Eyebright--just the Greek Euphrasia.Euphrosyne.Gladness.

  seminal trace...Eyebright Extract.5:1.Euphrasia extract.CAS.RN.NO:84625-36-5.Euphrasia officinalis L.Synonyms:Euphrasia Officinalis Extract,Extract of euphrasia,Eyebright Extract...

 

 Brief Info and Botanical Description:
 Description of Eyebright:
 History and Name of Eyebright(Euphrasia):
 Phytochemicals and Active constituents:
 Medicinal Action and Uses of Eyebright:
 Therapeutics and Pharmacology of Eyebright:
 Dosage and Administration of Eyebright:
 Research Update of Eyebright:Euphrasia officinalis


   Brief Info and Botanical Description:

 Eyebright

 Latin:Euphrasia officinalis L.
 Scientific Names: Euphrasia officinalis L., E. brevipila Burnat & Gremli and E. rostkoviana Hayne [Fam. Scrophulariaceae]
  Casse-lunette (French),Augentrost (German)
 Synonyms:Euphrasia.Euphrasy,Meadow Eyebright,Red Eyebright,Augentrostkraut,Euphrasia officinale,Eye Bright,Euphrasia rostkoviana - Hayne.
 Order: Scrophulariaceae
 Genus Euphrasia
 Family Scrophulariaceae
 Habitat: Meadows and grassy places in Britain and Europe.
 Part Used:Dried aerial parts.Leaf, stem and small pieces of the flowers.An extract is prepared from the plant in the fresh state, gathered when in flower, and cut off just above the root. Euphrasia is best collected in July and August, when in full flower and the foliage in the best condition.
 Astrology. Under the sign of the Lion, and Sol claims dominion over it.
 Other Possible Synonyms: E. americana[B] E. americana auct.[P] E. arctica ssp. borealis[B,P] E. borealis[B,P] E. brevipila[B,P] E. canadensis[B] E. canadensis auct. non[P] E. condensata[B,P] E. curta[B] E. curta auct. non[P] E. nemorosa[B,L,P] E. officinalis sensu lato[H] E. pectinata[B] E. rigidula[B,P] E. stricta[B,G,HPIC,Mh,P] E. tatarica[B]
 Other Common Names:Common Eyebright [L,P,B], Drug Eyebright [B,P], Eufragia [E], Eufrasia [E], Euphrasia [H], Eyebright [H,P], Glossy Eyebright [MS], Gozlukotu [E],

 A fluid extract is prepared from the plant in the fresh state, gathered when in flower, and cut off just above the root.

 Collection:Euphrasia is best collected in July and August, when in full flower and the foliage in the best condition.Gather the whole plant whilst in bloom in late summer and dry it in an airy place.
 


   Description of Eyebright:

 Euphrasia is a native British and European plant; naturalised locally in parts of the USA. It is a small downy annual herb which grows in meadows, pastures and other grassy areas. Its square leafy stem, up to 15cm long, is often branched near the base, bears leaves opposite near the base and alternate above, about 1cm long and 0.5cm broad, lanceolate, with four or five teeth on each side. The flowers are small, white or red, occasionally yellow, and often tinged with purple streaks with a yellow spot in the throat; axillary, two-lipped, with four yellow stamens.

 Eyebright, as its name indicates, is one of the primary herbal sources of eye care. Eyebright has been depended upon for at least 2000 years in the treatment of various eye problems. Since the Middle Ages, Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) has been used as a tonic and an astringent. It is especially useful for eyestrain, eye inflammations, and other eye ailments. In addition, Eyebright can greatly relieve other symptoms that often accompany runny, sore, itchy eyes due to colds or allergies.

 In the wild, European eyebright grows in meadows, pastures, and grassy places in Bulgaria, Hungary, and the former Yugoslavia. Eyebright is also grown commercially in Europe. The plant flowers in late summer and autumn. The whole herb is used in herbal medicine.

 Growing:Eyebright is adaptable to many soil types in full sun. It is a small annual, growing 2 - 8 inches high. It attaches itself by underground suckers to the roots of neighboring grass plants and takes its nutrients from them. To be cultivated, it must be given nurse plants on whose roots it can feed.

 Range and Cultivation: Native to the Mediterranean. Cultivated in Asia, Africa, Morocco and Egypt.
 Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) Eyebright is also known by the name Euphrasia derived from the Greek word meaning gladness. But the name Eyebright indicates its use since the 14th century as an eye medicine. It is slightly tonic and astringent with a great application for eye conditions such as irritation, redness, infection and inflammation, particularly blepharitis and conjunctivitis. It is also used where there is extensive watery discharge, such as for sinusitis, chronic sneezing, hayfever and middle ear problems. Because of its aucubin content, it may even be useful in the treatment of bacterial infections and liver toxicity.
 
