Phytochemical info of Gastrodia Tuber,Rhizoma Gastrodiae.
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Definition:Gastrodia Tuber,Rhizoma Gastrodiae are majorly composed of
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Research Update:Gastrodia Tuber,Rhizoma Gastrodiae
Study of a glycoprotein from Gastrodia elata: its effects of anticoagulation and antithrombosis.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Jun;32(11):1060-4. Chinese.Ding CS, Shen YS, Li G, Wei Z, Wei F.Institute of Biochencistry and Nicrobiology, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of polysaccharide 2-1 from Gastrodia elata (PGE2-1) on blood coagulation and thrombosis. METHOD: Clotting time (CT) and bleeding time (BT) of mice were measured by glass method and tail-cutting method. Bleeding capacity (A540) was measured by cutting tail in 5 min. Plama recalcificatic time (RT) were measured in mice. Platelet aggregation was caused by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) were measured by reagent boxes. During thrombosis in vitro, their lengths, wet and dry weights were measured by instrument; wet weights of arteriovenous experimental thrombosis were measured and the impressive rates were analyzed. RESULT: CT and BT of groups PGE2-1 (60, 120 mg x kg(-1)) were remarkably prolonged, and bleeding capacity (A540) were significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). RT of groups PGE2-1 (30, 60, 120 mg x kg(-1)) were remarkably prolonged, and platelet aggregation (PAG) were inhibited (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Human serous TT and APTT of groups PGE2-1 (10, 20, 40 mg x mL(-1)) were remarkably prolonged (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but the difference of effect on PT had no statistic significance. PGE2-1 (30, 60, 120 mg x kg(-1)) could make the mice obviously eliminate thrombus symptom and reduce the time of restoring independent activity (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); thrombosis in vitro: Lengths, wet and dry weights of groups PGE2-1 (30, 60, 120 mg x kg(-1)) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); wet weights of arteriovenous experimental thrombosis were dramatically decreased (P < 0.01), and impressive rates were respectively 32.5%, 49.0% and 61.5%. CONCLUSION: PGE2-1 has remarkable effects of anticoagulation and antithrombosis, so it may be the main component of the isolation from G. elata in the field of antithrombosis.
Structure elucidation and sulfated derivatives preparation of two alpha-d-glucans from Gastrodia elata Bl. and their anti-dengue virus bioactivities..:Carbohydr Res. 2007 Jun 28;Qiu H, Tang W, Tong X, Ding K, Zuo J.Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Lab, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
The structures of two glucans, WGEW and AGEW, isolated from Gastrodia elata Bl. were elucidated using monosaccharide composition analysis by gas chromatography (GC), methylation analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Their structures were deduced as an alpha-d-(1-->4)-glucan with an alpha-(1-->4) linked branch attached to O-6 branch points with different branch degrees. Their sulfate derivatives with distinct degrees of substitution (DS) were prepared. The substitution position was assigned to O-6 according to the (13)C NMR spectra. All sulfated derivatives showed strong anti-dengue virus bioactivities. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) between the polysaccharides and their sulfated derivatives were also investigated. Results showed that the higher the DS is, the more potent the impact on the dengue virus infection would be.
Evaluation of the quality of Gastrodia elata Bl. by HPLC-DAD/MS.:Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2007 Apr;42(4):418-23. Chinese.Zhang W, Sheng YX, Zhang JL, Xu JT, Sun SQ.Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
The chromatographic fingerprint of Gastrodia elata Bl. (Tianma) was developed to compare the quality of Tianma samples from different habitats and processing methods. The above analysis method was established by HPLC-DAD technique. And an HPLC method was used to analysis the contents of gastrodin (GAS) and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) in Tianma from different habitats and processed methods. Experiments of chromatographic fingerprint analysis were carried out with a Zorbax XDB C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid in gradient elution mode. The column was maintained at 25 degrees C. Detection was set at 270 nm. The mass spectra were recorded using as ESI source in the negative mode with ion spray voltage at 3500 V, source temperature at 335 degrees C, gas spray at 8.3 kPa and gas flow rate at 9 L x min(-1). The HPLC methods of quantitative analysis were the same as those of chromatographic fingerprint analysis except the mobile phase, which consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid in isocratic elution mode with the ratio of 4.5 to 95.5 (v/v). Data of chromatographic fingerprint were analyzed by the "similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of TCM (Version 2004 A)" software to compare the quality of Tianma. Samples from different habitats with the same processing method were of high similarity, though a few samples showed evident difference in fingerprint graphics. For Tianma samples with different processing methods, the contents of common peaks were different and the processing method of freezing to dry was better than others. With HPLC-MS technique, 8 major common peaks in the fingerprint of Tianma were identified by their MS spectra and comparison with the reference standards. The results of similarity analysis for chromatographic fingerprint were basically consistent with those of quantitative analysis. The established HPLC-DAD/MS methods can be used to evaluate the quality of Tianma.
Determination of gastrodin and vanillyl alcohol in Gastrodia elata Blume by pressurized liquid extraction at room temperature..:J Sep Sci. 2007 Aug;30(13):2130-7.Ong ES, Heng MY, Tan SN, Hong Yong JW, Koh H, Teo CC, Hew CS.Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) at room temperature with a laboratory-assembled system was applied for the extraction of gastrodin (GA) and vanillyl alcohol (VA) in Gastrodia elata Blume. The proposed system setup for this current work was simpler as no heating and backpressure regulator was required. Extraction with PLE was carried out dynamically at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, at room temperature, under an applied pressure of 10-20 bars with an extraction time of 40-50 min. The extraction efficiencies of the proposed method using 20% aqueous ethanol were compared with heating under reflux using organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol/water (20:80) for different batches of medicinal plant materials. For the determination of GA and VA in G. elata Blume, the extraction efficiencies of PLE at room temperature were observed to be comparable with heating under reflux. The method precision was found to vary from 1.6 to 8.6% (RSD, n = 6) on different days. The marker compounds present in the various medicinal plant extracts were determined by gradient elution HPLC and HPLC/MS/MS. Our work demonstrated the possibility of implementation of PLE at room temperature and the advantages of minimizing the use of organic solvents in the extraction process.
Identification of phenolics and nucleoside derivatives in Gastrodia elata by HPLC-UV-MS.:J Sep Sci. 2007 Jul;30(10):1488-95.Wang L, Xiao H, Liang X, Wei L.Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China.
An HPLC-UV-MS method for simultaneous identification of predominant phenolics and minor nucleoside derivatives in Gastrodia elata was developed, which was based on their UV and MS characteristics summarized through a series of homemade reference standard experiments. Phenolics showed characteristic UV lambda(max) at 267 nm, [M + NH(4)](+) base peak in positive mode and [M-H](-) base peak in negative mode while nucleosides exhibited UV lambda(max) at 255 nm, [M + H](+), [M-H + 2H(2)O](-) or [M-H + CH(3)COOH](-). Phenolics conjugates mainly underwent the consecutive loss of gastrodin residue (-268 U) and the combined loss of H(2)O and CO(2 )from the citric acid unit under negative MS/MS conditions whereas nucleosides simply lost the ribose (-132 U) under positive MS/MS conditions. According to these characteristics, a special pattern under MS/MS conditions and reported compound data for G. elata in the literature, not only 15 phenolics were identified but also 6 nucleoside derivatives were identified. Among these compounds, seven phenolics and three nucleoside derivatives have not been reported yet from G. elata.
Phenolic compounds from the rhizomes of Gastrodia elata.:J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2007 Jun;9(4):373-7.Li N, Wang KJ, Chen JJ, Zhou J.State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Kunming, Yunnan. China.
Two new phenolic compounds, gastrodin A (1) and gastrol A (2), together with 7 known ones (3-9) have been isolated from the EtOH extract of the rhizomes of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae), and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and comparison of their spectral data with those reported previously.
Gastrodia elata Blume protects against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in mice.:Int J Mol Med. 2007 Aug;20(2):209-15.An SM, Park CH, Heo JC, Park JY, Woo SU, Seo JH, Lee MS, Cho KJ, Cho HS, Shin HM, Lee SH.Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) is a traditional herbal plant that has been used in Asian countries for centuries as an anticonvulsant, analgesic, and also as a sedative for treating general paralysis, epilepsy, vertigo, and tetanus. Although numerous reports have addressed the effects of GEB against degenerative diseases, no previous study has examined the possible gastroprotective effects of GEB. Here, we examined the effects of pretreatment with GEB (0.02 ml/g, p.o.) in a mouse water immersion restraint (WIR) stress-induced gastric lesion model. Our results revealed that mice pretreated with GEB had significantly fewer gastric lesions than their respective controls. Moreover, GEB-treated mice showed significant decreases in serum and gastric nitric oxide (NO) levels to 50 and 28%, respectively. To examine one possible mechanism underlying this effect, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to examine NOS mRNA expression in gastric lesion tissues. Our results revealed that the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was reduced by approximately 50% in GEB-pretreated mice versus the controls, whereas the mRNA expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) remained unchanged. These findings collectively suggest that GEB significantly protects the gastric mucosa against WIR-induced gastric damage, at least in part by decreasing NO levels via suppression of iNOS mRNA expression.
Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume, a traditional herbal agent, has been used mainly in anticonvulsive treatment in Asia. Recently, extracts of GE were evaluated for their potential as neuroprotectives and antioxidants. This study was designed to examine the antioxidant effect of the ether fraction of the methanol extract (EFME) of GE along with its major constituents vanillin, vanillyl alcohol, hydroxybenzaldehyde and hydroxybenzyl alcohol. In experiment 1, gerbils were treated with EFME of GE at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. Oxidative stress was induced with H(2)O(2) or ferrous ion, and lipid peroxidation was measured. In experiment 2, oxidative stress was induced with various concentrations of H(2)O(2) or ferrous ammonium sulfate, and lipid peroxidation was measured. To compare the antioxidant potency, the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC(50)) was determined. EFME of GE reduced auto-peroxidation and H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation. However, it did not significantly reduce ferrous ammonium sulfate-induced lipid peroxidation. The order of antioxidation potency was as follows: hydroxybenzyl alcohol > vanillyl alcohol > vanillin > hydroxybenzaldehyde. In the case of hydroxybenzaldehyde, its antioxidant effect was more potent than that of melatonin. The excellent antioxidant effects of GE and its main constituents may have potential in the treatment of lipid peroxidation-associated neurological disease.
Protective effects of gastrodin on hypoxia-induced toxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons.:Planta Med. 2007 Jun;73(7):650-4. Epub 2007 Jun 22.Xu X, Lu Y, Bie X.Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
The phenolic glucoside gastrodin is the main component extracted from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae), a Chinese herbal medicine, which has long been used for treating dizziness, epilepsy, stroke and dementia. The present study aims to investigate the effect of gastrodin on hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons. Neuron survival and extracellular glutamate level were measured after an insult by hypoxia. Glutamate concentrations were determined by an HPLC-ECD system. The results demonstrated that neurons were significantly damaged by hypoxia for 24 h. When pretreated with gastrodin (100, 200 microg/mL) in hypoxia, neuron survival was significantly increased compared with no gastrodin treatment. Moreover, the enhancement of extracellular glutamate level stimulated by hypoxia was inhibited by pretreatment with gastrodin (100 microg/mL). Further studies demonstrated that gastrodin prevented glutamate- and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, gastrodin also inhibited the extracellular glutamate level induced by NMDA insult. These findings suggest that gastrodin has a neuroprotective action against hypoxia in the cultured cortical neuron, and the mechanism may involve a decreasing of the extracellular glutamate level.
Alzheimer's disease drug discovery from herbs: neuroprotectivity from beta-amyloid (1-42) insult.:J Altern Complement Med. 2007 Apr;13(3):333-40.Kim DS, Kim JY, Han YS.CurXceL Corporation, The Business and Technology Center, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.curxcel@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE: To comparatively evaluate selected herbs for their ability to protect neuronal cells from direct betaA(1-42) insult. DESIGN: Twenty-seven (27) herbs were selected, extracted with aqueous methanol (90%) and chloroform, and the extracts were evaluated for their ability to protect PC12 rat pheochromocytoma and primary neuronal cells from betaA(1-42) insult using both 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay and lactate dehydrogenase efflux assay. RESULTS: Curcuma aromatia (ul-keum) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) extracts effectively protected cells from betaA(1-42) insult, followed by Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), Polygonatum sp. (King Solomon's seal), Cinnamum cassia (Chinese cinnamon), Rheum coreanum (Korean rhubarb), Gastrodia elata (gastrodia), and Scutellaria baicalensis (skullcap). Several extracts showed cytotoxicity at high concentration (approximately 150 microg/mL), whereas other extracts did not at all protect cells from betaA(1-42) insult. CONCLUSION: Selective herbs may be potentially important resources to discover drug candidates against the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
Analysis of brain distribution and biliary excretion of a nutrient supplement, gastrodin, in rat.:Anal Chim Acta. 2007 May 8;590(2):173-9. Epub 2007 Mar 24.Lin LC, Chen YF, Tsai TR, Tsai TH.Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Gastrodin is a bioactive constituent of rhizome in Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) The aim of this study is to develop a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic method coupled to microdialysis sampling system to measure the unbound of gastrodin in rat blood, brain and bile. Microdialysis probes were simultaneously inserted into the jugular vein, brain striatum and bile duct of each anesthetized rat for sampling after the administration of gastrodin (100 or 300 mg kg(-1)) through the femoral vein. Separation of unbound gastrodin from various biological fluids was applied to an RP-select B column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-50 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer-triethylamine (5:95:0.1, v/v/v, adjusted to pH 2.5 with orthophosphoric acid) with a flow rate of 1 mL min(-1). The UV detector wavelength was set at 221 nm. Fifteen minutes after the administration, the gastrodin reached the peak concentration in brain and bile. In addition, the results indicate that gastrodin penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and goes through hepatobiliary excretion.
