,root or seed,1:3 or 1:5,25~40% alcohol,3~60 gtt,1~15 mL.
 Hot Infusion:1:20,leaf,up to 1 liter daily.
 Powder:leaf 8~12 gram; root6~8 grams.
 Creams: use as directed

  Allergic rhinitis: 600mg freeze dried nettle at the onset of symptoms for one week has been used (21).
 Arthritis: 50mg stewed nettle leaves in combination with 50mg diclofenac daily for 14 days has been used (22).
 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Various types of nettle, including capsules and extract, have been used in clinical trials. Bazoton? capsules: (300mg extract of Radix urticae; ERU); one capsule twice daily for six to nine weeks (9; 19). Two capsules twice daily for six months and two capsules daily for two to five months have also been used (12; 27); 459mg dry extract Bazoton uno for one year has also been used (28). Bazoton? Liquidum: 3mL twice daily for three months (11). Nettle extract: 30-150 drops daily for six months (29).

  Topical:
 Osteoarthritis: The underside of a leaf cut from fresh nettle plant has been applied to the painful area with gentle pressure for 30 seconds, moving the leaf twice, and applied twice daily for one week (23).

  Pediatric Dosing (age <18): Insufficient available evidence.

  More taken method:

  Eating nettles:  Eating stinging nettles? Yes, eating! Just ten minutes of cooking removes the sting, although I prefer to cook them "southern style," for forty minutes or more, which breaks down the cell walls to make the nutrients more available.

 Prepare nettle greens by steaming or sauteing as you would any other leafy green such as kale or spinach. The heat entices all those marvelous minerals from the leaves and tames nettle's sting so you can dine with confidence. My favorite way to eat nettles is Stinging Nettle Soup (see the Healthy Eating Guide in this issue of New Life Journal)

 The first tender shoots push through in early spring, so from April into early June nettle can be harvested for eating. Reap only the top two to four inches, since the lower leaves tend to be tough. And don't consume nettle after flowering, which begins around June in the mountains of North Carolina and in northern Georgia.

 This doesn't mean that you need to spend the summer without nettles. Careful harvesting of the tops of your favorite stand can prevent flowering and extend the bounty into the autumn.

  Nettle vinegar: Vinegars are also an excellent way to bring nettle's benefits to your table. Harvest the nettles for vinegar any time before it flowers. The stalk has at least as much medicinal value as the leaves, so cut as far down the stem as you can-while still getting the fresh, green leaves rather than the holey, brown ones at the base of the plant.

 Tightly pack a jar full of plant material and fill the jar to the top with raw, organic apple cider vinegar. Line the top with waxed paper or plastic wrap to prevent rust if your jar has a metal lid. Let it brew on your countertop, out of direct sun, and add vinegar as needed to keep the plants covered. After six weeks, strain out the plant material and use your nettle vinegar on your salads and in marinades for an extra boost of minerals.

  Nettle infusion: Probably the most effective method of receiving the nourishing, medicinal properties of nettles year-round is in an infusion. Harvest the nettles in late May through June, when they are tall and vigorous, down to one to two feet off the ground. Bunch the nettles in groups of three and dry by hanging, or in your oven using only the pilot light.

 When the plant snaps easily at the thickest part of the stem, it is fully dry. Immerse one cup of dried nettle in a quart of boiling water and allow the infusion to sit for at least four hours. Strain the liquid and store in the refrigerator for several days. A standard dose is two cups Of nettle infusion per day. If it's been in the fridge for a few days, a quick sniff will let you know if the infusion has turned sour. If it has soured, it makes an excellent fertilizer for your plants, or a hair rinse that adds shine and texture.

 A cup of this rich, green, velvety nettle infusion per day is deeply nourishing for ,women at any stage of life, for men, for the young and for the old. Yes, nettles are good for just about everyone.

  Combinations:  Urtica combines well with Arctium root in any detoxifying regime.
 Caution: In a few individuals, exposure to the histamine in fresh nettles can be extremely dangerous. However, in the dried or cooked state nettles are completely non-toxic and may be eaten freely as a vegetable or drunk as an infusion.
 Additional Comments: The Romans treated rheumatic conditions by flaying their joints with fresh nettles so as to stimulate blood circulation. Nettles are a good source of chlorophyll, and are a traditional spring tonic. In spring, the fresh green leaves can be cooked and eaten like spinach or made into a soup. Urtica urens (L), the small, or annual nettle, is also used medicinally, and has similar actions to Urtica dioica. U. urens is prescribed in homoeopathic medicine for rheumatic pain, burns and nettle rash.
 How much is usually taken? During the allergy season, two to three 300 mg nettle leaf capsules or tablets or 2~4 ml tincture can be taken three times per day. For BPH, 120 mg of a concentrated root extract in capsules can be taken two times per day. Many products for BPH will combine nettle root with saw palmetto or pygeum extracts. Intentional stinging with nettles should only be undertaken after consultation with a physician knowledgeable in botanical medicine.
 Are there any side effects or interactions? Nettle may cause mild gastrointestinal upset in some people. Although allergic reactions to nettle are rare, when contact is made with the skin, fresh nettle can cause a rash secondary to the noted stings. Nettle leaf is considered safe for use in pregnancy and breast-feeding.