 Eyebright is a small, annual plant with deeply cut leaves, native to the heaths and pastures of Britain, the European continent, and subarctic regions of North America. Similar to several genera of the Scrophulariaceae, Euphrasia is hemiparasitic; the roots have foodgathering nodules that attach to the roots of surrounding plants in order to obtain food. Therefore, eyebright is difficult to cultivate, and virtually the entire supply is harvested from the wild, with little attention to species differences. From July to September, eyebright displays many small, white or purplish flowers variegated with yellow. The various spots and stripes on the flowers cause them to resemble bloodshot, or similarly afflicted, eyes. This, in turn, has caused the plant to be used since the Middle Ages to treat such conditions. The usage was obviously based on the so-called "Doctrine of Signatures."

 

   History and Name of Eyebright(Euphrasia):

 The name Euphrasia is of Greek origin, derived from Euphrosyne (gladness), the name of one of the three graces who was distinguished for her joy and mirth, and it is thought to have been given the plant from the valuable properties attributed to it as an eye medicine preserving eyesight and so bringing gladness into the life of the sufferer. The same Greek word is also given to the linnet, whence another old tradition says that it was the linnet who first made use of the leaf for clearing the sight of its young and who then passed on the knowledge to mankind, who named the plant in its honour.
 The Latin name Euphrasia is derived from the Greek word "Euphrosyne," meaning gladness. Euphrosyne was the name of one of three Graces known for her joy and happiness. The ancient Greeks used eyebright to treat eye infections, thereby creating happiness.

 Although always known under a name of Greek origin, the herb seems to have been unnoticed by the ancients and no mention of it is made by Dioscorides, Pliny, Galen or even by the Arabian physicians. In the fourteenth century, however, it was supposed to cure 'all evils of the eye' and is described as the source of 'a precious water to clear a man's sight.' Matthaeus Sylvaticus, a physician of Mantua, who lived about the year 1329, recommended this plant in disorders of the eyes and Arnoldus Villanovanus, who died in 1313, was the author of a treatise on its virtues, Vini Euphrasiati tantopere celebrati. How long before Euphrasia was in repute for eye diseases it is impossible to say, but in Gordon's Liticium Medicina, 1305, among the medicines for the eyes, Euphragia is named 'and is recommended both outwardly in a compound distilled water and inwardly as a syrup.' Euphragia is not, however, mentioned in the Schola Salernitana, compiled about 1100.

 Eyebright has been used as a folk medicine to treat eye inflammations and infections, coughs, and poor memory since the Middle Ages. The poet Milton mentions eyebright in his book Paradise Lost, in which the archangel Michael gives eyebright to Adam to cure an eye infection. In 1485, eyebright was listed in a German book on medicinal herbs. Many sixteenth century herbalists championed eyebright as a treatment for various eye diseases. During the time of Queen Elizabeth, an eyebright ale was popular. Dried eyebright was often combined with tobacco and smoked to provide relief for bronchial colds.
 

 Markham (Countrie Farm, 1616) says: 'Drinke everie morning a small draught of Eyebright wine.' In the eighteenth century Eyebright tea was used, and in Queen Elizabeth's time there was a kind of ale called 'Eyebright Ale.'

 Eyebright, says Salmon (Syn. Med., 1671), strengthens the head, eyes and memory and clears the sight.

 Euphrasia was regarded as a specific in diseases of the eyes by the great herbalists of the sixteenth century, Tragus, Fuchsius, Dodoens, etc., and has been a popular remedy in most countries.

 The French call it Casse:lunette, the Germans Augentr?st (consolation of the eyes).

 It was the Euphrasy of Spenser, Milton and other poets. Milton relates how the Archangel Michael ministered to Adam after the Fall: ' . . . to nobler sights

 Michael from Adam's eyes the film removed,
 Then purged with euphrasine and rue

 His visual orbs, for he had much to see.'
 It is probable that the belief in its value as an eye medicine originated in the old Doctrine of Signatures, for as an old writer points out-

 'the purple and yellow spots and stripeswhich are upon the flowers of the Eyebright doth very much resemble the diseases of the eye, as bloodshot, etc., by which signature it hath been found out that this herb is effectual for the curing of the same.'
 

 The flower of Eyebright, also known as Euphrasia and Ocularia, somewhat resembles a bloodshot eye, which may have been part of what led ancient peoples to value this plant for eye problems. An old French term for Eyebright was casse-lunettes, which means "break your glasses". The genus name, Euphrasia, is derived from the Greek Euphrosyne, who was one of the goddesses of the Three Fates, and whose name means "gladness". This refers to the gladness one felt when his/her vision was improved from using this herb. Eyebright was used primarily in the Middle Ages as a tonic because of its astringent properties. However, today Eyebright is used more frequently for relieving eye problems such as eye strain, pink eye and inflamed, irritated and sore eyes. Eyebright is high in iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins. The plant has astringent properties that probably account for its usefulness as a topical treatment for inflammatory states and its ability to reduce mucous drainage. Eyebright's antibiotic and astringent properties tighten membranes and mucus surrounding the eyes, effectively strengthening and improving circulation. Rich in vitamins A and C, Eyebright also contains tannins that are beneficial for reducing inflammation. Astringent properties found in Eyebright make it ideal for relieving excess mucus and infectious conditions generally associated with sinusitis allergies, colds and upper respiratory problems. Eyebright has recently been used for cleansing and purifying the blood, therefore stimulating healthy liver functions. The common name Eyebright also includes the species Euphrasia rostkoviana and Euphrasia americana, which are used interchangeably with Euphrasia officinalis.
 

  History and Uses:

 The flower of Eyebright somewhat resembles a bloodshot eye, which may have been part of what led ancient peoples to value this plant for eye problems, and there was even an old French term for Eyebright, casse-lunettes, which means "break your glasses." The genus name, Euphrasia, is said to be derived from the Greek, Euphrosyne, who was one of the goddesses of the Three Fates, and whose name means "gladness." This refers to the gladness one felt when his/her vision was improved by using this herb. Eyebright was used primarily in the Middle Ages as a tonic because of its astringent properties. However, today Eyebright is used more frequently for relieving eye problems such as eye strain,pink eye and inflamed, irritated and sore eyes.

 Eyebright contains bitters, essential oils, several B vitamins and Vitamins A, C, D and E. Eyebright is also high in iridoid glycosides, flavonoids and tannins, which are astringent and beneficial for reducing inflammation. The plant's astringent properties also probably account for its usefulness as a topical treatment for inflammatory states and its ability to drain mucus. Eyebright's antibiotic and astringent properties tighten membranes and reduce mucus surrounding the eyes, effectively strengthening and improving circulation. Astringent properties found in Eyebright make it ideal for relieving excess mucus and infectious conditions generally associated with sinusitis allergies, colds and upper respiratory problems. Eyebright has recently been used for cleansing and purifying the blood, therefore stimulating healthy liver functions.

 As the name suggests, Eyebright is great for the eyes. It's an antioxidant herb that fights free-radical damage, especially in the eyes. Since the Middle Ages, Eyebright has been a popular herbal eyewash, and even Milton's epic poem, "Paradise Lost," tells us that the Archangel, Michael, used Eyebright to restore the health of Adam's eyes.

 

   Phytochemicals and Active constituents:

 While there are many chemicals that may be active in eyebright, none of them has been proven to have any effect on eye inflammation or irritation. Some herbal texts suggest that the astringent actions of eyebright may reduce eye irritation while others suggest that eyebright may also have antibacterial actions topically. To date, there are no clinical studies to support or refute these proposed actions.

 Generally speaking, including Tannins, Volatile oils, Phenolic acids, Iridoid glycosides (aucubin). The precise chemical constituents of the herb have not yet been recorded;it is known to contain a peculiar tannin,termed Euphrasia-Tannin acid (which gives a dark-green precipitate with ferric salts and is only obtainable by combination with lead) and also Mannite and Glucose,but the volatile oil and acrid and bitter principle have not yet been chemically analysed.

 Constituents:
 Iridoid glycosides, including aucubin.
 Tannins, both condensed and hydrolysable gallic acid types
 Phenolic acids including caffeic acid and ferulic acid
 Volatile oil.
 Miscellaneous; an unidentified alkaloid, sterols, amino acids and choline.
 Eyebright contains: Approximately 12% tannins, both condensed tannins and hydrolysable tannins; gallic acid is among the hydrolysis products; ca. 0.2% volatile oil with seven major and numerous minor constituents; iridoid glycosides such as 0.05% aucubin, catalpol, euphroside, ixoroside. Lignans such as dehydrodiconiferylalcohol 4-b-D-glucoside, other phenylpropane glycosides, e.g. eukovoside, flavonoids, including quercetin and apigenin glycosides, traces of tertiary alkaloids, steam-volatile substances, a range of free and combined phenol-carboxylic acids principally caffeic acid, p-hydroxy-phenylpyruvic, and vanillic acids. Other constituents include: Bitter principles; beta-carotene; phytosterols (beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol); resin; carbohydrates; and vitamin C. [Duke JA. 1985. Eyebright. In Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Pp. 193].
 Anti-inflammatory acubin, antiviral caffeic acid, antiallergenic ferulic acid.Eyebright has been used as a folk medicine to treat eye inflammations and infections, coughs, and poor memory. Eyebright has been used since the middle ages as a tonic and astringent. The constituents of eyebright include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B complex, iron, silicon, iodine, copper, and zinc. Other ingredients of eyebright include flavonoids (rutin and quercetintannins), iridoid glycosides, essential fatty acids, glycoside aucuboside, caffeic and ferulic acids, sterols, choline, and a volatile oil.
 


