Research update:Auricularia auricula-judae.

  seminal trace...Jew's Ear Fungus.Pepeao.5:1Extract.Auricularia auricula-judae,Black Fungus.Elder wood Fungus,pepeao

 


   Phytochemical info of Auricularia auricula-judae.

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 Definition:Auricularia auricula-judae are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research update:Auricularia auricula-judae.

  beta-Glucan synthase induction in mushrooms grown on olive mill wastewaters.:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Dec;66(2):217-25. Epub 2004 Jul 29.Reverberi M, Di Mario F, Tomati U.IBAF, Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale-CNR, Area della Ricerca di Roma, via Salaria Km 29.300, 00016 (Rm) Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.

 beta-1-3-Glucan synthase activity and its induction by olive mill wastewaters (OMW) was studied in ten fungal strains (Auricularia auricula-judae, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, Stropharia aeruginosa, Agrocybe aegerita, P. pulmonarius, Armillaria mellea, P. ferulae, P. ostreatus, P. nebrodensis). A microtiter-based enzymatic assay on beta-1-3-glucan synthase activity was carried out on all mycelia growth both on the control medium and on OMW. Among the fungi assayed, L. edodes beta-1-3-glucan synthase was highly enhanced in OMW. The main components of OMW, i.e. phenols and lipids, were added separately to the control medium, to highlight the mechanism of L. edodes beta-1-3-glucan synthase induction. A Southern blot analysis and PCR with degenerated primers were carried out to detect the presence of fks1-like genes in these Basidiomycetes. The sequences obtained from the ten Basidiomycota were remarkably similar to fks1 from Filobasidiella neoformans. Spectrofluorimetric and RT-PCR analyses of beta-1-3-glucan synthase were performed on the mycelia of L. edodes. In this fungus, a strong stimulation of beta-1-3-glucan synthase mRNA and protein was recorded in the presence of OMW and phenols.

  Reductive effect of hot-water extracts from woody ear (Auricularia auricula-judae Quel.) on food intake and blood glucose concentration in genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice.:J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2004 Aug;50(4):300-4.

 Genetically diabetic (type II) KK-Ay mice, male and 5 wk of age, were divided into four groups and fed test diets containing 2 (2F), 5 (5F), 10 (10F), or 20 (20F)% fat for 4 wk, and then the 5F group and one-half of the 20F group continued to be fed the corresponding diet and the other half of the latter group was given the 20F (20FHWE) diet with 5% hot-water extracts (HWE) from woody ear (Auricularia auricula-judae Quel.) for a further 3 wk. Remarkable changes in body weight were unfound among the dietary groups. The food intake generally decreased according to the increase in dietary fat content, but the energy expenditure was hardly different among the dietary groups except for the 20FHWE group. That of the 20FHWE group was further decreased compared to the 20F group. Water consumption dropped in the order of the 20F, 5F, and 20FHWE groups. The plasma glucose concentration was the highest in the 20F group, followed in order by the 10F and 5F groups, and the lowest in the 2F and 20FHWE groups. The contents of dietary fat were most positively correlated with the plasma glucose level. The present results using KK-Ay mice confirm that dietary fat levels control postprandial glycaemia, and suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of HWE is primarily caused by a reduction in food ingestion.

  Production of an anti-complement exo-polymer produced by Auricularia auricula-judae in submerged culture.:Biotechnol Lett. 2004 Jun;26(11):923-7.Jeong SC, Cho SP, Yang BK, Gu YA, Jang JH, Huh TL, Song CH.Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyungsan, Gyungbuk 712-714, South Korea.

 Exo-polymer (EP) was produced at 1.2 g l(-1) in submerged culture of Auricular auricula-judae. Crude EP (AJ-0) has 70% anti-complementary activity (inhibition of total complementary hemolysis 50%; ITCH50). The activating pathway of the complement system occurred through both the classical and alternative pathways, though the major pathway was the classical one. Fractionation of AJ-0 using Sepharose CL-6B gel chromatography gave three major fractions (AJ-Fr-I, II and III) of which the first was the most active. The mycelial growth and EP production of A. auricula-judae were optimal at pH 6, 25 degrees C and pH 5, 25 degrees C, respectively.

  Screening for phenoloxidases from edible mushrooms.:Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Oct;65(10):2334-6.

 A screening test for phenoloxidases from edible mushrooms was done on potato dextrose agar plates that contained phenolic chemicals. Many edible mushrooms showed positive reactions on the agar plates. Among them, Auricularia auricula-judae, Clitocybe nebularis, Lentinus edodes, Pholiota aurivella, and Pseudohiatula oshimae produced a considerable amount of phenoloxidases, and these enzymes showed maximum activities in the acidic pH region.

  Mycelium growth kinetics and optimal temperature conditions for the cultivation of edible mushroom species on lignocellulosic substrates.:Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2001;46(3):231-4. Zervakis G, Philippoussis A, Ioannidou S, Diamantopoulou P.Institute of Kalamata, National Agricultural Research Foundation, 241 00 Kalamata, Greece. zervakis@kal.forthnet.gr

 The influence of environmental parameters on mycelial linear growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, P. pulmonarius, Agrocybe aegerita, Lentinula edodes, Volvariella volvacea and Auricularia auricula-judae was determined in two different nutrient media in a wide range of temperature, forming the basis for the assessment of their temperature optima. V. volvacea grew faster at 35 degrees C, P. eryngii at 25 degrees C, P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius at 30 degrees C, A. aegerita at 25 or 30 degrees C and A. auricula-judae at 20 or 25 degrees C depending on the nutrient medium used and L. edodes at 20 or 30 degrees C depending on the strain examined. The mycelium extension rates were evaluated on seven mushroom cultivation substrates: wheat straw, cotton gin-trash, peanut shells, poplar sawdust, oak sawdust, corn cobs and olive press-cake. The mycelium extension rates (linear growth and colonization rates) were determined by the 'race-tube' technique, and were found to be the highest on cotton gin-trash, peanut shells and poplar sawdust for Pleurotus spp. and A. aegerita. Wheat straw, peanut shells and particularly cotton gin-trash supported fast growth of V. volvacea, whereas wheat straw was the most suitable substrate for L. edodes and A. auricula-judae. Supplemented oak sawdust and olive press-cake were poor substrates for most species examined, while almost all strains performed adequately on corn cobs.


  Ameliorating effects of water-soluble polysaccharides from woody ear (Auricularia auricula-judae Quel.) in genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice.:J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1998 Dec;44(6):829-40. Erratum in: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1999 Jan;45(1):151.

 We investigated the ameliorating effects of the three groups of water-soluble polysaccharides, a mixture of crude polysaccharides (FA), acidic polysaccharide fractions (FA-A), and neutral polysaccharide fractions (FA-N), obtained from the hot water extracts of the fruit bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae Quel. In genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice from 6 to 11 weeks of age. Male mice were divided into five dietary groups: 1) control group, given a basal diet; 2) FA group, given an FA diet (15 g FA/kg diet); 3) FA-A group, given an FA-A diet (8 g FA-A/kg diet); 4) low FA-N group, given a low FA-N diet (2 g FA-N/kg diet); and 5) high FA-N group, given a high FA-N diet (8 g FA-N/kg diet). Compared with the control diet, FA supplementation had significant effects in lowering fasting and nonfasting blood glucose, HbA1c, urinary glucose, food intake, and water intake. FA administration also improved glucose tolerance to intraperitoneal glucose loading, but it did not affect the nonfasting insulin level. FA-N supplementation had dose-dependent effects in lowering fasting and nonfasting food glucose, insulin, HbA1c, urinary glucose, food intake, and water intake. However, the glucose tolerance was not ameliorated by either the low or the high FA-N diet. FA-A administration showed no beneficial effects in KK-Ay mice.

  Hypoglycemic effect of water-soluble polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula-judae Quel. on genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice.:Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1998 Oct;62(10):1898-903.

 The hypoglycemic effect of water-soluble polysaccharide(FA) from fruiting bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae Quel. was investigated on genetically diabetic mice (KK-Ay) from 10 to 14 weeks of age. Male mice were divided into 3 groups, the control group and FA-fed group having free access to the control diet or FA diet (30 g of FA/kg of diet). The food-restricted group had restricted access to the control diet at the level of the diet consumed by the FA-fed group. Compared with the control group, FA supplementation had a significant effect in lowering plasma glucose, insulin, urinary glucose, and food intake. FA administration also increased the tolerance to intraperitoneal glucose loading and the hepatic glycogen content. In the food-restricted group, the reduced food intake slightly lowered the plasma and urinary glucose levels, but did not improve hyperinsulinemia and glucose tolerance. This study shows that FA had a hypoglycemic effect on KK-Ay mice, and the reduced food consumption was not a major factor which contributed to the hypoglycemic action of FA.

  Properties of Auricularia auricula-judae beta-D-glucan in dilute solution.:Biopolymers. 1995 Dec;36(6):695-700.Zhang L, Yang L.Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, China.

 A water-soluble glucan A was isolated from the fruit body of Auricularia auricula-judae. It is composed of a backbone chain of beta-(1-->3)-linked D-glucose residues, two out of three glucose residues being substituted at C-6 positions with a single glucose unit. The weight average molecular weight Mw, number average molecular weight Mn, and intrinsic viscosity [eta] of the fractionated samples were studied at 25 degrees C in water and in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The Mark-Houwink equation was established as [eta] = 6.10 x 10(-4) Mw1.14 for the glucan A having Mw ranging from 9 x 10(5) to 1.6 x 10(6) in water. The values of [eta] in water are far higher than those in DMSO, but the values of Mn measured in water are the same as those in DMSO. Analysis of Mw and [eta] in terms of the known theories for rods and wormlike chains yielded 1030 +/- 100 nm-1, 90 +/- 20 nm, 1.3 +/- 0.3 nm, and 0.26 +/- 0.03 nm for molar mass per unit contour length ML, persistence length q, diameter d, and contour length h per main-chain glucose residue, respectively. The present data suggest that glucan A dissolves in water as single-stranded helical chains and in DMSO as semiflexible chains.

  Polysaccharides in fungi. XIV. Anti-inflammatory effect of the polysaccharides from the fruit bodies of several fungi.:J Pharmacobiodyn. 1983 Dec;6(12):983-90.Ukai S, Kiho T, Hara C, Kuruma I, Tanaka Y.

 Anti-inflammatory assays on the carrageenin-induced edema and scald-induced hyperalgesia in the hindpaw of rats were studied on polysaccharides obtained from the fruit bodies of various fungi (polysaccharide AC, BC: Tremella fuciformis;MEA, MHA, MCW-A, MCW-N: Auricularia auricula-judae; T-2-HN: Dictophora indusiata;G-A: Ganoderma japonicum). The purified polysaccharides MHA, MCW-A, G-A and T-2-HN exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on carrageenin edema. Among these polysaccharides, T-2-HN (partially O-acetylated alpha-D-mannan) also showed the marked inhibitory effect on scald hyperalgesia. We have found that T-2-HN has more potent anti-inflammatory activity than phenylbutazone in the above two inflammatory models. Since the purified polysaccharide is free from protein and lipid, it is clear that anti-inflammatory effect arises from the polysaccharide itself. The polysaccharides (T-2-HN, locust bean gun, xanthan gum) had little effect on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in canine platelets. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of the polysaccharide remains obscure.

  The nucleotide sequences of the 5S rRNAs of four mushrooms and their use in studying the phylogenetic position of basidiomycetes among the eukaryotes.:Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 May 11;11(9):2871-80.Huysmans E, Dams E, Vandenberghe A, De Wachter R.

 The nucleotide sequences of the 5 S ribosomal RNAs of the mushrooms Russula cyanoxantha, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus edulis, and Auricularia auricula-judae were determined. The sequences fit in a universal five-helix secondary structure model for 5 S RNA. As in most other 5 S RNAs, some helical areas contain non-standard base pairs. A clustering method was used to reconstruct an evolutionary tree from 82 eukaryotic 5 S RNA sequences. It allows to make a choice between alternative systematic classifications for basidiomycetes and reveals that the fungal kingdom is highly polyphyletic.


  Studies on interrelation of structure and antitumor effects of polysaccharides: antitumor action of periodate-modified, branched (1 goes to 3)-beta-D-glucan of Auricularia auricula-judae, and other polysaccharides containing (1 goes to 3)-glycosidic linkages:Carbohydr Res. 1981 May 18;92(1):115-29.

 Antitumor activities of two (1 goes to 3)-beta-D-glucans, isolated from the fruiting body of Auricularia auricula-judae ("kikurage", an edible mushroom), and other branched polysaccharides containing a backbone chain of (1 goes to 2)-alpha-D-glucosidic or (1 goes to 3)-alpha-D-mannosidic linkage [and their corresponding (1 goes to 3)-D-glycans, derived by mild, Smith degradation] were compared. Among these polysaccharides, a water-soluble, branched (1 goes to 3)-beta-D-glucan (glucan I) of A. auricula-judae exhibited potent, inhibitory activity against implanted Sarcoma 180 solid tumor in mice. The alkali-insoluble, branched (1 goes to 3)-beta-D-glucan (glucan II), a major constituent of the fruiting body, showed essentially no inhibitory activity. When the latter glucan, having numerous branches attached, was modified by controlled, periodate oxidation, borohydride reduction, and mild, acid hydrolysis, the resulting, water-soluble, regraded glucan, having covalently linked polyhydroxy groups attached at O-6 of the (1 goes to 3)-linked D-glucosyl residues, exhibited potent antitumor activity. Further investigations using the glucan-polyalcohol indicated that the attachment of the polyhydroxy groups to the (1 goes to 3)-beta-D-glucan backbone may enhance the antitumor potency of the glucan. On the other hand, partial introduction of carboxymethyl groups into glucan II (d.s., 0.47--0.86), which altered the insolubility property, failed to enhance the antitumor activity. The interrelation between the antitumor activity and the structure of the branched (1 goes to 3)-beta-D-glucan is discussed, on the basis of methylation and 13C-n.m.r. studies of the periodate-modified glucans.


  Scientific References:

  1.Research update:Auricularia auricula-judae.