Research Update:Marshmallow Root.

  seminal trace...Marshmallow Root Extract.5:1.Althaea officinalis.Mucilage,exopolysaccharid,althea,Marsh mallow,Mortification Root,Sweetweed,sweet weed, mallards, guimauve, mortification plant, schloss tea,wymote,Malve,Guimauve,Malvavisco,Malvavisce....

 


   Phytochemical info of Marshmallow Root:Althaea officinalis.

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 Definition:Marshmallow Root are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research Update:Marshmallow Root.

  Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia, Canada.:J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2007 Feb 26;3:11.Lans C, Turner N, Khan T, Brauer G, Boepple W.School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P5, Canada. nturner@uvic.ca.

 ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock. METHODS: In 2003 we conducted semi-structured interviews with 60 participants obtained using a purposive sample. Medicinal plants are used to treat a range of conditions. A draft manual prepared from the data was then evaluated by participants at a participatory workshop. RESULTS: There are 128 plants used for ruminant health and diets, representing several plant families. The following plants are used for abscesses: Berberis aquifolium/Mahonia aquifolium Echinacea purpurea, Symphytum officinale, Bovista pila, Bovista plumbea, Achillea millefolium and Usnea longissima. Curcuma longa L., Salix scouleriana and Salix lucida are used for caprine arthritis and caprine arthritis encephalitis.Euphrasia officinalis and Matricaria chamomilla are used for eye problems.Wounds and injuries are treated with Bovista spp., Usnea longissima, Calendula officinalis, Arnica sp., Malva sp., Prunella vulgaris, Echinacea purpurea, Berberis aquifolium/Mahonia aquifolium, Achillea millefolium, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Hypericum perforatum, Lavandula officinalis, Symphytum officinale and Curcuma longa.Syzygium aromaticum and Pseudotsuga menziesii are used for coccidiosis. The following plants are used for diarrhea and scours: Plantago major, Calendula officinalis, Urtica dioica, Symphytum officinale, Pinus ponderosa, Potentilla pacifica, Althaea officinalis, Anethum graveolens, Salix alba and Ulmus fulva.Mastitis is treated with Achillea millefolium, Arctium lappa, Salix alba, Teucrium scorodonia and Galium aparine. Anethum graveolens and Rubus sp., are given for increased milk production.Taraxacum officinale, Zea mays, and Symphytum officinale are used for udder edema. Ketosis is treated with Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium sp., and Symphytum officinale. Hedera helix and Alchemilla vulgaris are fed for retained placenta. CONCLUSION: Some of the plants showing high levels of validity were Hedera helix for retained placenta and Euphrasia officinalis for eye problems. Plants with high validity for wounds and injuries included Hypericum perforatum, Malva parviflora and Prunella vulgaris. Treatments with high validity against endoparasites included those with Juniperus communis and Pinus ponderosa. Anxiety and pain are well treated with Melissa officinalis and Nepeta caesarea.

  Antioxidant activity of medicinal plant polysaccharides.:Fitoterapia. 2006 Jul;77(5):367-73. Epub 2006 May 24.Kardosov¨¢ A, Machov¨¢ E.Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.

 Eleven polysaccharides have been isolated from the leaves of Arctium lappa var. herkules, Aloe barbadensis, Althaea officinalis var. robusta, Plantago lanceolata var. libor, aerial parts and roots of Rudbeckia fulgida var. sullivantii, stems of Mahonia aquifolium, and peach-tree (Prunus persica) gum exudates. The polysaccharides were investigated for their ability to inhibit peroxidation of soyabean lecithin liposomes by OH radicals. The highest inhibition was found with glucuronoxylans of A. officinalis var. robusta and P. lanceolata var. libor, aerial parts. Their antioxidant activity accounted for approximately 69% of the activity of the reference compound alpha-tocopherol. The activity of eight polysaccharides ranged from 20 to 45%, while the fructofuranan from P. lanceolata var. libor roots was practically inactive.

  Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against periodontopathic bacteria.:Phytother Res. 2003 Jun;17(6):599-604.Iauk L, Lo Bue AM, Milazzo I, Rapisarda A, Blandino G.Department of Microbiological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy.