   Medicinal Action and Uses of Eyebright:

 Anti-catarrhal, Astringent, Eye Lotion, Slightly tonic and astringent. Anti-catarrhal, astringent, anti-inflammatory.
 As an eyebath for conjunctivitis and other superficial eye inflammations.
 Also sensitivity to light.
 Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid).
 As a mouthwash and gargle for inflammations of the mouth and throat.
 Systemically for watery catarrhal conditions of nose, sinus and middle ear.
 Nasal catarrh and sinusitis.

 Eyebright is specifically used for sinusitis and conjunctivitis.

 Eyebright's action is considered anti-catarrhal, astringent, and anti-inflammatory. Eyebright is an excellent remedy for many of the problems of the mucous membranes. The combination of anti-inflammatory and astringent properties make it relevant in many such conditions.

 Used internally, it is a powerful anti-catarrhal, and thus may be used in nasal catarrh, sinusitis and other congestive states, such as hay fever, acute coryza, irritable sneezing and lachrymation. Internally, it also helps maintain good vision and eye health by supporting the liver among other organs in such a way as to cleanse the blood supply to the eyes.

 Eyebright is best known for its use in conditions of the eye, where it is helpful in acute or chronic inflammations, stinging and weeping eyes as well as over-sensitivity to light. Priest & Priest tell us that it is specific for congestive conditions of the eyes with profuse lachrymation. They give the following specific indications: Catarrhal blepharitis, rhinitis, sinusitis and conjunctivitis. Externally, an eyewash made from Eyebright and other herbs can be soothing to irritated, inflamed eyes.

 In catarrhal conditions, Eyebright combines well with Golden Rod, Elder Flower, or Golden Seal. In allergic conditions where the eyes are effected, it may be combined with Ephedra. As an eye lotion, it mixes with Golden Seal and distilled Witch Hazel.

 Although neglected nowadays by the faculty, modern herbalists still retain faith in this herb and recommend its use in diseases of the sight, weakness of the eyes, ophthalmia, etc., combining it often with Golden Seal in a lotion stated to be excellent for general disorders of the eyes. The juice obtained by expression from the plant in the fresh state is sometimes employed, or an infusion in milk, but the simple infusion in water is the more usual form in which it is applied. An infusion of 1 OZ. of the herb to a pint of boiling water should be used and the eyes bathed three or four times a day. When there is much pain, it is considered desirable to use a warm infusion rather more frequently for inflamed eyes till the pain is removed. In ordinary cases, the cold application is found sufficient.

 In Iceland, the expressed juice is used for most ailments of the eye, and in Scotland the Highlanders make an infusion of the herb in milk and anoint weak or inflamed eyes with a feather dipped in it.

 The dried herb is an ingredient in British Herbal Tobacco, which is smoked most usefully for chronic bronchial colds.

 Homoeopathists hold that Eyebright belongs to the order of scrofula-curing plants, and Dr. Fernie tells us that it has recently been found by experiment: 'to possess a distinct sphere of curative operation, within which it manifests virtues which are as unvarying as they are potential. It acts specifically on the mucous lining of the eyes and nose and the upper part of the throat to the top of the windpipe, causing when given so largely as to be injurious, a profuse secretion from these parts; if given of reduced strength, it cures the troublesome symptoms due to catarrh. Hay Fever, and acute attacks of cold in the head may be checked by an immediate dose of the infusion repeated every two hours. A medicinal tincture is prepared from the whole plant with spirits of wine, of which a lotion is made with rose-water, for simple inflammation of the eyes. Thirty drops of the tincture should be mixed with a wineglassful of rose-water for making this lotion, which may be used several times a day.'
 

  Indications of Eyebright:

 Eyebright is an excellent remedy for the problems of mucous membranes. The combination of anti-inflammatory and astringent properties make it relevant in many conditions. Used internally it is a powerful anti-catarrhal and thus may be used in nasal catarrh, sinusitis and other congestive states. It is best known for its use in conditions of the eye, where it is helpful in acute or chronic inflammations, stinging and weeping eyes as well as over-sensitivity to light. Used as a compress externally in conjunction with internal use it valuable in conjunctivitis and blepharitis.
 
 Eyebright tightens the mucous membranes of the eye and appears to relieve the inflammation of conjunctivitis and blepharitis. Its ability to counter mucus means that eyebright is often used for infectious and allergic conditions affecting the eyes, middle ear, sinuses, and nasal passages. Although eyebright counters liquid mucus, it should be used guardedly for dry and stuffy congestion, which tends to be made worse by the plant's astringency.

  Homeopathy:

 In the 14th and 15th centuries, Scottish highlanders used an infusion of Euphrasia officinalis for affected eyes. In the 19th century it was also given for coughs, hoarseness, earache, and headaches. Today, it is used by herbalists as an antiseptic and to reduce inflammation.

 Euphrasia is mainly used for eye complaints such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids), iritis (inflammation of the iris), dimmed vision, intolerance of bright light, sticky mucus, or small blisters on the cornea (surface of the eye), and dry eyes that accompany menopause. It is also effective for eye injuries or whenever the eyes are watery or stinging, with a copious, burning, sticky discharge.

 Colds and hay fever accompanied by hot, red cheeks and watery mucus benefit from this remedy. Hay fever sufferers, for whom the eyes are mainly affected, are helped by Euphrasia. The eyes become swollen and irritated, but there is a bland nasal discharge.
 It is also used to treat splitting headaches, constipation, and the early stages of measles. In women, it is given for short, painful menstruation in which the flow lasts only one hour a day, and in men for inflammation of the prostate gland.

  How it works in the body:

 The astringent qualities found in eyebright form a protective layer on the mucous membranes of the eyes and so reduce inflammation. This is especially beneficial for infections such as conjunctivitis. In addition, it is helpful where there is an allergic condition, such as the streaming or irritated eyes which occur with hay fever, or the effects of pollution.

  Applications:

 Eyebright is truly the most famous plant for soothing and treating eye disorders: conjunctivitis, glaucoma, keratitis and iritis. Perform an eye wash using a cold decoction: 1 t (5 g) of the fresh or dried plant, boiled in 1 cup (250 ml) water for 5 minutes. Compresses can be reapplied after repeatedly dipping them in the decoction. Or, rinse the eyes with 1 T (15 ml) of the cool liquid. The eyebright decoction can also be drunk: 3 whole fresh plants in 1 cup (250 ml) water or 1 t of dried plants in 1 cup (250 ml) water. It fights diarrhea, sinusitis and seasonal allergies that provoke painful nasal and ocular discharges.

  General disorders of the eyes:

 Although neglected nowadays by the faculty, modern herbalists still retain faith in this herb and recommend its use in diseases of the sight, weakness of the eyes, ophthalmia, etc., combining it often with Golden Seal in a lotion stated to be excellent for general disorders of the eyes. The juice obtained by expression from the plant in the fresh state is sometimes employed, or an infusion in milk, but the simple infusion in water is the more usual form in which it is applied. An infusion of 1 OZ. of the herb to a pint of boiling water should be used and the eyes bathed three or four times a day. When there is much pain, it is considered desirable to use a warm infusion rather more frequently for inflamed eyes till the pain is removed. In ordinary cases, the cold application is found sufficient.

 In Iceland, the expressed juice is used for most ailments of the eye, and in Scotland the Highlanders make an infusion of the herb in milk and anoint weak or inflamed eyes with a feather dipped in it.

 Modern herbalists still prescribe eyebright as a popular remedy for eye irritations and disorders, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis. Icelanders use the juice from the pressed plant to treat most eye afflictions. Scottish people make an infusion in milk for inflamed or weak eyes. Eyebright is used to treat poor vision, eye strain, eye infections, sensitivity to light, and eye ulcers. Eyebright's antiseptic properties are highly regarded in soothing and cooling eyes that itch, burn, weep, and are red.
 

  Restore the sight decayed through age:

 Helps restore the sight decayed through age. Arnoldus de Villa Nova says it has restored the sight to them that have been blind a long time before. If the herb was as much used as it is neglected, it would half spoil the spectacle maker's trade.

  Inflammatory eye disease:

 Eyebright is probably more popular today than at any previous time. No herbal dispensary is likely to he without it. It is the remedy of choice for inflammatory eye disease. An infusion is made by adding one teaspoonful of the herb to a cup of boiling water for 30 minutes. This is strained and used as an eye lotion. Compresses soaked in the lotion when cold can he applied to the eyes. Some herbalists recommend combining Eyebright with Fennel in equal parts for eye conditions. Tinctures and fluid extracts are available.
 As its name implies, eyebright has also been taken by mouth or used as an eye wash for treating conditions of the eye. The tannins in it may decrease eye inflammation, as well as making a protective film over the surface of the eye. The caffeic acid may act as an anti-infective agent. Generally, however, any product for use in the eye should not be homemade. Eye drops and eye washes should be packaged commercially under sterile conditions.

  Treatment of eye problems:Eyebright

 Eyebright has a long history of herbal use in the treatment of eye problems and is still in current herbal use. It is important that only the correct forms of eyebright, with glandular hairs on the calyx, are used, since other forms do not possess medicinal virtues. Eyebright tightens the mucous membranes of the eye and appears to relieve the inflammation of conjunctivitis and blepharitis. Its ability to counter catarrh means that it is often used for infectious and allergic conditions affecting the eyes, middle ear, sinuses and nasal passages. The whole plant is anti-inflammatory, astringent, digestive, ophthalmic and slightly tonic. It is taken internally in the treatment of catarrh, sinusitis, hay fever, upper respiratory tract infections etc. As an ophthalmic, an infusion of the plant can be taken internally or used as an eye wash. Alternatively, the diluted juice can be dropped into the eyes. Some caution should be exercised, experimentally it can induce side effects including dim vision.

  Treat eye irritation and inflammation:

 Eyebright is primarily used to treat eye irritation and inflammation. It is particularly beneficial for sore, itchy eyes which may have a discharge. The flavonoids in eyebright act as anti-inflammatory agents that can help relieve inflamed mucous membranes of the eyes, sinuses, and upper respiratory tract. The flavonoids in eyebright act as anti-inflammatory agents that can help relieve inflamed mucous membranes of the eyes, sinuses, and upper respiratory tract.

  Remove toxins and Detoxifier:

 Eyebright stimulates the liver to remove toxins from the body. Eyebright is only to be used EXTERNALLY. It has been used to treat eye infections and afflictions, such as pink-eye. The herb strengthens the eye, and helps to repair damage. Please consult your physician for proper use of Eyebright.

  Treat respiratory conditions:

 When it is taken by mouth, eyebright is used to treat respiratory conditions including allergies, bronchitis, colds, and sinusitis. Astringent chemicals known as tannins contained in eyebright may shrink and tighten the top layers of mucous membranes, thereby reducing mucus secretion, relieving irritation, and improving tissue firmness. As a result, eyebright is thought to help control symptoms such as watery eyes or runny nose associated with allergies. Eyebright also contains chemicals, especially caffeic acid, that may have antibacterial properties.
 

  Healing Wounds,colds and inflammations:

 The plant's astringency makes it inappropriate for treating dry or stuffy congestion. The plant can be used externally as a poultice to aid the healing of wounds. Eyebright should be harvested when in flower and can be dried for later use. The dried herb is a ingredient of herbal smoking mixtures, used in the treatment of chronic bronchial colds. A homeopathic remedy is made from the expressed juice of the plant. It is used particularly in the treatment of eye inflammations and colds

  Slightly tonic and astringent.:

 Although neglected nowadays by the faculty, modern herbalists still retain faith in this herb and recommend its use in diseases of the sight, weakness of the eyes, ophthalmia, etc., combining it often with Golden Seal in a lotion stated to be excellent for general disorders of the eyes. The juice obtained by expression from the plant in the fresh state is sometimes employed, or an infusion in milk, but the simple infusion in water is the more usual form in which it is applied. An infusion of 1 OZ. of the herb to a pint of boiling water should be used and the eyes bathed three or four times a day. When there is much pain, it is considered desirable to use a warm infusion rather more frequently for inflamed eyes till the pain is removed. In ordinary cases, the cold application is found sufficient.

  Scrofula-curing:

 Homoeopathists hold that Eyebright belongs to the order of scrofula-curing plants, and Dr. Fernie tells us that it has recently been found by experiment:

 'to possess a distinct sphere of curative operation, within which it manifests virtues which are as unvarying as they are potential. It acts specifically on the mucous lining of the eyes and nose and the upper part of the throat to the top of the windpipe, causing when given so largely as to be injurious, a profuse secretion from these parts; if given of reduced strength, it cures the troublesome symptoms due to catarrh. Hay Fever, and acute attacks of cold in the head may be checked by an immediate dose of the infusion repeated every two hours. A medicinal tincture is prepared from the whole plant with spirits of wine, of which a lotion is made with rose-water, for simple inflammation of the eyes. Thirty drops of the tincture should be mixed with a wineglassful of rose-water for making this lotion, which may be used several times a day.'

  Other Uses:Medicinal virtues

 The infusion of Eyebright is also useful for hay fever, catarrh and nasal congestion. The homoeopathic tincture made from the fresh flowering plant is used for conjunctivitis and other eye infections. A few drops of the tincture are mixed with 2 fl OZ (56 ml) Rose-water and used as a lotion.

 Eyebright is beneficial in the treatment of coughs, colds, allergies, sinusitis, hay fever, earaches, headaches, jaundice, throat and bronchial congestion, hoarseness, flu, and sinus inflammation. The flavonoids in eyebright act as anti-inflammatory agents that can help relieve inflamed mucous membranes of the eyes, sinuses, and upper respiratory tract. Eyebright's astringent properties also help reduce inflammation and mucous drainage, making the plant a popular remedy for many allergy, cold, and sinus symptoms.

 Medicinal virtues: The juice or distilled water of Eyebright, taken inwardly in white wine or broth, or dropped into the eyes, helps all infirmities of the eyes that cause dimness of the sight. A conserve of the flowers has the same effect. It also helps a weak brain or memory.
 


   Therapeutics and Pharmacology of Eyebright:

 Euphrasia is primarily used to treat eye irritation and inflammation, and is particularly beneficial for sore, itchy eyes which may have a discharge. It can be applied as a compress or eyewash or taken internally as an infusion. Its anti-inflammatory and astringent properties make it relevant in many conditions, particularly those involving the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Taken internally, it has a powerful anticatarrhal action and may be used in nasal catarrh, sinusitis and other congestive states. It is particularly valuable where there is profuse watery nasal discharge and is therefore indicated in hayfever and colds as well as measles when accompanied by these symptoms. It may be taken as a mouthwash or gargle, for inflammation of the mouth or throat.

 Medicinal of Eyebright:
 Eyebright stimulates the liver to remove toxins from the body. It has been used internally and externally to treat eye infections and afflictions, such as pink-eye. The herb strengthens the eye, and helps to repair damage.

 Symptom of Eyebright:
 Eye Problems, Allergies, Colds/Flu, Eye Strain, Eye Inflammation, Inflammation, Circulation, Liver Problems, Respiratory Problems, Sinus Problems

 Medicinal virtues: The juice or distilled water of Eyebright, taken inwardly in white wine or broth, or dropped into the eyes, helps all infirmities of the eyes that cause dimness of the sight. A conserve of the flowers has the same effect. It also helps a weak brain or memory.
 Modern uses. Eyebright is probably more popular today than at any previous time. No herbal dispensary is likely to he without it. It is the remedy of choice for inflammatory eye disease. An infusion is made by adding one teaspoonful of the herb to a cup of boiling water for 30 minutes. This is strained and used as an eye lotion. Compresses soaked in the lotion when cold can he applied to the eyes. Some herbalists recommend combining Eyebright with Fennel in equal parts for eye conditions. Tinctures and fluid extracts are available. The infusion of Eyebright is also useful for hay fever, catarrh and nasal congestion. The homoeopathic tincture made from the fresh flowering plant is used for conjunctivitis and other eye infections. A few drops of the tincture are mixed with 2 fl OZ (56 ml) Rose-water and used as a lotion.
 

  Eyebright Preparations and Combinations:

 The stems, leaves, and flowers of the plant are collected and dried for medicinal use. Eyebright is often combined with goldenseal to treat eye afflictions. Eyebright may also be combined with goldenrod, elder flower, and/or goldenseal to provide relief from congestion.

 In homeopathy, Euphrasia officinalis is a remedy used to treat colds accompanied by a nonirritating, watery nasal discharge and frequent burning tears. Conjunctivitis with symptoms of red eyes and lips, and acrid, watery tears may also be treated with this remedy. Euphrasia officinalis is also used as a remedy for measles and allergies.

 Eyebright is available in bulk form for teas or compresses, and in capsule and tincture forms. Capsules and tinctures should be used as directed on the commercial package.

 To make a tea, 1 cup of boiling water is poured over 2~3 teaspoons of dried eyebright and steeped for 5~10 minutes. One cup should be drunk three times daily to maintain eyesight, relieve nasal congestion, and soothe coughs. This infusion can also be used as an eye bath to treat inflamed or painful eyes. The mixture is cooled, and then the eyes are bathed with the warm liquid three to four times daily.
 To make a fresh eyebright tea: Pour boiling water over 2~3 grams (1 teaspoon = 1.7 grams) of the finely chopped leaves, steep 5~10 minutes, then strain. As an eye bath use a 2% decoction 3 or 4 times per day. Eyebright is also found in prepared lotions and eyewashes. May be applied to compresses as well.

 To make a compress, 1~2 tablespoons of dried eyebright are simmered in 1 pint (0.4 l) of water for 10 minutes. The mixture is cooled and then strained. A clean cloth is dipped in the mixture, wrung out, and then placed over the eyes for 15 minutes several times daily. Caution should be used when applying compresses. An unsterilized, homemade compress of eyebright may contain bacteria that could lead to an eye infection.

  Combinations:  Euphrasia may be combined with Hydrastis and Hamamelis water as an eye lotion. In catarrhal conditions it combines well with Sambucus, Solidago or Hydrastis. Where there is infection, it should be supported internally with an antibacterial such as Echinacea.

  Traditional Usage:  Antibacterial;Anti-inflammatory;Antifungal;Astringent;Candida;Catarrh;Colds and Flu, Bronchitis, Sore Throat;Conjunctivitis;Coughs;Digestive Disorders;Earaches;Eye Infections;Fungal Infection;Hoarseness;Nasal Catarrh;Poultice;Sinusitis;Skin Inflammation,Yeast Infections
 


   Dosage and Administration of Eyebright:

 Traditional herbal texts recommend a compress made with 1 tablespoon (15 grams) of the dried herb combined with 2 cups (500 ml, 0.5 liter) of water and boiled for ten minutes. The undiluted liquid is used as a compress after cooling. The German Commission E monograph does not support this application, due to possible impurities in non-pharmaceutical preparations. Consult with a physician knowledgeable in the use of herbs before applying eyebright to the eyes.This was commonly combined with antimicrobial herbs, such as goldenseal. The current German monograph on eyebright does not support this application, due to potential bacterial concerns. Internally, eyebright tea, made using the same formula above, can be drunk in the amount of two to three cups per day. Dried herb, as 2-4 grams three times per day, may be taken. The tincture is typically taken in 2-6 ml doses three times per day.
 Internally, two to three cups per day of eyebright tea is sometimes recommended. Dried herb, 1/2~3/4 teaspoon (2~4 grams) three times per day, may also be taken. The tincture is typically taken in 1/2~1 1/4 teaspoons (2~6 ml) three times per day.

