This herb consistsof the trunk bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (family Eucom-miaceae), which is mainly produced in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Hubei provinces. The bark is stripped off between April and June, dried in the sun after scraping off the cork, and cut to pieces for use or stir- baked till all rubber fibres are smashed and then stir-baked with saltwater for use.
Note:Eucommia ulmoides is the remained ancient tree species, undergoing the erosion of Quaternary glaciation geographically, which is unique to China and has been listed as rare plant species in Category II of the State Protection List.
Eucommia bark (Duzhong)
Pharmaceutical Name: Cortex Eucommiae
Common Name: Eucommia Bark,Eucommia
Botanical Name: Eucommia Ulmoides Cortex. (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)
Pin Yin Name: Du Zhong
Pin Yin Synoms:Che Si Bark, SiZhong, Silk Cotton Bark, Jade Silk Bark(come from the shape)
Actions: musculoskeletal restorative, connective tissue restorative
Source of Earliest Record : Shennong Bencao Jing
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The bark is gathered in summer and autumn. The rough bark is removed and discarded, and then the smooth bark is dried in the sun till the inside color become purple browm.
Properties & Taste : Sweet and warm,Sweet in flavour, warming property, acting on the liver and kidney channels.
Habitat: Sichuan, Shanxi,Henan,Yunnan,Jiangxi,Gansu,Guangxi, Guizhou and Hubei provinces, China,spread at wild fields and moutains,could be planted.
Note:Eucommia ulmoides is the remained ancient tree species, undergoing the erosion of Quaternary glaciation geographically, which is unique to China and has been listed as rare plant species in Category II of the State Protection List.
History:Eucommia was the second herb ever described in a written text on herbs and medicine in China, playing second fiddle only to Ginseng. Emperor Shen Nong described Eucommia as a superior herb that could prolong life in his classic Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Book of Herbs), more than 2,000 years ago. Playing second fiddle only to Ginseng, Eucommia has remained a virtual icon of tonic herbalism ever since. As a herb that provides both yin and yang energy, it is suitable for use by both sexes to promote the functions of the endocrine system, improve sexual functions, enhance normal growth, quicken healing, strengthen the physical structure and increase resistance.
What is eucommia bark? What is it used for?
Eucommia bark comes from the eucommia, or hardy rubber tree. This herb is the trunk bark of Eucommia ulcommia ulmoides Oliv., deciduous tree of the family Eucommiaceae. Native to China, it is grown in the mountainous regions. The tree is a member of the rubber family and is found in the Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Hubei provinces of China. Mature trees can reach a height of 50 feet; however, the tree is not killed to obtain the bark. Instead, small patches are peeled away from trees 10 over 10 years old in the late summer and early autumn. The inner bark contains a white, rubberish liquid that accounts for eucommia's healing properties.
The tree grows to 12 m by 8 m at a fast rate. It is in flower in April, and the seeds ripen from September to October. The flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required). The plant cannot grow in the shade. It requires moist soil.
In China, eucommia is produced mainly in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei and Shannxi provinces. The bark is stripped off between April and June. After scraping off the cork, the bark pieces are piled up to be sealed till purplish brown, and dried in the sun. When using, it is cut into segments or stir-baked with salt.
In traditional Chinese medicine, eucommia bark has sweet, warm properties. It is associated with the liver and kidneys, and is considered the primary herb used to increase yang functions in the body. Eucommia bark strengthens the bones and muscles, heals injured and weakened tissues, and can treat lower back and leg pain, stiffness and arthritis.
In addition to its healing effects, eucommia has the ability to lower blood pressure; most Chinese formulas used to lower blood pressure contain at least some amount of eucommia. It is also given to pregnant women to calm the fetus and prevent miscarriage.
Varieties and Grading:
Eucommia bark is peeled from trees that are ten years old or older. A small patch of the bark is peeled off the tree each year so as not to harm the tree, which can grow to be over a hundred years old. The older the bark, the thicker it becomes.