 This study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Althaea officinalis L. roots, Arnica montana L. flowers, Calendula officinalis L. flowers, Hamamelis virginiana L. leaves, Illicium verum Hook. fruits and Melissa officinalis L. leaves, against anaerobic and facultative aerobic periodontal bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Veilonella parvula, Eikenella corrodens, Peptostreptococcus micros and Actinomyces odontolyticus. The methanol extracts of H. virginiana and A. montana and, to a lesser extent, A. officinalis were shown to possess an inhibiting activity (MIC < or = 2048 mg/L) against many of the species tested. In comparison, M. officinalis and C. officinalis extracts had a lower inhibiting activity (MIC > or = 2048 mg/L) against all the tested species with the exception of Prevotella sp. Illicium verum methanol extract was not very active though it had a particular good activity against E. corrodens. The results suggest the use of the alcohol extracts of H. virginiana, A. montana and A. officinalis for topical medications in periodontal prophylactics.

  Inhibitory mechanism of an extract of Althaea officinalis L. on endothelin-1-induced melanocyte activation.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Feb;25(2):229-34.

 It is known that expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) increases in the epidermis after UVB irradiation, and that this plays an important role during the induction of pigmentation both as a mitogen and as a melanogen for normal human melanocytes (NHMC). When ET-1 acts on NHMC via the endothelin B receptor (ET(B)R) on their cell surface, mobilization of intracellular calcium is induced, which is followed by activation of Raf-1 located upstream of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). We have continued the search for new agent which inhibit this calcium mobilization and we have found that an extract of Althaea officinalis L. has such an action. In this study, we investigated the precise inhibitory mechanism of this botanical extract on the ET-1-induced activation of melanocytes. Treatment of NHMC with this extract abrogated the stimulatory effect of ET-1 on proliferation and also on activation of MAPK in the intracellular signal transduction pathway, but did not affect the binding of ET-1 to the ET(B)R or the production of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP3). Further, when this extract was used to treat normal human keratinocytes (NHKC), secretion of ET-1 by those cells was reduced. Taken together, these findings indicate that an extract of A. officinalis inhibits both the secretion of ET-1 from NHKC and the action of ET-1 on NHMC mainly by suppressing the ET-1-induced calcium mobilization without the modification of IP3 production, which in turn suggests that this extract is a useful ingredient for a whitening agent.

  The in vitro action of plants on Vibrio cholerae.:Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 1994 Jan-Apr;14(1):27-31.Guevara JM, Chumpitaz J, Valencia E.Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carri¨®n, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Per¨².

 Natural products of several plants, according to the geographic location, are used by Peruvian people in the popular treatment of diarrhea, with good success. When cholerae cases appeared in Peru, we were interested to know the "in vitro" effect against Vibrio cholerae 01, of these useful plants to treat diarrhea. The following plants were tested: Cichorium intybus, Althaea officinalis, Psorela glandulosa, Geranium maculatum, Punica granatum, Malus sativa, Cydonia oblonga, Chenopodium ambrosoides, Krameria triandria, Tea chinensis, Daucus carota, Persea gratissima, Psidium guayaba and Lippia dulcis. Decoction or infusion of the plants were used in the "in vitro" experiments. The following plants showed no "in vitro" effect against V. cholerae: Cichorium intybus, Althaea officinalis, Psorela glandulosa, Geranium maculatum, Chenopodium ambrosoides, Krameria triandria, Psidium guayaba, Lippia dulcis and Daucus carota. Decoction of Malus sativa and Cydenia oblonga showed bactericidal effect for their acidity and stone avocado (Persea gratissima) a late bactericidal effect. Tea infusi¨®n and the decoction of Punica granatum peel, showed the best bactericidal effect and we suggest to use them as to stop cholera spreading.


  Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids and Coumarins from the Roots of Althaea officinalis.:Planta Med. 1991 Jun;57(3):284-5.Gudej J.Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Technology and Chemistry of Drugs, Medical Academy of ?¨®d?, Muszy¨½skiego 1, 90-151 ?¨®d?, Poland.

 From the roots of ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS two flavonoid glycosides were separated. Phenolic acids and coumarins were investigated chromatographically. The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of acid hydrolysis and spectroscopic methods (UV, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR) as hypolaetin 8-glucoside and the new flavonoid sulphate - isoscutellarein 4'-methyl ether 8-glucoside-2''-SO (3)K.

  Open trial to assess aspects of safety and efficacy of a combined herbal cough syrup with ivy and thyme.:Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2005 Dec;12(6):328-32. Epub 2005 Dec 22.B¨¹echi S, V?gelin R, von Eiff MM, Ramos M, Melzer J.Phytocon GmbH, Trogen, Switzerland. sb@phytocon.ch

 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Changes in the symptoms of cough after treatment with a combined herbal preparation containing dry ivy leaf extract as main active ingredient, decoction of thyme and aniseed, and mucilage of marshmallow root (Weleda Hustenelixier, new formulation) and its tolerability were investigated in an open clinical trial ('Anwendungsbeleg'). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January and March 2004, 13 general practitioners recruited and treated 62 patients with a mean age of 50 years (range 16-89). The patients had irritating cough in consequence of common cold (n = 29), bronchitis (n = 20) or respiratory tract diseases with formation of viscous mucus (n = 15). The mean daily intake was 10 ml (range 7.5-15) of syrup, and the mean duration of treatment was 12 days (range 3-23 days). Treatment results were assessed on the basis of changes in the symptom scores for cough and expectoration. Safety was evaluated by means of an analysis of adverse events. In addition, efficacy and tolerability were analyzed from the judgments of the doctors and patients. RESULTS: At the final visit, all symptom scores showed an improvement as compared to baseline. Doctors and patients assessed efficacy as good or very good in 86% and 90% of the cases, respectively. Tolerability was assessed as good or very good by 97% of the doctors and patients. Only one adverse event was reported. However, a relation to the medication was classified to be unlikely. CONCLUSION: Considering the traditional use of ivy leaves, thyme herb, aniseed and marshmallow root in preparations for cough, the reduction in the symptom score as well as the good tolerability the investigated combined herbal cough syrup seems to alleviate cough in consequence of common cold, bronchitis or respiratory tract diseases with formation of mucus.

  Development of cough-relieving herbal teas.:Medicina (Kaunas). 2005;41(6):500-5.Puodzi¨±niene G, Janulis V, Milasius A, Budnikas V.Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Kaunas University of Medicine, A. Mickeviciaus 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania. farmakog@kmu.lt

 Cough-relieving medicinal herbs in tea are used from ancient times. Mucilage present in them or secretion produced under the influence of the active substances covers the oral and throat mucosa soothing its irritability and relieving dry, tiresome cough. It is known that the mixtures of medicinal herbs (Specias) have a complex influence on the human organism and the rational combination of medicinal herbs can improve their curative action and decrease the undesirable side effects. Having summarized the properties of those medicinal herbs we decided to create two formulations of cough-relieving herbal tea. The first formulation consists of marshmallow roots, liquorice roots and lime flowers, the second -- of marshmallow roots, Iceland moss and lime flowers. The methods for identification and assay of the active substances in the compounds were applied. The purity of the mixtures was regulated by limitation of the loss on drying, total ash, microbial contamination, contamination with radionuclides, heavy metals, pesticides and foreign matter. The expiry date of both cough-relieving herbal teas was approved to be 2 years.

  The influence of hollyhock extract administration on testicular function in rats.:J Mol Histol. 2004 Nov;35(8-9):733-40.Papiez MA.Department of Cytobiology and Histochemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak¨®w, Poland.

 It has been reported, recently that an aqueous extract from hollyhock flowers (Althaea rosea Cav. varietas nigra) induces weak metabolic changes in rat testes. In the present study, the in vivoinfluence of a methanolic extract was investigated on the metabolism and morphology of the rat testis. To this end, histochemical, morphometric and radioimmunological methods were used. The rats drank the extract at a dose of 100 mg/day for 7 weeks. The histochemical activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and Delta(5)beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Delta(5)betaHSD) increased significantly statistically in the Leydig cells of the experimental rats in comparison with controls. There were no significant changes in either the diameter of seminiferous tubules or the height of seminiferous epithelium after hollyhock administration. Further, only a small amount of hyperplasia of the interstitial tissue was observed. The morphological and histoenzymatic changes in the Leydig cells indicate that the methanolic hollyhock extract has a direct but small influence on rat testes. The insignificant changes in testicular testosterone and estradiol content suggest that the extract does not disturb steroidogenesis.