A microdialysis study of effects of gastrodin on neurochemical changes in the ischemic/reperfused rat cerebral hippocampus.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Apr;30(4):801-4.Zeng X, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Zheng X.Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang University, P.R. China.
Gastrodin is a component extracted from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata, and has been shown to possess protective effects against neuron damage induced by simulated cerebral ischemia in previous studies. But its neurochemical effects on the ischemic brain had not been well studied. The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of gastrodin on the changes of transmitter amino acids in rat hippocampus during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Microdialysis sampling was performed during ischemia and early reperfusion periods in rats, and the glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the dialysate were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Administration of gastrodin (100 mg/kg) before ischemia significantly reduced the ischemia-induced elevation of glutamate levels during the postischemic period, increased the rise of extracellular GABA during the reperfusion periods, thus decreased the glutamate/GABA ratios during ischemia and reperfusion. These results provide insights to explain the neurochemical effects of gastrodin when applied prior to an ischemic event.
Neuroprotective principles from Gastrodia elata.:J Nat Prod. 2007 Apr;70(4):571-4. Epub 2007 Mar 24.Huang NK, Chern Y, Fang JM, Lin CI, Chen WP, Lin YL.National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Serum deprivation-induced neuronal-like PC12 cell apoptosis was used as an ischemic/hypoxic model to screen neuroprotective compounds from the rhizomes of Gastrodia elata, a traditional Chinese medicine. Two active compounds, bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide (1) and N6-(4-hydroxybenzyl)adenine riboside (2), together with 15 known compounds were obtained from the active fraction. Compound 2 was further elucidated by chemical synthesis. Compounds 1 and 2 potently prevented PC12 cell apoptosis in concentration-dependent manners with EC50 values of 7.20 microM and 3.7 x 10-8 M, respectively, and IC50 values of 42.90 microM (Ki 24.10 microM) and 4.660 microM (Ki 2.620 microM), respectively, in an adenosine A2A receptor binding assay.
Phenolic constituents from the rhizomes of Gastrodia elata.:Nat Prod Res. 2007 Feb;21(2):180-6.Yang XD, Zhu J, Yang R, Liu JP, Li L, Zhang HB.Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Yunnan University, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Teleology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China.
Gastrodia elata Bl. (Orchidaceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant as well as a famous foodstuff in China. In the present article, the HPLC chromatograms of different preparation processes were reported, and structures of nine phenolic compounds, isolated from Gastrodia elata, were assigned. The isolated compounds were identified as 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)citrate (1), gastrodin (2), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (3), 1-(4-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl)citrate (4), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5), parishin B (6), 4-hydroxybenzyl methyl ether (7), 4-hydroxybenzyl ethyl ether (8), and 4-(4'-hydroxybenzyl)phenol (9). Compounds 1 and 4, named as parishin D and E, were new. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analyses, including 2D NMR spectroscopy.
RAPD analysis on the germplasm resources of Gastrodia elata in Guizhou.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2006 Sep;29(9):881-3. Chinese.Zou JN, Song JX, Chang CR, Wang XL.Guiyang Medical Collge, Guiyang 550004, China.
Genetic polymorphisms of genomic DNA of 15 samples from wild and culturaled Gastrodia elata Blume in Guizhou were analyzed by RAPD method. 12 effective primers are screened from 40 primers amplified a total number of 93 loci, among which 66 are polymorphic and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) is 70.97%. UPGMA dendrogram analyzed by NTSYSpc, ver. 2.2 shows that Gastrodia elata have apparent genetic variance. Geological distribution and growing environment were significant factors for the polymorphism.
The protective effects of phenolic constituents from Gastrodia elata on the cytotoxicity induced by KCl and glutamate.:Arch Pharm Res. 2006 Nov;29(11):963-8.Huang ZB, Wu Z, Chen FK, Zou LB.School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
Seven phenolic compounds (1-7) were isolated from the tubers of Gastrodia elata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR spectral data. p-Ethoxymethyl phenyl-O-beta-D-glucoside (1) was proved to be a new compound, with N-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-adenosine (7) isolated from this plant for the first time. In this study, the protective effects of the six constituents (1-6) on PC12 cells against the cytotoxicity induced by KCl and glutamate were also investigated. The viability of the PC12 cells was significantly enhanced by pretreatment with the six phenolic constituents.
A new citryl glycoside from Gastrodia elata and its inhibitory activity on GABA transaminase.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2006 Dec;54(12):1720-1.Choi JH, Lee DU.Department of Biotechnology, Dongguk University.
A new citryl glycoside, trimethylcitryl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (1) along with a known phenolic compound, gastrodigenin (2) have been isolated from the active fraction of the rhizomes of Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical reaction. 1 inhibited GABA transaminase activity by 56.8% at the final concentration of 10 microg/ml.
Anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities of Gastrodia elata Blume.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Apr 4;110(3):476-82. Epub 2006 Oct 19.Ahn EK, Jeon HJ, Lim EJ, Jung HJ, Park EH.College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea.
Gastrodia elata Blume rhizome has been traditionally used as a folk medicine for centuries in Oriental countries. Its ethanol extract (GEE) and subsequent fractions were used to evaluate anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and related activities of Gastrodia elata. GEE potently inhibited angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, and its n-butanol fraction (BuOH) exerted the higher inhibitory effect. In a dose-dependent manner, GEE inhibited vascular permeability induced by acetic acid. GEE and its BuOH fraction exerted an inhibitory activity on exudate production, leukocyte migration and nitric oxide (NO) level in rat air-pouch model. GEE caused a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in mice. In addition, GEE inhibited NO production and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) upon stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages. In summary, we demonstrate some novel pharmacological activities of Gastrodia elata, such as anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and in vivo and in vitro inhibitory activity on NO production.
Anti-inflammatory action of phenolic compounds from Gastrodia elata root.:Arch Pharm Res. 2006 Oct;29(10):849-58.Lee JY, Jang YW, Kang HS, Moon H, Sim SS, Kim CJ.Division of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
Previous screening of the pharmacological action of Gastrodia elata (GE) root (Orchidaceae) showed that methanol (MeOH) extracts have significant anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory agents of GE, however, remain unclear. In this experiment, MeOH extracts of GE were fractionated with organic solvents for the anti-inflammatory activity-guided separation of GE. Eight phenolic compounds from the ether (EtOEt) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions were isolated by column chromatography: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (I), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (II), benzyl alcohol (III), bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) methane (IV), 4(4'-hydroxybenzyloxy)benzyl methylether (V), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (VI), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (VII), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (VIII). To investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of these compounds, their effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema, arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear edema and analgesic activity in acetic acid (HAc)-induced writhing response were carried out in vivo; cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL 2H3) cells and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydroazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were determined in vitro. These phenolic compounds not only had anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vivo, but also inhibited COX activity and silica-induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. Among these phenolic compounds, compound VII was the most potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Compound VII significantly inhibited silica-induced ROS generation and compound VI significantly increased DPPH radical scavenging activity. Compounds I, II and III significantly inhibited the activity of COX-I and II. These results indicate that phenolic compounds of GE are anti-inflammatory, which may be related to inhibition of COX activity and to anti-oxidant activity. Consideration of the structure-activity relationship of the phenolic derivatives from GE on the anti-inflammatory action revealed that both C-4 hydroxy and C-3 methoxy radicals of benzyl aldehyde play an important role in anti-inflammatory activities.
A study of the neuroprotective effect of the phenolic glucoside gastrodin during cerebral ischemia in vivo and in vitro.:Planta Med. 2006 Dec;72(15):1359-65. Epub 2006 Nov 6.Zeng X, Zhang S, Zhang L, Zhang K, Zheng X.Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
The phenolic glucoside gastrodin (Gas) is a main component extracted from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata, a Chinese herbal medicine, which has long been used for treating dizziness, epilepsy, stroke and dementia. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of Gas on cerebral ischemic injury in rats caused by transient middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO), oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) and glutamate-induced injury in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Additionally, the effects of Gas on the extracellular glutamate level and changes in intracellular Ca (2+) and the generation of nitric oxide (NO) were examined in cultured hippocampal neurons subjected to OGD in vitro. The results showed that the high dose of Gas (100 mg/kg) markedly decreased the infarct volume and edema volume, and improved the neurological functions after MCAO. Gas treatment (15 microg/mL, 30 microg/mL) also significantly inhibited OGD- and glutamate-induced neuronal cell death and reduced the extracellular glutamate level following OGD. Moreover, Gas treatment significantly inhibited the OGD-induced Ca (2+) and NO increases. In conclusion, the present study indicates that Gas has a neuroprotective action.
Antidepressant-like activity of the Gastrodia elata ethanol extract in mice.:Fitoterapia. 2006 Dec;77(7-8):592-4. Epub 2006 Sep 22.Zhou BH, Li XJ, Liu M, Wu Z, Ming Hu X.The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang road, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.
The hydroalcoholic extract of Gastrodia elata was evaluated for the antidepressant-like activity by means of behavioral models that included forced swimming, tail suspending and open-field tests. According to the results, G. elata extract is effective as an antidepressant drug.
Expression analysis of the gastrodianin gene ga4B in an achlorophyllous plant Gastrodia elata Bl.:Plant Cell Rep. 2007 Mar;26(3):253-9. Epub 2006 Oct 6.Wang HX, Yang T, Zeng Y, Hu Z.State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, P.R. China.
Gastrodia elata Bl. is an achlorophyllous orchid plant feeding on the fungus Armillaria mellea. The plant lives underground during its life cycle except for florescence. Gastrodianins, members of the superfamily of monocot mannose-binding protein (MBP), have been identified from Gastrodia elata, yet their physiological functions in the plant are rarely understood. Aspects of expression of gastrodianins in growth and development of the plant will be helpful to dissect their functional roles. Two types of cDNA clones with complete cDNA sequences matching the known gastrodianins were obtained from G. elata Bl.f.glauca S.chow (Orchidaceae) and designated gastrodianin-4A (ga4A) and gastrodianin-4B (ga4B), respectively. But only one isoform was found to be expressed in all different parts of a single plant. Based on the RNA gel blot analysis, gastrodianins were much more abundantly expressed in the fully opened flowers than the underground corms where an enhanced expression was found in the out layers of secondary corms. By RNA in situ hybridization gastrodianin transcripts were distinctly detected in the cortical cells and vascular cells of corms. Strong transcript accumulations were observed in two to eight layers of cortical cells in secondary corms. From its peripheral tissue expression pattern and level in corms and flowers, the gastrodianin may account for a possible defense against phytopathogens or insects.
Neuroprotective effect of some plant extracts in cultured CT105-induced PC12 cells.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Oct;29(10):2021-4.Kim ST, Kim JD, Lyu YS, Lee MY, Kang HW.Nano-Bio of Research Institute, Division of Nanoscience, Department of Nature Science, Ewha Womans University, Sedaemoon-Gu, Seoul, Korea. lingokst@ewha.ac.kr
Carboxyl-terminal fragments of APP (CT) have been found in plaques, microvessels and the neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of AD patients. These carboxyl-terminal fragments, which contain the complete Abeta sequence, appear to be toxic to neurons in culture cells. However, the possible role of other cleaved products of APP is less clear. We showed that a recombinant carboxy-terminal 105 amino acid fragment (CT105) of APP induced strong neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. We prepared alcoholic extract from Oriental herbal plants and screened their protective effects against CT105-induced cell death in PC12 cells after the treatment of these extracts. Of the 10 kinds of plant extracts, 12 kinds of extracts had considerable protective effects against CT105-induced cell death, especially, Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus (UREU), Gastrodia elata (GAE), Evodia officinalis (EO) and Panax ginseng (PAG) showed the most protective effect at the concentration of 50 microg/ml. BuOH extract of UREU and GAE possessed the strongest protective effects against neurotoxicity of CT105-induced PC12 cells and showed inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 4.8 and 8.3 microg/ml, respectively. These plants are promising candidates of neuroprotective effects and would be useful for the treatment of the neuronal degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's diseases.
Gastrodia elata modulated activator protein 1 via c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway in kainic acid-induced epilepsy in rats.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jan 19;109(2):241-7. Epub 2006 Jul 25.Hsieh CL, Lin JJ, Chiang SY, Su SY, Tang NY, Lin GG, Lin IH, Liu CH, Hsiang CY, Chen JC, Ho TY.Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) is a Chinese herb. Our previous study showed that Gastrodia elata is able to reduce epileptic seizures, oxygen free radicals, microglia activation, and apoptosis in kainic acid (KA)-treated rats. Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is involved in modulating the neuronal plasticity and apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of AP-1 in antiepileptic effect of Gastrodia elata. Gastrodia elata (0.5, 1.0g/kg) or valproic acid (VA, 250mg/kg) was administered orally in Sprague-Dawley rats for 1 week before and 2 weeks after intraperitoneal injection of KA. Protein levels of AP-1 were determined by measuring c-Jun and c-Fos proteins, and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases activations were determined by measuring the phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus of rat brain using Western blotting. These results indicated that pre-treatment with Gastrodia elata or VA activated JNK signal pathway and c-Jun expression, while post-treatment with Gastrodia elata or VA suppressed both the JNK signaling pathway and the c-Jun expression induced by KA. These findings suggested that Gastrodia elata regulated the AP-1 expression via the JNK signaling pathway in KA-induced epilepsy.
Cloning of distinguishing DNA sequences of Gastrodia elata Blume and application of them in identifying gastrodia tuber.:Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2006 Jul;22(4):587-91. Chinese.Tao J, Fu TX, Luo ZY, Wen L, Wang ZC, Shu XS, Liu SP, Tao Y, Hu WX.Bioengineering and Food Engineering School, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410076, China.
Gastrodia elata Bl. is a famous and costful traditional Chinese medicine. Their genomic DNA fingerprints were investigated using a modified Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA method. DNA fragments common to all or to fine populations were identified and recovered. Five DNA fragments were proven not to be reported through DNA cloning, PCR identifying, nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatics analyses and were received in and recorded by NCBI GenBank. Gastrodine contents of the Gastrodia tuber samples were determined using high performance liquid chromatography technique. The distribution of the five DNA fragments in 9 Gastrodia elata Blue populations and the correlation with gastromedicine content were studied. The results show the distribution of these DNA sequences varied greatly among the populations whereby DNA Sequence 1 was the common and distinguishing molecular marker for all the populations studied and DNA Sequence 2 may relate to higher gastrodine content. In conclusion, these DNA marker sequences can be employed to identify genuine gastrodia tubers, better varieties and optimize their selection and cultivating.
Gastrodia anti-fungal protein from the orchid Gastrodia elata confers disease resistance to root pathogens in transgenic tobacco.:Planta. 2006 Nov;224(6):1373-83. Epub 2006 Jul 21.Cox KD, Layne DR, Scorza R, Schnabel G.Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences, 114 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
Diseases of agricultural crops are caused by pathogens from several higher-order phylogenetic lineages including fungi, straminipila, eubacteria, and metazoa. These pathogens are commonly managed with pesticides due to the lack of broad-spectrum host resistance. Gastrodia anti-fungal protein (GAFP; gastrodianin) may provide a level of broad-spectrum resistance due to its documented anti-fungal activity in vitro and structural similarity to insecticidal lectins. We transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38) with GAFP-1 and challenged transformants with agriculturally important plant pathogens from several higher-order lineages including Rhizoctonia solani (fungus), Phytophthora nicotianae (straminipile), Ralstonia solanacearum (eubacterium), and Meloidogyne incognita (metazoan). Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting analysis indicated that GAFP-1 was transcribed and translated in transgenic lines. When challenged by R. solani and P. nicotianae, GAFP-1 expressing lines had reduced symptom development and improved plant vigor compared to non-transformed and empty vector control lines. These lines also exhibited reduced root galling when challenged by M. incognita. Against R. solanacearum expression of GAFP-1 neither conferred resistance, nor exacerbated disease development. These results indicate that heterologous expression of GAFP-1 can confer enhanced resistance to a diverse set of plant pathogens and may be a good candidate gene for the development of transgenic, root-disease-resistant crops.
Gastrodin interaction with human fibrinogen: anticoagulant effects and binding studies.:Chemistry. 2006 Oct 16;12(30):7807-15.Liu Y, Tang X, Pei J, Zhang L, Liu F, Li K.College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing, 100871, China. liuyang@gsu.edu
In an effort to identify the anticoagulant activity of gastrodin (GAS) and to investigate the possibility of its use as a novel anticoagulant drug, the binding characteristics of GAS to human fibrinogen (Fg) were studied by using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor, anticoagulant animal experiments, and a molecular docking simulation. Real-time kinetic analysis with the QCM biosensor revealed that the in vitro binding of GAS to Fg was strong under physiological ionic conditions as the determined equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) was 1.94 x 10(-6) M. To check whether this strong binding may influence the natural coagulation function of Fg, the in vivo effect of GAS on the coagulation system of rats was examined. The results showed that GAS can significantly prolong the coagulation time (CT) and decrease the Fg content, while it had no effect on the activated kaolin partial thromboplastin time (KPTT) or prothrombin time (PT) in rats. To clarify the mechanism of the specific interaction, a molecular docking simulation was also performed to provide reasonable binding models for the interaction of GAS with Fg at the atomic level. GAS binds strongly to the inherent polymerization sites "a" and "b" (holes) on the Fg molecule with similar binding free energies of about -34 kJ mol(-1). Altogether, these findings confirmed first that GAS possesses anticoagulant activity and that the possible anticoagulation mechanism of GAS mainly involves its interference with the knob-to-hole interactions between fibrin molecules, thereby effectively inhibiting the formation of clots and decreasing the risk of thrombosis. The study has also shown the potential usefulness of QCM biosensor technology for the rapid screening of drug-protein interactions.
Effects of drought on output of Gastrodia elata.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2006 Jan;29(1):3-5. Chinese.Duan N, Lu XQ.Life and Engineering College, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, China.
The experiments of water supply showed out drought can decrease water potencial and the output of Gastrodia elata. Those negative effects might be conpensated by hybridi combination, and its output should be increased.
Anxiolytic-like effects of Gastrodia elata and its phenolic constituents in mice.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Feb;29(2):261-5.Jung JW, Yoon BH, Oh HR, Ahn JH, Kim SY, Park SY, Ryu JH.Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemoon-ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
The purpose of this study was to characterize the putative anxiolytic-like effects of the aqueous extract of the rhizome of Gastrodia elata along with its phenolic constituents, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HA) and 4-hyroxybenzaldehyde (HD), using an elevated plus maze (EPM) in mice. The mice were administered either the aqueous G. elata extract orally or received an intraperitoneal injection of the phenolic constituents, 1 h before the behavioral evaluation in the EPM. A single treatment of the aqueous G. elata extract significantly increased the percentage of time spent and arm entries into the open arms of the EPM versus the saline controls. Among the phenolic constituents of G. elata, HA and HD significantly increased the percentage of time spent and arm entries into the open arms of the EPM versus saline controls (p<0.05). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effects in any group compared with the saline controls. In addition, the anxiolytic-like effects of G. elata extract were blocked by both WAY 100635 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.), a 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, and flumazenil (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a GABA(A) receptor antagonist. The anxiolytic-like effects of HA were inhibited by WAY 100635 and the effects of HD were antagonized by flumazenil. These results indicate that G. elata is an effective anxiolytic agent, and suggests that the anxiolytic-like effects of G. elata via the serotonergic nervous system depends on HA and those effects of G. elata via the GABAergic nervous system depends on HD.
Tian ma, an ancient Chinese herb, offers new options for the treatment of epilepsy and other conditions.:Epilepsy Behav. 2006 Mar;8(2):376-83. Epub 2006 Feb 7. Review.Ojemann LM, Nelson WL, Shin DS, Rowe AO, Buchanan RA.Department of Neurological Surgery, Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. lojemann@u.washington.edu
Our purpose is to bring attention to the antiepileptic properties of the Chinese herb tian ma and its constituents, as well as to suggest the potential for the development of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) related to this herb. All available literature regarding the chemistry, pharmacology, animal data, and clinical use of tian ma and its constituents are reviewed, showing that tian ma, its constituents, and its symbiotic fungus Armillaria mellea have antiepileptic properties in in vitro and in vivo models. One clinical study reportedly demonstrated the AED effects of a component of tian ma, vanillin. Thus, tian ma, its constituent vanillin, and its symbiotic fungus armillaria hold promise as cost-effective and less toxic alternatives to standard AEDs. In addition, similar chemical compounds may be developed as AEDs.
Gastrodia elata BL mediates the suppression of nNOS and microglia activation to protect against neuronal damage in kainic acid-treated rats.:Am J Chin Med. 2005;33(4):599-611.Hsieh CL, Chen CL, Tang NY, Chuang CM, Hsieh CT, Chiang SY, Lin JG, Hsu SF.Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
Our previous studies showed that Gastrodia elata (GE), an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine, has both anti-convulsive and free radical-scavenging activities in kainic acid (KA)-treated rats. The aim of the present study was to further investigate possible physiological mechanisms of GE against activities of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and microglia in KA-treated rats; 0.5 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg of GE extract were administered orally, whereas 20 mg/kg of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was administered intraperitoneally (ip), both at 30 minutes prior to KA (2 microg/2 microl) being injected into the right hippocampus region of rats. ED1-staining, apoptotic, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nNOS-staining cells were observed in the hippocampus region. The results indicated that 1.0 g/kg of GE and 20 mg/kg of L-NAME reduced the counts of ED1-stained cells, and 0.5 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg of GE, and 20 mg/kg of L-NAME reduced the numbers of apoptotic cells and nNOS-staining cells. In addition, 20 mg/kg of L-NAME also reduced the numbers of iNOS-staining cells, but 0.5 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg of GE did not. This study demonstrated that GE was able to reduce nNOS, microglia activation and apoptosis, suggesting that GE has a protective effect against neuronal damage in KA-treated rats.
Studies on Armillariella mellea cultivation with different kinds of trees.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2005 Apr;28(4):259-61. Chinese.Chen X, Lan J, Ding J.Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.
The branches of several common trees in north China were selected to cultivate Armillariella mellea. The rhizomorph and growth speed of Armillariella mellea were measured,and the extracellular laccase activity was determined. The results showed that all tested trees except Sophora japonica and Amorpha fruiticosa were suitable to the growth of Armillariella mellea.
Effect of tianma gouteng recipe on interfering LV and aortic hypertrophy in renovascular hypertension rats.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Apr;30(8):606-9. Chinese.Wang DQ, Wang W, Sun XF, Zhao DZ, Du GY.Geriatrics Institute, Xiyuan hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China. dq_wang96@hotmail.com
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Tianma Gouteng recipe (TGR) on interfering left ventricular (LV) and aortic hypertrophy and tissue angiotensin II (Ang II) in rats with renovascular hypertension. METHOD: The animal model of renovascular hypertension was used in this experiment. Hypertensive rats were randomly allocated into model group, Enalapril group and TGR group, and the drugs were used for 6 weeks continuously. During this period, the blood pressure of rats was measured every two weeks. After rats were sacrificed, the wet weight, tissue Ang II level of LV and aorta, and the cardiac index were measured. RESULT: One week after renovascular stenosis, the systolic blood pressure (SPS) of model group was increased by 37.4 mmHg, and 7 weeks after stenosis, the LV and aortic hypertrophy was obvious increased, meanwhile, tissue Ang II of LV and aorta was raised markedly (P < 0.01). Contrasting with the model group, blood pressure was reduced and the morphological index was improved in Enalapril group respectively (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); the wet weight of LV and aorta were reduced, the morphological index was improved, the rise of Ang II in tissue was suppressed, in TGR group significantly. CONCLUSION: TGR can attenuate myocardial and aorta hypertrophy induced by renovascular hypertension, and suppress the rise of Ang II in tissue significantly. This suggests that TGR has the effects on interfering LV and aortic hypertrophy by an independent-antihypertensive way.
Gastrodia elata blume and an active component, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol reduce focal ischemic brain injury through antioxidant related gene expressions.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Jun;28(6):1016-20.Yu SJ, Kim JR, Lee CK, Han JE, Lee JH, Kim HS, Hong JH, Kang SG.School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science, Institute of Basic Science, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.
Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of death and long-lasting disability. Gastrodia elata blume (GEB) is a Chinese herb that is widely used to treat convulsive disorders, such as epilepsy, and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is the active ingredient in GEB. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of GEB and HBA on the brain damage and transcriptional levels of Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and 1-Cys peroxiredoxin (1-Cys Prx) genes known to play a role in antioxidant systems after transient focal ischemia in the rat brain. Focal ischemia was induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). All animals underwent ischemia for 1 h, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Coronal brain slices were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride or total RNA was extracted for the analysis of gene expression. Histopathologic analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in infarct size in the ipsilateral brain with GEB extracts or HBA. Moreover, the levels of PDI and 1-Cys Prx transcription were significantly increased in the GEB extract- or HBA-treated group compared with the untreated group (p<0.05). This study therefore indicated that GEB and HBA provide neuroprotection by preventing brain damage through the increased expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins after transient focal cerebral ischemia and may be effective as neuroprotective agents at the cellular and molecular levels in the brain.
Identification of gastrodia elata blume by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.:Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2004 Mar;24(3):308-10. Chinese.Liu G, Dong Q, Yu F, Liu JH, Sun SZ.Department of Physics, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.
In this paper, a method of rapid and undamaged identification of wild and cultivated Gastrodia elata Blume, and one of its fakes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is reported. The results show that Gastrodia elata Blume and its fake have different characteristic infrared spectra, by which Gastrodia elata Blume can be identified from its fake. Wild winter, wild spring, and cultivated Gastrodia elata Blume can be discriminated by FTIR, according to the differences of their spectral peaks and absorbance ratios. By the differences of absorbance ratios of several peaks, different grade of Gastrodia elata Blume may be classified. FTIR has proved to be a rapid, simple and nondestructive method for the identification of Gastrodia elata Blume.
Effects of Tianzhi Keli on extracellular acetylcholine and catecholamine levels in striatum of rats with neuromitochondrial impairment.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Jan;30(2):141-5. Chinese.Sun XF, Wang W, Wang DQ, Zhao DZ, Du GY.Geriatrics Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Tianzhi Keli (TZ) on acetylcholine (ACh) and catecholamine levels in striatum of rats with neuromitochondrial impairment, and try to find out the neuroprotective mechanism of TZ. METHOD: The microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-post column Immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER)-electrochemical detection (ED) were used to establish a model of mitochondrial energy metabolism impairment which induced by perfusion with sodium azide (NaN3), and measure continuously the effects of TZ on extracellular ACh, choline (Ch) and catecholamine of model rats. RESULT: After perfusion with NaN3, ACh, noradrenalin (NE), adrenaline (E), dopamine (DA), 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-aletic (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels were decreased obviously (P < 0.05-0.01), while Ch level was increased distinctly (P < 0.01). Transmitters levels were recovered individually after stop the perfusion with NaN3. TZ can postpone the decrease of ACh and advance the recover of Ch. The effect of TZ coupled with duxil on increasing ACh level is more obviously than effect of TZ or duxil. TZ is also showing a tendency to postpone the decrease of catecholamine and advance its recovery. TZ coupled with duxil can advance the recovery of DOPAC and adjust the metabolic abnormity positively. CONCLUSION: TZ has effect on protecting impairment of choline neurosystem, which induced by damage of mitochondrion and abnormity of energy metabolism; coupled with duxil have synergistic action. TZ also has tendency to protect the impairment of epinephrine and dopamine neurosystem.
Innovation study on Chinese medicinal materials ultrafine grinding by impacting and attriting in jet mill.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Jan;30(1):27-9. Chinese.Jing YE.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China. yejing@public.wh.hb.cn
OBJECTIVE: To introduce a method of ultrafine grinding by impacting and attriting in jet mill, which can solve effectively about grinding efficiency and suitability for variant Chinese medicinal materials. Method: Raw materials are uniformly distributed to multiple nozzles and accelerating pipes, and high-speed impact on a rotary target with surface of various friction veining, so Chinese medicinal materials are pulverized through recombination action of impaction and attrition, and ultrafine powder are separated by internal classifier. RESULT: The grinding experiment go to show that average fineness of several kinds of typical Chinese medicinal materials powder are 2.0 - 12.7 microns. CONCLUSION: This method has obvious advantage of suitability and efficiency for ultrafine grinding Chinese medicinal materials.
Research progress of neuroprotective mechanisms of Gastrodia elata and its preparation.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Apr;29(4):292-5. Review. Chinese.Sun XF, Wang W, Wang DQ, Du GY.Geriatrics Institute, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, China. sxfnet@sina.com
The effects of Gastrodia elata on preventing decrepitude and advancing memory are closely associated with its neuroprotective activity. Previous researches proved that G. elata, its active components and preparations played a neuroprotective role by affecting the excitotoxicity, nitric monoxide (NO) system, neuroglia, biomembrane, oxidative neurotoxicity, apoptosis et al. Recent researches also suggest that reducing energy metabolism impairment, anti-inflammatory and immune modulating function may be new research targets of neuroprotective mechanism of G. elata.
Effects of tianma gouteng fang on transmitter amino acids in the hippocampus extracellular liquids in freely moving rats subjected to brain ischemia.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Nov;29(11):1061-5. Chinese.Zhang CY, Du GY, Wang W, Ye ZG, Wang DQ, Sun XF, Zhao DZ.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Tianma Gouteng Fang (TGF) on the transmitter amino acids in the hippocampus extracellular liquids in freely moving rats subjected to incomplete brain ischemia. METHOD: Hippocampus extracellular liquids was collected continuously by the microdialysis sampling technology in freely moving rats during pre-ischemia, incomplete ischemia and reperfusion periods induced by the occlusion and loose of both common carotid arteries. Each dialysate sample was assayed for GABA, Tau, Glu, Cys and Arg with HPLC-electrochemical detector. RESULT: TGF increased the concentrations of GABA and Tau in the extracellular liquids of rat hippocampus. Compared with the model group, the concentration of Glu in the middle and large dosage groups of TGF, during the 120 min of ischemia, reduced by 38.64% and 31.35%, Tau increased by 13.99% and 12.86%, GABA advanced 25.89% and 33.99%, Cys decreased by 40.93% and 42.08%, Arg raised to 116.95% and 108.96%, respectively. After 120 min of reperfusion, the concentration of Glu decreased by 14.55% and 11.48%, Tau increased by 16.13% and 14.03%, GABA increased by 24.41% and 26.22%, respectively. CONCLUSION: TGF can increase the concentration of inhibitory amino acids in hippocampus extracellular liquids of rats and inhibit the excessive release of excitatory amino acids and raise the concentration of the inhibitory amino acids and Arg during the ischemia-reperfusion periods. Therefore, TGF can play the neuroprotective role.
Structural mechanism governing the quaternary organization of monocot mannose-binding lectin revealed by the novel monomeric structure of an orchid lectin.:J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 15;280(15):14865-76. Epub 2005 Jan 13.Liu W, Yang N, Ding J, Huang RH, Hu Z, Wang DC.Center for Structural and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
Two isoforms of an antifungal protein, gastrodianin, were isolated from two subspecies of the orchid Gastrodia elata, belonging to the protein superfamily of monocot mannose-specific lectins. In the context that all available structures in this superfamily are oligomers so far, the crystal structures of the orchid lectins, both at 2.0 A, revealed a novel monomeric structure. It resulted from the rearrangement of the C-terminal peptide inclusive of the 12th beta-strand, which changes from the "C-terminal exchange" into a "C-terminal self-assembly" mode. Thus, the overall tertiary scaffold is stabilized with an intramolecular beta-sheet instead of the hybrid observed on subunit/subunit interface in all known homologous dimeric or tetrameric lectins. In contrast to the constrained extended conformation with a cis peptide bond between residues 98 and 99 commonly occurring in oligomers, a beta-hairpin forms from position 97 to 101 with a normal trans peptide bond at the corresponding site in gastrodianin, which determines the topology of the C-terminal peptide and thereby its unique fold pattern. Sequence and structure comparison shows that residue replacement and insertion at the position where the beta-hairpin occurs in association with cis-trans inter-conversion of the specific peptide bond (97-98) are possibly responsible for such a radical structure switch between monomers and oligomers. Moreover, this seems to be a common melody controlling the quaternary states among bulb lectins through studies on sequence alignment. The observations revealed a structural mechanism by which the quaternary organization of monocot mannose binding lectins could be governed. The mutation experiment performed on maltose-binding protein-gastrodianin fusion protein followed by a few biochemical detections provides direct evidence to support this conclusion. Potential carbohydrate recognition sites and biological implications of the orchid lectin based on its monomeric state are also discussed in this paper.
Preparative isolation and purification of gastrodin from the Chinese medicinal plant Gastrodia elata by high-speed counter-current chromatography.:J Chromatogr A. 2004 Oct 15;1052(1-2):229-32.Li HB, Chen F.Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Gastrodia elata Blume is a famous Chinese medicinal plant, which has been widely used for the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, paralysis, hemiplegia, lumbago, headache and vertigo. High-speed counter-current chromatography was successfully used for the first time for the preparative isolation and purification of the bioactive component gastrodin from G. elata Blume. The crude gastrodin was obtained by extraction with ethanol from the dried roots of G. elata Blume under sonication. Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (2:3:5, v/v/v) was successfully performed yielding 48 mg gastrodin at 96% purity from 500 mg of the crude extract (10.3% gastrodin) with the recovery of approximately 90% in a one-step separation.
Natural antioxidants may prevent posttraumatic epilepsy: a proposal based on experimental animal studies.:Acta Med Okayama. 2004 Jun;58(3):111-8. Review.
Head injury or hemorrhagic cortical infarction results in extravasation of blood and breakdown of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Iron liberated from hemoglobin, and hemoglobin itself, are associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). ROS and RNS have been demonstrated to be involved in the mechanism of seizures induced by iron ions in the rat brain, an experimental animal model for posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). ROS are responsible for the induction for peroxidation of neural lipids, i.e., an injury of neuronal membranes, and also could induce disorders in the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Antioxidants, such as a phosphate diester of vitamin E and C (EPC-K1) and antiepileptic zonisamide, have been known to prevent the epileptogenic focus formation, or to attenuate seizure activities in the iron-injected rat brain. Natural antioxidants, such as alpha-tocopherol, and condensed tannins, including (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, adenosine and its derivative, melatonin, uyaku (Lindera Strychnifolia), fermented papaya preparations, Gastrodia elata BI., and Guilingji, have been demonstrated to scavenge ROS and/or RNS and to be prophylactic for the occurrence of epileptic discharge in the iron-injected rat brain.
Gastrodia elata prevents rat pheochromocytoma cells from serum-deprived apoptosis: the role of the MAPK family.:Life Sci. 2004 Aug 13;75(13):1649-57.Huang NK, Lin YL, Cheng JJ, Lai WL.National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Li-Nung St., Sec. 2, Shipai, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC. andrew@mail.nricm.edu.tw
Gastrodia elata (G. elata) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating headaches, dizziness, tetanus, and epilepsy. In this study, differential methanol (MeOH) extracts of G. elata were found to prevent serum-deprived rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell apoptosis by the MTT assay and Hoechst staining. A serine/threonine kinase inhibitor attenuated this protection. G. elata resulted in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2-p38 MAPKs (members of the serine/threonine kinase family), respectively, as revealed by Western blot analysis. An upstream ERK inhibitor attenuated G. elata-induced ERK phosphorylation but not protective effect. Although JNK and p38 inhibitors attenuated their related enzyme activities during serum deprivation, only JNK inhibitor prevented serum-deprived apoptosis. Thus, G. elata prevents serum-deprived apoptosis through activation of the serine/threonine kinase-dependent pathway and suppression of JNK activity.
Phenolic and furan type compounds isolated from Gastrodia elata and their anti-platelet effects.:Arch Pharm Res. 2004 Apr;27(4):381-5. Pyo MK, Jin JL, Koo YK, Yun-Choi HS.Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Korea
Nine phenolic (1-9) and two furan type (10, 11) compounds, were isolated from the methanolic extract of the tuber of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) in the course of continuing search for platelet anti-aggregating plant components. Compound 1 was identified as 4,4'-dihydroxybenzyl sulfone, a novel compound for the best of our knowledge. Compound 10, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, was isolated for the first time from this plant. Compound 1 (IC50; 83 microM) was about four times more inhibitory to U46619 induced aggregation than ASA (IC50; 340 microM). Compound 9, 4,4'-dihydroxy-dibenzylether, (IC50; 5 microM, 3 microM and 33 microM, respectively) was 10-80 fold more potent than ASA (IC50; 420 microM, 53 microM and 340 microM respectively) to collagen, epinephrine and U46619 induced aggregation, although it is less active than ASA to AA induced aggregation.
Effect of gastrodia elata on learning and memory impairment induced by aluminum in rats.:Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2004 Jan;33(1):45-8. Chinese.Niu Q, Niu P, He S.School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
OBJECTIVE: In order to investigate the mechanism of the improvement of Gastrodia elata (G.E.) on learning and memory impairment of rats exposed to aluminum. METHODS: 36 SD rats, adult and healthy, were divided into 6 groups at random: 1. normal saline, 2. Al3+ 5 mg/kg, 3. Al3+ 10 mg/kg, 4. normal saline +G.E., 5. Al3+ 5 mg/kg +G.E. and 6. Al3+ 10 mg/kg +G.E. Then, they were exposed to AlCl3 by intraperitioneal injection at a dose of 0.2 ml/d, 60 d. G.E. was administered by drinking water at a dose of 0.4 g/kg body weight. RESULTS: The results of learning and memory were recorded by Step-Down Test. It was showed that compared with the normal saline group, in the group of Al3+ 5 mg/kg, the content of brain cortex aluminum and EN1 increased significantly; the latency (LT) was shortened obviously(P < 0.01); the activity of AChE decreased and the activity of MAO increased (P < 0.01). In the group of Al3+ 10 mg/kg, the content of brain cortex aluminum, EN1 and EN2 increased significantly(P < 0.01), the LT is shortened obviously (P < 0.01), the activity of AChE decreased and the activity of MAO increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the group of Al3+ 5 mg/kg, in the group of Al3+ 5 mg/kg +G.E., EN1 decreased significantly (P < 0.05); the LT is prolonged obviously(P < 0.01), the activity of AChE increased(P < 0.05) and the activity of MAO decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the group of Al3+ 10 mg/kg, in the group of Al3+ 10 mg/kg +G.E., both EN1 and EN2 decreased significantly(P < 0.01); the LT is prolonged obviously(P < 0.01), the activity of AChE increased (P < 0.01) and the activity of MAO decreased (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that G.E. might decrease the content of brain cortex aluminum of rats. However it might improve the learning and memory ability possibly through regulating the cholinergic system and the monoaminergic system.
Experimental study on effect of gastrodia in inducing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells:Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2004 Jan;24(1):51-4. Chinese.Dong XX, Liu JB, Dong YX.Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510182.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of gastrodia in extracorporeal oriented inducing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells. METHODS: Mesenchymal stem cells were separated from bone marrow of rats by wall sticking method, amplifying cultured in vitro, and differentiated into neuron-like cells by oriented induction with gastrodia. The morphology of cells was observed under light microscopy, neuro-specific enolase (NSE), nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: Rats mesenchymal stem cells could be separated and amplified in vitro. After being induced by gastrodia for 2 hrs, most of the cells would be differentiated into meuron-like cells, revealing cytodendrite. By immunochemical staining, cells showed positive of NSE, nestin, and negative of GFAP. CONCLUSION: Rats' mesenchymal stem cells could be induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells.
The antagonistic action of Gastrodia elata combined with E-gelatin on lead-induced down regulation of c-fos expression in rat brain.:Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2003 Apr;21(2):128-31. Chinese.Hu JF, Li GZ, Li MJ.Department of Occupational Health, College Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of lead on the expression of c-fos mRNA in hippocampus and cerebellum and the ability of learning and memory in rat, and to observe the antagonistic action of Gastrodia elata and E-gelatin on the effect mentioned above. METHODS: Rats were exposed to lead acetate (0.2 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) and 0.1 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)). The single and combined administration of Gastrodia elata (4 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and E-gelatin (1 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) were conducted at the same time. Blood lead concentration in rats were measured. The ability of learning and memory by Y-maze test were examined. The expression of c-fos mRNA in hippocampus and cerebellum during Y-maze test were observed by in situ hybridization (ISH). RESULTS: (1) Blood lead concentrations were significantly increased in both high and low doses of lead-exposed rats (P < 0.01). But there were no differences among high dose groups or low dose groups (P > 0.05). (2) In Y-maze test, the number of electric stroke during learning in lead-exposed group was significantly increased (P < 0.01) while that in Gastrodia elata and E-gelatin groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and that in combined use group was more significantly decreased (P < 0.01). (3) There were much more deep-colored c-fos positive cells in CA3 area of hippocampus in low dose of Pb-exposed with Gastrodia elata + E-gelatin group. These cells were also found in high Pb with combined use or single use group, but which were not so densely distributed as the former. And they were hardly found in high and low doses of Pb alone groups. The changes of expression of c-fos cells in cerebellam were similar to those in hippocampus. CONCLUSION: The down regulation of c-fos expression may be one of the molecular mechanism of lead-induced impairment of learning and memory. Gastrodia elata and E-gelatin may antagonize the effect of lead on c-fos expression, and combined use of both drugs may potentiate the antagonism.
Protective effect of Gastrodia elata and E-gelatin on lead-induced damage to the structure and function of rat hippocampus.:Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2003 Apr;21(2):124-7. Chinese.Hu JF, Li GZ, Li MJ.Department of Occupational Health, College of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the counteraction of Gastrodia elata and E-gelatin on the effect of subchronic lead poisoning on the ability of learning and memory and the ultrastructure in hippocampus. METHODS: Subchronic lead acetate exposure was given to rats (0.2 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)). Single and combined administration of Gastrodia elata (4 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and E-gelatin (1 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) were conducted at the same time. Pb concentration in blood, and the ability of learning and memory (Y-maze test) of rats were measured. Ultrastructure of CA3 pyramidal cells in hippocampus under transmission electron microscope was observed. RESULTS: Blood Pb concentrations in each group (Pb group: 690.6 micro g/L, Pb + Gastodiae eleta group: 688.8 micro g/L, Pb + E-gelatin group: 663.8 micro g/L, Pb + combined group: 667.2 micro g/L) were higher than that in the control (28.24 micro g/L, P < 0.01). But there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among these groups. In Y-maze test, the number of electric stroke in Pb group is higher than that in control (P < 0.01). Gastrodia elata or E-gelatin used singly could significantly reduce the number of electric stroke of lead-exposed groups (P < 0.05 in the first month and P < 0.01 in the second and third month). And the effect of combined use of them was more efficient than single use (P < 0.01). Under electron microscope, no anomaly was seen in the pyramidal cells of CA3 area in hippocampus of control group. But there was significant anomaly such as neucleus separation in the cells of Pb exposed group. In Pb-Gastrodia elata group, there were some stress response phenomena such as the occurrence of huge mitochondria while in Pb-E-gelatin group, the anomaly was mild. The cells in the CA3 area in hippocampus of the pb-Gastrodia-E-gelatin group were almost normal, and also showed some stress response phenomena. CONCLUSION: Gastrodia elata and E-gelatin may protect the neurons in CA3 area of hippocampus against damage induced by lead to improve the ability of learning and memory, and they have synergistic effect.
The site-directed mutagenesis of gastrodia anti-fungal protein mannose-binding sites and its expression in Escherichia coli.:Protein Pept Lett. 2003 Dec;10(6):599-606.Wang P, Wang Y, Sa Q, Li W, Sun Y.Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.
Gastrodia anti-fungal protein (GAFP) displays strong inhibitory activity against certain fungal pathogens. Five GAFP analogues with different mutations at mannose-binding sites and the wild-type one were expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. The inhibitory analysis of the purified various GAFPs against the growth of Trichoderma viride indicates that single amino acid mutated-type GAFPs have inhibitory activity, but its activity is much less than the wild-type one. The double and triplicate amino acids mutated GAFPs have very low inhibitory activity. For the first time it was proved that GAFP mannose-binding sites play key role in anti-fungi process.
Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, medicinal herb protects against neuronal cell damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils.:Phytother Res. 2003 Sep;17(8):909-12. Kim HJ, Lee SR, Moon KD.Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, South Korea.
Gastrodia elata (GE), a medicinal herb, has been used traditionally for the treatment of convulsive diseases such as epilepsy in oriental countries including South Korea and still occupies an important place in traditional medicine in Asia. We designed this study to examine whether the ether fraction of methanol extracts (EFME) of GE protects the hippocampal neuronal damage induced by transient global ischemia in a gerbil model. Gerbils were treated with the EFME of GE (200 or 500 mg/kg per day, p.o.) for 14 days before brain ischemia. The lower dose of EFME of GE failed to attenuate the hippocampal neuronal damage in the CA1 region. However, the higher dose of EFME of GE attenuated the hippocampal neuronal damage in the CA1 region. The present results show that the EFME of GE has a protective effect against neuronal damage following global ischemia in gerbils.
The changes of cell structure in the courses of Armillaria mellea penetrating the nutritional stems of Gastrodia elata.:Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2001 Apr;23(2):150-3. Chinese.Xu JT.Department of Mycology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, CAMS, PUMC, Beijing 100094, China. jintangxu@fm365.com
OBJECTIVE: To study the cell structure changes of Gastrodia elata after Armillaria mellea infection as well as the nutritional resource of this important medicinal plant. METHOD: Observation of the serial sections on the nutritional stems of G. elata, and measure new corms of G. elata when cut off the old corms connection with rhizomorph of A. mellea. RESULT: After G. elata nutritional stems infected by A. mellea, the rhizomorph of A. mellea separate into several hyphal layers and penetrate hyphal stream which infect into the cells of cortex layer in the direction of outside and infect directly into layer cells in the direction of inside, these hypha can be used the nutrition of G. elata the new corms will be stop growth if cut off the rhizomorph of A. mellea connected with G. elata. CONCLUSION: After the rhizomorph of A. mellea infected G. elata nutritional stems, hyphal coils and the hyphal stream will breakthrough passage cells as well as large cells surround the whole nutritional stems, so the passage cells is the key nutritional resource in the whole growth period of G. elata.
The promoter of an antifungal protein gene from Gastrodia elata confers tissue -specific and fungus-inducible expression patterns and responds to both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.:Plant Cell Rep. 2003 Aug;22(1):79-84. Epub 2003 Jul 1.Sa Q, Wang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Sun Y.Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Building 917, 100101 Beijing, P. R. China.
Gastrodia antifungal proteins (GAFPs) are a group of mannose-binding lectins purified from Gastrodia elata that show strong resistance against a wide spectrum of fungi. The GAFP-2 promoter was analyzed for its ability to control the expression of the reporter gene, beta-glucuronidase (GUS) in transgenic tobacco plants. The GUS assays revealed that the GAFP-2 promoter is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, which mainly expressed in the vascular cells. The highest GUS activity was observed in roots, followed by stems. GAFP-2-GUS expression was strongly induced by the fungus Trichoderma viride and by the plant stress regulators, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in the stably transformed tobacco plants. The -537 region of the GAFP-2 promoter was sufficient for its tissue-specific and inducible expression of the promoter.
Studies on chemical constituents of effective part of Gastrodia elata.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Jan;27(1):35-6. Chinese.Xiao YQ, Li L, You XL.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of effective part of Gastrodia elata. METHOD: The constituens were isolated by column chromatographies with silica gel and ODS, and identified by NMR, MS spectra. RESULT: Six compounds were isolated and identified. CONCLUSION: Three compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Habitats and present situations of 13 rare precious medicinal materials in Funiu mountains.:Zhong Yao Cai. 1999 Oct;22(10):493-6. Chinese.Yang D, Zhang X, Zhang M.School of Life Sciences, University of Zhongshan, Guangzhou 510275.
The living resources are very abound in the Funiu mountains area because of its special geographical position and climate, and there are also many rare precious living beings and Chinese medicinal herbs, for example, Taxus mairei, Ginkgo biloba, Gastrodia elata, Dendrobium huashanense, Physochlaina infunbularis, Cypripedium japonicum, Dysosma versipellis, Moschus moschiferus, Megalobatrachus davidanus, Succinum, etc, and conscious protection and rational development is an urgent task.
Effect of various nutrient solutions on quality of Gastrodia elata.:Zhong Yao Cai. 1998 Jan;21(1):1-3. Chinese. Wu Y, Liu N, Long Q.Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550002.
This paper dealed with the effect of media fertilization on the quality of Gastrodia eleta according to the results of tissue culture. The results showed that contents of nutrient elements, gastrodin and free amino acids in G. elata were affected by various nutrients solutions. The result of comprehensive analysis showed that the 1/2 MS medium was the fittest treatment of fertilization.
Gastrodin decreases immunoreactivities of gamma-aminobutyric acid shunt enzymes in the hippocampus of seizure-sensitive gerbils.:J Neurosci Res. 2003 Feb 15;71(4):534-43.An SJ, Park SK, Hwang IK, Choi SY, Kim SK, Kwon OS, Jung SJ, Baek NI, Lee HY, Won MH, Kang TC.Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, South Korea
Gastrodin is one of the natural compound isolated from Gastrodia elata and has known anticonvulsant effects, although the exact pharmacological principles of this natural compound and its effects on other aspects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism in vivo have not been explored. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of gastrodin on GABA metabolism in the gerbil hippocampus were examined, in an effort to identify the antiepileptic characteristics of this substance. Gastrodin reduced the seizure score in the treated group, although the immunoreactivities of GABA synthetic enzymes and GABA transporters were unaltered in gastrodin-treated animals. Interestingly, in the gastrodin-treated group, GABA transaminase (GABA-T) immunoreactivity in the hippocampus, particularly in neurons, was significantly decreased. In the gastrodin-treated group, both succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) and succinic semialdehyde reductase (SSAR) immunoreactivities in the hippocampus was also decreased significantly, which stood in contrast to the nontreated group, in which strong SSADH and SSAR immunoreactivities were detected. From the neuroanatomical viewpoint, these findings suggest that gastrodin may cause the elevation of GABA concentration by inhibiting the GABA shunt.
Ethyl ether fraction of Gastrodia elata Blume protects amyloid beta peptide-induced cell death.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jan;84(1):95-8.Kim HJ, Moon KD, Lee DS, Lee SH.Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, South Korea.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Recently, it has been reported that Alzheimer's disease is associated with cell death in neuronal cells including the hippocampus. Amyloid beta-peptide stimulates neuronal cell death, but the underlying signaling pathways are poorly understood. In order to develop anti-dementia agents with potential therapeutic value, we examined the effect of the herbal compound Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) on neuronal cell death induced by amyloid beta-peptide in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells. The fractionation of GEB was carried out in various solvents. The hydroxyl radical scavenging effect of the ethyl ether fraction was more potent than any other fractions. In cells treated with amyloid beta-peptide, the neuroprotective effect of the ethyl ether, chloroform, and butanol fractions was 92, 44, and 39%, respectively, compared with control. Taken together, these results suggest that the ethyl ether fraction of GEB contains one or more compounds that dramatically reduce amyloid beta-peptide induced neuronal cell death in vitro.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a novel mannose-binding lectin from Gastrodia elata with antifungal properties.:Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2002 Oct;58(Pt 10 Pt 2):1833-5. Epub 2002 Sep 28.Liu W, Hu YL, Wang M, Xiang Y, Hu Z, Wang DC.Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
A plant antifungal protein, Gastrodia antifungal protein (GAFP-1) has been isolated from terminal corms of the orchid Gastrodia elata B1 f. elata, purified to homogeneity and crystallized by means of the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. The best quality crystals grew over several months at 277 K. The crystal used for data collection belongs to the space group P2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 61.087, b = 91.488, c = 81.132 A. Using a synchrotron-radiation source, the resolution limit of the data reached 2.0 A, with an overall R(merge) of 0.097 and a completeness of 99.8%. Four independent molecules were estimated to be present in the asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 46.3%. This data will help to solve the first structure of a monomeric monocot mannose-binding lectin.
Investigation of the chemico-physical characteristics of the active components in the Chinese herb Gastrodia elata Bl. by capillary zone electrophoresis.:Anal Sci. 2002 Apr;18(4):409-12.Wang D, Yang G, Li B, Li Z, Chen Y.Department of Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding, P R China.
A CE method for investigating the chemico-physical characteristics of the active components of low molecular weight in Gastrodia elata Bl. is described. First, the dissociation constants of five active components were determined based on the relation between the effective mobility of the solutes and the buffer pH value. Second, an equation that describes the relation of the migration time and the molecular weight was developed and used to predict the migration order and to calculate the electroosmotic velocity. The results predicted by theory agreed well with that from experiments.
A new compound from Gastrodia elata Blume.:J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2002 Mar;4(1):73-9.Xiao YQ, Li L, You XL, Bian BL, Liang XM, Wang YT.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing. x.heqi@yeah.net
A new compound, alpha-acetylamino-phenylprophyl alpha-benzoylamino-phenylpropionate (1) and a known compound 4-hydroxybenzyl beta-sitosterol ether (2), were isolated from the tubers of Gastrodia elata Blume and their structures were elucidated by spectral data.
The A1- and non A1-effects of N6-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)-methyl-adenosine on rat vas deferens.:Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1998;33(3):175-9. Chinese. Xiong J, Huang J.Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050.
N6-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)-methyl-adenosine (HPMA) is a novel N6-substituted adenosine analogue recently obtained from Armillaria mellea (an edible fungus on which depends the growth of the famous Chinese traditional drug Gastrodia elata). It has been shown to have some characters of A1 receptor agonists of purinergic nerve. In this study, we compared the effects of HPMA with that of N6-Cyclohexyladenosine(CHA), an A1 selective agonist, on rat vas deferens in vitro, and found remarkable differences between them. In our study, HPMA dose-dependently decreased the contraction responses to exogenous Phenylephrine (PE), Norepinephrine (NE) and Acetylcholine(ACh) on rat vas deferens, while CHA showed no effect on these responses. 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine(DPCPX), an A1 selective antagonist, did not show any influence on these effects of HPMA, indicating that the depression effect of HPMA may be through a non-A1 mechanism. Using HPMA to decrease about 50% of the twitch responses evoked by field-stimulation on rat vas deferens, the responsiveness to exogenous ACh seemed to be similar to that without HPMA pretreatment. These indicate that HPMA at this dosage (IC50 dosage) preferentially acted on presynapse (may be the A1 receptor) to attenuate the release of neurotransmitters. At a high dosage (10(-5) mol.L-1), HPMA abolished the neurogenic twitch responses evoked by electrical field-stimulation, while the responsiveness of rat vas deferens to exogenous ACh was decreased showing both pre-synapse and post-synapse depression.
Phenolic compounds from Gastrodia rhizome and relaxant effects of related compounds on isolated smooth muscle preparation.:Phytochemistry. 2002 Mar;59(5):513-9.
Gastrol (1), together with 10 known phenolic compounds, has been isolated from the MeOH extract of the rhizomes of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae), and their structures were elucidated by detailed spectral analyses including by 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. The relaxant effects of these constituents on smooth muscle preparations isolated from guinea-pig ileum were also studied in order to reveal their characteristic pharmacological activities.
Retrospect on the research of the cultivation of Gastrodia elata Bl, a rare traditional Chinese medicine.:Chin Med J (Engl). 2000 Aug;113(8):686-92. Review.Xu J, Guo S.Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China.
PURPOSE: To review the research on the cultivation of Gastrodia elata Bl, a rare traditional Chinese medicine. DATA SOURCES: The data come from our previous research and published review articles on G. elata cultivation. STUDY SELECTION: After reviewing the research results on G. elata from 1960 to 1995, we selected the core research on G. elata and a complete cultivation technique of rare traditional Chinese medicine G. elata. DATA EXTRACTION: Some important data were arranged in different tables, and new cultivation methods were reviewed. RESULTS: A. mellea has been found to have inhibiting effects on G. elata seed germination. The seeds are able to sprout only when a nutritional relationship exists between G. elata and a fungus of the same genus as M. osmundicola. The sprouted tubers have to set up a symbiotic relationship with A. mellea during their clone propagation period so as to grow normally. CONCLUSIONS: G. elata has to symbiosize with M. osmundicola and A. mellea so as to complete its life cycle from seed to seed. These findings have revealed the secret of the life cycle of G. elata that has been puzzling biological circles for years.
In vitro effects of hydroxybenzaldehydes from Gastrodia elata and their analogues on GABAergic neurotransmission, and a structure-activity correlation.:Planta Med. 2001 Dec;67(9):877-80.Ha JH, Shin SM, Lee SK, Kim JS, Shin US, Huh K, Kim JA, Yong CS, Lee NJ, Lee DU.
The present study was designed to characterize the modulatory effects of the constituents of Gastrodia elata and their analogues on the GABAergic neurotransmission. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (1) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (4) inhibited potently the activity of GABA transaminase (IC(50) = 4.1 and 5.4 microg/ml, respectively), while the activity of another constituent, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (2), was very weak. Further investigation with 10 analogues revealed a structure-activity correlation, suggesting that the aldehyde group and the hydroxy group at C-4 are necessary for the inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. Some potent enzyme inhibitors were examined for the effect on the radioligands to the GABA(A) receptor complexes of rat cerebral cortices. Among them, the component 4 dose-dependently increased (20 - 30 %) the binding of [(3)H]flunitrazepam in the presence of GABA.
Isozyme analysis of Gastrodia elata f. elata and G. elata f. glaucca and their hybrid.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2001 Aug;24(8):547-8. Chinese.Jiang L, Wan S, Wang S, Yu C.Horticulture Department of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070.
Peroxidase(POX) isozyme analysis of Gastrodia elata f. glaucca, G. elata f. elata and its hybrid were carried out. The results indicated that shoot apex meristem was optimal material for POX analysis and the determination of the hybrid. The zymogram hands were stable and clear. POX isozyme zymogram of the hybrid F1(H x W) represented the visible supplement relation between Gastrodia elata f. elata and Gastrodia elata f. glaucca.
Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, a traditional medicinal herb, protects against kainic acid-induced neuronal damage in the mouse hippocampus.:Neurosci Lett. 2001 Nov 13;314(1-2):65-8.Kim HJ, Moon KD, Oh SY, Kim SP, Lee SR.Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, 702-701, South Korea.
Gastrodia elata (GE) has been used traditionally for the treatment of convulsive diseases such as epilepsy in oriental countries including South Korea and still occupies an important place in traditional medicine in Asia. We studied the anticonvulsive effect and protective effect of the ether fraction of methanol extracts (EFME) of GE against hippocampal neuronal damage after kainic acid administration in mice. Mice were treated with the EFME of GE (200 or 500 mg/kg per day, p.o.) for 14 days before kainic acid injection (45 mg/kg, i.p.). The EFME of GE (at the dose of 500 mg/kg) delayed the onset time of neurobehavioral change (P<0.01) and reduced the severity of convulsions (P<0.05) and hippocampal neuronal damage in the CA1 (P<0.01) and CA3 (P<0.05) regions. Our results show that The EFME of GE has anticonvulsive effect and putative neuroprotective effect against excitotoxicity induced by kainic acid.
Analysis gastrodin in various types of Gastrodia elata Bl..:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1998 Jun;23(6):336-7, 382. Chinese.Pan R, Xu J.Institute of Medicinal Plant, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094.
This paper analyzes the gastrodin in various types of Gastrodia elata quantitatively and qualitatively by means of TLC and HPLC. The TLC result shows the various types of G. elata to be almost the same. The HPLC result reveals that the peak number and retention times of these various types are similar, but the peak areas or peak heights are different.
Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities of Gastrodia elata Bl. in kainic acid-treated rats.:Am J Chin Med. 2001;29(2):331-41.Hsieh CL, Chiang SY, Cheng KS, Lin YH, Tang NY, Lee CJ, Pon CZ, Hsieh CT.Chang Gung Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital and Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) is a traditional Chinese herb that is commonly used in Chinese communities to treat convulsive disorders such as epilepsy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the anticonvulsive and free radical activities of GE in rats. In vitro studies were conducted by using brain tissue from 6 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with 120 microg/ml of kainic acid (KA), with or without the addition of various concentrations of GE. In vivo studies were conducted in a total of 30 male SD rats divided into 5 groups of 6 rats which were treated as follows: 1) the normal group received an intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of PBS (Phosphate buffer saline, 1 ml/kg); 2) the control group received KA (12 mg/kg) i.p.; 3) the GE 1.0 group received oral administration of GE 1.0 g/kg 30 min prior to KA administration; 4) the GE 0.5 group received oral administration of GE 0.5 g/kg 30 min prior to KA administration; 5) the PH group received oral administration of phenytoin 20 mg/kg 30 min prior to KA administration. Seizures were verified by behavioral observations, electroencephalograph (EEG) and electromyography (EMG). Lipid peroxide levels in the rat brain, luminol chemiluminescence (CL) and lucigenin-CL in the peripheral blood were measured simultaneously after behavioral observations. The results indicate that GE administration significantly reduced KA-induced lipid peroxide levels in vitro. Oral administration of GE 1.0 g/kg and phenytoin 20 mg/kg significantly reduced counts of wet dog shakes (WDS), paw tremor (PT) and facial myoclonia (FM) in KA-treated rats. In addition, oral administration of GE 1.0 g/kg significantly delayed the onset of WDS, from 30 min in the control group to 46 min in the 0.5 g/kg group, and 63 min in the GE 1.0 g/kg group. A significantly reduced level of lipid peroxides in the rat brain was found in the GE 1.0 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg, and phenytoin 20 mg/kg groups. The GE 1.0 g/kg group showed significant reduction of luminol-CL and lucigenin-CL counts in the peripheral blood compared to the control group. The results of the present study demonstrate that GE has anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical effectiveness of GE as an anticonvulsant in humans.
Simultaneous determination of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl alcohol, and sugars in Gastrodia elata blume measured as their acetylated derivatives by GC-MS.:J Chromatogr Sci. 2001 Jun;39(6):251-4.Li HX, Ding MY, Yu JY.Chemistry Department of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of the active constituents and three sugars in the roots of Gastrodia elata Blume (GE), which is used as a famous Chinese traditional herbal medicine, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is established. The samples are acetylated with pyridine-acetic anhydride. The contents of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HA), fructose, glucose, 4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl alcohol (GA), and sucrose in GE are 0.004%, 0.03%, 1.36%, 1.12%, 1.97%, and 4.25%, respectively, and the detection limits are 1.5, 3.0, 11.0, 5.0, 33.0, and 35.0 pg, respectively. The contents of HA and GA in the urine and brain of a mouse are also determined. This method is simple, reliable, and quick for the simultaneous determination of the active constituents and sugars in GE.
Gastrodianin-like mannose-binding proteins: a novel class of plant proteins with antifungal properties.:Plant J. 2001 Mar;25(6):651-61.Wang X, Bauw G, Van Damme EJ, Peumans WJ, Chen ZL, Van Montagu M, Angenon G, Dillen W.Vakgroep Moleculaire Genetica en Departement Plantengenetica, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Universiteit Gent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
The orchid Gastrodia elata depends on the fungus Armillaria mellea to complete its life cycle. In the interaction, fungal hyphae penetrate older, nutritive corms but not newly formed corms. From these corms, a protein fraction with in vitro activity against plant-pathogenic fungi has previously been purified. Here, the sequence of gastrodianin, the main constituent of the antifungal fraction, is reported. Four isoforms that encoded two different mature proteins were identified at the cDNA level. Another isoform was detected in sequenced peptides. Because the antifungal activity of gastrodianins produced in and purified from Escherichia coli and Nicotiana tabacum was comparable to that of gastrodianin purified from the orchid, gastrodianins are the active component of the antifungal fractions. Gastrodianin accumulation is probably an important part of the mechanism by which the orchid controls Armillaria penetration. Gastrodianin was found to be homologous to monomeric mannose-binding proteins of other orchids, of which at least one (Epipactis helleborine mannose-binding protein) also displayed in vitro antifungal activity. This establishes the gastrodianin-like proteins (GLIPs) as a novel class of antifungal proteins.
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Nov;73(1-2):329-33.Ha JH, Lee DU, Lee JT, Kim JS, Yong CS, Kim JA, Ha JS, Huh K.Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 705-717, Taegu, South Korea. jhha@medical.yeungnam.ac.kr
Ether fraction of G. elata methanol extract significantly inhibited the recovery time and severity induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) treatment. Pretreatment of ether fraction of G. elata methanol extract successfully prevented diminution of brain GABA level in subconvulsive dose of PTZ-treated rats. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, an analogue of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, showed an inhibitory effect on the GABA transaminase, and its inhibitory activity was higher than that of valproic acid, a known anticonvulsant. In the brain of PTZ-treated rats, brain lipid peroxidation was significantly increased, while it recovered to the control level after treatment with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. It may be concluded that antioxidation and positive modulation of GABAergic neuromodulation of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde partially contribute to an antiepileptic and anticonvulsive activity of G. elata B1.
Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities of vanillyl alcohol in ferric chloride-induced epileptic seizures in Sprague-Dawley rats.:Life Sci. 2000;67(10):1185-95.Hsieh CL, Chang CH, Chiang SY, Li TC, Tang NY, Pon CZ, Hsieh CT, Lin JG.School of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan.
Vanillyl alcohol (VA) is a component of Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE), which is a traditional Chinese herb widely used to treat convulsive disorders or dizziness. This study examined the role of VA in the anticonvulsive properties of GE in a Sprague-Dawley rat model of epilepsy. The anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities of VA were examined after intracortical injection of ferric chloride (100 mM, 8 microl) to induce epileptic seizures. These seizures were verified by behavioral observations and electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) recordings. Ferric chloride injection resulted in increased lipid peroxide levels in the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral cortex, and increased luminol-chemiluminescence (CL) and lucigenin-CL counts in the peripheral blood. Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of VA (200 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) or phenytoin 10 mg/kg prior to ferric chloride administration significantly inhibited wet dog shakes (WDS) and lipid peroxide levels in the bilateral cerebral cortex. VA 200 mg/kg also significantly reduced luminol-CL and lucigenin-CL counts in the peripheral blood, but no significant effect was observed following administration of VA 100 mg/kg or phenytoin. These data indicate that VA has both anticonvulsive and suppressive effects on seizures and lipid peroxidation induced by ferric chloride in rats. Data from the present study also demonstrate that VA has free radical scavenging activities, which may be responsible for its anticonvulsive propertics. This finding is consistent with the results from previous studies that generation of superoxide radical evoked by injection of iron salt into rat brain plays a critical role in ferric chloride-induced seizures. In addition, the results of the present study suggest that the anticonvulsive effect of GE may be attributable, at least in part, to its VA component.
The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.:Phytother Res. 2000 Aug;14(5):375-7.Hsieh MT, Peng WH, Wu CR, Wang WH.Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College, Taiwan, R.O.C. rei106@tcts1.seed.net.tw
Ameliorating effects were investigated of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs administered orally for 1 week-Panax ginseng (PG), Panax notoginseng (PNG), Dioscorea opposita (DO), Gastrodia elata (GE), Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), Acorus gramineus (AG), Coptis chinensis (CC), Polygonum multiflorum (PM), Cyperus rotundus (CR) and Psoralea corylifolia (PC)-on the scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesia by using a passive avoidance task in rats. Of ten Chinese herbs, only PG, PNG, GE and CC prolonged the SCOP-shortened STL. These results revealed that PG, PNG GE and CC administered orally for 1 week improved the SCOP-induced learning and memory deficit in rats.
Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging actions of two herbs, Uncaria rhynchophylla (MIQ) Jack and Gastrodia elata Bl., in kainic acid-treated rats.:Life Sci. 1999;65(20):2071-82.Hsieh CL, Tang NY, Chiang SY, Hsieh CT, Lin JG.School of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jack (UR) and Gastrodia elata BI. (GE) are traditional Chinese herbs that are usually used in combination to treat convulsive disorders, such as epilepsy, in China. The aim of this study was to compare the anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities of UR alone and UR in combination with GE in rats. For the in vitro studies, brain tissues from 6 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 120 microg/ml kainic acid (KA), with or without varied concentrations of UR or UR plus GE. For the in vivo studies, male SD rats (6 per group) received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of KA 12 mg/kg to induce epileptic seizures and generation of free radicals, with or without oral administration of UR 1 g/kg alone or UR 1 g/kg plus GE 1 g/kg. Epileptic seizures were verified by behavioral observations, and electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) recordings. These results showed that UR alone decreased KA-induced lipid peroxide levels in vitro, whereas UR plus GE did not produce a greater effect than UR alone. UR significantly reduced counts of wet dog shakes (WDS), paw tremor (PT) and facial myoclonia (FM) in KA-treated rats and significantly delayed the onset time of WDS, from 27 min in the control group to 40 min in the UR group. UR plus GE did not inhibit seizures more effectively than UR alone, but did further prolong the onset time of WDS to 63 min (P < 0.05 vs. UR alone). UR alone reduced the levels of free radicals in vivo, as measured by lipid peroxidation in the brain and luminol-chemiluminescence (CL) counts and lucigenin-CL counts in the peripheral whole blood, but the combination of GE and UR did not reduce free radical levels more markedly than UR alone. In conclusion, our results indicate that UR has anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities, and UR combined with GE exhibit greater inhibition on the onset time of WDS than UR alone. These findings suggest that the anticonvulsive effects of UR and GE may be synergistic. However, the mechanism of interaction between UR and GE remains unknown.
Inhibitory effects of constituents of Gastrodia elata Bl. on glutamate-induced apoptosis in IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells.:Arch Pharm Res. 1999 Aug;22(4):404-9.Lee YS, Ha JH, Yong CS, Lee DU, Huh K, Kang YS, Lee SH, Jung MW, Kim JA.Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Kangnung, Korea.
The inhibitory effects of the constituents of Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) on glutamate-induced apoptosis in human neuronal cells were investigated using IMR32 human neuroblastoma cells. Glutamate (GLU) induced DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner. GLU also induced a slow and sustained increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Treatment with EGTA, an extracellular Ca2+ chelator, in a nominal Ca2+-free buffer solution abolished the GLU-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase, indicating that GLU stimulated Ca2+ influx pathway in the IMR32 cells. BAPTA, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, significantly inhibited the GLU-induced apoptosis assessed by the flow cytometry measuring hypodiploid DNA content indicative of apoptosis, implying that intracellular Ca2+ rise may mediate the apoptotic action of GLU. Vanillin (VAN) and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (p-HB), known constituents of GE, significantly inhibited both intracellular Ca2+ rise and apoptosis induced by GLU. These results suggest that the apoptosis-inhibitory actions of the constituents of GE may account, at least in part, for the basis of their antiepileptic activities. These results further suggest that intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathway may be a molecular target of the constituents of GE.
Isolation and identification of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase inhibitory compound from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume.:Arch Pharm Res. 1999 Apr;22(2):219-24.Baek NI, Choi SY, Park JK, Cho SW, Ahn EM, Jeon SG, Lee BR, Bahn JH, Kim YK, Shon IH.Department of Life Sciences, Kyunghee University, Suwon, Korea.
In our search for the anticonvulsant constituent of Gastrodia elata repeated column chromatographies guided by activity assay led to isolation of an active compound, which was identified as gastrodin on the basis of spectral data. Brain succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) was inactivated by preincubation with gastrodin in a time-dependent manner and the reaction was monitored by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. The inactivation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with the second-rate order constant of 1.2 x 10(3) M-1min-1. The time course of the reaction was significantly affected by the coenzyme NAD+, which affected complete protection against the loss of the catalytic activity, whereas substrate succinic semialdehyde failed to prevent the inactivation of the enzyme. It is postulated that the gastrodin is able to elevate the neurotransmitter GABA levels in central nervous system by inhibitory action on one of the GABA degradative enzymes, SSADH.
Isolation of 3-O-(4'-hydroxybenzyl)-beta-sitosterol and 4-[4'-(4"-hydroxybenzyloxy)benzyloxy]benzyl methyl ether from fresh tubers of Gastrodia elata.:Arch Pharm Res. 1998 Jun;21(3):357-60.Yun-Choi HS, Pyo MK, Park KM.Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea.
Two new 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives (1 and 2) were isolated from the methanol extract obtained from fresh tubers of Gastrodia elata together with 4-hydroxybenzyl methyl ether, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, beta-sitosterol and palmitic acid. 1 and 2 were identified as 3-O-(4'-hydroxybenzyl)-beta-sitosterol and 4-[4'-(4"-hydroxybenzyloxy)benzyloxy]benzyl methyl ether, respectively, according to the spectroscopic data.
Gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol facilitate memory consolidation and retrieval, but not acquisition, on the passive avoidance task in rats.:J Ethnopharmacol. 1997 Mar;56(1):45-54.Hsieh MT, Wu CR, Chen CF.Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
Gastrodin (GAS) and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) which is an aglycone of gastrodin, are active ingredients of Gastrodia elata Blume. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects of acute administration of GAS and HBA on learning and memory processes such as acquisition, consolidation and retrieval, on the passive avoidance task in rats; piracetam was used as a positive control. Scopolamine, impairing learning acquisition, shortened the step-through latency in the retention test in rats. GAS and HBA did not prolong the step-through latency induced by scopolamine in the passive avoidance task, but piracetam could prolong the step-through latency induced by scopolamine. Cycloheximide, impairing memory consolidation, shortened the step-through latency in the retention test in rats. GAS at 50 mg/kg, HBA at 5 mg/kg and piracetam at 100 mg/kg could prolong the step-through latency induced by cycloheximide in the passive avoidance task. Apomorphine, impairing memory retrieval, shortened the step-through latency in the retention test in rats. GAS at 5 mg/kg, HBA at 1 mg/kg and piracetam at 300 mg/kg could prolong the step-through latency induced by apomorphine in the passive avoidance task. From the above results, we concluded that the facilitating effects of HBA on learning and memory are better than those of GAS. In conclusion, GAS and HBA can improve cycloheximide- and apomorphine-induced amnesia, but not scopolamine-induced acquisition impairment in rats. Thus, GAS and HBA can facilitate memory consolidation and retrieval, but not acquisition. The facilitating effects of GAS and HBA are different from those of piracetam.
Effects of Gastrodia elata and its active constituents on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.:Planta Med. 1996 Aug;62(4):317-21.Wu CR, Hsieh MT, Huang SC, Peng WH, Chang YS, Chen CF.Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
The effects of the rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) (abbreviated as GE) and its active constituents on learning and memory by using the one-trial passive avoidance task were studied in rats. At the 1.0 g/kg dose administered for one week, the methanol extract of GE significantly prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by scopolamine in the passive avoidance task. Furthermore, at the 50.0 mg/kg dose administered for one week, the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the methanol extract prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by scopolamine in rats. Gastrodin, isolated from the n-butanol fraction of the methanol extract, and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract, also significantly prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by scopolamine on the passive avoidance task. These results suggested that gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol may be the active constituents of GE.
Esterase isoenzyme of various types in rhizoma Gastrodiae.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1996 Feb;21(2):84-6, 127. Chinese.Pan R, Xu J.Institute of Medicinal Plant, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing.