Inside the bark is a pure white latex. Eucommia is in fact the only temperate zone rubber tree. This latex is noticeably elastic. If you gently break a piece of Eucommia bark and stretch it slightly, the latex will stretch. This rubber is believed to confer strength to connective tissue and is considered to be part of Eucommia's active ingredients. The thicker and stronger this latex, the better the quality of the specimen. Therefor, in purchasing Eucommia, select (1) thick pieces, since these are older, (2) Eucommia with the most white latex. Very old Eucommia is called "Hundred Year Old Pear Tree Bark." This bark may not be 100 years old, but it is certainly 30 to 50 years old and is very, very good. When you can find this, buy as much as you can afford and store it away in tightly closed containers. Otherwise, purchase the oldest Eucommia you can find.
Eucommia usually comes "pre-sliced." You will note small transverse slices across the bark at quarter inch intervals. These slices expose the inside of the bark, including the latex. This is standard practice. If the Eucommia you purchase does not come sliced, have the herb shop slice it for you, or you will have to slice it yourself. The inside must be exposed to the cooking water in order to be properly and efficiently cooked.
Phytochemicals and Constituents:
Main Constituents: Aucubin,C15H22O9;Genipin,C11H14O5;Pinoresinol diglucoside,C32H42O16-4H2O,0.55%;Chlorogenic acid,C16H18O9,1.43%~15.23%,etc.
1.1.[gutta-percha(C5H8)n]:Gutta-Percha or Balata:the same component as (C5H8)n,very useful in industry.
1.2.lignans:matairesinol;Medioresinol.
1.3.Iridoids:eucommiol;eucommioside;genipin;olivil;ulmoprenol;Geniposide;Geniposidic acid;aucubin;Asperuloside;Asperul acid,etc.
1.4.Polyphenols:1,2-Dihydroxybenzene(Pyrocatechol);Aromatic vanillic acis;Caffeic acid;Chlorogenic acid;Eleutheroside B(Syringin;C17H24O9);Pinopsida.
1.5.Terpenes:beta-sitosterol;daucosterol and Triterpenoids(betulin ;betulin acid;ursolic acid).
1.6.Amino Acid and Minerals:Serine;Glutamic Acid;Glycin;Arginine and other 17kinds of amino acids, 15 kinds of minerals.
1.7.Other content:l-octacosanol;Nonacosane;1-Triacontanol;Alkaloids;Poysaccharides;quercetin and citrusilin B,etc.
1.8.Inorganic Chemicals:Cu, Zn, Ge, Se.
Besides the bark of eucommia is the rare medicinal herb, Eucommia ulmoides' leaf contains lactones, coumarins, alkaloids, polysaccharide, reducing sugar, organic acid, volatile oils, fats, rasin, proteome, amino acid, and Jidu colloid, etc.
Pharmacology:Eucommia Bark
Properties: Sweet in flavor, warm in nature, it is related to the liver and kidney channels.Eucommia Bark is the rare medicinal herb with stable property, sweet and slight-pungent taste, and no poison. It exerts effects of tonifying liver and kidney, strengthening muscles and bones, reducing blood pressure and blood fat, and anti-abortion, etc.
Functions: Tonifys the liver and kidney, strengthens skeletal system, and prevents abortion.Eucommia bark is commonly used in Chinese herbalism, where it is considered to be one of the 50 fundamental herbs. It is considered to be an excellent tonic for the kidneys and liver, and is thought to act specifically on the lower part of the body. Major functions of it are to treat hypertension, dizzy feeling, mild lumbago, kidney deficiency, and frequent micturition, ect. With the "Chinese medicine fever" rising in many countries of the world, the demand for Eucommia Bark is increasing at a fast pace.
Effects on the heart:
Experiments show that administered to guinea pigs, the leaves of Du Zhong (0.2g/guinea pig) can significantly increase the subjects' coronary blood flow. Du Zhong also has a preventive effect on experimental myocardial ischemia in rabbits: the bark and leaves of Du Zhong were administered to rabbits via intravenous injection for four consecutive days, and the pathological results showed that there were no significant hemorrhage, necrosis, or cicatrix formation in the rabbits' endocardium and epicardium; there were dilation and congestion in the capillaries and some larger vessels and there were varying degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration in the endocardium, epicardium, and myocardium.