  A herbalogical study on traditional Mongolian medicine "zhanba":Zhong Yao Cai. 2003 Feb;26(2):119-20.Bao Y, Bu R, Zhao B.College of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationlities, Tongliao 028041.

 By herbalogical study and investigation, "Zhanba" used by Mongolia doctors mainly contains 7 species from 3 genera of 1 family, but "Zhanba" in Inner Mongolia Standard of Medicinal Materials only contains 3 species which are Althaea rosea, Malva sylvestris L. var. mauritiana and M. verticillata.


  The compounds from the hollyhock extract (Althaea rosea Cav. var. nigra) affect the aromatization in rat testicular cells in vivo and in vitro.:Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2002;40(4):353-9.Papiez M, Gancarczyk M, Bili¨½ska B.Department of Cytobiology and Histochemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krak¨®w, Poland.

 Among medicinal plants, extract from the hollyhock flowers is a source of antocyanides and flavonoids. The latter compounds belong, among others, to phytoestrogens (plant-derived dietary estrogens). The important role of estrogens in the testis is now well documented, and phytoestrogens, which may act as estrogen agonists or estrogen antagonists can also alter the reproductive function of the male. The aim of this study was to show whether the exposure of male rats to the aqueous hollyhock extract could affect the process of aromatization in their testes and in cultured Leydig cells. This was investigated by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunological assays. Immunoreactivities for aromatase and estrogen receptor beta were weaker both in testicular sections and cultured Leydig cells after hollyhock extract administration when compared to the controls, while the intensity of immunoreaction for estrogen receptor alpha remained unchanged. A lower level of estradiol secreted by cultured Leydig cells from the experimental group positively correlated with a direct inhibition of aromatase activity. Additionally, a quantitative analysis of flavonoid fraction from the hollyhock extract revealed the presence of quercetin and kaempferol. It seems that a weak antiestrogenic activity of flavonoid compounds present in the hollyhock extract is mediated through aromatase and estrogen receptor beta rather than by estrogen receptor alpha.

  Lower esophageal mucosal ring: correlation of referred symptoms with radiographic findings using a marshmallow bolus.:AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998 Nov;171(5):1361-5.Smith DF, Ott DJ, Gelfand DW, Chen MY.Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine and Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

 OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of lower esophageal mucosal rings and to correlate the relationship between these mucosal rings and the presence and anatomic level of symptoms evoked using a marshmallow bolus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Our prospective study included 130 patients who underwent barium examination of the esophagus. All patients completed a questionnaire regarding the anatomic location of their symptoms of dysphagia. In addition to a multiphasic examination of the esophagus, all patients also underwent fluoroscopic observation and videotaping while swallowing a marshmallow bolus; any symptoms that were provoked were recorded. RESULTS: Lower esophageal mucosal rings were shown in 26 (20%) of the 130 patients. The diameter of the rings was 9-12 mm in six patients, 13-20 mm in 18 patients, and larger than 20 mm in two patients. In 16 (62%) of the 26 patients, a marshmallow bolus became impacted at the ring; the impaction caused dysphagia in 12 (75%) of the 16 patients. In these 12 patients, dysphagia was referred to the neck in seven, the sternal angle in two, the mid chest in two, and the lower chest in one patient. None of the 12 patients had a pharyngeal or cervical esophageal abnormality that would account for their symptoms. CONCLUSION: Because proximal referral of symptoms is common in patients with lower esophageal mucosal rings, a thorough radiographic examination of the entire esophagus and esophagogastric region is required regardless of the level of their swallowing complaints.

  Marshmallows cause an outbreak of infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4.:Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 1996 Dec 6;6(13):R183-6.Lewis DA, Paramathasan R, White DG, Neil LS, Tanner AC, Hill SD, Bruce JC, Stuart JM, Ridley AM, Threlfall EJ.

 Thirty-six cases of Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 infection, mainly in children, were notified in one local authority in the two weeks beginning on 23 October 1995. Twenty-four cases and 42 controls nominated by cases were included in a case control study, which showed a significant association between illness and the consumption of marshmallow confectionery from a bakery. S. enteritidis PT4 was isolated from samples of the marshmallow, and all isolates had the same plasmid and pulsed field gel electrophoresis profiles. The marshmallow had been made using raw egg white, which shows that not all caterers follow the Department of Health's advice.

  Nonnius and the Spa cure.:Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 1996;58(3):319-37.Lecomte J, Lemli J, Marganne MH, Melard M.

 The 12th of July 1635, Jan van Beverwyck wrote a letter from Dordrecht to his esteemed friend Luis Nunez, in Antwerp. He asked him for indications about the cure of kidney stones of which he was suffering. He had just passed two calculi very painfully. Nunez answered on July 31. His letter summarized his own experience with this disease. In such cases, temperate diuretics and emollients are well indicated: ingestion of light decoctions of Malva and Viola, Caerefolium and Parieteria as well as Marshmallow syrup. No purge and no 'chemicals'. However, the best remedy was drinking Spa water. Usually the best way to absorb it is to come to the springs, in the Ardennes, part of the independent Principality of Li¨¨ge. However, considering the horrors of the war (the Thirty Years War) endangering the country, van Beverwyck would be wise to drink imported water during 40 or 50 days, while staying home quietly, in Dordrecht. The letter points out the importance of provoked diuresis in the treatment of kidney stones. On the other hand the letter is an illustration of the continuing contacts between the United Provinces and the Spanish territories and of the commercial traffic between Antwerp, Dordrecht and Spa. The exported water was bottled from many 'pouhons'. It was acid, ferruginous, sulfurous and saturated with carbon dioxide; no pathogen germs, at least at the spring. Nunez quoted the large number of his patients cured with Spa water in Antwerp. This is an illustration of its commercial expansion even during this critical period.

  Marshmallow for investigating functional disturbances of the esophageal body.:Harefuah. 1992 Sep;123(5-6):161-5, 236.Keren S, Argaman E.Institute of Gastroenterology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera.

 Manometric studies using water boluses do not always demonstrate disturbances in esophageal motility. We tested the use of a marshmallow bolus to induce abnormal manometric patterns in patients with dysphagia in whom manometric studies using water boluses were normal or nearly so. The study group included 12 normal volunteers and 22 patients with dysphagia and nearly normal manometric studies. Pressure was recorded along the esophageal body using 10 "wet" swallows followed by 10 "solid" swallows of marshmallow. In normal subjects there were fewer abnormal contractions after solid swallows than after wet swallows. In 15 patients solid swallows induced abnormal motility patterns which were not observed after wet swallows. The probability of inducing abnormal contractions in patients after solid swallows is significantly greater than after wet swallows (p < 0.0001). Solid swallowing is therefore useful in evaluating functional disturbances of the esophagus in patients with dysphagia.


  Use of a marshmallow bolus for evaluating lower esophageal mucosal rings..:Am J Gastroenterol. 1991 Jul;86(7):817-20.Ott DJ, Kelley TF, Chen MY, Gelfand DW, Wu WC.Department of Radiology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

 Sixty-three patients (35 women, 28 men; mean age 55 yr) with lower esophageal mucosal ring shown radiographically were examined with a semi-solid bolus consisting of a portion of a standard marshmallow. The most common symptom was dysphagia, present in 46 (73%) patients. Impaction of the marshmallow bolus by the ring occurred in 40 (63%) of the 63 patients, and produced symptoms in 27 (68%) of these 40 patients. Nine (14%) rings were detected radiographically only with a solid bolus; eight of these patients had dysphagia and seven rings were 20 mm or less in caliber. Impaction related to ring caliber, and was found in all 17 (100%) rings that were 13 mm or less in diameter, in 17/24 (71%) 14- to 19-mm rings, and in 6/22 (27%) rings 20 mm or more in caliber. Endoscopy in 23 patients detected 16 (70%) rings, and also depended on ring caliber: less than or equal to 13 mm, 6/6 (100%); 14-19 mm, 5/9 (56%); greater than or equal to 20 mm, 5/8 (63%). Marshmallow impaction occurred in 17 (74%) of 23 patients who had endoscopy; three of the 23 patients had normal endoscopy. In conclusion, radiographic examination supplemented by the use of a marshmallow bolus best detects lower esophageal mucosal ring.


  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update:Marshmallow Root.