What is the differenciation between Panax ginseng and Ginsengs,How to use Panax Ginseng,Chemistry and Pharmacology,Substitutes?
Article Content:
- .Botanical Identification and Info of Panax Ginseng.
- .Difference between Ginsengs.
- .Plant Description of Ginseng.
- .Overview and tells of Panax ginseng.
- .Panax ginseng Asian ginseng root.
- .Constituents and Phytochemicals of Panax Ginseng.
- .Uses of Panax Ginseng.
- .Therapeutics and Pharmacology of Panax Ginseng.
- .Substitutes of Panax Ginseng.
- .How to use Panax Ginseng: dosage,administration,precautions and combinations.
- .The Ginseng Trade War.
- .Research Update:Panax ginseng and Ginsenoside
Constituents and Phytochemicals of Panax Ginseng.
Steroidal glycosides known as panaxosides or ginsenosides which, on extraction or drying, may be hydrolysed and the aglycones converted to panaxadiols and panaxatriols. At least 25 ginsenosides have been identified: triterpene glycosides (hormone-like saponins). Also acetylenic compounds: panaxynol (falcarinol), panaxytriol (falcarintriol), panaxydol and others; peptidoglycans (panaxans A-E); sesquiterpenes, including b-elemene; amino acids, peptides, volatile oil, sugars, sterols, starch, pectin, choline, fats, vitamins B1, B2 and B12, and minerals (zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese, vanadium). The wild root, but not the cultivated one, is said to contain oestrogenic principles.
Actions: thymoleptic, adaptagenic, stimulant, tonic, demulcent, stomachic, cardiotonic, hypoglycaemic, reputed aphrodisiac
Indications: physical or mental exhaustion, stress, inadequate resistance to infections, neurasthenia, neuralgia, insomnia, hypotonia. Specifically indicated in depressive states associated with sexual inadequacy.
Active Component and Structure:Triterpenoid saponins - Ginsenoside;Acetylenic compounds;Panaxans;Sesquiterpenes
Phytochemicals and Constituents:
Main Constituents:
Ginsenoside Rb1,C54H92O23,0.56%;Ginsenoside Re,C48H82O18,0.30%;Ginsenoside Rg1,C42H72O14,0.46%;etc.
Other Phytochemicals:
20-glucoginsenoside-Rf ; Notoginsenoside-R1, R4; Panaxynol; Panaxydol; Falcarinol; Heptadec-1-ene-4,6-diyn-3,9-diol; Panaxydol chlorohydrine; Panaxytriol; Acetyl panaxydol; Ginsenoyne-A-K; (-, (-Guriunene; (-, (-Panasinsene; Caryophyllene; (-farnesene; (-, (-Neoclovene; (-, (-Humulene; (-, (-, (-Selinene; Selina-4(14),7(11)-diene; Caryophyllene alcohol; Bicyclogermacrene; (-, (-guaiene; (-cubebene; (-patchoulene; Eremophilene; (-, (-elemene; (-bisabolene; (-aromadendrene; (-, (-santalene ; (-, (-cadiene; (-maliene; Mayurone; Ledol; Panasinsanol A, B; Ginsenol; Spathulenol; 4 (, 10 (-aromadendranediol,; Neointermedeol; Eicosenoic acid; Citric acid; Fumaric acid; Malic acid; Maleic acid; Succinic acid; Tartaric acid; Salycylic acid; Vanillic acid; Oleic acid; Linoleic acid; Linolenic acid; Palmitoleic acid; Palmitic acid; Palmitin; Linolein; (-, (-dipalmitin; (-sitosterol; Stigmasterol; Campersterol; Daucosterol; Glucose; Fructose; Galactose; Arabinose; Rhamnose; Xylose; Mannose; Sucrose; Maltose; Raffinose; Panose A, B, C, D; Panaxan A-U; Glacturonic acid; Arginine; (-aminobutyric acid; Glutamic acid; Aspartic Acid; Proline; Lysine; (-N-oxalyl-L-(-, (-diaminopropionic acid; N9-formylharman; Ethyl-(-carboline-1-carboxylate; Perlolyrine; Choline; Lysophosphatidyl choline; Phosphatidyl choline; Phosphatidylinositol; Phosphatidyl serine; Phosphatidyl ethanolamine; Phosphatidyl glycerol; Di-phosphatidyl glycerol; Phosphatidic acid; Gomisin, A, N; Ginsenoside-Ro, -Ra1, -Ra2, -Ra3, -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rb3, -Re, -Rd, -Rg3; Guinguenoside-R1, R2; Malonylginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rf,-Rg1, -Rg2,-Rh1; (8E)-1,8-heptadecadiene-4, 6-diyne-3, 10-diol; (-sitosterol-3-(6-linoleoyl)glucopyranoside; (-sitosterol-3-(6-palmitoyl)glucopyranoside; (-sitosterol-3-(6-palmitoleoyl)glucopyranoside; (-sitosterol-3-(6-stearoyl)glucopyranoside; (-sitosterol-3-6-(oleoyl) glucopyranoside; Stigmasterol-3-(6-linolcoyl)glucopyranoside; Stigmasterol-3-(6-palmitoyl)glucopyranoside; Stigmasterol-3-(6-oleoyl)glucopyranoside; (-, (-dilinoleoyl glycerogalactolipid; (-, (-dilinolenoyl glycerogalactolipid; (-, (-dioleoyl glycerogalactolipid; (-, (-dipalmitoyl glycerogalactolipid.
Inorganic Chemicals:
Al, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, P, B, and 26 inorganic elements and vitamins B1, B2, C, and nicotinic acid
Phytochemicals in classification:
Ginsenosides:
Pnax ginseng contains Ginsenoside Ro;Ginsenoside Ra1;Ginsenoside Ra2;Ginsenoside Ra3;Ginsenoside Rb2;Ginsenoside Rb3;Ginsenoside Rc;Ginsenoside Rd;Ginsenoside Rg3;Ginsenoside R1;Ginsenoside R2;maloney-ginsenoside Rc;maloney-ginsenoside Rd;Ginsenoside Re;Ginsenoside Rf;Ginsenoside Rg2;Ginsenoside Rh1;20-glucoginsenoside Rf;notoginsenoside R1;notoginsenoside R4.
Panaxynol class:
Panax ginseng contains panaxynol;panaxydol;facarinol;heptadec-1-ene-4,6-diyn-3,9-diol;panaxydol chlorohydrine;panaxytriol;acetyl panaxydol;(8E)-1,8-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,10-diol;Ginsenoyne A;Ginsenoyne B;Ginsenoyne C;Ginsenoyne D;Ginsenoyne E;Ginsenoyne F;Ginsenoyne G;Ginsenoyne H;Ginsenoyne I;Ginsenoyne J;Ginsenoyne K.
Volatile Oil:
Panax ginseng volatile oil contains eicosenoic acid (2.37%);alpha-gurjunene;beta-gurjunene;alpha-panasinsene;beta-panasinsene;caryophyllene;beta-farnesene;alpha-neoclovene;beta-neoclovene;alpha-humulene;beta-humulene;selinene;selina-4(14),7(11)-diene;caryophyllene alcohol;bicyclogermacrene;alpha-guaiene;beta-guaiene;alpha-cubebene;beta-patchoulene;eremophilene;alpha-elemene;beta-elemene;alpha-santalene;beta-santalene;beta-bisabolene;cadinene;beta-maaliene;mayurone;ledol;etc.panasinsanol A;panasinsanol B;ginsenol;neointermedeol;4beta,10alpha-aromadendranediol;spathulenol;
Organic Acid:
Panax ginseng contains organic acids including cis-butendicarboxylic acid;citric acid;malic acid;maleic acid;succinic acid;fumaric acid;salicylic acid;tartaric acid;vanillic acid;p-hydroxycinnamic acid;oleic acid;linolenic acid;linoleic acid;palmitic acid;palmitoleic acid;palmitin;pyruvic acid;linolein;alpha-dipalmitin;gamma-dipalmitin;panax acid,etc.