Lowering blood pressure:
The zinc/copper ratio in the erythrocyte of hypertension patients fluctuates around 15.04- 2.50, which is significantly higher than that in healthy people. Du Zhong can lower the zinc/copper ratio, and the blood pressure.The blood pressure of anaesthetized canine can be lowered significantly by intravenous injection of Du Zhong decoction. At the dosage of 0.4 g/kg, the lowered blood pressure began rising again after five minutes. When the dosage is increased to over 1 g/kg, however, the blood pressure-lowering effect of Du Zhong can be sustained for a relatively long period of time.
Anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects:
Chlorogenic acid, an active component of Du Zhong, has a pronounced anti-bacterial effect.Aucubin is a significant protector of the liver; it can inhibit the duplication of the DNA of hepatitis B. Although aucubin in and of itself does not have an anti-viral effect, its being cultivated with glucosiduronidase produces an anti-viral effect.
Effects on immunity:
Alcohol-based extract of Du Zhong can promote ConA-induced proliferation of splenic cells, and enhance the phagocytic function of the peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis. But it does not seem to affect splenic antibody formation cells.Du Zhong decoction has a bi-directional regulatory effect on the cellular immune system. It can inhibit DNCB-induced delayed hypersensitivity, counteract hydrocortisone-induced decrease in T-lymphocyte percentage. It can also increase the percentage of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of S180 mice, and strengthen the phagocytic function of the peritoneal macrophage.Various parts of Du Zhong (cortex, leaves, twigs, and regenerated peel, etc.) can elevate the cAMP content in the plasma, indicating a regulatory effect on cyclo-nucleotide metabolism.
Tranquilizing and analgesic effects:
Experiments show that Du Zhong can enhance mice's endurance against exogenous stimulation, and has central tranquilizing effects.Du Zhong also has a significant analgesic effect (P<0.01).
Anti-aging effects:
Experiments show that water-based extract of Du Zhong can protect mice from superoxidation injuries due to D-galactose-induced aging.Du Zhong is also shown to increase the activity of GSH-Px in aged mice, increase the activity of SOD and the weight of the adrenal gland in mice of suffering from experimental yang-deficiency.
Indications & Combinations:
1. Deficiency of liver and kidneys manifested as soreness and pain in the lower back and knees: Eucommia bark (Duzhong) is used with Psoralea fruit (Buguzhi) and Walnut seed (Hutaoren).
Eucommia's first fame is in its Kidney tonifying effects. It is in fact the primary herb in Chinese tonic herbalism for building a strong, sturdy, flexible skeletal structure. It is used to strengthen the bones, ligaments and tendons, and can be used to help mend damage to these tissues, whether the damage be due to stress, age or trauma. Eucommia is also the primary herb of choice for lower back and knee problems, including pain, stiffness, dislocation, swelling and weakness. Eucommia is one of the few herbs in Chinese tonic herbalism that is sufficiently powerful, balanced and broad spectrum that it may be used alone. However, it will generally be combined with any number of other tonic herbs in a formulation designed to build the Yin and Yang of the Kidney.
For insufficiency of the liver and kidney, cold pain in the loins and knees, weakness of muscles and bones, spermatorrhea and frequent urination, it is often used with herbs for tonifying the liver and kidney, such as Semen Juglandis, Fructus Psoraleae, Ramulus Loranthi, Radix Dipsaci, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, etc.
Typically, Eucommia is combined with a balance of Yin Jing tonifying herbs like Lycium, Polygonum multiflorum, Ligustrum, Schizandra, Tang Kuei, etc. and Yang Jing herbs such as Psoralea, Cynomorium, Morinda, Curculiginus, etc. to strengthen the Kidney function as a whole. The yin-yang balance of the formula will be determined by the determining the person's condition and adjusting the balance of the Yin and Yang herbs. In order to tonify the entire body, at every level, other tonic herbs may be added to the Kidney tonic base, such as Ginseng, Astragalus, Deer Antler, Ganoderma and so on. Eucommia is found in the majority of general tonifying formulas.