By means of polyacrylamide gel slab electrophoresis, the esterase isoenzyme of various types in Gastrodia elata in different growing periods was studied and the relativity and difference in physiology and biochemistry were discussed. The result reveals that apparent variety of Rhizoma Gastrodiae is not decided by genetic factors.
p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol attenuates learning deficits in the inhibitory avoidance task: involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems.:Chin J Physiol. 1996;39(4):265-73.Wu CR, Hsieh MT, Liao J.Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), an aglycone of gastrodin, is an active ingredient of Gastrodia elata BLUME. In this study, we investigated the action of HBA on acquisition of an inhibitory avoidance response in rats and used piracetam as a positive control. The results indicated that scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor antagonist, injected before training impaired retention. HBA did not attenuate the scopolamine-induced impairment, but piracetam did. p-Chloroamphetamine, a serotonin releaser, injected before training impaired retention. HBA at 5 mg/kg and piracetam at 100 mg/kg could counteract the p-chloroamphetamine-induced deficit. Apomorphine, a dopaminergic receptor agonist, also impaired retention. HBA at 5 mg/kg and piracetam at 300 mg/kg could ameliorate the apomorphine-induced amnesia. The above results indicated that HBA, different from piracetam, can attenuate impairments induced by p-chloroamphetamine and apomorphine, but had no effect on impairment induced by scopolamine in an inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Such findings suggest that HBA may act through suppressing dopaminergic and serotonergic activities and thus improves learning.
Inhibition of kainic acid binding to glutamate receptors by extracts of Gastrodia.:Phytochemistry. 1995 Mar;38(4):835-6.Andersson M, Bergendorff O, Nielsen M, Sterner O, Witt R, Ai J, Lu A, Wang AM.Department of Biochemistry, Sct. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.
S-(4-hydroxybenzyl)glutathione was isolated as the major principle responsible for the inhibition of the in vitro binding of kainic acid to brain glutamate receptors by water extracts of the plant Gastrodia elata. The affinity (IC50 value) of the compound is slightly lower compared to glutamate and glutathione.
Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and vanillin: effects on free radicals, brain peroxidation and degradation of benzoate, deoxyribose, amino acids and DNA.:Neuropharmacology. 1993 Jul;32(7):659-69.
We examined the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (p-HBA), the major component of Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE), and compared them with those of vanillin, which is also a component of GE and a known antioxidant. Both p-HBA and vanillin are powerful scavengers of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrozyl, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Like vanillin, p-HBA also inhibits iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate, microsomes and mitochondria. In addition, p-HBA and vanillin in a dose-dependent fashion inhibit Fe(II)-H2O2-induced damage to benzoate, deoxyribose, glutamic acid, 2-aminobutyric acid and methionine, as well as benzoate hydroxylation. Vanillin has a pro-oxidant effect on Fe(III)-superoxide-induced damage to benzoate, deoxyribose, amino acids and benzoate hydroxylation, whereas p-HBA shows no pro-oxidant activity in the system. Vanillin and p-HBA stimulate bleomycin-iron-dependent damage to DNA only at very high concentrations. These findings suggest that the antioxidant effect of GE extract in the rat brain may result from the antioxidant actions of p-HBA and other phenolic compounds such as vanillin at the cellular and molecular level in brain.
Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Gastrodia elata Bl. and Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks.:Neuropharmacology. 1992 Dec;31(12):1287-98.
Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) and Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks (UR) are two traditional Chinese medicinal herbal drugs, used for the treatment of convulsions and epilepsy. Their antioxidant effects in vivo and their free radical scavenging effects in vitro were investigated. Epileptogenic foci in the lateral brain of the rat were induced by the injection of ferric chloride into the lateral cortex. Both extracts significantly inhibited the increase in levels of lipid peroxide in the ipsilateral cortex, at all times observed. In addition, the two extracts also induced an early increase of activity of superoxide dismutase in the mitochondrial fraction of the ipsilateral cortex. In in vitro experiments, the two extracts exhibited significant dose-dependent scavenging effects on free radicals, using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. These results suggest that the proposed antiepileptic effects of GE and UR may be attributable to the antioxidant activity of the active components in these two medicinal herbs.
Effects of tian-ma injection on myocardial ischemia and lipid peroxidation in rabbits.:Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1992 Mar;23(1):53-6. Chinese.Luo H, Wang L, Chen H, Xue Z.
Lipid peroxidation initiated by oxygen free radicals played an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Tian-Ma (Gastrodia elata Bl.) injection on myocardial infarct size and lipid peroxidation by observing serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Twenty-six New Zealand rabbits were divided into control group (n = 6), ischemic group (n = 10), and Tian-Ma treated group (n = 10). Left ventricular branch (LVB) of coronary artery was ligated at its middle third in ischemic and treated groups. LVB was not ligated in control group. Tian-Ma injection was given intravenously (1 mg/kg) every 8 hours after ligation in treated group for 48 hours. Precordial 12-lead ECG mapping was recorded before operation and at 3, 24 and 48 hours after occlusion. Hemodynamic changes (HR, LVP) were monitored before and 0.5, 3 and 48 hours after ligation. Serum MDA levels were determined by thiobarbituric acid spectrophotometry before operation, and 0.5, 3, 9, 24, and 48 hours after ligation. Dual staining technique was used 48 hours after ligation to determine the area at risk and infarct size. The results showed that Tian-Ma injection did not decrease sigma ST elevation (P greater than 0.05), but NQ was significantly lower during ischemia in treated group (P less than 0.01), Tian-Ma injection reduced the area at risk by 23.5% (P less than 0.05) and infarct size by 34.5% (P less than 0.01). Tian-Ma injection significantly decreased the levels of serum MDA 24 and 48 hours after occlusion (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bioactive glycosides from Chinese medicines.:Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1991;86 Suppl 2:231-4. Review.Zhou J.Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academe of Sciences, Yunnan.
Glycosides are the bioactive components of many famous Chinese medicines. Here reported are some bioactive glycosides we discovered from Chinese medicines in recent years. (1) Phenolic glycosides from Chinese medicines: Gastrodia elata, Aconitum austroyunanense and Helicia erratica, three bioactive phenolic glycosides were discovered and two of them have been developed into new drugs. (2) Terpenoidal glycosides: a) Monoterpenoid: the sweroside from Swertia moleensis has been developed into an anti-hepatitis drug; b) Diterpenoid: Phlomis betonicoides contains sweet glycosides; c) Triterpenoid: many biologically active triterpenoid glycosides were isolated from Panax plants and Siraitia grosvenorii. (3) Steroidal glycosides: a) C21-steroid: Cynanchum otophyllum and C. atratrum contain anti-epilepsy and anti-tumor glycosides; b) C27-steroid Hemostatic saponins were found in Paris polyphylla.
Studies on nutrition source of seeds germination of gastrodia elata B1.:Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 1990 Dec;12(6):431-4. Chinese.Xu J.Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing.
The seeds of Gastrodia elata lack an endosperm and other stored nutrition and thus do not easily germinate. Armillaria mellea inhibit germination of the seeds, which exist in a type of symbiotic relationship with fungi. The nutrition necessary for germination is derived from Mycena osmundicola invading cells of the embryo. The tree leaves provide a good medium for Mycena osmundicola growth and an indirect nutritional source for germination.
Cytological observation on hyphae invading Mycena osm undicola in the process of seed germination of Gastrodia elata Bl.:Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 1990 Oct;12(5):313-7. Chinese.Xu J.Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing.
In order to obtain the nutrition necessary to sprout, Gastrodia elata seeds depend on digesting a kind of fungi (Mycena osmundicola Lange). Hyphae are enclosed and digested by embryonic cytoplasm after M. osmundicola penetrates the embryo through suspensor cells, and then meristem cells begin to divide. The digested hyphae penetrate into large cells to be further digested. The body of the embryo then enlarges and germinates under meristem cells using the nutrition thus obtained.
Determination of primary metabolic products of fungi promoting seed germination of Gastrodia elata Bl. and other Orchidaceae medicinal plants.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1990 Jun;15(6):332-4, 382. Chinese.Guo S, Xu J.Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing.
The contents of amino acids, protein, water-soluble sugar, reducing sugar and microelements in seven strains of seed-germination-promoting fungi were determined. It was found that the contents of primary products were different in these fungi. In the light of physiological characteristics of seed germination, the action mechanism of the products in promoting seed germination was discussed.
Selection of the germination strain of Mycena osmundicola Lange in Gastrodia elata Bl. seeds.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1990 May;15(5):271-4, 317. Chinese.Ran Y, Xu J.Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing.
By successive selection and comparison these seeds are higher in germination rate, faster in protocorm growth and higher in yield of Gastrodia elata. It is evident that Mycene osmundicola is one of the best strains in Gastrodia elata germination fungi.
Studies on the life cycle of Gastrodia elata.:Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 1989 Aug;11(4):237-41. Chinese.Xu JT.
Seeds of G. elata are strongly reduced small structures. They lack nutrient tissues entirely. A small embryo is surrounded by a single-layered seed coat with a very loose structure. Digestion of certain kinds of fungi (Mycena osmundicola, etc) which have invaded the embryonic cells provides the necessary nutrition to sprout. Protocorms obtain their nutrition from invading Armillaria mellea and then go on to vegetative propagation, becoming small, white G. elata within a year. The commercial arrow G. elata can be obtained late in the year. Over the winter, it will bud, blossom and bear fruit, following in the next year. Taking three years to complete its life cycle, G. elasta depends upon the digestion of certain kinds of fungi----Mycena osmundicola, A. mellea, etc.
Comparison studies on pharmacological properties of injectio gastrodia elata, gastrodin-free fraction and gastrodin.:Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 1989 Apr;11(2):147-50. Chinese.Huang JH.
Injectio Gastrodia elata showed sedative effect on central nervous system with decrease of spontaneous motor activity and a prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time in mice. After administration of injectio Gastrodia, mice were found to be more resistant to hypoxia and nutrient blood flow in cardiac muscle of mice was markedly increased. Besides, It also showed effect of injectio on the croton-oil-induced mouse ear inflammation. The gastrodin-free fraction showed similar but weaker effects as the injectio while no effect was observed of gastrodin in mice. The results show that gastrodin is one of the main constituents of Gastrodia elata, but not the active one.
Studies on the quality of Gastrodia elata Bl. cultivated with various kinds of fungus-growing materials.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1989 Mar;14(3):15-8, 62. Chinese.Wang YZ, Li JX, Wu QA, Li JS, Zhu JH.
In this article, the chemical compositions of 14 kinds of fungus-growing materials, and their corresponding rhizomorph and G. elata are analysed with thin layer chromatography. The properties of each G. elata and the contents of gastrodin in each G. elata are also analysed. The result shows that their properties and chemical compositions are similar, thus providing a basis for a larger choice of fungus-growing materials in cultivating G. elata.
The effect of vanillin on the fully amygdala-kindled seizures in the rat.:Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1989;24(7):482-6. Chinese.Wu HQ, Xie L, Jin XN, Ge Q, Jin H, Liu GQ.
The anticonvulsive action of vanillin, an antiepileptic agent structurally related to vanillyl alcohol isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume, on the fully amygdala-kindled seizures was investigated. Fully kindled seizures were produced by repeated application of low intensity electrical stimulation to the basolateral amygdala once per day. Fifteen consecutive stimulations were needed to reach the first stage 5 seizures at which animals showed behavioral convulsions and electroencephalographic abnormalities. The stage 5 seizures were suppressed by vanillin ip 1 h before stimulation with the ED50 of 286 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the epileptic afterdischarge duration was significantly shortened. Phenytoin at a nontoxic dose 50 mg/kg ip obviously reduced the stage 5 seizures. The present study provides a very useful experimental model of chronic epilepsy to detect anticonvulsants.
China: a new medicine born of tradition.:UNESCO Cour. 1979 Jul;7:25-7.Wen W.
PIP: Highly effective medicinal herbs are being used successfully in China to treat malaria, for example, using Ching Hao Su, an extract from wormwood. There are 5000 varieties of medicinal herbs cataloged, some more effective than western drugs. China's barefoot doctors investigate diseases and collect effective drugs, one of which is Muching which has been highly effective in treating chronic bronchitis. Salvia miltiorrhiza, used in ancient times to activate blood circulation, is used to treat coronary artery diseases and has proved effective in 87% of angina pectoris cases. Medicinal herbs are used to treat burns, hypertension, and cancer and, although the herbs are readily available and inexpensive, they work slowly. Using medicinal herbs, a Shansi Medical College affiliated hospital successfully treated over 800 cases of extra-uterine pregnancy and, in 90% of the cases, no surgery was performed. Treatment showed medicinal herbs checked bleeding, improved circulation, and eradicated blood clots. Research is being conducted with herbal prescriptions to find safer, more effective and convenient contraceptives for men and women. A breakthrough for the Institute of Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences was seen in the successful cultivation of gastrodia elata which has been used for 2000 years to treat dizziness, headaches, and infantile coma.
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
seminal trace...Tall Gastrodia Tuber Extract.10:1.Gastrodia Extract.Tianma,Rhizoma Gastrodiae.Rhizoma Gastrodiae Extract,Gastrodia elata Bl. Extract.Main content:Gastrodine,C13H18O7;Vanillyl alcohol,C8H10O3;Vanillin,C8H8O3; etc...
Phytochemical info of Gastrodia Tuber,Rhizoma Gastrodiae.
Study of a glycoprotein from Gastrodia elata: its effects of anticoagulation and antithrombosis.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Jun;32(11):1060-4. Chinese.Ding CS, Shen YS, Li G, Wei Z, Wei F.Institute of Biochencistry and Nicrobiology, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China.
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