Saccharide:
Panax ginseng contains saccharides including glucose;fructose;galactose;arabinose;rhamnose;sucrose;xylose;maltose;mannose;raffinose;panose A;panose B;panose C;panose D;panaxan A;panaxan B;panaxan C;panaxan D;panaxan E;panaxan F;panaxan G;panaxan H;panaxan I;panaxan J;panaxan K;panaxan M;panaxan N;panaxan O;panaxan P;panaxan Q;panaxan R;panaxan S;panaxan T;panaxan U;Water soluble Polysaccharides(38.7%) and Alkaloids soluble Polysaccharides 7.8%~10.6%;80% of these saccharides are panax starch,20% are panax pectin;panax pectin composed of Acidic Heteropolysaccharide A and Acidic Heteropolysaccharide B;Acidic Heteropolysaccharide A composed of galactose,arabinose and rhamnose at mol ratio 4.7:2.6:1;Acidic Heteropolysaccharide B composed of galactose,arabinose and rhamnose at mol ratio 3.3:1.8:1,togethor with galacturonic acid (76%);Ginseng Polysaccharides GH-1 composed of galacturonic acid and arabinose,Ginseng Polysaccharides GH-2 composed of galacturonic acid, arabinose and rhamnose;
Amino Acids:
Fresh ginseng root contains total amino acid about 9.581%,sun dried ginseng root contains total amino acid about 8.790%,arginine;glutamic acid;gamma-aminobutyric acid;aspartic acid;proline;lysine and other 17 kinds of amino acids;Beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid;
Sterols:
Beta-sitosterol;stigmasterol;campesterol;daucosterol;beta-sitosterol-3-(6-linoleoyl) glucopyranoside;beta-sitosterol-3-(6-stearoyl) glucopyranoside;beta-sitosterol-3-(6-palmitoleoyl)glucopyranoside;beta-sitosterol-3-(6-oleoy)glucopyranoside;beta-sitosterol-3-(6-linoleoyl)glucopyranoside;stigmasterol-3-(6-palmitoleoyl)glucopyranoside;stigmasterol-3-(6-oleoyl) glucopyranoside;stigmasterol-3-(6-palmitoyl)glucopyranoside;stigmasterol-3-(6-stearoyl)glucopyranoside;etc.
Lecithin:
Sun dried ginseng root contains lysophosphatidyl choline;phosphatidyl choline;phosphatidyl ethanoamine;phosphatidylinositol;phosphatidyl serine;phosphatidyl glycerol;diphosphatidyl glycerol;phosphatidyl acid; but white ginseng deos not contains diphosphatidyl glycerol.
Alkaloids: Ginseng root contains alkaloids contains N9-formyl harman;ethyl-beta-carboline-1-carboxylate;perloyrine;choline;etc.
Flavonoids: Ginseng contains flavonoids such as kaempferol;trifolin;panasenoside;etc.
Lignans: Ginseng contains lignans gomisin A;gomisin N;etc.
Minerals and Vitamins: Ginseng contains aluminium,iron,copper,chromium,lanthanum,molybdenum,nickel,phosphor,boron and other 26 kinds of minerals,Vitamin B1;Vitamin B2;Vitamin C;Niacin,etc.
Chemical Identification of Major Ginsenosides:
Ginsenoside Rb1:
Chemical Name:(3-beta,12-beta)-20-[(6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-12-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucoside;
Synonyms:Arasaponin E1;Ginsenoside RB1;Gynosaponin C;Gypenoside III;Panax saponin E;Pseudoginsenoside D;Sanchinoside E1;
Molecular Formula:C54H92O23;Molecular Weight:1109.46;CAS RN.:41753-43-9;RTECS RN.:LZ5856000;EINECS:255-532-8;Note:Natural Product.
Ginsenoside Re:
Chemical Name:Ginsenoside Re
Synonyms:Chikusetsusaponin IVc;Ginsenoside B2;Panaxoside RE;
Molecular Formula:C48H82O18;Molecular Weight:947.30;CAS RN.:52286-59-6;RTECS RN.:LY9536700;EINECS:257-814-6;Note:Natural Product.
Ginsenoside Rg1:
Chemical Name:Ginsenoside Rg1
Synonyms:Ginsenoside A2;(6)-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-(20)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20S-protopanaxatriol;Panaxoside A;Sanchinoside C1;
Molecular Formula:C42H72O14;Molecular Weight:801.14;CAS RN.:22427-39-0;75139-45-6;RTECS RN.:LY9537200;EINECS:244-989-9;Note:Natural Product.
Ginsenoside Rg3:
Chemical Name:(3-beta,12-beta)-12,20-dihydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-Beta-D-Glucopyranoside;
Synonyms:Dammar-24-ene-12-beta,20-diol,3-beta-(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-;Ginsenoside RG3;(20S)-Propanaxadiol;
Molecular Formula:C42H72O13;Molecular Weight:785.01;CAS RN.:14197-60-5;12770-19-3;EINECS:LY9537300;Density:1.30;Melting Point:175~177 Deg C;Note:Natural Product.
Ginsenoside Rh1:
Chemical Name:(3-beta,6alpha,12-beta)-3,12,20-Trihydroxydammar-24-en-6-yl Beta-D-Glucopyranoside;
Synonyms:Sanchinoside Rh1.
Molecular Formula:C36H62O9;Molecular Weight:638.87;CAS RN.:63223-86-9;Density:1.23;Note:Natural Product.
Reference:
1.What is the differenciation between Panax ginseng and Ginsengs,How to use Panax Ginseng,Chemistry and Pharmacology,Substitutes?
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