Insufficiencyof the liver and kidney manifested asaches in the loins and knees, lassitudeof the muscles, im-potence, frequent urination, etc. For aching loins and knees and muscle lassitude, it is often used along with psoralea fruit,as in Pill for Treating Kidney De-ficiency ( Qing'e wan); for impotence and frequent urination, it is used with dogwood fruit, dodder seed, preparedrehmannia root, etc.
2. Body Building: Eucommia bark is a superb Yang Jing tonic, used to strengthen the back (especially the lower back), skeleton, and joints (especially the knees and ankles). Eucommia is believed to confer strength and flexibility to the ligaments and tendons. It is often used by athletes to strengthen the entire body. Eucommia is considered to be one of the great longevity tonics of Chinese tonic herbalism.Eucommia bark and mulberry stem combinations Help rebuild tendons, bones and ligaments, and help to energize the kidneys.
Eucommia is the primary plant-source in Chinese herbalism used to tonify the Kidney Yang functions, in particular as it effects the lower part of the body and the skeletal structure. Eucommia is a superb Yang essence tonic. And although Eucommia is primarily known as a powerful Yang Jing tonic, it is also a strong Yin Essence (Yin Jing) nourishing herb. Because it provides both Yin and Yang, it is a superb herb for men and women alike and can be used by almost anybody to promote the functions of the endocrine system, to promote sexual functions, to enhance normal growth, to promote healing, to strengthen the physical structure and to strengthen resistance.
3. Regenerates and fortifies the body's essence (jing): Used as tonic during pregnancy to strengthen both mother and child.
4. Impotence due to deficient kidneys: Superb yang tonic,Strengthens the back, especially lower back.Eucommia bark (Duzhong) is used with Dogwood fruit (Shanzhuyu), Dadder seed (Tusizi) and Schisandra fruit (Wuweizi).
5. Tonifies the kidney and liver: Strengthens the bones and muscles.Treats impotence and frequent urination.
6. Threatened abortion or restlessness of fetus manifested as lower abdominal pain and uterine bleeding: Eucommia bark (Duzhong) is used with Teasel root (Xuduan) and Dioscorea (Shanyao).
7. Muscle pain: used with psoralea fruit.
8. Impotence and frequent urination: used with dogwood fruit, dodder seed, prepared rehmannia root
As a Kidney tonic, Eucommia is considered an important herb for improving potency in men and fertility in women. It will be found in almost every formula designed for such purposes. Furthermore, Eucommia helps slow down ejaculation.
9. Threatened abortion and vaginal bleeding: used with dipsacus root and the pulp of Chinese date
Eucommia can be used to help stop vaginal bleeding due to general weakness during pregnancy. If the bleeding seems to be due to an inflammation, Scutellaria is added. But these are modern times, so if you become pregnant and seem to be having a miscarriage, get to your doctor immediately (but bring your herbs with you). Eucommia and Eucommia-based formulas come in tea bags and in capsules, so its easy to take with you wherever you go.
10. Hypertension: Regulates blood pressure,Eases tension and relieves signs of high blood pressure with little or no side effects,used with lorantus mulberry mistletoe, achyranthes root, prunella spike.
11. Libido Stimulator: Eucommia also is believed in China to be a safe and effective sex tonic for men and women.
12. Regulate blood pressure and ease tension:
Eucommia has been found to help regulate blood pressure. It is especially beneficial to those with high blood pressure. It is very safe.
Eucommia has been used for over a thousand years to ease tension and relieve the signs of high blood pressure. The ability of Eucommia to safely and effectively reduce high blood pressure has now been very well established. Many animal studies and human clinical studies have proven that Eucommia can be a very useful supplement for people suffering from hypertension. It may be used along with conventional Western drugs if desired, as it is in Asia, since Eucommia is very mild and has no known adverse side effects or negative interactions with drugs. The blood pressure reducing effects of Eucommia are not as powerful as the effects of reserpine, but it had a better effect at reducing the symptomatology associated with high blood pressure.