  Common Case:  Many people use two to three 300 mg nettle leaf capsules or tablets, or a 2-4 ml tincture three times per day during allergy season to help prevent and treat hay fever. For BPH, many people use 240 mg per day of the root extract in capsules or tablets. Many products for BPH will combine nettle root with saw palmetto or pygeum extracts.
 For the aerial parts of nettle, dose recommendations differ according to the product being used. Many dose forms such as capsules, extracts, tablets, and tinctures are available commercially. Individuals who decide to take the aerial parts of nettle should follow the directions on the package that is bought.
 A tea may be made by soaking 3 or 4 teaspoons of dried aerial parts of nettle in about 5 ounces of boiling water for 10 minutes. The solid particles should be strained out before drinking two or three cups of the tea per day. Up to 3 tablespoons of juice from fresh nettle leaves and stems may also be taken by mouth up to three times a day. Either the cooled and strained tea or the juice may be applied to the skin as often as needed. Applying it should be stopped if irritation occurs at the site of application.

  Traditional Preparation  Both the root and the leaves are traditionally prepared as infusions. Dosages depend on what one is taking it for. In herbal medicine systems, as a healthy prevention to prostate difficulties or to maintain prostate health, one-half cup of a root infusion 2-3 times weekly is recommended (2-3 ml of a root tincture or 2-3 g of powdered root in capsules or tablets can be substituted if desired). The natural remedy for BPH is one-half cup of a root infusion 2-3 times daily for 30-90 days. (2-3 ml of a root tincture or 2-3 g in capsules or tablets 2-3 times daily can be substituted if desired.) For allergies, inflammation, and hypertension: one cup of a leaf infusion is taken twice daily in traditional medicine systems. This also can be substituted by taking 3-4 g of leaf tablets/capsules twice daily.

  How to Boil Nettle Soup:
 Only the young tops of nettle plants are used in cooking. These should be collected in early spring (old leaves are too tough), washed thoroughly, and cooked in boiling, salted water in the same manner as spinach. The stinging element of the nettle is destroyed in cooking, and young leaves can be added to soups or used in omelettes.
 The nettle is a common weed and will grow in almost any nitrogen-rich soil. The rich minerals, nitrogen and chlorophyll stored in the plant make it valuable in the compost heap, or as a mulch around other plants. An excellent plant fertiliser can be made by soaking armfuls of nettles for several weeks in a 40-gallon drum of water. When this solution is sprinkled onto plants, it is said to protect them against fungus diseases and aphids.

 Nettle Soup Contents: 1 pound potatoes,8 ounces young nettles,2 ounces butter,1.5 pints chicken stock,4 tablespoons sour cream,salt,pepper.

 Method:Peel the potatoes and cut them into thick slices. Wash the nettles and coarsely chop. Cook the potatoes for 10 minutes in salted water, then drain. Melt the butter in a pan, add the nettles and gently stew for 5 minutes. Add the chicken stock, bring to the boil, add the potatoes, and gently simmer for a further 10 minutes. Allow to cool, then pour in a blender, or pass through a sieve. Return the soup to a clean pan, season to taste, heat, and stir in the sour cream.
 Note: Nettle soup is traditionally served with halved hard-boiled eggs, but the eggs can be whole or sliced as well.

  Properties:  Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, anti-anaphylactic,anti-rheumatic, anti-asthmatic, anti-convulsant, anti-dandruff, anti-histamine, astringent, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, galactagogue, immunomodulator,prostate tonic, stimulating tonic.

  Herbal Action:  nutritive,alternative,antirheumatic,antiallergenic,hemostatic,uterine tonic(leaf);prostatic decongestant,pelvic decongestant(root); kidney trophorestorative (seed).

  Indications:  anemia,bronchitis,bursitis,gingivitis,weakness,nutrient deficiency,chronic urticaria,eczema,psoriasis,respiratory catarrh,bronchitis,asthma,excessive menstruation,hayfever,arthritis,osteoarthritis,inflammatory joint disease,muscle and joint injuries,menorrhagia,bladder irritability,bladder infections,urolithiasis,nephritis,chronic renal failure,Seasonal allergies,laryngitis, prostatitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, tendinitis, BPH, rheumatism and other inflammatory conditions,High blood pressure,hair loss, haemorrhoids, eczema, gout, sciatica, neuralgia, haemorrhoids. Alzheimer's disease,hives,kidney stones, multiple sclerosis, PMS, prostate enlargement and sciatica,dried plant ointments and salves topically in wounds and burns,fresh plant topically in arthritis.
 

  Safety and Toxicity

 The LD50 of a Nettle leaf infusion in rats by gavage was determined to be 1.31 gram/kg.
 There are reports in the literature of gastric irritation and skin irritation associated with a Nettle infusion.An extract of the root is reported to have promoted mild digestive upset in one clinical trial.The stinging hairs are well known to promote a characteristic urticaria in exposed skin(Mills and Bone 2000,496;Newall et al 1996,201).

 Acute toxicity: