Research Update:Black Paddy.Balack Rice.

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   Phytochemical info of Black Paddy.Balack Rice.

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   Research Update:Black Paddy.Balack Rice.

  CO2 emission from soil-crop system as influenced by crop growth and tissue N content.:Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2004 May;25(3):1-6. Chinese.Sun WJ, Huang Y, Chen ST, Yang ZF, Zheng XH.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. sunwenjcn@yahoo.com.cn

 To understand the CO2 emission from soil-crop system as influenced by crop growth and tissue N content, pot and field experiments were carried out during 2001-02 wheat and rice growing seasons. Black chambers were used to take gas samples within a closed soil-crop system. The CO2 emission rate was detected by a gas chromatograph. Seasonal change of the CO2 emission was observed from the soil-crop system. Respiration from the soil-rice system was higher than that from the soil-wheat system. Dark respiration of the crop shoot was positively correlated to the shoot biomass. The respiration coefficient Rd, defined as the amount of CO2-C respired by per unit biomass C within one day under a reference temperature of 25 degrees C, can be well quantitatively expressed by shoot N content for either wheat or rice crop. Relationship between the Rd and the N content can be described as a linear regression of Rd = 0.0124N - 0.0076 (R2=0.9879, p<0.001) for the wheat crop and as a quadratic equation of Rd = 0.0085N2 - 0.0049N (R2=0.9776, p<0.001) for the rice crop, respectively. The crop roots promoted the soil respiration greatly, which increased by 178% for the wheat and 338% for the rice in comparison with the respiration from root-free soil. A further calculation of the root respiration, including root autotrophic respiration and rhizosphere respiration, suggested that the contribution of crop rhizosphere respiration to the total soil respiration was greater in the upland soil than that in the irrigated paddy soil.

  Fate of fertilizer nitrogen in paddy field of black soil region.:Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2003 Nov;14(11):1859-62. Chinese.Han X, Wang S, Song C, Qiao Y.Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China.

 Taking the N application rate, method and main varieties applied in paddy field of black soil in Northeast China as the parameters, a micro-plot tracer isotope trial and a normal urea plot trial were conducted for two years to study the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in paddy field. The results showed that 22.2%-46.1% of applied chemical fertilizer nitrogen was absorbed and remained in the paddy plant, and averaged 37.68%. About 12.7% to 25.4% of applied N during the same year was remained in the soil. The determined nitrogen losses rate through ammonia volatilization in a closed chamber system was 19.0%-44.2%. The use efficiency of chemical fertilizer N was influenced by the application method. Higher use efficiency would be obtained with deeper or mixing application method. The amount of nitrogen remained in soil were related to the application method, and the remained rate was increased with the amount and application depth increasing. The experiment with 15N showed that no 15N residue was detected below 80 cm in depth, which was because the heavy texture of the black soil. The results of the tracer isotope trial and the plot experiments showed that there was a rough balance between the amount of residual nitrogen in soil and the priming effect from chemical fertilizer nitrogen.

  State of soil available sulphur and its requirement along Huaihe River region.:Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2001 Apr;12(2):210-2. Chinese.Yu Z, Zhang C, Wang S.Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036.

 This paper investigated the available S contents of yellow cinnamon soil, fluvisol, shajiang black soil and paddy soil, which were developed from loessial ancient-river alluyium, recent loess-flooding deposit, and Xiashu loess. The input and output, and the abundance and deficiency of soil available S were studied in combination with the mode of land utilization and fertization, and the soil demands of S was predicted. The results showed that the content of soil available S was decreased in the order of paddy soil > shajiang black soil > yellow cinnamon soil > fluvisol, and there was more S in irrigated land than in dry field in case of different land utilization. From the viewpoint of parent material, the deficiency frequency of soil available S was in the order of loessial ancient-river alluvium > Xiashu loess > recent loess-flooding deposit, and the potential deficiency frequency of S was loessial ancient-river alluvium > recent loess-flooding > Xiashu loess. As for soil type, the deficiency frequency of soil available S was in the order of deposit shajiang black soil > yellow cinnamon soil > fluvisol > paddy soil, and the potential deficiency frequency of S was paddy soil > fluvisol > shajiang black soil > yellow cinnamon soil. Shajiang black soil had the largest area of lacking available S, which amounted to 7.0 x 10(4) hm2, yellow cinnamon soil had an area of 2.0 x 10(4) hm2, and fluvisol was 6000 hm2. The total area of lacking S was 9.6 x 10(4) hm2, accounted for 25.06% of total cultivated area. The total area of potentially lacking S was 1.6 x 10(5) hm2, accounted for 42.04% of the total. According to the current available S content in soils and the S demands for high yielding crops, the S demands of 3.8 x 10(5) hm2 farmland in three counties and one district of Bengbu was about 3.0 x 10(6) kg and 1.2 x 10(6) kg in the recent and far future, respectively.

  Copper contamination in paddy soils irrigated with wastewater.:Chemosphere. 2000 Jul;41(1-2):3-6.Cao ZH, Hu ZY.Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. zhcao@issas.ac.cn

 Copper (Cu) contamination was investigated in paddy soils where Cu-rich wastewater (12 mg Cu/l) was used for irrigation. The results showed that Cu contamination increased the soil Cu content from 17.0 mg Cu/kg in the non-wastewater irrigated soils (NWIS) to 101.2 mg Cu/kg in the wastewater irrigated soils (WIS), and Cu accumulated mostly in the surface layer (0-10 cm) of the paddy soil. The average Cu contents in brown rice, rice hull and rice straw from NWIS were 1.4, 7.3 and 14.5 mg Cu/kg, while those from WIS were 15.5, 133.2, and 101.4 mg Cu/kg, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that the relationship between the Cu content in the rice straw and the rice hull with the total Cu content of the soil could be described by an exponential function (R2 = 0.921 and 0.831, respectively; P <0.01). Rice plants grown in the WIS showed symptoms of black roots, less effective tiller, etc. Subsequently, the rice yield decreased by 18-25%, compared with that grown in NWIS.

  Incrimination of Schistosoma spindale as a causative agent of farmer's dermatitis in Assam with a note on liver pathology in mice.:J Commun Dis. 1998 Mar;30(1):1-6.Narain K, Rajguru SK, Mahanta J.Indian Council of Medical Research, Assam, India.

 Cercarial dermatitis of paddy field workers in Assam is very common. However, it is not known which species of animal schistosomes, is its causative agent in Assam. Studies in two dermatitis affected villages of Dibrugarh district revealed that cercariae of Schistosoma spindale were involved in its aetiology. Indoplanorbis exustus was the only snail species found infected with apharyngeate brevifurcate schistosome cercarie. Experimental infection of the laboratory animals with the dermatitis causing schistosome cercariae revealed that duckling and chicken were refractory to infection. However, Swiss albino mice were successfully infected. The number of adult flukes per infected mice ranged from 6-321 (mean intensity = 68.1; S.D. = +/- 112.96). Histopathological study of infected mice liver revealed that there was mild inflammation of infected portal triads towards the presence of male flukes in the intra hepatic portal vessels. Kuppffer cells showed hyperplasia and contained large amounts of black pigment. No eggs or egg granulomas were detected in the liver parenchyma. There was no evidence of thrombophlebitis, septal fibrosis or pipe stem fibrosis.


  Supplementation of black rice pigment fraction improves antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status in patients with coronary heart disease.:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl 1:295-301.Wang Q, Han P, Zhang M, Xia M, Zhu H, Ma J, Hou M, Tang Z, Ling W.Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), 74 Zhongshan Road II. Guangzhou, China 510080.

 Black rice and its pigment fraction have shown anti-atherogenic activities in several animal models, but whether their beneficial effects will recur in humans remains unknown. The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of black rice pigment fraction (BRF) supplementation on selected cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Sixty patients with CHD aged 45-75 years were recruited from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China and randomly divided into two groups. In the test group, the diet was supplemented with 10 grams of BRF derived from black rice for 6 months; While in the placebo group, the diet was supplemented with 10 grams of white rice pigment fraction (WRF) derived from white rice. At baseline, plasma antioxidant status and the levels of inflammatory biomarkers and other measured variables were similar between two groups. After 6 months' intervention, compared to WRF supplementation, BRF supplementation greatly enhanced plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p=0.003), significantly reduce plasma levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) (p=0.03), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) (p=0.002) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (p=0.002) in the test group. No significant changes were observed in plasma total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, lipids level and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) between two groups. These results may suggest that BRF could exert cardioprotective effects on patients with CHD by improving plasma antioxidant status and inhibiting inflammatory factors.

  Relationship between trace metal concentration and antioxidative activity of ancient rice bran (red and black rice) and a present-day rice bran (Koshihikari).:J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2007;21(1):43-51. Epub 2007 Jan 16.

 Antioxidative activity and polyphenol and trace metal content in bran from ancient rice varieties (red and black rice) and a present-day variety of rice (Koshihikari) were measured. The antioxidative properties of rice bran in terms of scavenging and quenching activity for reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion radicals (*O(2)(-)), hydroxyl radicals (*OH), singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) and lipid peroxide (LOO*), correlated well with polyphenol and trace metal content. In particular, the possibly that Mn content greatly contributes to the antioxidative properties of rice bran was revealed.

  Effect of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) on hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats.:Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2007 Mar;62(1):1-6. Epub 2006 Dec 23.Guo H, Ling W, Wang Q, Liu C, Hu Y, Xia M, Feng X, Xia X.Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, P. R. China.

 This study was designed to evaluate the effect of an anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats. Rats fed fructose diet for 4 weeks exhibited significantly higher plasma insulin levels and lower insulin sensitivity than the control rats fed AIN-93G diet. Dietary supplementation with the anthocyanin-rich extract (5 g/kg of high-fructose diet) prevented the development of fructose-induced insulin resistance. After fructose-induced insulin resistance had been established, 4-week treatment with the anthocyanin-rich extract (5 g/kg of high-fructose diet) or pioglitazone (270 mg/kg of high-fructose diet) ameliorated the glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia, but the extract failed to reverse the fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia as pioglitazone did. In addition, rats supplemented by the extract exhibited lower oxidative stress than the fructose-fed controls, as indicated by the lower concentrations of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and blood oxidized glutathione. Overall, these results suggest that the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice improves certain metabolic abnormalities associated with diets high in fructose.

  Antioxidant effects of black rice extract through the induction of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities.:Lipids. 2006 Aug;41(8):797-803.Chiang AN, Wu HL, Yeh HI, Chu CS, Lin HC, Lee WC.Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. anchia@ym.edu.tw

 Our ex vivo study revealed that BRE had significantly stronger ability to inhibit LDL oxidation than white rice extract (WRE). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether black rice extract (BRE) supplementation might ameliorate oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant enzyme activities in HepG2 cells and in C57BL/6 mice. In the cellular study, superoxide anions (O2*-) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the BRE group were significantly suppressed. The BRE group also showed significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities by 161.6% and 73.4%, respectively. The major components responsible for the free-radical-scavenging and antioxidative properties might be cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride and peonidin-3-O-glucuside chloride. In the animal study, male C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups (control, BRE, and WRE). Plasma HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher, and thiobarbituric, acid-reactive substances were significantly lower in the BRE group, whereas plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were not affected by BRE supplementation. Increased hepatic SOD and CAT activities were observed in BRE-treated mice as compared to the control mice. However, no changes were detected for the protein expression of antioxidant enzymes by Western blot analysis. Our data suggest that antioxidative effects exerted by BRE are mediated through decreases in free-radical generation as well as increases in SOD and CAT activities both in vitro and in vivo.

  An anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice enhances atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.:J Nutr. 2006 Aug;136(8):2220-5.Xia X, Ling W, Ma J, Xia M, Hou M, Wang Q, Zhu H, Tang Z.Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China.

 Black rice and its pigment fraction may have antiatherogenic activity, but the exact component contributing to the beneficial effect remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on the vulnerability of advanced plaques in apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice. Using LC-MS, the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice was identified as containing cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside. ApoE-deficient mice (n = 30; 30 wk old) were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group (fed the AIN-93G diet), the simvastin group [simva; fed the AIN-93G diet containing simvastatin, 50 mg/(kg.d)], or the anthocyanin-rich extract group [antho; fed the AIN-93G diet supplemented with anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice, 300 mg/(kg.d)]. After 20 wk of intervention, the plaque area that developed in the brachiocephalic artery of mice in the antho group was smaller than that of the control mice. Both the antho and simva groups had lower frequencies of the large necrotic core and thin fibrous cap in plaques than the control group. Collagen I was increased and matrix metalloproteinase-1 contents were reduced in the brachiocephalic lesion of both the antho and simva groups compared with the control group. Furthermore, mRNA levels of tissue factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in aortae were decreased in the antho and simva groups. Supplementation of anthocyanin-rich extract improved the lipid profile by decreasing serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol. These results suggest that chronic diet intake of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice may enhance plaque stabilization in old apoE-deficient mice. The underlying mechanism is related mainly to inhibiting proinflammatory factors and improving the serum lipid profile.


  The effects of a mixture of brown and black rice on lipid profiles and antioxidant status in rats.:Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(4):347-53. Epub 2006 Jun 28.Kim JY, Do MH, Lee SS.Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.

 BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to investigate the influence of natural brown and black rice consumption on serum lipid parameters and hepatic enzyme activities in rats fed different combinations of grains. METHODS: 50 male rats were divided into 4 groups and raised for 8 weeks on diets containing white rice (WH), white rice and brown rice (WHBR), white rice and black rice (WHBL), brown rice and black rice (BRBL). Blood samples were collected for lipid measurements, and the oxidant and antioxidant status of liver was evaluated. RESULTS: Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats fed the WH diet were higher than in other groups. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly higher in rats fed diets including black rice such as WHBL and BRBL compared with WH and WHBR. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in liver is shown to be higher in rats in the order of those fed WH, WHBR, WHBL and BRBL. While superoxide dismutase and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase did not differ among the 4 groups, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in WH were significantly lower than in other groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that brown and black rice have cardioprotective effects.

  Anthocyanin composition in black, blue, pink, purple, and red cereal grains.:J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Jun 28;54(13):4696-704.Abdel-Aal el-SM, Young JC, Rabalski I.Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9. abdelaale@agr.gc.ca

 Anthocyanin pigments from a wide variety of edible and ornamental black, blue, pink, purple, red, and white wheat, barley, corn, rice, and wild rice were identified and quantified to evaluate their potential as natural colorants or functional food ingredients. The total anthocyanin contents varied significantly and exhibited a range of 7-3276 microg/g. Some grains, such as red rice and black rice, contained a limited number of pigments, whereas others, such as blue, pink, purple, and red corns, had complex anthocyanin profiles. Of the 42 anthocyanin compounds observed, 9 were characterized by comparison of the spectroscopic and chromatographic properties with those of authentic standards. The remaining compounds were tentatively identified on the basis of spectroscopic properties and electrospray ionization mass spectra. The most abundant anthocyanins were cyanidin 3-glucoside in black and red rices and in blue, purple, and red corns, pelargonidin 3-glucoside in pink corn, and delphinidin 3-glucoside in blue wheat.

  Iron content and bioavailability in rice.:J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2005;18(4):333-8. Review.Meng F, Wei Y, Yang X.Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus, Hangzhou 310029, China.

 Iron deficiency is probably the most widespread micronutrient deficiency in humans. Since rice is the main staple food for more than half of the global population, improving the iron content and bioavailability in rice is a perspective and an effective way to alleviate or even solve this problem. The present paper evaluates the iron content in different cereal foods (black rice, rice, red rice, sticky rice and millet) and different rice seeds as well as in the milling products, and the iron bioavailability of different forms. The data show that the iron content in black rice is higher than in the other rice types, and in rice chaff and husk the content is still fairly high. However, the iron content in rice and fine rice, which are the people's main staple food, is fairly low. As to the bioavailability of iron, it is fairly low in vegetable foods, almost at the level of 10%. Several methods have been applied to improve iron content and bioavailability in rice seed. Apart from breeding and genetic engineering, biochemical and physical approaches have frequently been used as prospective methods to regulate iron content and bioavailability in rice grains.

  A new 2-arylbenzofuran with antioxidant activity from the black colored rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2004 Nov;52(11):1365-6.Han SJ, Ryu SN, Kang SS.Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Korea.

 From the black colored rice bran of Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinjubyeo, a new 2-arylbenzofuran, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-dihydroxybenzofuran-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, oryzafuran (1), was isolated. Its structure has been elucidated on the basis of spectral data. This compound showed strong antioxidative activity in a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay.

  Tyrosinase inhibitor from black rice bran.:J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Nov 19;51(24):6953-6.

 The inhibitor of tyrosinase activity in black rice bran was investigated. The methanol extract from black rice bran was re-extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, or water. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibition against tyrosinase activity by 80.5% at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. Inhibitory compound in the ethyl acetate fraction was isolated by silica gel column chromatography, and identified as protocatechuic acid methyl ester (compound 1) by GC, GC-MS, IR, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compound 1 inhibited 75.4% of tyrosinase activity at a concentration of 0.50 micromol/mL. ID(50) (50% inhibition dose) value of compound 1 was 0.28 micromol/mL. To study the structure-activity relationship, protocatechuic acid (2), vanillic acid (3), vanillic acid methyl ester (4), isovanillic acid (5), isovanillic acid methyl ester (6), veratric acid (7), and veratric acid methyl ester (8) were also assayed.


  Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems.:J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Aug 27;51(18):5271-7.Hu C, Zawistowski J, Ling W, Kitts DD.Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.

 Anthocyanins, present in fruits and vegetables as natural colorants, have been well characterized to possess bioactive properties. Anthocyanin components extracted from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) separated by gel filtration and identified using LC-MS were cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside. A standardized extract of black rice pigmented fraction (BRE) containing known proportions of cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside exhibited marked antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging capacities in a battery of in vitro model systems. Significant (p < 0.05) prevention of supercoiled DNA strand scission induced by reactive oxygen species (specifically, peroxyl radical and hydroxyl radicals) and suppression of the oxidative modification of human low-density lipoprotein was obtained with BRE. In addition, BRE reduced (p < 0.05) the formation of nitric oxide by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, without introducing cell toxicity. The results of this study show that black rice contains anthocyanin pigments with notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for potential use in nutraceutical or functional food formulations.

  Effects of black and red rice on the formation of aortic plaques and blood lipids in rabbits.:Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2000 May 30;29(3):170-2. Chinese.Chen Q, Ling W, Ma J, Mei J.School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510089, China.

 In order to observe the antiatherosclerotic effects of black and red rice and to find out their mechanism, 24 New Zealand male white rabbits (average body weight 1.91 kg) were divided randomly into three groups (white rice, black rice and red rice groups). The rabbits were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (cholesterol 5 g/kg, lard 35 g/kg) containing 300 g/kg white, black and red rice powder respectively. The rabbits were sacrificed 10 weeks later. The aorta was dissected and stained in 0.5% oilred-isopropanol solution. The plaque area and total area of aorta were measured by an automatic image analyzer. Serum lipids were determined by an automatic analyzer. The results showed that the plaque area (% of total surface) in the black and red rice groups was significantly lower than that in the white rice group (P < 0.05). Serum TG, TC, LDL-C, ApoB and ApoAI/ApoB were not significantly different among the three groups (P > 0.05). However, the concentrations of HDL-C and ApoAI were significantly higher in the black and red rice groups than those in the white groups (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the black and red rice groups. It is concluded that black and red rice might be effective in reducing atherosclerotic plaques on the aorta of rabbits fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. The effectiveness of black and red rice against atherosclerosis might be related to the high level of serum HDL-C and ApoAI.

  Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanin Extract from Purple Black Rice.:J Med Food. 2001 Winter;4(4):211-218.

 Antioxidant activity was studied for anthocyanins extracted from purple black rice (PBR) by a 3% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid solution (TFA), as well as for anthocyanins extracted from blueberry (Bluetta, high bush type). Capillary zone electrophoresis revealed that the PBR extract contained almost exclusively a single anthocyanin, which was identified as cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (Cy 3-Glc) after purification by polyvinylpyrrolidone column chromatography. In contrast, 11 anthocyanins were identified in the blueberry extract. PBR extract showed slightly weaker superoxide scavenging and crocin bleaching activities than blueberry extract did. Both PBR and blueberry extracts, however, showed 10 to 25 times stronger activity than the same concentration of Trolox used as a reference antioxidant. It was further noted that the purified Cy 3-Glc from PBR extract retained approximately 74% of the antioxidant activity (both crocin bleaching and superoxide scavenging) observed in the original TFA extract. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of both extracts was several times weaker than that of the same concentration of Trolox, although the PBR extract showed approximately two times stronger activity than blueberry extract did. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the purified Cy 3-Glc from PBR, however, decreased to approximately 20% of that of the original PBR extract. These results indicate that the anthocyanin Cy 3-Glc contributes to the antioxidant activity of PBR through its strong superoxide radical but not hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.

  Supplementation of diets with the black rice pigment fraction attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein e deficient mice.:J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):744-51.Xia M, Ling WH, Ma J, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J.Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yet-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.

 Apolipoprotein (apo)E-deficient mice were used to study the antiatherogenic effect of black rice pigment fraction (BRF) and the possible mechanisms by which it inhibits atherogenesis. The apoE-deficient mice (n = 45) were randomly divided into three groups and received AIN-93G diet (positive group), AIN-93G with 5 g of black rice pigment fraction/100 g (BRF group) and AIN-93G with 5 g of white rice outer layer fraction/100 g (WRF group) for 16 wk. C57BL/6J mice (n = 15) received AIN-93G and were used as a control group. Blood samples were collected for measurement of lipid concentration, antioxidized LDL antibody and nitric oxide concentration. Livers were extracted for determination of cholesterol concentrations, and aortas were used to determine cholesterol concentrations and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein and mRNA expression. Hearts were used to assess atherosclerotic plaque formation. The apoE-deficient mice fed the black rice pigment fraction diet had 48% (P < 0.01) less atherosclerotic lesion area compared with apoE-deficient mice fed only the AIN-93G diet and 46% (P < 0.01) less lesion area compared with mice fed the white rice outer layer fraction diet. This observation corresponded with significantly (P < 0.05) lower total serum cholesterol, lower liver and aorta cholesterol (P < 0.01) and higher HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05) concentrations and lower (P < 0.05) antioxidized LDL antibody titer in apoE-deficient mice fed the black rice pigment fraction diet compared with positive and WRF groups. Notwithstanding this, mice fed the black rice pigment fraction diet also had lower CD4(+) T lymphocyte expression (P < 0.05) and weaker inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (P < 0.05) compared with mice fed the AIN-93G diet and the white rice outer layer fraction diet, respectively. We concluded that the inhibition of atherosclerotic lesions of the black rice pigment fraction is attributed to the improvement in cholesterol accumulation and reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation.

  Supplementation of the black rice outer layer fraction to rabbits decreases atherosclerotic plaque formation and increases antioxidant status.:J Nutr. 2002 Jan;132(1):20-6.Ling WH, Wang LL, Ma J.Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, PR-China. whling@gzsums.edu.cn

 The influence of the supplementation of black and white rice outer layer fractions on atherosclerotic plaque formation induced by hypercholesterolemia was investigated in rabbits. Male rabbits (n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups. They were fed nonpurified diet (normal group), a lard (3.5 g/100 g) with high cholesterol (0.5 g/100 g) diet (HC group); the HC diet with 5 g/100 g white rice outer layer fraction (WRF group); or the HC diet with 5 g/100 g black rice outer layer fraction (BRF) for 2 mo. Blood samples were collected for determination of lipid concentration and oxidative and antioxidative status variables, and aortae were taken for the assessment of atherosclerotic plaques. The atherosclerotic plaque area in rabbits fed the BRF diet was 66% lower than that of the HC or WRF rabbits (P < 0.001). Supplementation of the black rice outer layer significantly (P < 0.05) lowered aortic 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (-52%, -44%) compared with the WRF or HC diets (P < 0.05). There were no differences in aortic 8-OHdG levels between rabbits fed the BRF and normal diets. The BRF diet significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level of serum (-37%) and aortic artery (-50%) compared with the WRF diet. There were no differences in the concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C or the ratio of apoprotein (apo)I/apoB among the HC, WRF and BRF groups. Similarly, there were no differences in the serum vitamin E concentration and erythrocyte and aorta superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities among rabbits fed these diets. The serum concentration of most fatty acids except 18:1 did not differ between the WRF and the BRF groups. We conclude that the inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque formation derived from the black rice outer layer fraction in rabbits might be mediated by antioxidative or anti-inflammatory effects.


  Red and black rice decrease atherosclerotic plaque formation and increase antioxidant status in rabbits.:J Nutr. 2001 May;131(5):1421-6. Ling WH, Cheng QX, Ma J, Wang T.Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, PR-China. whling@gzsums.edu.cn

 The influence of white, red and black rice consumption on atherosclerotic plaque formation induced by hypercholesterolemia was investigated in rabbits. Male rabbits (n = 36) were divided into five groups. They were fed a normal laboratory purified diet (normal group, n = 6), a high cholesterol (0.5 g/100 g) diet (HC group, n = 6), a high cholesterol diet with 30 g/100 g white rice (WR group, n = 8), 30 g/100 g red rice (RR group, n = 8), or 30 g/100 g black rice (BR group, n = 8) for 10 wk. Blood samples were collected for lipid measurements and aorta were removed for assessment of atherosclerotic plaques at the end of the protocol. The oxidant and antioxidant status of blood, erythrocytes, liver and aorta was evaluated. The area of atherosclerotic plaque was 50% lower in rabbits fed the red or black rice diets than in those fed the white rice diet. Compared with the HC and WR groups, serum HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I concentration were greater (P < 0.05) in the RR and BR groups. Liver reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aortic malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower, and the liver total antioxidative capacity (TAC) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly higher in the RR and BR groups compared with the HC and WR groups. Red or black rice consumption reduced or retarded the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development induced by dietary cholesterol. The enhanced serum HDL cholesterol and apo A-I concentrations, and the increased antioxidant and decreased oxidative status may be mechanisms of the antiatherogenic effect of red or black rice.

  Culturally-sensitive weight loss program produces significant reduction in weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol in eight weeks.:J Natl Med Assoc. 2000 Nov;92(11):515-23.Ard JD, Rosati R, Oddone EZ.Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

 Dietary and behavioral needs of special populations are rarely considered in traditional weight loss programs. This study assessed the impact of culturally-sensitive modifications to the Duke University Rice Diet weight loss program for African-American dieters. The study was a randomized modified cross-over study in which volunteers received either early or delayed weight loss intervention. Final outcomes were measured at 8 weeks. At the onset of the study, there were 56 African American participants, however, only 44 (79%) completed the study. The eight-week intervention was a modified 1000-calorie/day version of the Rice Diet. Modifications to the program included decreased cost, culturally-sensitive recipes, addressing attitudes about exercise, and including family members in weight loss efforts. Average weight loss for subjects completing the program was 14.8 pounds (SD = 6.8 pounds). BMI decreased from 37.8 kg/m2 to 35.3 kg/m2 (p < 0.01). Total cholesterol levels decreased from 199.2 mg/dL to 185.4 mg/dL (p < 0.01); systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 4.3 mmHg (p < 0.01) and 2.4 mmHg (p < 0.05), respectively. The control group showed no significant change in any outcome measures. We found that diet programs can be successfully tailored to incorporate the needs of African-Americans. Most importantly, these dietary program changes can lead to significant improvement in clinical parameters. Additional studies are necessary to determine the permanence of these short-term changes.


  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update:Black Paddy.Balack Rice.