 For use orally, eyebright is commonly prepared as a tea. Usually, 2,000 mg to 4,000 mg of dried eyebright herb is added to about 5 ounces of boiling water and allowed to soak for approximately 10 minutes. The solid particles remaining are then strained out of the tea in preparation for drinking.Before drinking the tea, the solid particles should be removed by straining. Up to three cups of eyebright tea may be consumed per day.

 Eyebright is also available as capsules and extracts that come in different strengths. Individuals who decide to use eyebright, should follow the directions on the package that is purchased.
 1~4 gm herb tds (Mills)
 1~4 ml tincture tds (Hoffmann)
 1:1 25% 2~4mls tds (BHP)
 1:5 45% 2~6mls tds (BHP)
 

  Regulatory status GSL:

 Dried herb: 2-4g or by infusion
 Liquid Extract: 1:1 in 25% alcohol, 2-4ml
 Tincture: 1:5 in 45% alcohol, 2-6ml
 Compress: a teaspoonful of dried herb in half a litre of water, boil for ten minutes and allow to cool. Leave compress in place for 15 minutes and repeat several times a day with fresh compress each time.

  Are there any side effects or interactions of Eyebright:

 Side effects: confusion,headache, itching, eye pressure, sneezing, stuffy nose,vision disturbances and weakness.
 Due to limited information on the active constituents in eyebright and the need for sterility in substances used topically in the eyes, the traditional use of eyebright as a topical compress currently cannot be recommended without professional support. Used internally at the amounts listed above, eyebright is generally safe. However, its safety during pregnancy and breast-feeding has not been proven.
 If a tincture solution of eyebright is placed on the eyes, tearing, itching, reddening, and swelling of the eyelids may develop because of the alcohol in the tincture. Eyebright may also cause a skin rash or nausea.
 Reports of confusion, nausea, and sweating have been attributed to taking or using eyebright. Any unsterile eye product may cause irritation, eye infections, or vision impairment.
 When used in the eye, eyebright may also cause: Eye pressure changes,Itchy eyes,Light sensitivity,Swollen eyelids,Vision changes,Watery eyes

 Sufficient testing has not been done to ensure the safety of eyebright. For this reason, the German Commission E does not recommend its use. Other authoritative sources, however, do sanction its use, including Newall and others (1996) in Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health Care Professionals, although they recommend using the plant with caution and avoiding excessive doses due to the fact that very little is known about the toxicity of eyebright. These researchers also recommend using commercial preparations for ophthalmic purposes in order to avoid potential problems. It has been stated that 10 to 60 drops of eyebright tincture could induce toxic symptoms including mental confusion, dim vision, fatigue, nausea, constipation, perspiration, difficulty breathing, sneezing, cough, toothache, photophobia, weakness, restlessness, increased eye pressure, watering, redness, itching and swelling.
 

  Precautions:A qualified herbalist should be consulted before administering eyebright to children. Although herbalists maintain the benefits of eyebright, there are no known scientific studies or research to validate these claims.Note: Eye drops and eye washes should be packaged commercially under sterile conditions.

 Homemade eye products should never be used due to the possibility they may be contaminated with substances that may lead to eye infection, eye injury, or vision impairment. Because it cannot be cultivated, eyebright is collected only from wild plants, which have pesticide residues. Material from similar-looking plants that grow in the area may be included. In addition, the exact composition of eyebright can never be assured because amounts of active chemicals in it depend on how the plants are grown, harvested, processed, and stored.

  Interactions:

 No interactions have been reported between eyebright and prescription drugs, non-prescription drugs, other herbal supplements, or foods. However, because few reliable studies of eyebright have been conducted, its possible interactions with drugs, foods, and other dietary supplements are not understood completely. Other oral products that contain tannins have interfered with the way the body uses certain drugs. Be sure that your doctor and pharmacist are aware of all the prescription and non-prescription medicines you take before you begin to use eyebright or any other herbal supplement.

  Combinations:

 In catarrhal conditions, Eyebright combines well with Golden Rod, Elder Flower, or Golden Seal. In allergic conditions where the eyes are effected, it may be combined with Ephedra. As an eye lotion, it mixes with Golden Seal and distilled Witch Hazel.


  Scientific References:

  1.Eyebright,just the Greek Euphrasia.Euphrosyne.Gladness.