13. Good Remedy for pregnant women: Eucommia is the most important herb in the Chinese pharmacopoeia as a tonic during pregnancy. Jing is the foundation energy of life and Eucommia is the quintessential example of a safe, mild and potent Kidney tonic that build Jing. The herb can be safely used as a tonic throughout pregnancy to strengthen both the mother and baby. It helps the mother's skeletal structure adjust properly and easily to the changes it must go through, to help build the baby's skeleton and immune system, to calm the fetus and, especially, to help prevent miscarriage.
Metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, or threatened abortion and vaginal bleedingdue to general weak-ness during pregnancy.It is often given with dipsacus root and the pulp of Chinese date, as in Eucommia Bolus (DuzhongWan). This one can also be used togetherwith other tonics and the herbs for curing metrorrhagia. Besides, in the treatment of hyper-tension with mani-festations of defi-ciency of the kidney,it is often used along with lorantus mulberry mistletoe, achyranthes root, prunella spike, etc.
14. Prevent the miscarriage: To calm the fetus to prevent miscarriage , At the first sign of impending miscarriage in China, Eucommia is routinely consumed, usually in combination with other strengthening herbs such as Dipsacus and Jujube Date, to prevent the miscarriage. Reduces the risk of threatened abortions due to hypofunction of the kidney and liver.
15. For deficiency and impairment of chong and ren meridians, threatened abortion, hyperactivity of the fetus with vaginal bleeding: it is often used with herbs for tonifying the kidney, preventing miscarriage and hemostasis, such as Colla Corii Asini, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Radix Dipsaci, Ramulus Loranthi, etc.
Primary Combinations:
Eucommia Bark may be consumed alone, but is usually combined with other tonic and blood vitalizing herbs. Combine with:
1. Dipsacus and Drynaria to mend broken bones
2. Ginseng, Epimedium, Sea Dragon and Gecko to tonify Kidney yang and to build sexual energy
3. Lycium, Morinda, Achyranthes and Cnidium seed to strengthen the lower back and knees
4. Psoralea fruit and Walnut seed to strengthen the lower back and knees
5. Lonicera Flower, Scutellaria Root, Prunella vulgaris fruit clusters, and Loranthus to disperse Liver fire and relieve hypertension
Dosage & Administration:
10-15g (Decoction.boiled in water for oral use),The traditional amount of eucommia bark is 10-15 grams, boiled in water for oral use.Stir-baked eucommia has better effects than the unprepared.The stir-fried bark is stronger than raw bark to lower blood pressure, and a decoction is stronger than a tincture.
The fried herb is more effective than the raw herb. Eucommia bark (Duzhong) is contraindicated in cases with deficiency of yin with excessive fire.
Contraindications: There has never been a case of overdosing on Eucommia recorded in the literature (over a period of more than twenty-five hundred years).
Precautions: It should not be used in cases of hyperac-tivity of fire due to yin deficiency. Patients with hyperactive fire and yin deficiency should use this herb with caution.
Eucommia Bark.:Toxicity Study
Toxicity of Eucommia Bark extract:
No death or changes in physical conditions resulted from administering alcohol-based extract of Du Zhong to mice at 40g/kg for three consecutive days.Reference:Zhu Li Qing, et al. Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 1986;17(12):15. Neither does death result from a one-time gastrolavage of water-based extract of Du Zhong at the dosage of 120g/kg.Reference:Li Xian Ping, et al. Journal of Chinese Patented Medicine Research. 1988;(1):15-16.
Identification of Chlorogenic acid:
Chemical Name:Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid,3-((3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenol)1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)-1,4,5-trihydroxy-,(1S-(1-alpha,3-beta,4-alpha,5-alpha))-
CAS RN.:327-97-9. M.F.Molecular Formula.C16-H18-O9. Molecular Weight.M.W.354.34 RTECS:GU8480000 EINECS:206-325-6.
Synonyms:3-Caffeoylquinic acid;3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid;Chlorogenic acid;(1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-[[3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy]-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid; 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid; 5-O-(3,4-Dihydroxycinnamoyl)-L-quinic acid
Note:Mutagen,Reproductive Effector,Natural Product.
Melting point:205-209 deg C. alpha:-36 (c=1, H2O) Water solubility:soluble in hot water.
Acute Toxicity of Chlorogenic acid
LDLo-Lowest published lethal dose.Intraperitoneal.Rodent-rat.4 gm(4000mgs)/kg.
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.
Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.(Academic Press,Inc.,1E.First St.,Duluth,MN 55802)V.1-1959-Volume(issue)/page/year:36,227,1976.
Reproductive Date:Chlorogenic acid
TDLo-Lowest published toxic dose.Intraperitoneal.Rodent-rat.40 mg/kg.Sex/Duration:female 5~12 day(s) after conception.
Reproductive-Specific Developmental Abnormalities-musculoskeletal system.
Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.(Academic Press,Inc.,1E.First St.,Duluth,MN 55802)V.1-1959-Volume(issue)/page/year:36,227,1976.
Scientific Data and Mechanism:Eucommia Bark Hypotensive Effects
Eucommia ulmoides has been found to contain hypotensive compounds in 1974 at the University of Wisconsin. Since that time numerous studies have been conducted which have clarified the hypotensive effects of Eucommia. The hypotensive action has been demonstrated in numerous animal models and in humans. Hypotensive compounds exist in both the bark and leaves. The hypotensive compound has been determined to be pinoresinol diglucoside. The chemical structure has been determined and it has been synthesized.
The precise hypotensive mechanism has not been fully determined. Most studies indicate that the hypotensive action is a consequence of central inhibition. But conflicting studies indicate direct dilatory action on the vascular musculature.
Eucommia has been shown to markedly reduce cholesterol absorption in laboratory animals. It has also been shown to have mild sedative and anti-inflammatory action in pharmacological experiments. The experimental results indicate that one of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Eucommia involves enhancement of the adrenocortical function. This supports the traditional theory that Eucommia tonifies the Kidney function, which is now known to involve adrenocortical function.
Decoctions of this herb have been shown to have powerful effects on the immune systems of various laboratory animals. In particular, it appears that Eucommia significantly enhances phagocytic action. Phagocytosis involves the clearing away of foreign material from the blood stream by the white blood cells. In this particular action, Eucommia proved to be as powerful as Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis pilosula, two herbs that have been proven to have powerful immunological activity in animals and humans. Many studies have proven that Eucommia potentiates the immunologic functions of the body.
Clinically, the hypotensive action of the herb has been studied in several large clinical studies. In each case, the effective rate reached around 80% after 30 days of administration. The results have clearly shown that water extraction is effective, but that alcohol extraction is ineffective. Eucommia has been shown to have a mild diuretic action.
The hypotensive effect has been shown to be increased even further by combining with Lonicera japonica, Scutellaria baicalensis, Prunella vulgaris fruit clusters, and Loranthus parastiticus, all herbs traditionally prescribed to reduce high blood pressure. Using this combination, results were quick and effective in over 90% of the patients in the study. After just one week, most patients experienced a marked reduction in blood pressure, a stable emotional state and felt mentally refreshed and relaxed. The symptoms of tinnitus and numbness were relieved. The patients also reported marked amelioration of headaches, dizziness, palpitation, insomnia, chest discomfort and difficult mobility.
In a clinical study of 121 people with various types of arthritis and lumbago, a preparation made from the leaves of Eucommia had a marked effective rate of over 87%.
In another clinical study of 40 patients diagnosed as suffering from chronic strain of the lumbar muscles and lumbar osteoarthrosis, a Eucommia-based formula proved to be highly effective in relieving the symptoms. The Eucommia bark extract was combined with Psoralea corylifolia and Walnut kernel.
Eucommia has been found to induce interferon production in human beings.
Scientific References:
1.Eucommia bark,Duzhong and its Applicable Uses.
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
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seminal trace...Eucommia Bark.Cortex Eucommiae.10:1Extract Eucommia Ulmoides Cortex Eucommia ulmoides oliv....
Main Constituents: Aucubin,C15H22O9;Genipin,C11H14O5;Pinoresinol diglucoside,C32H42O16-4H2O,0.55%;Chlorogenic acid,C16H18O9,1.43%~15.23%,etc.
Toxicity of Eucommia Bark extract:
Scientific References:
Claims & Warning:
