1. For treating dryness of the mouth with a crimson tongue due to the entry of heat into the blood:
(A) Febrile diseases with such symptoms as coma with high fever and dryness of the mouth with a crimson tongue due to the entry of heat into the blood: It is used with Zhejiang figwort root (Radix Scrophulariae), etc., e.g., Qingying Tang.
(B) Night fever with morning chills and rapid pulse with a red tongue due to unexhausted latent heat and loss of yin fluid in the later stage of a febrile disease:It is used with turtle shell, sweet wormwood (Herba Artemisiae Chinghao), windweed rhizome (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), etc., e.g., Qinghao Biejia Tang.
2. For treating skin eruption, hematemesis (vomiting of blood) and epistaxis (nosebleed) due to blood heat:
(A) Hematemesis, epistaxis, hemafecia, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to blood heat: It is used with fresh lotus leaf, raw Chinese mugwort leaf (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) and oriental arborvitae twig (Cacumen Biotae), e.g., Sisheng Wan.
(B) Hematemesis, epistaxis and dark purple skin eruption due to the entry of heat from a febrile disease into the blood system and exuberant toxic blood-heat:It is used with herbaceous unpeeled peony root (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and tree peony root-bark.
3. For treating thirst due to impairment of body fluid and diabetes due to interior heat:
(A) Diabetes due to interior heat: It is used with yam, raw milk vetch root (Radix Astragali seu Hedysari) and pig's pancreas, e.g., Zicui Yin.
(B) Constipation with intestinal dryness due to impairment of yin by a febrile disease: It is used with Zhejiang figwort root (Radix Scrophulariae) and ophiopogon root, e.g., Zengye Tang.
Combinations of Prepared Rehmannia Root:
1. For blood deficiency syndrome manifested as pale, dizziness, tinitus, palpitation, insomnia, irregular menstruation:
Prepared Rehmannia Root is often used together with Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Rhizome Ligustici Chuanxiong and Radix Paeoniae Alba to enrich blood and regulate menstruation, as in Decoction of Four Ingredients (Siwu Tang).
2. For yin-deficiency of both the liver and kidney marked by lassitude of the loins and legs, dizziness, tinitus, night sweat, spermatorrhea, fever due to yin-deficiency:
Prepared Rehmannia Root is often used with Rhizoma Dioscorear, Fructus Corni, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae to nourish yin, replenish kidney, clear away heat and reduce ministerial fire, as in Bolus of Six Herbs Including Rehmannia (Liuwei Dihuang Wan).
Application Case Study of Rehmannia:Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang
Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang (Ten Significant Tonic Decoction), or SQT (Juzentaihoto, TJ-48) was formulated by Taiping Hui-Min Ju (Public Welfare Pharmacy Bureau) in Chinese Song Dynasty in AD 1200. It is prepared by extracting a mixture of ten medical herbs (Rehmannia glutinosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Liqusticum wallichii, Angelica sinesis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Poria cocos, Atractylodes macrocephala, Panax ginseng. Astragalus membranaceus and Cinnamomum cassia) that tone the blood and vital energy, and strengthen health and immunity. This potent and popular prescription has traditionally been used against anemia, anorexia, extreme exhaustion, fatigue, kidney and spleen insufficiency and general weakness, particularly after illness. In order to restore immunity in cancer patients, potentiate the therapeutic effect and ameliorate adverse toxicity of anticancer agents, 116 Chinese herbal formularies (Kampo) have been screened and evaluated. Fifteen compounds were found to have such actions. Among these, SQT was selected as the most effective as a potent biological response modifier. During the last eight years, animal models and clinical studies have revealed that SQT demonstrates extremely low toxicity (LD50 > 15 g/kg op murine), self-regulatory and synergistic actions of its components in immunomodulatory and immunopotentiating effects (by stimulating hemopoietic factors and interleukins production in association with NK cells, etc.), potentiates therapeutic activity in chemotherapy (mitomycin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil) and radiotherapy, inhibits the recurrence of malignancies, prolongs survival, as well as ameliorate and/or prevents adverse toxicities (GI disturbances such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hematotoxicity, immunosuppression, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia and nephropathy, etc.) of many anticancer drugs. The application and mechanistic studies of SQT in future development have potential importance in basic and clinical research of the traditional Chinese therapeutic approach of "toning the blood and strengthening Qi (vital energy)" in cancer immunotherapy.
Application Recipes Cases from Rehmannia Root:Case 1.Female Regularity Recipe
Female Regularity recipe is made of ginseng, deer horn, carthamus, millettia, notoginseng, common peony root, prepared rehmannia root, Chinese angelica root, atractylodes, wolfberry, scute, cyperus, mother wort, cnidium, de-glued antler powder, donkey hide glue and corydalis.Deficiency of both qi and blood, irregular menses, dkysmenorrhea, sterility.
Modern studies on pharmacodynamics reveal that this product yields actions of activity similar to female sex hormone, remitting the tension of smooth muscle of uterus, analgesia, strengthening the phagocytosis of the organism.
1. Activity similar to female sex hormone:.
The method of increasing the weight of female sex organ by estrogen is adopted. Young female rats are used and assigned to experimental and control group. This product is given by gastric perfusion 6000mg/kg. The control group is administered excipient powder in same volume (1 ml) for gastric perfusion. The positive control group is given 4mg of stilbestrol as a reference dissolved in 0.2ml vegetable oil, once every other day for 5 times (10 days). The animals are anatomized 3 days after suspension of the remedy. The weights of ovary and uterus /100g body weight are compared among groups. The weight in the experimental group is 161(mg/100g body weight); the blank control group is 131, the stilbestrol group is 254, with very significant difference among the groups, indicating that this product possesses the activity similar to female sexual hormone. Under the microscope, the endometrium of rat is thickened, with cells arranged evenly in two layers with more acinus in larger volume and near to the endometrium. The acini are in secreting status. In the ovary, there are ova of primary, secondary and mature stages, developed steadily in order. This offers a pharmacological evidence for the action of treating irregular menstruation, underdeveloped sex organs and sterility with this product. It is also evident that, unlike the strong action of stilbestrol, this product demonstrates that the compound recipe of TCM yields persistent and mild actions.
2. Remission of tension of smooth muscle of uterus:.
In the solution of this product (1:5) 0.5 ml or 1 ml, the in vitro rat uterus doesn't show tension reaction. After Magnus bath for 5 minutes, 0.125 ¨¬pituitrin is added, the uterus contracts. When the medicinal and nutritional solution are removed and the uterus washed, then equal volume of this product (1:5) 1 ml and pituitrin 0.125 are added , the uterus contracts, with a distance 5 mm less than the former one.
3. Analgesia:.
One hour before the gastric perfusion administration of this product 0.3g/20g chemical stimulation is given in mice. Aspirin is given for the positive control group in the dose of 180mg/kg, while the blank control group reveals 212 paroxysmal pain within 5 ~10 minutes, being 17.7 in average per mouse. In the aspirin group, there are 81 within 5~10 minutes, being 8.1/mouse. The experimental group reveals 80 in 5~10 minutes, being 8.0/mouse. The inhibition of paroxysmal pain being 50% of the control group, indicating that this product yields marked analgesic effect.
4. Increase of phagocytosis:.
This product is prepared as feeding fragments and administered to mice in the dose of 4.8g/kg. The control group is given the same fragments without this product for 7 consecutive days. Then, sterilized broth is injected peritoneally. After 22 hrs, another injection containing chicken RBC suspension 0.5ml /(5,106) is administrated. After 40 minutes, the animals are killed and smears made of abdominal fluid, and stained. Phagocytosis index is determined under the microscope. The control group reveals a phagocytosis rate of 17.32,1.5%, phagocytic index 1.44 ,0.15.That of the experimental group are 32.76,1.80% and 1.50,0.15 respectively, with very significant difference. The phagocytic capacity is markedly increased, but the phagocytic index shows no significant difference.
Clinically, this product was used in menstrual disorders, sterility, and post partal deficiency.
1. Menstrual disorders:. Mainly manifesting irregular menstrual cycle, profuse menstrual bleeding, light color and loose texture, lumbago, scanty blood, pink and clear blood like water, or with coagulated clots, leukorrhea, rubrorrhea, phthisis, hectic fever, massive hemorrhage, leaking blood, bloody fainting, bloody collapse, delayed or prior menstruation, menolipsis prior to climacteric period, functional uterine bleeding, uterine bleeding during puberty, climacteric period. This product is indicated for the above disorders.
2. Sterility:. This product is indicated for non-organic sterility.
3. Postpartum deficiency:. This product is indicated for lassitude after delivery, loss of appetite, insomnia, forgetfulness, lower abdominal pain, and lingering lochia.
Application Recipes Cases from Rehmannia Root:Case 2.Healthy Pregnancy Recipe
Healthy Pregnancy recipes is made of cuscuta seed, amomum fruit, prepared rehmannia root, ginseng, mistletoe, donkey hide gelatin, Chinese cornbind (shou wu), mugwort leaf, morinda, atractylodes, codonopsis, deglued antler powder, wolfberry, dipsacus and eucommia bark.
Chinese uses this time-honored formula to tonify the Qi and blood, promote secretion of ovary hormone, ovulation and conception, maintain healthy functions of the ovary and uterus, nurture the fetus and promote healthy pregnancy.
Chinese Use: Habitual miscarriage, habitual abortion, threatened abortion.
Modern studies on pharmacodynamics reveal that this product yields actions of promoting secretion of ovarian hormone, promoting ovulation, and promoting the growth of ovary and uterus.
1. Promoting secretion of ovarian hormone:.
Female rabbits are randomly assigned to experimental group and control group. The former group is given 27.5g/kg of this product, once daily. For the control group, no medication is given. Other treatments are the same as the experimental group for 26 days. The animals are killed by air emboli on the 13th, 20th, 26th days after medication. Internal sexual organs such as uterus and ovary are taken out for observation of changes under naked eyes and microscope. It can be seen that:
(1) Mild hyperplasic of endometrium, with increased glands, marked secretion, which is increased with the increase of medication days.(secretion is transition from early to late stages ).For the control group , there are less glands ,with proliferation: A few rabbits reveal secretion, but less conspicuous than the test group. Thus, it can be inferred that this product may promote the secretion of luteotrophic hormone, or promote the secretion function of female sex hormone.
(2) The ovary of rabbit in the medication group has more corpus lutcum. Those rabbits receive medication over 21 days have luteum cells distributed over the whole ovary while the control group, had only a certain part of the ovary without corpus hemorrhagicum. The formation and its existence are related to the female sex hormone and pituitary luteotrophic hormone. Thus, it is inferred that this product can promote the level of female sex hormone, or even excite the hypothalamus-pituitary function.
(3)The rabbits in medication group during observation reveal overlapping sexual behavior, but absent in the control group. This overlapping activity is an indication of oestrous period, based on the stimulation of estrogen produced in the ovary, indicating that this product stimulates the ovary to secret estrogen.
2. Promotion of ovulation:.
Oral medication of this product is given (dosage 27.5g/kg) for over 21 days. In some individual animals, corpus albicans and corpus hemorrhagicum can be seen which is an indirect indication of ovulation.
3. Promoting the formation and growth of ovary and uterus:.
Female rabbit fed with this product (27.5g/kg) for 26 days are examined for its ovary and uterus under the microscope. It can be seen that the rabbits in medication group have richer blood supply to the ovary and uterus than the control group. Since the ovarian blood supply does affect its secretion, therefore, it can be concluded that this product can promote blood circulation through which the metabolism of the ovary and uterus is raised, and as a result their growth are promoted.
Clinically, this product was applied in habitual abortion and threatened abortion.
1. Prevention and treatment of habitual and threatened abortion:.
Medication of this product (5g, tid, with 3 months as a therapeutic course, for 1~3 courses, same below), 124 cases were treated, the total effective rate being 94.35%.
2. Sterility:.
10 male cases were treated. Among them, 3 cases were impotence, 1 case of non-ejaculation, 6 cases of abnormal seminal fluid. 7 female cases, among them, 2 cases of underdeveloped uterus, 5 cases were dysfunction of corpus luteum and an ovulation .1~3 courses of this product were given (3 months as a course), all cases were cured and fertilized.
Application Recipes Cases from Rehmannia Root:Case 3.Back to Youth Recipe
Back to Youth recipe is made of extracts from prepared rehmannia root, common yam, achyranthes, wolfberry, dogwood fruit, poria, salty eucommia bark, polygala prepared with licorice, roasted morinda, schizandra fruit, salty fennel, chinquapin seed, cistanche, acorus root and common jujube fruit, chinese herbs for aging.
Chinese uses this time-honored formula for its adaptogenic, endocrine regulating and metabolism promoting properties to tonify the heart, kidney, spleen and stomach, help maintain healthy memory power and revive sexual potency, especially among the elderly.
Chinese Use: Hypogonadia, senile dementia.
Modern studies on pharmacodynamic reveal that this product yields actions of anti-senility, regulating endocrine secretion, promoting organic metabolism, stimulating immunity, protecting the liver and detoxication, tolerating anoxia, and sedation.
1. Anti-senility:.
The alcohol extract of this product markedly prolongs the average life and highest life time of drosophila, indicating its anti-senility action.
2. Regulating endocrine secretion:.
(1)Action similar to androgen: castrated young male mice are administered this product 10g/kg, q.d. for 21 consecutive days. The weight of its seminal vesicle can be greatly increased.
(2)Stimulating the function of adrenal cortex: by evaluating the content of adrenal cortical hormone in mice, it can be proved that the contents of cortisone in the plasma in mice can be increased by this product.
(3)Effect on model of deficient kidney yang induced by¡°hydro-cortisone¡±: This product can protect, to certain extent, the failure of adrenal cortical function in mice induced by massive dose of hydro-cortisone (i.m. 1.0mg/day for 10 consecutive days.)
3. Promoting organic metabolism:.
This product promotes the infiltration of 3H-TdR, 3H-UR and 3H-Leu into the DNA and RNA in mice liver, indicating that it promotes the nucleic acid metabolism and protein synthesis.
4. Stimulating immunity:.
This product can activate the phagocytosis of abdominal macrophage in mice, and markedly increase the T-cell in 615 mice as compared with the control group, indicating that it excites the immunity.
5. Adaptogenoid action.
(1) Protecting the liver and detoxifying action: This product markedly lowers the mortality of mice due to CCl4 intoxication as compared with the CCl4 model group, thus inferring that it may yield certain antagonistic action on the peroxidation of facts due to CCl4, or, in other words, it yields some protection on the injury caused by the free radicals. This is beneficial to the delay of advent of senility.
(2) Tolerance to anoxia: This product markedly increases the tolerance to anoxia under regular atmospheric pressure in mice.
Toxicological studies: after perfused with the maximal amount of this product in a dose of 40g/kg in mice, no abnormal reaction or death can be seen, indicating its low toxicity. When perfuse this product in the doses of 4,8,16g/kg for 6 consecutive months, no obvious reaction can be seen in its growth, appetite, blood picture, EKG, hepatic and renal functions.
Clinically, this product was applied in hyposexuality, and senile dementia.
1. Hyposexuality:.
by adopting double blind method with anxiyong as control, this product was tested clinically with a dose of 6 capsules t.i.d for 3 consecutive months, 61 cases of deficient kidney-yang in senile and middle-aged patients were treated (30 cases were in the control group). After treatment, symptoms in the treatment group were markedly ameliorated. Among them, marked improvements were seen in chillness, cold limbs, sour waist and knee, nocturnal urination, loose stool, hypo-sexual desire, lassitude, white hairs, forgetfulness. This product also yielded actions of reinforcing the holding strength, decreasing the width of senile circle, improving scores of psychic senility, strengthening immediate memory and increasing the time of standing with a single foot. The total analysis showed the total effective rate to be 74.2%, while that for the control group, 30%, indicating that this product yielded better therapeutic effect on anti-senility and deficient kidney yang syndrome.
2. Senile dementia:.
Decoction of this product was given once daily with 3 weeks as a therapeutic course. The patients ranged from 65~75, evidenced by cerebral atrophy under CT, cerebral malacia. After 3 weeks of treatment, 5 cases were cured; 4 cases, markedly improved; 3 cases, improved; 2 cases, ineffective.
Application Recipes Cases from Rehmannia Root:Case 4.Eye Sight Recipe
The Eye Sight recipes is made of extracts from wolfberry, chrysanthemum flower, prepared rehmannia root, dogwood fruit, moutan bark root, common yam, poria and alisma, this time-honored formula is used in Chinese medicine for its immune supporting, and other properties to nourish the liver and kidney and to maintain healthy eyesight.
Chinese Use: Central retinitis, glaucoma, senile cataract, neuropapillitis, cerebral concussion sequelae, hypertension, chronic hepatitis.
Modern studies on Pharmacodynamical reveal that this product yields actions of strengthening the immunity and anti-senility.
1. Promotion of immunity:.
200% Decoction of this product is administered to young mice by gastric perfusion in a dose 60g/kg daily for 2 consecutive weeks. The positive percentage of acidic ANAE lymphocytes in peripheral blood and the number PFC of the spleen are all markedly higher than that in the control group, demonstrating that this product yields an effect of strengthening the function of T, B- lymphocyte. By adopting the receptor tests of EA rosette (Fc receptor) and YC rosette (C3b receptor) exams, it is demonstrated that this product also markedly strengthens the function of abdominal macrophage C3b receptor in young mice, but yields little effect on the Fc receptor, demonstrating that this product possesses multifacet function for strengthening the immunity; its mechanism of action may be optional.
2. Anti-senility:.
200% Decoction of this product is given by gastric perfusion to senile mice in a dose 60g/kg daily for 2 successive weeks. The peripheral blood positive ANAE lymphocyte percentage is markedly elevated, and even exceeding that of the young control group. It also markedly promotes the PFC, and markedly recovers the senilized immunity in senile mice, demonstrating that this product yields certain anti-senilily action.
Clinically, this product was applied in central retinitis, glaucoma, papillitis, sequelae of cerebral concussion, hypertension, and chronic hepatitis.
1. Eye diseases:.
Modification of this product was applied to treat 140 cases of old retinitis for 9 weeks, 22 cases were cured; 21 cases, markedly effective; 70 cases, ameliorated; the total effective rate being 80.27%. When this product was used with Rhizoma Dioscorea excluded and Radix Angelica sinensis, Radix Salviae miltiorrhigae, Lignum Sappan added for a case of central retinitis of the type of yin deficiency of liver-kidney, with asthenic fire flaring upward for 3 months. The eyesight was totally recovered from 0.2 and 0.8 before treatment to 0.9 and 1.5 after the treatment. A case of glaucoma was treated with modification of this product for over 1 months, the eyesight was also recovered completely. Another case of sudden blindness due to fundal bleeding was treated with over 20 doses of this decoction, the bleeding was absorbed and vision recovered. 21 cases (32 eyes) of degeneration of macula lutea were treated with oral solution of this product, with another 19 cases (32 eyes) administrated with Vit. E (0.1g, t.i.d.) as control for 4 months. Results showed that the symptoms vanished in 14 eyes (43.8%) in the treatment group; that of the control group, 5 eyes (15.6%). Amster test in the treatment group revealed that 12 eyes out of the 18 abnormal eyes recovered to normal, while only 5 out of the 16 abnormal eyes in the control group recovered. For eyesight, 20 eyes in the treatment group recovered. (Increase of 2 lines as compared with the original vision), representing 62.5%, vision in 5 eyes (15.6%) was aggravated. While in the control group, the results being 4 eyes (12.5%) and 12 eyes (37.5%) respectively.
2. Sequelae of cerebral contusion:.
12 cases were treated with modification of this product for an average of 12.5 doses. 9 cases were cured for short-term, 1 case ameliorated, the total effective rate being 83.3%.
3. Chronic viral hepatitis:.
32 cases were treated (18 were active cases, 14 delayed chronic cases, all liver protection agents were interrupted), one pill, b.i.d. for the 10 cases in the control group were administered granules one package, t.i.d. and 3 tablets t.i.d. for 3 months as a course. After 1~2 course of treatment, 23 cases in the treatment group had symptoms basically vanished; 7 cases, ameliorated; 2 cases remained unchanged; the total effective rate being 93.8%. 12 cases had the size of liver shrunk to normal. 2 cases had spleen size returned to normal. The results in the control group revealed that 1 case had symptoms basically disappeared, 5 cases ameliorated, 4 cases unchanged, the total effective rate being 60%. 1 case had liver size turned to normal. The long-term effect of this product is also superior to the control group.
4. Hypertension:.
16 cases of primary hypertension of deficient kidney yin type (I stage) were treated with this product for 8~12 weeks. The clinical symptoms were markedly ameliorated, with marked lowering of the score for 7 symptoms.
Application Recipes Cases from Rehmannia Root:Case 5.Blood Circulator Recipe
Blood Circulator Made of medicinal rhubarb, prepared rehmannia root, common peony root, peach seed, bitter apricot seed, licorice root, scute, dun fly, gadfly, leech, June beetle grub, dried lacquer and ground beetle
Chinese medicine uses this time-honored formula to promote micro-circulation, increase blood flow to heart muscles, open and clear arteries, inhibit intestinal adhesion, soothe the liver, remove stasis and maintain healthy blood circulation and regular menses.Chronic hepatitis, hepatocirrhosis, hypertension, cerebral thrombosis, aplastic anemia, chronic leukemia, varicosity complication and sequelae, and surgical, gynopathic and dermopathic diseases.
Modern studies on pharmacodynamics reveal that this product yields action of improving micro-circulation, increasing myocardial blood flow, lowering blood viscosity, anti-thrombosis and inhibiting platelet aggregation, anti-atherosclerosis, preventing and treating intestinal adhesion, and protecting chronic liver injury.
1. Improvement of micro-circulation:.
This product is perfused to the stomach of rat of blood stasis model induced by metamethasone for 7 consecutive days. The symptoms are markedly ameliorated, the flowing status of blood stream is mainly on particle or line stream, the number of open capillaries is increased with greater calibre, RBC aggregation and its adhesion to the vessel wall in the capillary loops also decreased, indicating that this product markedly improves the microcirculation in blood stasis animal model.
2. Increasing myocardial blood flow:.
Experiments show that, in cardiac ischemic mice induced by pituitrin and in normal mice, this product dilates coronary arteries, improves myocardiac microcirculation, markedly increases the nutritional blood flow to ischemic myocardium in mice and normal mice.
3. Lowering blood viscosity, shortening the time of electrophorasis:.
When rat is given 13g/kg (i.g.) for 4 consecutive days, the viscosity of whole blood and plasma is decreased in blood static model induced by adrenalin. Time of cellular electrophoresis is shortened, and the Evans blue content in the arterial wall is markedly lowered.
4. Anti-thrombosis and inhibiting platelet aggregation:.
Experiment on rats, both in vivo and in vitro, show marked inhibitive action on hemostasis induced by ADP, and decreasing in adhesion and aggregation of platelets.
5. Anti-atherosclerosis:.
This product markedly lowers the TG and TC in both hyperlipidemia patients and experimental hyperlipidemia partridges, the size of plaques in these experimental animals are reduced and vanished fast.
6. Preventing and treating intestinal adhesion:.
Gastric perfusion with suspension of this product is given to intestinal adhesion rat induced by clamping the intestines, resulting in great amelioration of the adhesion. When administrated to dogs or mice, the intestinal in vivo can be mildly and persistently strengthened.
7. Protecting chronic liver injury:.
This product can mitigate the formation and progress of chronic hepatic lesion in rat induced by CCL4 and ethyl alcohol. It inhibits fibrosis and proliferation of fibers. In addition, it also eliminates the immune compound material precipitated in the liver, increases the immunity, turns the HbsAg negative.
Clinically, this product is applied in chronic active hepatitis, hypertension, liver cirrhosis, cerebral thrombosis, aplastic anemia, chronic leukemia, complications and sequelae of varicose veins, and other diseases in surgery, gynecology, dermatology and neurology.
1. Chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis:.
This product was given 1 pill three times daily for 2 months to one year. 40 cases were treated, 22 cases were cured; 12 cases, effective; 4 cases non-effective; the total effective rate being 90%. All symptoms (lassitude, abdominal distension, poor appetite etc.) were ameliorated or vanished, jaundia disappeared, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly decreased, and liver function markedly improved. In 70% cases sGPT returned to normal, in 64.5% cases icterus index and bilirubin returned to normal. 50 cases of cirrhosis with ascitis were treated with concerted with Liujunzi Decoction, 22 cases were markedly effective; 22 effective. After medication, ascites disappeared, half of them with enlarged spleen and liver returned to the normal size.
2. Hypertension and cerebral thrombosis:.
34 cases were treated with this product (modified): one week after medication, the condition begun to mitigate; the paralyzed body parts begun to recover, reaching to its peak effect at the sixth week. 25 cases were clinically cured; 6 cases, markedly effective; 2, effective; 1 cases non-effective.
3. Lung cancer, liver cancer:.
62 cases of primary lung carcinoma were treated plus Rhizome Sparganii and Rhizome Zedoariae, 4 cases were markedly effective; 34, effective; 2, survived over 3 years; 2, survived over 2 years; 1, 1 year.
4. Aplastic anemia and chronic leukemia:.
16 cases of chronic granulocytic leukemia were treated. After medication, the spleen decreased in size to some extent, of these, 65.5% were markedly decreased, the total effective rate being 87.5%, 1 case, dead; 20 cases treated with myleran alone was inferior to the above group. Indicating this product is helpful as an adjuvant remedy. A case of primary thrombocytopenic purpura, manifesting purpura in the skin, with teeth bleeding, lassitude, vertigo for 5 years, platelet count 62-88X109/L. After 80 doses were given, the platelet increased to 124X109/L. Then honey bolus of this product was administrated 10g daily in two times for one year, the platelet count raised to112-76X109/L. No more bleeding occurred.
5. Others:.
19 cases of varicose veins with complications and sequelae were treated with satisfactory results. Modified recipe of this product also applied in high blood viscosity, chlecystitis, hepatic cyst, ovarian cyst, myoma of uterus, intestinal adhesion, polyphagia, chronic glomerulo-nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cervical tubereulous lymphadenitis, tuberculous peritonitis, severe chloasma, all with satisfactory results.
Leak Control, Incontinence Treatment, is made from a time-honored formula of extracts. This Incontinence Treatment is made from prepared rehmannia root, fried common yam, Chinese angelica root, cinnamon bark, prepared aconite, lindera root, wolfberry fruit, prepared Chinese dodder seed, eucommia bark in ginger, fried antler glue, Asiatic cornus fruit, alpinia fruit, manitis egg case and Chinese leek seed.
Chinese uses it to strengthen the urinary muscles and enhance urine witholding power providing help with incontinence.Chinese Use: urinary incontenence, impotence, urine control. Leak Control, Incontinence Treatment Recipe yields actions of strengthening immunity, protecting and regulating visceral functions. Anti-senility. Regulating the content of hormones, inhibition of electric discharge.
1. Strengthening of organic immunity:.
This pill partially antagonizes the hormone action on splenic lymphocytes, and mild action on thymus lymphocytes, markedly increase of hemolytic plaque, prolongation of in vitro survival rate of splenic cells, demonstrating that this pill can improve and adjust B-cell function and promote humoral immunity.
2. Protection and regulation on important organs in experimental "deficient yang":.
(1) increase the weight of organs; (2) protect the sub-micro structure of liver cellular nuclei, increase the content of RNA and glucose-b-de-phospho-dehydrogenase, hence, regulate the DNA, RNA and protein synthesis;(3) protect the splenic lymphocyte; (4) mildly in crease the nonspecific esterase of adrenalin.
3. Regulating the content of sex hormone:.
It increases the lowered content of serum androgen in deficient yang men, and lowers its content to normal range in those men with elevated androgen. While it yields no action to serum androgen in women whose kidney yang is deficient, but it regulates their lowered estradiol to normal, demonstrating that the mechanism of Yougui Pill is different from exogenic sex hormone, it mainly improves the body function, restores the hormonal secretion of hypothalamus-pituitary ¨Cgonad system.
4. Anti-senility:.
(1) lowers the hydroxyproline of kidney in senile mice, and also lowers its content to the level of middle-aged in senile rat, demonstrating its delayed action on the senility of the heart and kidney.
Clinical studies Yougui Pill was applied in hyposexuality, osteoporosis, chronic bronchitis, Sciatica with the following results:
1. Hyposexuality:.
11 cases were administered with this product for 2-3 consecutive months, 45.5% of the cases had sexual function recovered, 83.3% recovered after medication of 2-4 months.
2. Osteoporosis:.
52 senile cases were treated. After 6-8 months of medication signs, symptoms, end X-ray changes in bone trabeculi were used for score evaluation of effect: Results showed that 42 cases (80.8%). Were markedly effective; 8 (15.4%), effective; 2 cases, ineffective, the total effective rate being 96.2%.
3. Chronic bronchitis:.
53 cases were treated. Results showed that 84.9% had conditions stable or basically stable; 6 Cases, ameliorated; 2 cases, ineffective; the total effective rate being 96.2%.
4. Sciatica:.
48 cases were treated. Among them, 66.7% were cured; 91.7%, effective. 1. Frequent micturation: markedly decreased this volume of urine and micturation frequency.
5.Enuresis:.
15 cases were treated, 11 cases were cured, 4 ameliorated after 20-40 doses of medication.
Application Recipes Cases from Rehmannia Root:Case 7.Hair Regeneration Recipe
Hair Regeneration is made with exracts from prepared rehmannia, Chinese angelica (dong quai), notopterygium, Chinese quince, cnidium, common peony root, dodder, gastrodia and prepared Chinese cornbind (shou wu).This time-honored Hair Regeneration formula is used in Chinese medicine to nourish the blood and supplement the kidney, inhibit bacteria, ease itching and to promote healthy hair growth and prevent hair loss.
1. Effect on thymus, adrenal gland, sex gland and acidophilic leucocytes count:.
Experiment show that this product can strengthen ACTH¡¯s action on adrenals (weight increased) and thymus (atrophied), while no obvious decrease of acidophilic leucocyte is observed.
2. Anti-aging:.
In recent years, it has been found that the existence of SOD is closely related to the aging process. When organism is getting older, SOD lowers markedly. It has been approved in mice that as age is progressing, the SOD content in blood lowers. By feeding mice with Radix Polygoni multiflori, its SOD content increases after several months, indicating that it affects SOD, and is beneficial to anti-senility.
3. Bacteriostatic action:.
In In vitro antibacterial experiments, water extract of Radix Polygoni multiflori (prepared in different ways) shows antibacterial action to different extent on staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus albus.
Clinically, this product is used in alopecia due to blood deficiency and kidney deficiency: It is reported that 117 cases were treated with this product for 15-60 days. 83 cases were cured; 18 cases, ameliorated; 16 cases non-effective, the total effective rate being 86.3%
Application Recipes Cases from Rehmannia Root:Case 8.Spermarize Male Fertility Recipe
Spermarize Male Fertility Recipe has been developed and used in China to increase male sperm count and the mobility of human sperm. Spermarize includes ingredients that have been studied in China for their ability to enhance sperm count and mobility in order to enhance fertility during copulation.
According to the publication, Scientific Data of Chinese Herbal Medicine,Spermarize Male Fertility Recipee is an effective herbal formulation for Male Infertility. The article states, that since 1991, 300 male patients have been treated with Spermarize with a total effective rate of 93.33% in the test group. Further tests, also in China, show no side effects or toxicity in doses 170 times greater than the normal human dose.
The combination included: Shorthomed Epimedium herb (Horny Goat Weed),Prepared Rehmannia root (Chinese Foxglove),Barbary Wolfberry fruit (Fructus Lycii, Gou Qi Zi),Chinese angelica (Radix Angelicae Sinensis),Licorice root (Radix Glycyrrhizae),Dipsacus root (Radix Dipsaci),Chinese Magnolcavine fruit (Schisandra chinensis),Plantain seed (Semen plantaginis, Che qian zi),Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (Lurong, Pilose antler, Pilose deer horn).
Application Recipes Cases from Rehmannia Root:Case 9.Super Male Libido Enhancement Recipe
This time-honored Male Libido Enhancement formula is made of extracts from prepared rehmannia root, fried common yam, wolfberry fruit, prepared Chinese dodder seed, eucommia bark in giner, freid antler glue, Asiatic cornus fruit, Chinese angelica root, cinnamon bark, prepared aconite, lindera root, alpinia fruit, mantis egg case and Chinese leek seed. Chinese medicine uses it to strengthen the kidney and as a natural herbal remedy to increase erection and withholding power for a man, and to increase sperm count.
Research Update:Rehmannia glutinosa.
Catalpol ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative damage in the brain of senescent mice induced by d-galactose.:Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007 Jul 18;Zhang XL, Jiang B, Li ZB, Hao S, An LJ.School of Environmental and Biological Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
The neuroprotective effects of catalpol, an iridoid glycoside isolated from the fresh Rehmannia roots, on the senescent mice induced by d-galactose were assessed. The mice subcutaneously injected with catalpol (5 or 10 mg/kg, 2 weeks, from fifth week) showed significantly improved learning and memory ability in Morris water maze test compared with d-galactose treated mice (150 mg/kg, 6 weeks). We further investigated the mechanism involved in the neuroprotective effects of catalpol on the mice brain tissue. The results showed that catalpol increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, elevated the activities of Na(+)-K(+) ATPase and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+) ATPase on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of d-galactose treated mouse. All the data suggested that catalpol had the potential to be a useful cognitive impairment treatment, and its beneficial effects may be partly mediated via enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymatic activities and inhibiting free radical generation.
Neuroprotective effect of catalpol against MPP(+)-induced oxidative stress in mesencephalic neurons.:Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 30;568(1-3):142-8. Epub 2007 Apr 30.Tian YY, Jiang B, An LJ, Bao YM.Department of Environmental And Biological Science And Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China.
The neuroprotective effects of catalpol, an iridoid glycoside present in the roots of Rehmannia glutinosa, on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced oxidative stress in cultured mesencephalic neurons, especially dopaminergic neurons, were investigated. Exposure of mesencephalic neurons to 10microM MPP(+) induced a leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreased cell viability, measured with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Catalpol increased neuron viability and markedly attenuated MPP(+)-induced dopaminergic neuron death in a dose-dependent manner. In order to clarify the neuroprotective mechanism of catalpol, mitochondrial function, the activities of endogenous antioxidants and the lipid peroxide content were measured. The results indicated that catalpol prevented the MPP(+)-induced inhibition of complex I activity and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, catalpol reduced the content of lipid peroxide and increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Taken together, the above results suggest that catalpol may be a candidate drug for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative disease.
Rehmannia glutinosa activates intracellular antioxidant enzyme systems in mouse auditory cells.:Am J Chin Med. 2006;34(6):1083-93.Yu HH, Kim YH, Jung SY, Shin MK, Park RK, So HS, Kim KY, Lee DH, You YO.Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, South Korea.
Steamed roots of Rehmannia glutinosa (R. glutinosa) have been traditionally used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of auditory diseases such as tinnitus and hearing loss. To investigate whether the ethanol extract of steamed roots of R. glutinosa (SRG) increases activity of antioxidant enzymes and the level of glutathione (GSH), we measured activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) and GSH level in HEI-OC1 cells after treatment with 5-50 microg/ml of SRG. The SOD and CAT activities were significantly increased in the presence of SRG compared to the control group. Maximal activities of SOD and CAT were observed in these cells exposed to 10 microg/ml of SRG. The GPX activity also increased dramatically in response to the treatment with SRG in a dose-dependent manner. The GR activity was only increased in the presence of 50 microg/ml of SRG compared to the control group. The level of GSH gradually increased in the presence of 5-50 microg/ml of SRG. In the cytotoxicity test, 5-50 microg/ml of SRG did not show any significant cytotoxicity. These results suggest that the traditional use of R. glutinosa for the treatment of auditory diseases may be explained, in part, by activation of intracellular antioxidant enzyme systems. Further studies are necessary to clarify the active constituents of SRG responsible for such biomolecular activities.
Catalpol protects dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced neurotoxicity in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures.:Life Sci. 2006 Dec 23;80(3):193-9. Epub 2006 Sep 20.Tian YY, An LJ, Jiang L, Duan YL, Chen J, Jiang B.School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China.
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, are pivotal in the inflammatory reaction. Activated microglia can induce expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and release significant amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha, which can damage the dopaminergic neurons. Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside, contained richly in the roots of Rehmannia glutinosa, was found to be neuroprotective in gerbils subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia. But the effect of catalpol on inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration has not been examined. In this study, microglia in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the aim of the study was to examine whether catalpol could protect dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced neurotoxicity. The results showed that catalpol significantly reduced the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-alpha and NO after LPS-induced microglial activation. Further, catalpol attenuated LPS-induced the expression of iNOS. As determined by immunocytochemical analysis, pretreatment by catalpol dose-dependently protected dopaminergic neurons against LPS-induced neurotoxicity. These results suggest that catalpol exerts its protective effect on dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting microglial activation and reducing the production of proinflammatory factors. Thus, catalpol may possess therapeutic potential against inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
HPLC determination of acteoside in Radix Rehmanniae.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 May;31(10):822-4. Chinese.Li H, Chou GX, Wang ZT, Hu ZB.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
OBJECTIVE: To develop an HPLC method for the determination of acteoside in Radix Rehmanniae. METHOD: The chromatographic conditions were as follows: Polaris C18(4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column, a mobile phase in gradient mode composed of acetonitrile 0.1% acetic acid solution, a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1), and 334 nm as the detection wavelength. RESULT: Acteoside showed good linear relationship at the range of 10-500 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.9990). The average recovery was 100.1%, RS D 3.7%. CONCLUSION: The proposed method promised to be applicable for the quality control of Radix Rehmanniae.
Effects of Siwu Tang on protein expression of HFCL.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Jul;31(13):1083-6. Chinese.Guo P, Wang SQ.Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Siwu Tang on HFCL proliferation and protein expression of bone marrow stromal cells and to discuss molecular mechanism of enriching blood functions of Siwu Tang. METHOD: MTT, flow cytometry and proteomics were used respectively to measure the effect of Siwu Tang on HFCL proliferation, cell cycle and proteinexpression. RESULT: Siwu Tang can promote HFCL proliferation, increase proliferative index, up-regulate 12 kinds of proteins and down-regulate 5 kinds of proteins of HFCL. CONCLUSION: Through promoting HFCL proliferation and acting on multipleprotein targets, the blood enriching function of Siwu Tang was exerted indirectly.
Hot water-extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.:World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul 28;12(28):4478-84.Chao JC, Chiang SW, Wang CC, Tsai YH, Wu MS.School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, China.
AIM: To investigate the effect of hot water-extracted Lycium barbarum (LBE) and Rehmannia glutinosa (RGE) on cell proliferation and apoptosis in rat and/or human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. METHODS: Rat (H-4-II-E) and human HCC (HA22T/VGH) cell lines were incubated with various concentrations (0-10 g/L) of hot water-extracted LBE and RGE. After 6-24 h incubation, cell proliferation (n = 6) was measured by a colorimetric method. The apoptotic cells (n = 6) were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of p53 protein (n = 3) was determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. RESULTS: Crude LBE (2-5 g/L) and RGE (2-10 g/L) dose-dependently inhibited proliferation of H-4-II-E cells by 11% (P < 0.05) to 85% (P < 0.01) after 6-24 h treatment. Crude LBE at a dose of 5 g/L suppressed cell proliferation of H-4-II-E cells more effectively than crude RGE after 6-24 h incubation (P < 0.01). Crude LBE (2-10 g/L) and RGE (2-5 g/L) also dose-dependently inhibited proliferation of HA22T/VGH cells by 14%-43% (P < 0.01) after 24 h. Crude LBE at a dose of 10 g/L inhibited the proliferation of HA22T/VGH cells more effectively than crude RGE (56.8% +/- 1.6% vs 70.3% +/- 3.1% of control, P = 0.0003 < 0.01). The apoptotic cells significantly increased in H-4-II-E cells after 24 h treatment with higher doses of crude LBE (2-5 g/L) and RGE (5-10 g/L) (P < 0.01). The expression of p53 protein in H-4-II-E cells was 119% and 143% of the control group compared with the LBE-treated (2, 5 g/L) groups, and 110% and 132% of the control group compared with the RGE -treated (5, 10 g/L) groups after 24 h. CONCLUSION: Hot water-extracted crude LBE (2-5 g/L) and RGE (5-10 g/L) inhibit proliferation and stimulate p53-mediated apoptosis in HCC cells.
Constituents in the alkaloid fraction of Kushen decoction.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Apr;31(7):557-60. Chinese.Liu B, Shi RB.School of Chinese Pharmacology, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China. liubinyn67@163.com
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the alkaloid fraction of Kushen decoction. METHOD: Constituents were isolated by different kinds of column chromatography and their structures were elucidated with spectral methods. RESULT: Eight compounds were isolated and identified as matrine (I), sophoridine (II), sophocarpine (III), sophoramine (IV), oxymatrine (V), oxysophocarpine (VI), aloperine (VII) and sparteine (VIII). CONCLUSION: All these compounds were isolated from Kushen decoction for the first time. Aloperine was found firstly in Sophora flavescens, or Scutellaria baicalensis, or Rehmannia glutinosa which constituted Kushen decoction.
Effects of Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides on proliferation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and insulin resistance.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Mar;31(5):403-7. Chinese. Guo XN, Zhang RX, Jia ZP, Li MX, Wang J.Life Science Institute of Lanzhou University, China.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides (ROS) on the proliferation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and insulin resistance. METHOD: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured, the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was detected by MTT method. Insulin resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes cell model was induced by dexamethasone and the change of glucose concentration in cell culture was determined after ROS treatment. RESULT: In the high glucose DMEM culture media, MTT method showed that the absorbance at 570nm of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was increased and that of 3T3-L1 adipocytes was decreased. ROS significantly increased glucose consumption in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes culture in a concentration-dependent manner. ROS improved the sensitivity of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to insulin. CONCLUSION: ROS can promote the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, inhibite the proliferation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and also, significantly improve insulin resistance induced by dexamethasone.
Protective effect of Rehmannia glutinosa on the cisplatin-induced damage of HEI-OC1 auditory cells through scavenging free radicals.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Oct 11;107(3):383-8. Epub 2006 Apr 6.Yu HH, Seo SJ, Kim YH, Lee HY, Park RK, So HS, Jang SL, You YO.Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, South Korea.
The steamed root of Rehmannia glutinosa has been used in traditional Oriental Medicine for treatment of inner ear diseases, such as tinnitus and hearing loss. In the present study, we showed that the ethanol extract of steamed roots of Rehmannia glutinosa (SRG) protected HEI-OC1 auditory cells from cisplatin cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, to investigate the protection mechanism of SRG on cisplatin cytotoxicity towards HEI-OC1, we measured the effects of SRG on lipid peroxidation of cisplatin treated cells as well as scavenging activities against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH radical. SRG (5-100 microg/ml) had protective effect against the cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cell damage and reduced lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, SRG showed strong scavenging activity against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH radical. These results indicate that SRG protects cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cell damage through inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging activities of free radials.
Effects of jiangtang bushen recipe on serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.:Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2006 Apr;26(4):329-31. Chinese. Fan GJ, Tang XY, Li SL.Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120. fgjie@tom.com
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of Jiangtang Bushen Recipe (JBR) on inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and explore its therapeutic mechanism. METHODS Sixty-four patients with T2DM were randomly divided into the treated group (n = 34) and the control group (n = 30). Education course, dietary treatment and conventional hypoglycemic agent were given to both groups, and JBR, mainly composed of Cibot Rhizome, Radix Dipsaci, Glossy Privet Fruit; Ecliptae Herba, Radicis Lycii, Radix Astragali, Rehmannia Dride Rhizome, etc., was given additionally to patients in the treated group, one dose a day for 4 weeks by boiled water and taking in two times. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured, and insulin sensitive index (ISI) and clinical TCM symptom score were calculated before and after treatment. RESULTS: After treatment, the clinical symptom score dropped in both groups (P < 0.01), and it was lower in the treated group than that in the control group (P < 0.01). At the same time, serum levels of FINS, CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased and ISI increased significantly, the effect showed in the treated group was also superior to that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: JBR, which could tonify Pi and Shen, nourish Yin and clear away heat, can improve insulin resistance and alleviate clinical symptoms of T2DM patients, the mechanism may be related with its actions in regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting inflammatory reac-
Extraction and salting-out purification of alpha-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase from fresh roots of Rehmannia glutinosa.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2006 Feb;29(2):137-9. Chinese.Zhao Y, Wen XS, Cui J, Wu WH.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012.
OBJECTIVE: To extract and preliminarily purify alpha-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase from the fresh roots of Rehmannia glutinosa. METHODS: With the enzyme activity as a criterion, the best procedure of extraction was selected though orthogonal design method, and the desired saturation of ammonium sulfate in two-step salting-out was settled by gradient sedimentation of root extract according to enzyme activity and protein content. RESULTS: Temperature and solvent volume affect the extraction of alpha-galactosidase significantly, while solvent type to beta-glucosidase. Therefore the procedure for extracting two enzymes was decided as mixing comminuted fresh root with 3 times phosphate buffer, and placing the mixture in refrigeratory at 4 degrees C for 4 hours, and then obtaining the enzyme liquid by centrifuging at 4 degrees C. 30% and 60% saturation was defined as the lower and upper point for two-step ammonium sulfate salting-out of the two enzymes. CONCLUSION: alpha-Galactosidase and beta-glucosidase exist in the fresh roots, and can be preliminarily purified through two-step salting-out.
Rehmannia glutinosa induces glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in astroglial cells via cPKC and ERK1/2 pathways independently.:Pharmacol Res. 2006 Jul;54(1):39-45. Epub 2006 Apr 4.
Among four herbs of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) used in the therapy of dementia, Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) was found to induce the gene expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in C6 glioblastoma cells and primary cultured astrocytes. The RG-induced GDNF mRNA up-regulation in C6 glioblastoma cells was completely attenuated by the presence of a pan-specific protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (Ro-31-8220) and a MAPK/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1) inhibitor (U0126). A conventional PKC inhibitor (G?6976) also significantly decreased GDNF gene induction. On the other hand, RG treatment was found to stimulate phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), which preceded GDNF mRNA induction in C6 glioblastoma cells. However, none of the PKC inhibitors significantly changed RG-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Therefore, RG-stimulated GDNF gene expression could be independently up-regulated through cPKC and ERK 1/2 pathways in C6 glioblastoma cells.
Effects of growth conditions and processing on Rehmannia glutinosa using fingerprint strategy.:Planta Med. 2006 Apr;72(5):458-67.Chang WT, Thissen U, Ehlert KA, Koek MM, Jellema RH, Hankemeier T, van der Greef J, Wang M.TNO Quality of Life, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Metabolite profiling in combination with multivariate statistics is a sophisticated method for quality assessment of natural products. For the development of a quality control strategy in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), we have measured the metabolite fingerprints of Rehmannia glutinosa by GC-MS. Plants were grown under different climate and soil conditions in a phytotron and were processed by a variable number of repetitive steps to investigate the effects on both growth conditions and processing for material medica of R. glutinosa. The GC-MS data have been analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and the new approach of the ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) which can combine the information from a structured data design with multivariate analysis. The results clearly show the effect of the different factors and indicate directions for process improvement. When plants were grown under various temperatures, humidity and light intensities for a short period (3 weeks), no significant changes on studied metabolites were observed. However, significant changes were found between different processing cycles. The present data clearly indicate the importance of strictly controlling processing in R. glutinosa and illustrate the impact of growth conditions. This is the first report on the metabolite profile of R. glutinosa that provides a base for the establishment of a quality control strategy.
Herbal formulation, Yukmi-jihang-tang-Jahage, regulates bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation mediated by tyrosine kinase Src and cyclooxygenase expression.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Jul 19;106(3):333-43. Epub 2006 Mar 2.Jin UH, Kim DI, Lee TK, Lee DN, Kim JK, Lee IS, Kim CH.Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University and National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea.
Anti-bone resorption properties of the Korean herbal medicine, Yukmi-jihang-tang (YJ), which is comprised of seven herbs such as Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Dioscorea japonica THUNB, Cornus officinalis SIEB et. ZUCC, Smilax glabra ROXB, Paeonia suffruticosa ANDR, Alisma platago-aquatica var. orientale SAMUELS and Hominis placenta, were investigated. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tyrosine kinase involve on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mouse calvarial osteoblasts stimulated by cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-1beta and IL-6 and to a lesser extent TNF-alpha, enhanced COX-2 mRNA levels in calvarial osteoblasts. TGF-beta, YJ (100microg/ml) and their combinations of YJ+TGF-beta reduced the COX-2 mRNA level, PGE2 biosynthesis and bone resorption induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 or their combination. Finally, YJ inhibits in vitro and in vivo bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation of peptide substrates. The parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in mouse fetal long bone cultures was inhibited with an IC(50) of 16microg/ml. YJ dose-dependently reduced the hypercalcemia induced in mice by IL-1beta and partly prevented bone loss and microarchitectural changes in young ovariectomized rats, showing that the protective effect on bone was exerted via the inhibition of bone resorption. These results indicate that the synergy between IL-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 on PGE2 production is due to an enhanced gene expression of COX-2 and that tyrosine kinase(s) are involved in the signal transduction of COX-2 in mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Thus, YJ as a possible Src family kinase inhibitor may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated bone loss. This result also suggested that the YJ extracts is effective for bone resorptive action in bone cells.
Antioxidant property of an active component purified from the leaves of paraquat-tolerant Rehmannia glutinosa.:Redox Rep. 2005;10(6):311-8.Kim SS, Son YO, Chun JC, Kim SE, Chung GH, Hwang KJ, Lee JC.Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea.
Acteoside extracted from the leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa was examined to determine the mechanism(s) of its antioxidant properties. The deoxyribose assay system showed that acteoside has a high redox potential as electron donor, which generates hydroxyl radicals in an Fe3+-dependent manner similar to ascorbic acid. However, the antioxidant properties of acteoside differ from those of ascorbic acid in that the superoxide anion-mediated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium was actively inhibited by acteoside but not by ascorbic acid. Acteoside protected cells against glucose oxidase-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, acteoside had immune stimulating effects, as shown by the acteoside-mediated increase in the level of DNA synthesis, viability, and cytokine secretion in mouse splenocytes. Moreover, acteoside inhibited the gelatinolytic activity of MMP proteins in a dose-dependent manner. Considering these results and the fact that acteoside is a water-soluble natural product, acteoside might have potential as a preventative treatment for oxidative stress-mediated diseases and have possibilities in the cosmetic industry.
Studies on the changes of 5-hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde content in Radix Rehmanniae steamed for different time.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Sep;30(18):1438-40. Chinese.Li J, Zhang LP, Liu W, Zhang ZL, Liu LJ.Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China. lijun@hactcm.edu.cn
OBJECTIVE: To find the changing regularity of 5-Hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde (5-HMF) content in Radix Rehmanniae steamed for different time. METHOD: HPLC method was used, with C18 column (6 mm x 200 mm, 5 microm), a mixture of methanol-water (15: 85) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). The UV detection was setat 284 nm and the column temperature was set at 24 degrees C. RESULT: The linear range was from 0.01 to 0.08 microg, r = 0.999 9 (n = 5). The average recovery was 100.2% and RSD was 2.7% (n = 5). CONCLUSION: The 5-HMF content increases as the processing time prolongs in a certain time rang.
Catalpol prevents the loss of CA1 hippocampal neurons and reduces working errors in gerbils after ischemia-reperfusion injury.:Toxicon. 2005 Dec 15;46(8):845-51. Epub 2005 Nov 2.Li DQ, Li Y, Liu Y, Bao YM, Hu B, An LJ.Department of Bioengineering, School of Environment and Life, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China.
Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside, contained richly in the roots of Rehmannia glutinosa, was found for the first time to be of neuroprotection in gerbils subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia. Catalpol (1 mg/kg ip) used immediately after reperfusion and repeatedly at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h significantly rescued neurons in hippocampal CA1 subfield and reduced working errors during behavioral testing. The neuroprotective efficacy of catalpol became more evident when the doses of catalpol were increased to 5 and 10mg/kg. In addition, it was exciting that the significant neuroprotection by catalpol was also evident when catalpol was applied up to 3 h after ischemia. But the neuroprotective efficacy of catalpol became weak when catalpol was given at 6h after ischemia. Of great encouragement was the finding that the neuroprotection of catalpol could be seen not only in a short post-ischemic period (12 days) but also in a long period (35 days). All these indicated that catalpol was truly neuroprotective rather than simply delayed the onset of neuronal damage and might be of therapeutic value for the treatment of global cerebral ischemia.
Rehmannia glutinose ameliorates renal function in the ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute renal failure rats.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Sep;28(9):1662-7.Kang DG, Sohn EJ, Moon MK, Lee YM, Lee HS.Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine and Medicinal Resources Research Institute (MeRRI), Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.
The present study was designed to examine whether aqueous extract of steamed root of Rehmannia glutinose (ARR) has an ameliorative effect on renal functional parameters in association with the expressions of aquaporin 2 (AQP 2), Na,K-ATPase, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the ischemia-reperfusion induced acute renal failure (ARF) rats. Polyuria caused by down-regulation of renal AQP 2 in the ischemia-induced ARF rats was markedly restored by administration of ARR (200 mg/kg, p.o.) with restoring expression of AQP 2 in the kidney. The expressions of Na,K-ATPase alpha1 and beta1 subunits in the renal medullar and cortex of the ARF rats were also restored in the ARF rats by administration of ARR. On the other hand, administration of ARR lowered the renal expression of HO-1 up-regulated in rats with ischemia-induced ARF. The renal functional parameters including creatinine clearance, urinary sodium excretion, urinary osmolality, and solute-free reabsorption were also markedly restored in ischemia-ARF rats by administration of ARR. Taken together, these data indicate that RSR ameliorates renal defects in rats with ischemia-induced ARF.
Hematopoietic effect of siwu decoction in the mice with blood deficiency induced by compound method of bleeding, starved feeding and exhausting.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Jun;30(12):926-9. Chinese.Tan W, Song CS, Tan HL, Liu LL, Ma ZC, Wang YG, Gao Y.Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the hematopoietic effects of Siwu decoction in the mice with blood deficiency induced by compound method of bleeding, starved feeding and exhausting and lay experimental basis under the blood-enriching function of Siwu decoction in different models of blood deficiency. METHOD: The animal model of blood deficiency was established by a combination of starved feeding with routine food at the rate of 75 g(-1) kg(-1) body weight per day, swimming 20 minutes and removing 0.4 mL blood every other day in each mouse. The amount of peripheral blood cells, the cell cycle and the apoptosis of bone marrow cells and the percentage of CD34+ in bone marrow cells were detected by microcellcounter and flow cytometry. RESULT: The amount of red blood cells in model mice was significantly increased by Siwu decoction at different dosages, from 4.6 x 10(12) to 6.5, 7.1 and 7.0 x 10(12) respectively. At the 15th day, the percentages of bone marrow cells at S stage in the treated group were 14.34%, 14.03% and 13.58% which were significantly higher than that in model group without treatment of Siwu Decoction. CONCLUSION: Siwu decoction significantly improve the hematopoiesis in the mice with blood deficiency induced by compound method mentioned above.
Identification of categories of Radix Rehmannia by IR spectroscopy and compare software.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2005 Apr;28(4):281-4. Chinese.Bai Y, Sun S, Fan K, Li J, Wang D, Lou Y.Henan College of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the categories of Radix Rehmannia between the wild and the planting, different stored time, (gained in 2000,2002) , trueborn place (Henan) and no-trueborn places. METHODS: FTIR combined compare software, and the data was dealt with the means of normalization in computer. RESULT: The wild and the planting have evident difference. They can be identified for the different stored-time completely. The identification percentage between trueborn place and no-truedborn places is more than 90%. CONCLUSION: The method is fast, accurate.
Discovery of the main active constituents of siwu mixture for reversing the multidrug resistance of human erythrocyte leukemic cell line K562/ADM.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Apr;30(7):520-3. Chinese. Shen P, Xia L, Zhang HJ.The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China. shenp@zju.edu.cn
OBJECTIVE: To study the main active constituents of Siwu mixture for reversing the multidrug resistance (MDR) of human erythrocyte leukemic cell line K562/ADM. METHOD: Macroporous resin was used to separate Siwu mixture and an in vitro model was used to evaluate the reversal index of each fraction for discovery of active fraction. HPLC-MS was used for investigating the main active constituents of Siwu mixture. RESULT: The reversal index of the gross polysaccharide of Rehmannia glutinosa was significantly higher than that of blank control (P < 0.01). There was little difference between the reversal effect of the gross polysaccharide of Rehmannia glutinosa and that of the active fraction A (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The gross polysaccharide of Rehmannia glutinosa is one of the main active constituents of Siwu mixture.
The correlation between 2D-IR and HPLC in dried Rehmannia glutinosa processed by different processing techniques.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Apr;30(7):504-7. Chinese.Bai Y, Fan KF, Li J, Wang D, Chen ZH.Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China. white_yan@hotmail.com
OBJECTIVE: To establish one easier and higher efficient method of evaluating the quality of dried Rehmanwa glutinosa processed by different processing techniques in different producing areas. METHOD: Studies on the correlations between 2D-IR and HPLC in dried R. glutinosa processed by different processing techniques. RESULT: There are good correlations between their datas. CONCLUSION: It is properly to evaluate the quality of dried R. glutinosa processed by different processing techniques and different producing areas.
Yukmijihwang-tang derivatives enhance cognitive processing in normal young adults: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.:Am J Chin Med. 2005;33(1):107-15.Park E, Kang M, Oh JW, Jung M, Park C, Cho C, Kim C, Ji S, Lee Y, Choi H, Kim H, Ko S, Shin M, Park S, Kim HT, Hong M, Bae H.Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
Yukmijihwang-tang (YMJ), also known as Luweidihuang-tang in China, has been widely used as a general herbal tonic for hundreds of years in many Asian countries. This study examines whether YMJ derivatives (YMJd) enhance cognitive ability in normal human subjects and discusses its potential as treatment for dementia patients with deficient cognitive ability. Subjects were divided into two groups, the placebo-treated group (n = 15) and the YMJd-treated group (n = 20). K-WAIS tests, a Korean version of an individual intelligence quotient (IQ) test, and a P300 latency assessment of event-related potential (ERP) were conducted in order to measure changes in cognitive ability before and after 6 weeks of YMJd treatment. The K-WAIS mean scores of the group treated with YMJd were significantly higher than those of the placebo group (p < 0.05), and their mean P300 latency was substantially shorter (p < 0.005). These results suggest that YMJd treatment accelerates the speed of information processing and enhances cognitive ability. YMJd treatment may help dementia patients or the elderly recover from cognition deficiencies or degeneration in clinic.
Saeng-Ji-Hwang has a protective effect on adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity in cardiac muscle cells.:Life Sci. 2005 Mar 18;76(18):2027-42.Chae HJ, Kim HR, Kim DS, Woo ER, Cho YG, Chae SW.Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 560-180, Republic of Korea. soowan@moak.chonbuk.ac.kr
This study examined the effect of Saeng-Ji-Hwang (SJH: Radix Rehmanniae) on cardiac muscle cells. Adriamycin-exposed H9C2 cardiac muscle cells were treated with a water extract of SJH. The adriamycin induced cell death and caspase-3 activation were significantly inhibited by SJH (2 mg/ml), which can be explained by the increase in Bcl-2 expression and the inhibition of Bax expression. Adriamycin reduced the Mn-SOD protein expression level in H9C2 cardiac muscle cells but a SJH treatment partially but significantly reversed this effect. Manganese (Mn)-TBAP or Mn-TMyM--mitochondria-specific SOD mimetic agent--reduced the adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity. It was also shown that SJH inhibits the release of H2O2 and prevents lipid peroxidation in the presence of adriamycin. This study examined the intracellular GSH level, which showed that adriamycin significantly decreased the intracellular GSH level but SJH increased it. BSO, a selective inhibitor of glutamyl cysteinyl ligase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, did not affect the viability of the cardiac muscle cells. However, a combination of BSO with SJH in the presence of adriamycin reversed the SJH-induced protection. Overall, the results suggest that SJH-associated Mn-SOD and GSH are important factors in the mechanism of the SJH-induced protective mechanism in H9C2 cardiac muscle cells.
A novel bis-furan derivative, two new natural furan derivatives from Rehmannia glutinosa and their bioactivity.:Nat Prod Res. 2005 Feb;19(2):165-70.Li YS, Chen ZJ, Zhu DY.State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China. sinodlsia@yahoo.com
A novel bis-furan derivative and two new natural furan derivatives were isolated from the CHCl3 extracts of the dried roots of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaerth) Lilosch. Their structures were identified as 1,5-bis(5-methoxymethyl)furan-2-yl-penta-1,4-dien-3-one 1, (E)-4-(5-(methoxymethyl)furan-2-yl)but-3-en-2-one 2 and (E)-4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)but-3-en-2-one 3 on the basis of spectral data. Moreover, biological assay showed that 1 (10 microg/mL) and 3 (10 microg/mL) can promote immune activity, 2 (100 microg/mL) and 3 (100 microg/mL) inhibit immune activity and 1 can inhibit blood platelet aggregation.
Morphogenesis in formative process in vitro from Rehmannia glutinosa.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Jan;29(1):31-4. Chinese.Xue JP, Zhang AM, Liu J, Xu XF.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teacher's College, Huaibei 235000 Anhui, China. xuejp2000@yahoo.com.cn
OBJECTIVE: To study the morphogenesis in formative process of tuberous root in vitro from Rehmannia glutinosa and compare the anatomical shape of tuberous root with nature term R. glutinosa. METHOD: Tuberous roots of different vegetal phase were cut and dyed, then made into paraffin cuts and observed microscope. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: In anatomical shape, nature R. glutinosa and tuberous root were the same, which showed that no structural variation occurred in tuberous root induced process.
Preliminary study on hematopoietic constituents of si-wu-tang.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Jun;29(6):546-9. Chinese.Liang QD, Lu XQ, Ma ZC, Tan HL, Ma BP, Gao Y, Wang SQ.Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
OBJECTIVE: To make preliminary study on the chemical foundation of hematopoietic effect of si-wu-tang. METHOD: Si-wu-tang was fractionated by using precipitation method with ethanol and liquid-liquid extraction. Activity was investigated on radiated mice as model of blood deficiency. RESULT: At first si-wu-tang was separated into three fractions, fraction A, B and C. Activity study showed that fraction B and C could raise the amount of peripheral white blood cell in radiated mice. Then fraction B and C were respectively further separated into fraction B1, B2, B3 and fraction C1, C2, C3. Activity study showed that fraction C2, C3 and B3 could raise the amount of peripheral white blood cell in radiated mice. Furthermore, effect of fraction C1, C2, C3, B and paeoniflorin on hematopoietic progenitor cell in bone marrow of radiated mice were investigated. Fraction C2, C3, B and paeoniflorin could promote the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cell in bone marrow of radiated mice. CONCLUSION: Fraction C2, C3, B and paeoniflorin are responsible for hematopoietic activity of si-wu-tang.
Studies on quality control of Xueyakang capsule.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 May;29(5):420-3. Chinese.Wang JH, You LH, Jin HY, Zhang XQ.Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing 100035, China. W-JHY@sina.com
OBJECTIVE: To establish the quality control standard for Xueyakang capsule. METHOD: Radix Rehmanniae, Cacumen Platycladi, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Folium Nelumbinis were identified by TLC, and the content of quercitrin was determined by HPLC. RESULT: The TLC sports developed was fairly clear, the HPLC method showed good repeatability, and the average recovery of quercitrin was 100.7% with RSD 2.0%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, accurate and can effectively control quality of Xueyakang capsule.
Investigation of constituents in siwu tang fractions by chromatographic and ESI-MS methods.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Apr;29(4):334-9. Chinese.Lang QD, Ma BP, Li WH, Zhang C, Wang HX, Zhang SG, Wei KH, Wang SQ.Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
OBJECTIVE: In order to discuss the chemical foundation of hematopoietic effect of Siwu Tang, three fractions of different polarities (C1, C2 and C3) were prepared from Siwu Tang and the characteristics of these fractions' constituents were investigated. METHOD: Fraction C1, C2 and C3 of Siwu Tang and corresponding fractions of Siwu Tang's four ingredient drugs were analyzed and compared, synthetically using the three methods of high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). RESULT: Fraction C1 of Siwu Tang contained various types of compounds, including ferulic acid, paeoniflorin and supposedly ligustilide, etc. Saccharide content in fraction C1 was very little. The major constituents in fraction C2 of Siwu Tang were paeoniflorin, monosaccaride and disaccharide. The major constituents in fraction C3 of Siwu Tang were monosaccaride and disaccharide. CONCLUSION: With synthetical chromatographic and direct infusion ESI-MS methods, abundant information on composition of fractions of traditional Chinese medicine formulas can be obtained. The results gained with different methods can be compared with each other and corroborate each other, so that the obtained information can be more comprehensive and more definite than that gained with single method. The results of this study are important as references for the discussion of the chemical foundation of hematopoietic effect of Siwu Tang.
Amelioration of diabetic nephropathy by dried Rehmanniae Radix (Di Huang) extract.:Am J Chin Med. 2004;32(6):829-39.
The effects of dried Rehmanniae Radix (Di Huang) extract were investigated using a diabetic nephropathy model: rats given streptozotocin after nephrectomy. The results showed that this crude drug reduced the magnitudes of the increases in glucose, urea nitrogen, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substance levels, with the effects being most marked in the high blood glucose group. The renal histopathological lesions, which were conspicuous in rats not given dried Rehmanniae Radix extract, were ameliorated considerably in the high blood glucose group given this extract. It appears that dried Rehmanniae Radix extract may be useful as a therapeutic agent for inhibiting the progression of diabetic nephropathy. On the basis of these results, the possible mechanisms of action of this crude drug are discussed.
Effect of radix Rehmanniae preparata on the expression of c-fos and NGF in hippocampi and learning and memory in rats with damaged thalamic arcuate nucleus.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2004 Aug;27(8):589-92. Chinese.Cui Y, Yan Z, Hou S, Chang Z.Henan College of TCM, Zhengzhou.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata (RRP) on improving the function of learning and memory. METHOD: With injured thalamic arcuate nucleus rats induced by MSG, the improving function of RRP on learning and memory was observed by step down task and Morris water maze task, and the expression of c-fos and NGF in hippocampi was observed by immunohistochemical means. RESULT: RRP could decrease the times of mistakes and prolong the incubation period in step down task, shorten the incubation period of seeking the platform, and improve the rate through the platform position in Morris water maze task. RRP could also increase the expression of hippocampal NGF, c-fos. CONCLUSION: RRP could improve the function of learning and memory of MSG rats, and its mechanism may by related with the increase of the expression of hippocampal c-fos and NGF.
Assessment of genetic diversity of Rehmannia glutinosa germplasm detected by RAPDs and ISSRs.:Yi Chuan. 2004 Nov;26(6):922-8. Chinese.Zhou YQ, Jing JZ, Li ZY, Zhang BH, Jia JF.College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an710069, China. luckyqing2004@126.com
RAPD and ISSR markers were used to assess the germplasm genetic diversity among 10 individuals of Rehmannia glutinosa, including 8 cultivars and 2 virus-free lines micropropagated by tip tissue culture. 17 RAPD primers and 10 ISSR primers, with polymorphic and informative patterns, were selected from a total of 80 RAPD ones and 44 ISSR ones to determine these individuals' genetic diversity. The 17RAPD primers and 10 ISSR primers generated 177RAPDfragments and 110 fragments, respectively. The number of effective loci, the percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon's Information index (I) and effective number of alleles (Ne) is in turn109, 61.58%, 0.3135, 1.3641 for RAPD makers, and 79, 71.82 %, 0.3577 and 1.4037 for ISSR markers; Jaccard's genetic similarity matrice and dendrograms for the 10 individuals were formed based on RAPD and ISSR-generated polymorphic bands. In dendrograms, they could be divided into two groups: one group containing six individuals such as Zupei 85.5, Datian 85.5, jinzhuangyuan, Jinbai, Zupei 9302 and Datian9302; the other composed of 4 ones such as Beijing No.1, Dahongpao, Dihuang 9104 and wild dihuang; the correlation coefficient of 0.649 between RAPD and ISSR markers GSs indicated that these two markers were significantly correlated. The results revealed that RAPD and ISSR markers were suitable for assessment of germplasm genetic diversity of Rehmannia glutinosa, and ISSR marker was superior to RAPD marker.
Study on the preserving techniques of squeezed juice of fresh ginger and Glutinous rehannia.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Dec;28(12):1145-8. Chinese.Yang H, Hao JD, Li JP, Yi H, Ma H.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China. yanghua2796@Sina.com
OBJECTIVE: To study the preserve techniques of squeezed juice of Chinese medicinal materials. METHOD: The techniques of refrigeration, rapid freezing, 60Cogamma-ray sterilization, freeze-drying and spray-drying were used for preservation of squeezed juice of Ginger and Glutinous Rehannia. Different results were compared. RESULT: The period of preservation was half or one year. CONCLUSION: The rapid freezing, freeze-drying and spray-drying are suitable for preservation of squeezed juice of Chinese medicinal materials.
Progress on research of tissue culture of Rehmannia glutinosa.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Dec;28(12):1114-7. Review. Chinese.Xue JP, Ge DY, Zhang AM, Liu J.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teacher's College, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China. xuejp2000@yahoo.com.cn
OBJECTIVE: To review the development of tissue culture on Rehmannia glutinosa. METHOD: Documentaries at home and abroad were consulted. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The tissue culture conditions of R. glutinosa were summarized and the problems of tissue culture in R. glutinosa were also pointed out.
Studies on the effects of Siwu Mixture on reversing multidrug resistance of human erythrocyte leukemic cell line K562/ADM.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Aug;29(8):792-5. Chinese.Xia L, Shen P.Department of Chinese Science and Engineering, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiong University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Siwu Mixture on reversing the multidrug resistance (MDR) of human erythrocyte leukemic cell line K562/ADM. METHOD: With verapamil set as a positive control, MTT assay was applied to evaluate the resistant factor of cell line K562/ADM to anticancer drugs and the reversal index of Siwu Mixture on MDR of the cells. The concentration of adriamycin(ADM) in the cells was measured by reversal-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The immunofluorescence method was used to determine the expression of P-glucoprotein(Pgp) on cell membrane. RESULT: When ADM was combined with Siwu Mixture, its concentration in the cells and the reversal index of MDR were significantly higher than those of blank control (P < 0.01). However, the expression of Pgp on cell membrane showed little difference ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In case of noncytotoxic dose, Siwu Mixture showed significant effect on reversing MDR of cell line K562/ADM. The effect might be related to decreasing efflux of anticancer drugs in the cells and increasing their concentration in the cells. Nevertheless, it had no influence on the expression of Pgp on cell membrane.
The activities of antioxidant enzymes in response to oxidative stresses and hormones in paraquat-tolerant Rehmannia glutinosa plants.:J Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Sep 30;37(5):618-24.Choi DG, Yoo NH, Yu CY, de Los Reyes B, Yun SJ.Department of Horticulture, Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Iksan 570-704, Korea.
All members of R. glutinosa show the unique characteristic of intrinsic tolerance to paraquat (PQ). Antioxidant enzymes have been proposed to be the primary mechanism of PQ resistance in several plant species. Therefore, the antioxidant enzyme systems of R. glutinosa were evaluated by comparatively analyzing cellular antioxidant enzyme levels, and their responses of oxidative stresses and hormones. The levels of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), non-specific peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were 7.3-, 4.9-, 2.7- and 1.6-fold higher in PQ-tolerant R. glutinosa than in PQ-susceptible soybeans. However, the activity of catalase (CAT) was about 12-fold higher in the soybeans. The activities of antioxidant enzymes reduced after PQ treatment in the two species, with the exception of POX and SOD in R. glutinosa, which increased by about 40 %. Interestingly, the activities of APX, SOD and POX in R. glutinosa, relative to those in soybeans, were further increased by 49, 67 and 93 % after PQ treatment. The considerably higher intrinsic levels, and increases in the relative activities of antioxidant enzymes in R. glutinosa under oxidative stress support the possible role of these enzymes in the PQ tolerance of R. glutinosa. However, the relatively lower levels of SOD versus PQ tolerance, and the mixed responses of antioxidant enzymes to stresses and hormones, suggest a possible alternative mechanism(s) for PQ tolerance in R. glutinosa.
Je-chun-jun induced apoptosis of human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells.:Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2004 Oct;25(10):1372-9.Chae HJ, Park KM, Lee GY, Jeong GS, Park HR, Kim HM, Chae SW, Yoo SK, Kim HR.Department of Pharmacology and the Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 464-701, South Korea.
AIM: To study the mechanism of je-chun-jun (JCJ)-inducing the apoptosis of the human cervical carcinoma, HeLa cells. METHODS: The cell viability was assessed using MTT assay. The optical density was measured at 570 nm. The caspase activity was measured using 50 mmol/L of fluorogenic substrate, AC-DEVD-AMC (caspase-3), AC-VEID-AMC (caspase-8) or AC-LEHD-AFC (caspase-9). To confirm the expression of proteins, Western blotting was performed. To detect the characteristic of apoptosis chromatin condensation, HeLa cells were stained with Hoechst 33258 in the presence of JCJ. For the cell cycle analysis, HeLa cells were incubated with Propidium iodide (PI) solution. Fluorescence intensity of cell cycle was measured using flow cytometry system. RESULTS: The loss of viability occurred following the exposure of 10 g/L JCJ. Cells treated with 10 g/L JCJ for 3 d exhibited the apoptotic morphology (brightly blue-fluorescent condensed nuclei by Hoechst 33258-staining) and the reduction of cell volume. Cells incubated with JCJ for 48 h were arrested at the G1 phase of cell cycle and their G1 checkpoint related gene products such as cyclin D1 were transiently decreased. We showed that JCJ induced the p38 MAPK activation in HeLa cells. The p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580 protected Hela cells from the JCJ-induced death as well as intervened the JCJ-induced accumulation of cells at the G1 phase. In contrast, MEK1 (-ERK upstream) inhibitor, PD98059 had no effect on HeLa cells. Conclusion: JCJ induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HeLa cells through p38 MAPK pathway.
Determination of catalpol in dried rehmannia root and Taohong Siwu Decoction with high performance liquid chromatography.:Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2004 Mar;2(2):135-7. Chinese.Guo CY, Bai XM, Zhang WM, Wang ZB, Fu YR.Department of Chemistry, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province 075000, China. chy-guo@sohu.com
OBJECTIVE: To determinate the catalpol contents in dried rehmannia root and Taohong Siwu Decoction containing rehmannia root with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). METHODS: Catalpol was separated on a YWG-C18 column using water-acetonitrile (99.4:0.6) as mobile phase and detective wavelength at 210 nm. RESULTS: The linear curve of tested catalpol concentration within the range of 0.0536-5.3600 microg/microl was ideal (n=5, r=0.999 7). The average recovery rate of the dried rehmannia root and Taohong Siwu decoction was 98.7% (RSD=0.48%) and 98.2% (RSD=1.29%) respectively. CONCLUSION: HPLC method is accurate and valuable for the quality control of Radix Rehmanniae and Taohong Siwu Decoction.
Stachyose extract from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. to lower plasma glucose in normal and diabetic rats by oral administration.:Pharmazie. 2004 Jul;59(7):552-6.Zhang RX, Jia ZP, Kong LY, Ma HP, Ren J, Li MX, Ge X.Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, PR China. Empriqqq@public.lz.gs.cn
The hypoglycemic effects of water extract and stachyose extract (Part III) from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. were investigated in this paper by oral administration to normal, glucose- and adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results showed that Part III had the effect of lowering fasted plasma glucose level and partially preventing hyperglycemia induced by glucose (2.5 g x kg(-1), i.p.) and adrenaline (300 microg x kg(-1), i.p.), respectively, but no obvious dose-dependent effect was found when it was administered at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg x kg(-1) for 6 days, i.g. In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, Part III (200 mg x kg(-1) for 15 days, i.g.) gave a significant decrease in blood glucose level. The results suggested that Part III, which is mainly composed of stachyose from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch., had a significant hypoglycemic effect in glucose- and adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Effect of shu di-huang on the expression of c-fos and NGF in hippocampi and learning and memory of rats damaged thalamic arcuate nucleus.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Apr;28(4):362-5. Chinese.Cui Y, Hou SL, Yan ZH, Chang ZF.Henan College of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of Shu Di-huang in improving the function of learning and memory. METHOD: On the rats model with thalamic arcuate nucleus dameged by MSG, the improving function of Shu Di-huang on learning and memory was observed by step down task and Morris water maze task, and the expression of c-fos and NGF in hippocampi was observed by immunohistochemical means. RESULT: Shu Di-huang could decrease the times of mistakes and prolong the incubation period in step down task, and shorten the incubation period of seeking the platform, and improve the percentage rate through the platform position in Morris water maze task. Shu Di-huang also increase the expression of hippocampal NGF, c-fos. CONCLUSION: Shu Di-huang can improve the function of learning and memory of MSG rats, and its mechanism may be related with the increase of the expression of hippocampal c-fos and NGF.
Adjustive effect of yi qi tong lin chongji on the three growth factors in rats prostatic tissues.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Jul;28(7):653-5. Chinese.Mi ZG, Liu SX, Cao YQ, Yang XF.First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanisim of Yi Qi Tong Lin Chingji in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia. METHOD: The expressions of VEGF, bFGF and TGF beta 1 in prostatic hyperplasia model rats were examined by immunohistochemistry. 8 rats were in contrastive group, 24 influenced by Yi Qi Tong Ling Chingji and Prostacar. RESULT: The expressions of VEGF and bFGF were significantly difference, but the expression of TGF beta 1 was not significant. (P < 0.01). The expression of VEGF and bFGF were significant in contrastive group to the high-dose of Yi Qi Tong Ling Chingji and Prostacar group (P < 0.05) but were not significant to the low-dose of Yi Qi Tong Ling Chingji group. There was no significant difference between high-dose of Yi Qi Tong Ling Chingji and Prostacar group and three growth factors. CONCLUSION: Yi Qi Tong Ling Chingji inhibit the expression of VEGF and bFGF in BPH so as to decrease the volume of prostate.
Saccharide analysis of si-wu-tang by automated multiple development and off-line coupling thin layer chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry techniques.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Jul;28(7):632-5. Chinese.Liang QD, Li WH, Wang HX, Wang SQ.Institue of Radiation Medicine, Acadamy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
OBJECTIVE: To make qualitative analysis on saccharide spots in thin layer chromatography (TLC) chromatogram of SI-WU-TANG extract C, which possesses blood-enrichment activity. METHOD: TLC chromatogram of SI-WU-TANG extract C was obtained by using Automated Multiple Development (AMD) method. 4 major spots in the chromatogram were analyzed by off-line coupling TLC electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique. Moreover, composition of monosaccharides in the fraction was analyzed by AMD technique. RESULT: Main constituents of substances from the 4 spots were monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide respectively. Monosaccharide was mainly composed of fructose and glucose. CONCLUSION: Off-line coupling TLC ESI-MS can simply and rapidly provide qualitative examination of saccharide spots in TLC chromatogram of Traditional Chinese Medicine. AMD method can make good separation of 8 frequently-observed monosaccharides in a regular 10 cm silica gel plate, the process of which was automated, AMD and off-line coupling TLC ESI-MS techniques show good value in saccharides analysis.
Antiosteoporotic activity of the water extract of Dioscorea spongiosa.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Apr;27(4):583-6.
After 60 MeOH and water extracts of natural crude drugs were screened for their ability to stimulate osteoblast proliferation, four MeOH extracts (Cynomorium songaricum, Drynaria fortunei, Lycium chinense, Rehmannia glutinosa) and seven water extracts (Cornus officinalis, Dendrobium nobile, Dioscorea spongiosa, Drynaria fortunei, Eucommia ulmoides, Lycium chinensis, Viscum coloratum) showed that potent activities were evaluated for inhibition of osteoclast formation. The results indicated that the water extract of D. spongiosa not only showed the strongest stimulation of osteoblast proliferation but also possessed potent inhibitory activity aganist osteoclast formation, whereas it showed lower cytotoxicity in osteoblast and bone marrow cells. A further in vivo experiment determined the antiosteoporotic activity of this extract, in which it inhibited the decrease in cancellous bone mineral content, cancellous bone mineral density, and cortical bone mineral content of the proximal tibia in ovariectomized rats.
Effect of shu di-huang on the transmitter and receptor of amino acid in brain and learning and memory of dementia model.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Sep;28(9):862-6. Chinese.Cui Y, Yan ZH, Hou SL, Chang ZF.He Nan College of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, China
OBJECTIVE: To observe the mechanism of SHU-Dihuang on the function of learning and memory. METHOD: On the dementia model mouse caused by AlCl3 and the rats model damaged thalamic arcuate nucleus with MSG, we observed the function of learning and memory by step down task and Morris water maze task, mensurated the content of glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid by TLC, and observed the expression of NMDAR1 and GABAR in hippocampi by immunohistochemical means. RESULT: Shu Di Huang could decrease the times of mistakes and prolong the incubation period in step down task, and shorten the incubation period of seeking the platform in Morris water maze task. Shu Di Huang could adjust the content of Glu and GABA in brain, and increase the expression of hippocampal NMDAR1 and GABAR as well. CONCLUSION: Shu Di Huang can improve the function of learning and memory of dementia animal model, and its mechanism may be related to the adjustment of the content of Glu and GABA in brain, and increase of the expression of hippocampal NMDAR1 and GABAR.
Determination of glycosides in traditional Chinese medicine liu-wei di-huang by RP-HPLC.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Aug;28(8):735-8. Chinese.Xiong SL, Zhao YM, Luan XH, Qiao SY, Sun L, Ren FX, Guo JF, Zhang YX.Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bingjing 100850, China.
OBJECTIVE: To establish a RP-HPLC method for determination of glycosides in Traditional Chinese Medicine Liu-wei Di-huang. METHOD: The samples were analyzed on an ODS column at 30 degrees C, with mobile phase of methanol/water (33:67) at flow rate 1.0 mL.min and detection at wavelength of 236 nm. RESULT: Three major components reached base-line separation and were identified to be mononiside, loganin, paeoniflorin. Respectively for the three components, linear correlations were found between peak areas and concentrations in the ranges of 7.4-60, 7.7-62 mg.L-1 and 8.5-68 mg.L-1, and the recoveries were 98.8%, 98.3%, 99.6%. CONCLUSION: The established method is proved to be suitable for simultaneous quantification of three major glycosidic components in Liuwei Dihuang decoction and can be used for evaluation of the quality of Liuwei Dihuang preparations.
The influence of the different components of nourishing kidney herbs on osteoporosis rats.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Mar;28(3):262-5. Chinese.Liu HD, Lin FS, Li E, Wu MS, Tong XX.Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China. Liuhedi@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE: To observe the influent of the different components of nourishing kidney herbs on the main items of bone metabolism in osteoporosis rats induced with Dexamethasona(DXM). METHOD: Models of three-month old SD female rats with osteoporosis here made by being fed with low calcium diet (containing calcium 0.2%) and distilled water, and injected with DXM 0.1 mg/100 g weight intramuscularly, twice a week. Then the osteoporosis rats were treated with different components of nourishing kidney herbs, and the change of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase(ALP), calcitonin(CT), PTH, CT/PTH, estrogen(E2), testosterone(T), T/E2 and bone section and bone quantitative morphology in these osteoporosis rats were observed. RESULT: The total components of nourishing kidney herbs could improve the general condition of osteoporosis rats, decrease PTH, increase CT, estrogen, testosterone, CT/PTH and T/E2. The total components of nourishing kidney herbs could improve osteoporotic state, promote bone formation, and inhibite bone resorption. But no effect of the A, B, C, D components of nourishing kidney herbs on the main items of bone metabolism in osteoporosis rats induced with DXM was found. CONCLUSION: It is possible that the purification and separation of these herbs weaken or destroy the integrative effect of nourishing kidney herbs or destroy effective components of nourishing kidney herbs during the process of purification and separation.
Antidiabetic drugs of plant origin used in China: compositions, pharmacology, and hypoglycemic mechanisms.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Feb;28(2):108-13. Review.Jia W, Gao WY, Xiao PG.School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China. weijia@mail.sjtu.edu.cn
The paper reviewed compositions and pharmacological effects of eight antidiabetic herbal drugs that have been approved by health regulatory agency for commercial use in China. Investigators attributed the hypoglycemic effect of these products to their ability to restore the functions of pancreatic tissues and cause an increase in insulin output, to inhibit the intestinal absorption of glucose, or to the facilitation of metabolites in insulin-dependent processes. Treatment with herbal drugs has an effect on protecting beta cells and smoothing out fluctuations in glucose levels. The use of these naturally derived agents in conjunction with conventional drug treatments such as an chemical agent or insulin permits the use of lower doses of the drug and/or decreased frequency of administration which decreases the side effects most commonly observed.
Studies on organ phytomorphology of leaves from Rehmannia glutinosa.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Jan;28(1):21-4. Chinese.Xue JP, Wang RY, Zhang AM, Liu J.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teacher's College, Huabei 235000, Anhui, China. xuejp2000@yahoo.com.cn
OBJECTIVE: To set up the fittest medium and optimum condition for leaves from Rehmannia glutinosa to form regenerated plantlets directly and to induce microtubers. METHOD: Leaves of different phases obtained from the virus-free plantlets were incubated in some kinds of media on the back side. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The fittest medium for the formation of regenerated plantlet was MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1 and the fittest medium for the induction of microtuber was MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg.L-1 + NAA 0.5 mg.L-1. The optimum incubation temperaue was 25 degrees C and the light length was (2,000-3,000 lx) 12 h.d-1.
Preservation of germplasm of Rehmannia glutinosa in vitro.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Jan;28(1):17-20.Chinese. Wen XS, Wei JH, Yang SL, Ma XJ.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandon, China. x.s.wen@163.com
OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for the germplasm preservation of R. glutinosa. METHOD: Plantlets of different cultivars obtained by tip culture were inoculated into test tubes with MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg.L-1 BA and 0.02 mg.L-1 NAA, and preserved at 4-6 degrees C in dark. At the same time, different media (A. distilled water + 10 g.L-1 agar; B. 1/2 MS + 5 g.L-1 agar; C. MS + 10 g.L-1 agar; D. 1/2 MS + 0.5 BA + 0.02 NAA + 10 g.L-1 agar; E. MS + 0.5 BA + 0.02 NAA + 10 g.L-1 agar) were set to conserve plantlets of "85-5" on the same condition. RESULT: 4 months later, the death rate of "Xinggeda" was 73%, "Tucheng" 60%, "85-5" 33%, and "Beijing 1" 9%. All of the plantlets of "85-5" in different media kept alive. 10 months later, most of the preserved plantlets browned and wilted except those on medium A. CONCLUSION: The low temperature endurance of R. glutinosa is cultivar-dependent. Medium A can preserve "85-5" for more than 10 months in vitro.
Hypoglycemic effect of Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharide in hyperglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats and its mechanism.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jan;90(1):39-43.Zhang R, Zhou J, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Gu G.Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, PR China. empriqqq@public.lz.gs.cn
The hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effect of Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharide (ROS) in glucose-induced hyperglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats and its mechanism was investigated in this paper. It was found that pretreatment of ROS in normal rats with 100 mg/kg for 3 days, i.p., induced a partial prevention of hyperglycemia caused by glucose (2g/kg, i.p.), while when hyperglycemia was induced in adrenalectomized (ADX) rats, the preventive effect of ROS on hyperglycemia was lost. In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, ROS (100 mg/kg for 15 days, i.p.) showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity with an increase in hepatic glycogen content. Furthermore, ROS raised plasma insulin level and lowered plasma corticosterone level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results indicated that oligosaccharide of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. exerted a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The regulatory mechanism of ROS on glucose metabolism was adrenal dependent and had a close relation with the neuroendocrine system.
Influence of traditional Chinese anti-inflammatory medicinal plants on leukocyte and platelet functions.:J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;55(9):1275-82.Prieto JM, Recio MC, Giner RM, M¨¢?ez S, Giner-Larza EM, R¨ªos JL.Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farm¨¤cia, Universitat de Val¨¨ncia, Burjassot, Spain.
The enzymes 5-lipoxygenase and elastase are therapeutic targets in dermatological disorders such as psoriasis. Fifteen extracts from traditional Chinese medicinal plants used to treat topical inflammations were screened for their inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase and elastase activity in intact leukocytes and platelets. Astragalus membranaceus, Forsythia suspensa and Poria cocos inhibited 5-lipoxygenase, with IC50 values of 141, 80 and 141 microg mL(-1), respectively. The latter two species, along with Angelica dahurica and Angelica pubescens, also inhibited elastase (IC50 values of 80, 123, 68 and 93 microg mL(-1), respectively), while A. pubescens, Atractylodes macrocephala, Lentinus edodes, Rehmannia glutinosa and Paeonia lactiflora selectively inhibited 12-(S)-HHTrE production, a valid marker of cyclooxygenase activity. The inhibition of phospholipase A(2) activity by P. cocos is discussed. Dehydrotumulosic and pachymic acids, which have been isolated from P. cocos, were shown to inhibit leukotriene B(4) release. The results indicate that both P. cocos and F. suspensa are potentially valuable species in the management of skin pathologies involving chronic inflammation.
Induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene expression by paraquat and stress-related hormones in Rehmannia glutinosa.:Mol Cells. 2003 Aug 31;16(1):34-9.Lee BK, Park MR, Srinivas B, Chun JC, Kwon IS, Chung IM, Yoo NH, Choi KG, Yun SJ.Faculty of Biological Resources Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
Rehmannia glutinosa is a medicinal herb that is tolerant to the non-selective herbicide paraquat. Acteoside, a phenolic compound present in the plant, has been shown to inhibit paraquat. To understand regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway that produces the acteoside moiety, we isolated a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) cDNA clone (RgPAL1) and used it to examine PAL expression. The deduced 712 amino acid sequence of the open reading frame contains the conserved active site and potential phosphorylation sites of other plant PALs. RgPAL1 mRNA was detected in the leaves, flowers and roots of healthy plants, and the level of the mRNA was higher in leaves than in flowers and roots. RgPAL1 mRNA was induced in leaves by paraquat, H2O2, UV light, wounding, yeast extract, jasmonic acid and ethephon. The transcript level and enzyme activity increased gradually from 6 to 24 h after exposure to paraquat or jasmonic acid. Induction of RgPAL1 by paraquat and stress-related phytohormones suggests that it is involved in the regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway under oxidative stress.
Phytochemical studies of Rehmannia glutinosa rhizomes.:Pharmazie. 2003 Aug;58(8):593-5.Anh NT, Sung TV, Franke K, Wessjohann LA.Institute of Chemistry, National Center for Sciences and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
2,4-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-6H-pyran-3-one (1), a hitherto unknown natural product, and the calcium salt of rehmapicroside (2) have been isolated from rhizomes of the Vietnamese variety of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch together with a series of known compounds: norcarotenoids (3-5), 2-formyl-5-hydroxy-methylfurane (6), the iridoid rehmaglutin D (7), iridoid glycosides (8-12) and phenylethyl alcohol glycosides (13-17). Their structures were determined by mass and NMR spectroscopy.
Comparison and correlative analysis on characters of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. Varieties.:Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2001 Dec;23(6):560-2. Chinese.Li XE, Yang SL, Yang JS.Department of Cultivation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing 100094, China.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the economical characters, yield characters and content of catalpol on Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. varieties. METHODS: To study characters by field randomized block test and analysis of variance. To analyse the content of catalpol by HPLC. RESULTS: The results by analysis of variance were that the F value in plant width was 15.4 (F0.01 = 5.54), the F value in length of leaves was 12.2, the F value in width of leaves was 13.35, the F value in yield of single plant was 55.7 and the F value in content of catalpol was 8.03. The results by correlative analysis were that the linear correlation coefficient of signal plant yield with length of leaves was 0.9639, with width of leaves was 0.9073, with amount of earthnuts was 0.7060 and with plant fresh weight was 0.9950. The linear correlation coefficient of content of catalpol with plant width was 0.9169, with length of leaves was 0.7046 and with width of leaves was 0.7159. CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in plant width, length of leaves width of leaves, and yield of single plant and content of catalpol of Rehmannia glutinosa Libnosch. varieties. There were significantly positive correlations in signal plant yield with plant fresh weight, length of leaves, width of leaves and amount of earthnuts. There were significantly positive correlations in content of catalpol with plant width, length of leaves and width of leaves.
Effect of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch extracts on bone metabolism.:Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Aug;334(1-2):185-95.Oh KO, Kim SW, Kim JY, Ko SY, Kim HM, Baek JH, Ryoo HM, Kim JK.OCT Inc., 2-17, Omok-ri, Seonggeo-eup, Choongnam 330-831, Chonan, South Korea. rnd@oscotec.com
BACKGROUND: Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch extracts (RGX) were investigated to determine if they play roles in bone metabolism. METHODS: The effects on osteoblasts were determined by measuring (1) cell proliferation, (2) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, (3) mRNA expression of bone-related proteins, (4) transcriptional activity of Runx2, and (5) osteoprotegerin (OPG) secretion. The effects on the osteoclasts were investigated by measuring (1) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive [TRAP(+)] multinucleated cell (MNC) formation and (2) resorption areas after culturing osteoclast precursors. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements and histological observations on rats were also carried out. RESULTS: RGX treatment showed a significant increase in both the proliferation and ALP activity of osteoblasts. RGX increased the expression of the bone-related genes. OPG secretion was markedly increased after RGX treatment. In addition, RGX treatment decreased the number of TRAP(+) MNCs and the resorption areas. In vivo studies using ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rats revealed that RGX alleviated the decrease in the trabecular BMD, and increased the cortical bone thickness and trabeculation of the bone marrow spaces. CONCLUSIONS: RGX stimulates the proliferation and activities of osteoblasts, while inhibiting the generation and resorptive activities of osteoclasts. It also shows preventive effects on osteoporotic bone loss induced by an ovariectomy. Although the active substances have not yet been identified, it is believed that the RGX seems to contain active components that have a potential to enhance the bone metabolism in osteoporosis.
Study on chitosan clarification refining the decoction of jiangtangtongmai by homogenous design method.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2003 Feb;26(2):113-4. Chinese.Yin F, Cai B, Pan Y, Wang H, Guo S.Nanjing University of TCM.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of chitosan clarification refining the decoction of Jiangtangtongmai by homogenous design method. METHODS: The content of catalpol in the refined decoction by the alcohol-precipitation method and chitosan clarification method was determined by RP-HPLC. RESULTS: Catalpol can be well preserved by chitosan clarification method. CONCLUSION: Chitosan clarification method can replace alcohol-precipitation method in refining of the decoction of Jiangtangtongmai.
Photosynthetic pigment contents of different germplasm of Rehmannia glutinosa and the relationship between pigments and leaf color.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Nov;27(11):828-31. Chinese.Wen XS, Lou HX, Yang SL, Li XE, Cheng XM, Xu LZ, Zheng JH.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China. x.s.wen@163.com
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the germplasm of Rehmannia glutinosa on the basis of photosynthetic pigment contents (PPC). METHOD: 20 cultivars were planted on the same condition. On Oct. 23 and Sept. 25, 3 leaves per cultivar were collected on different plants, and 80 mg mesophyll was collected among upper lateral veins and was ground in 96% alcohol, and the supernatant was subjected to measure on a spectrophotometer (Angilent 8453). RESULT: The PPCs among cultivars were significantly different at a P < or = 0.01 level. The results of the measurements were similar. Chlolophyll a was the most abundant pigment, but varied to a great extent among different cultivars. 20 cultivars were divided into 9 homogeneous groups according to the contents of chlorophyll a by Duncan's multiple range test at P < or = 0.05. In addition, the content of chlorophyll a was closely related to leaf color. The cultivars with higher chlolophyll a had deep green leaves, and those with lower had yellow green or pale green leaves. CONCLUSION: PPC was an inherent character and an important index for the germplasm evaluation of R. glutinosa.
Microtuber induction in vitro from Rehmannia glutinosa.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Nov;27(11):824-7. Chinese.Xue JP, Shi LY, Zhang AM.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teacher's College, Huabei 235000, Anhui, China. xuejp2000@yahoo.com.cn
OBJECTIVE: To set up the fittest medium and optimum condition for plantlets to form microtubers. METHOD: Plant hormones, concentration of sucrose, active carbon and light time influenced formation of adventitious root and microtuber in vitro from plantlet of Rehmannia glutinosa (85-5). RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The plantlets were cultivated on the medium of microtuber induction after roots were induced on the 1/2MS medium with IBA 1 mg.L-1. The best medium was MS + 6-BA 2 mg.L-1 + NAA 0.1 mg.L-1 + Sucrose 5%. The fittest incubation temperature was 25 degrees C and the light length was (2,000-3,000 lx) 12 h.d-1. Active carbon and GA3 should not be added to the medium, which was not suitable for the induction of microtuber.
Study on improvement of dissolution rate of water-honeyed pills of six herbs with rehmunnia by technique of super fine crushing.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Jul;27(7):511-3. Chinese.Su RQ, He Y, Wang RC, Zhao LH.Shandong Lunan Pharmaceutical Factory, Linyi 276003, Shandong, China.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the affection of crushing technology on quality. The dissolution of Pills of Six Herbs with Rehmunnia prepared by different crushing technology was determined by taking the dissolution of Paeonol as test marker. METHOD: The Pills was prepared with the fine powder which was crushed by normal crusher or super fine crusher. The rotatory-basket method was used, and the cumulative dissolution percentage was determined by UV. RESULT: Statistics indicated there was a significant difference in dissolution parameter (T50) between super fine crushing powder Pills and normal fine-crushing powder Pills (P < 0.01), and there was a difference in dissolution of different batches of Pills of Six Herbs with Rehmunnia prepared by the normal crush technique (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The determination of dissolution of Pills of Six Herbs with Rehmunnia is necessary. In order to improve the quality of drugs, we should adopt the technique of super fine crushing in the preparation procedure.
RAPD analysis on different varieties of Rehmannia glutinosa.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Jul;27(7):505-8. Chinese.Cheng JL, Huang LQ, Shao AJ, Lin SF.Hospital of XuanWu Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100050, China.
OBJECTIVE: To provide molecular evidences for its breeding by studying the genetic relationship among varieties of Rehmannia glutinosa. METHOD: Nineteen varieties were detected by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA(RAPD) markers. RESULT: The 20 selected primers produced 163 bands, among which 114(69.9%) were polymorphic. A DNA molecular dendrogram was established based on Hierarchical cluster analysis of 163 DNA bands amplified by 20 primers, which divided the 19 varieties into four groups: Group Beijing, Group 85-5, Group Guolimao and the other Group. CONCLUSION: 8 varieties of Group Beijing have a close genetic relationship, and so have varieties of Group 85-5, which provides information for Rehmannia glutinosa's breeding.
Study on pharmacology of ultra-fine particles compound Rehmannia.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Jun;27(6):436-9. Chinese.Song LL, Du GJ, Fan BY, Zhang DL.Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, Henan, China. song0378@fm365.com
OBJECTIVE: To observe pharmacological difference between ultra-fine particles of six ingredient Rehmannia pill and traditional six ingredient Rehmannia pill. METHOD: Pharmacokinetic index was measured by death rate, and pharmacology actions were compared by anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, clearance rate of charcoal particle, hypoxia resistance and serum hemolysin concentration experiment. RESULT: Dose-effection was significant and pharmacology actions were more than traditional six ingredient Rehmannia pill in six ingredient Rehmannia pill. CONCLUSION: Ultra-fine particles of six ingredient Rehmannia pill are better than traditional six ingredient Rehmannia pill in bioavailability and pharmacology actions, and the weight of pill is reduced while efficacy is enhenced by ultra-fine particles.
Effects of xuefuzhuyu decoction on collagen synthesis and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2002 Jul;25(7):481-3. Chinese.Ding Z, Gao C, Ji R, Wo X.Molecular Medical Institute, Zhejiang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310053.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of XueFuZhuYu Decoction (XFZYD) on collagen synthesis and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts and provide academic bases of remedying kinds of heart disease aroused by proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. METHODS: By adding medicine directly and serum pharmacological method. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, 1 g/ml XFZYD(dilution 1:80) and 10 percent serum of rat contained XFZYD could significantly inhibit the collagen synthesis and the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. Moreover, 1 g/ml XFZYD(dilution 1:80) could significantly affect collagen secrtion of cardiac fibroblasts (P < 0.05), up to 17.9%. CONCLUSION: XFZYD could inhibit both proliferation and collagen secretion of cardiac fibroblasts. It could resist cardiac muscle fibrosis.
Study on the technique of Rehmannia glutinosa virus-free.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2002 Jun;25(6):383-5. Chinese.Wu Z, Xie H, Feng W, Chen L, Li H, Li J.Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000.
The stem tip from germ-free stem segment of Rehmannia glutinosa cultured in test tube can be induced into virus-free seedling. The experiment showed that the proper disinfectant for stem segments of Rehmannia glutinosa was 0.05% HgCl2. The seedings from stem segments grew better with MS in the concentration of agar 0.7% and pH7. The stem tips could be directly induced to seedlings by using MS + 6-BA(0.05 mg/L). The MS media for seedlings virus-free culture are 1/4 macro-elements + 1/2 micro-elements and using edible sugar instead of sucrose, so the cost of media could be decreased to 48.7%.
Identification on Chinese materia medica Radix Rehmanniae preparata by X-ray diffraction Fourier pattern method.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2002 May;25(5):318-20. Chinese.Wu Y, Zheng Q, L¨¹ Y, Wang S, Zhu Z.Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a new identification and analysis method of Chinese medicinal materia Radix Rehmanniae Preparata. METHODS: Powder X-ray Diffraction Fourier Pattern. RESULTS: Experiments and analysis were carried out on five samples. The standard X-ray diffraction Fourier Pattern and characteristic diffraction peaks of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata were obtained. CONCLUSION: This method can be used for identification on Chinese medicinal materia Radix Rehmanniae Preparata.
A new cultivated technique of Rehmannia glutinosa by sprout cutting.:Zhong Yao Cai. 1999 Feb;22(2):55-6. Chinese.Yu B, Yin L, Mao X, Li T.Shangdong Zibo Station of Medicinal Materials, 255027.
The traditional cultivated method of Rehmannia glutinosa is the asexual reproduction that small rhizomes are used as materials of reproduction. In this test, the small rhizomes germinated on seedbed, then young sprouts were picked for culture.
Experimental study on the effect of nourishing yin and tranquilizing of yangyin anshen koufuye.:Zhong Yao Cai. 1999 Oct;22(10):524-6. Chinese.Zhong J, Wang X, Cui Y, Zhu G, Meng Y, Zhang L, Yuang X.Henan Academy of TCM, Zhengzhou 450004.
Yangyin Anshen Koufuye could obviously decrease the spontaneous activity of rats, effectively shorten the process of falling into sleep of normal rats which were injected pentobarbital sodium and prolong the sleeping time. The effect of sedation and hypnotism were the same as Zhaoren Anshen Koufuye. Yangyin Anshen Koufuye also could markedly reduce the serum tensity of T3, T4 of hyperthyroid rats, which equaled to TCM's deficiency of yin. It also could prevent the glycogen content of liver from decreasing, decrease heart rate, resist weight losing, thus to show the effect of nourishing Yin and tranquilizing.
TLC-identification of radix Rehmanniae and its mixed medicinal materials in Pharmacopoeia.:Zhong Yao Cai. 1999 Oct;22(10):499-502. Chinese.Wu Z, Luo G, Huo Y, Zhong X.Foshan Institute for Drug Control, Foshan 528000.
In 237 kinds of medicinal meterials included 71 kinds of Chinese patent medicines composed in Pharmacopoeia such as Liuweidihuang Pills, character identify constituent of Radix Rehmanniae was found by TLC, and was successed to use to identification of Radix Rehmanniae in 10 kinds of Chinese patent medicines such as Liuweidihuang Pills.
Determination of adenosine in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. by HPLC.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1998 Dec;23(12):711, 721, 762. Chinese.Zhu Q, Lou Y, Wang Y, Gong T, Qie C.Beijing Municipal Institute of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Beijing 100035.
OBJECTIVE: To establish a method to determine the contents of asenosine in different species of Rehmannia glutinosa. METHOD: The contents were determined by HPLC, with a column of KYWG-C18 as stationary phase, 6% ace tonitrile as mobile phase and detecting wavelength at 260 nm. RESULT: Adenosine has a good linearity in the range of 0.002 mg/ml-0.01 mg/ml, Y = 1.7742 x 10(-4) + 8.9021 x 10(-7) X, r = 0.9995. The average recovery is 94.1% and RSD = 1.86% (n = 5). CONCLUSION: The method is fast, reliable and simple.
A study on hemostatic and immunological actions of fresh and dry Dihuang.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1999 Nov;24(11):663-6, 702. Chinese.Liang A, Xue B, Wang J, Hao J, Yang H, Yi H.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference between fresh and dry Dihuang (Radix Rehmanniae) in hemostatic and immunological actions. METHODS: The hemostatic action was assessed in aspirin-treated mice; immunological action was assessed by phagocytosis of macrophages in dexamethasone-treated mice; and Con A-induced mitogenesis and LPS-induced alkaline phosphatase activity of splenocytes were determined in thyroxin-treated mice. RESULT: The blood clotting in mice induced by aspirin was inhibited by oral administrations of juice decoction of fresh Dihuang or decoction of dry Dihuang alike. The action of fresh Dihuang juice was stronger than that of dry Dihuang decoction. Oral administrarion of fresh Dihuang juice or decoction for 10 days enhanced LPS-induced alkaline phosphatase activity of splenocytes in thyroxin-treated mice. The juice also enhanced Con A-induced splenocyte mitogenesis. The action of dry Dihuang decoction was weaker than that of fresh juice in increasing LPS-induced alkaline phosphatase activity. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to follow the tradition of using fresh Dihuang juice or decoction to treat some diseases such as hemorrhagenic troubles.
Rehmannia glutinosa inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 secretion from mouse astrocytes.:Pharmacol Res. 1999 Aug;40(2):171-6.Kim HM, An CS, Jung KY, Choo YK, Park JK, Nam SY.Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, 570-749, South Korea.
We investigated whether an aqueous extract of Rehmannia glutinosa steamed root (RGAE) inhibits secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) from primary cultures of mouse astrocytes. RGAE dose-dependently inhibited the TNF-alpha secretion by astrocytes stimulated with substance P (SP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-1 has been shown to elevate TNF-alpha secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore investigated whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of TNF-alpha secretion from astrocytes by RGAE. Treatment of RGAE to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS+SP decreased IL-1 secretion. Moreover, incubation of astrocytes with IL-1 antibody abolished the synergistic cooperative effect of LPS+SP. These results suggest that RGAE may inhibits TNF-alpha secretion by inhibiting IL-1 secretion and that RGAE has an anti-inflammatory activity in the central nervous system curing some pathological disease states.
Purification of chitinolytic protein from Rehmannia glutinosa showing N-terminal amino acid sequence similarity to thaumatin-like proteins.:Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1999 Jun;63(6):1138-40.Pan CH, Lee EA, Chae YA, Kim SI.Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea.
We have purified a 21-kDa protein, designated as P1, from Rehmannia glutinosa to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and preparative native PAGE. The purified P1 had chitin degradation activity. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of P1 indicated that it is very similar to those of thaumatin and other reported thaumatin-like proteins.
Effects of low-molecular-weight Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides on p53 gene expression.:Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1997 Sep;18(5):471-4. Chinese.Wei XL, Ru XB.Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
AIM: To study the effect of low-molecular-weight Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides (LRPS) on p53 gene expression. METHODS: The level of p53 gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and autoradiography. RESULTS: The levels of p53 mRNA in Lewis lung cancer tissue were 0.46, 1.52, 1.48, and 1.60 respectively after saline, LRPS 20 and 40 mg.kg-1, and cyclophosphamide 10 mg.kg-1, which were the effective doses inhibiting the growth of tumor tissue cells in vivo. LRPS markedly increased p53 gene expression. CONCLUSION: LRPS effect on p53 gene expression is one of the mechanisms of antitumor activity.
Effect of Rehmannia glutinosa on immediate type allergic reaction.:Int J Immunopharmacol. 1998 Apr-May;20(4-5):231-40.Kim H, Lee E, Lee S, Shin T, Kim Y, Kim J.Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea. hmkim@med.wonkwang.ac.kr
We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Rehmannia glutinosa steamed root (RGAE) on the allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro. RGAE dose-dependently inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80. When RGAE was pre-treated at the same concentrations with systemic allergic reaction test, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. RGAE dose-dependently inhibited skin allergic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. RGAE also dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, RGAE had significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production of RPMC. These results indicate that RGAE may be beneficial in the regulation of immediate type allergic reaction.
Liu-wei-dihuang: a study by pulse analysis.:Am J Chin Med. 1998;26(1):73-82.Wang WK, Hsu TL, Wang YY.Biophysics Laboratory, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
Pulse analysis method was used in studying the traditional Chinese formula Liu-Wei-Dihuang as well as five of its main components (Rehmannia glutinosa, Cornus officinalis, Paeonia Suffruticosa, Poria cocos and Alisma plantogo-aquatica var oriental). Based on our recently developed resonance theory, we tried to elucidate the mechanism and mutual reactions of these meridian related herbs. Hot water herbal extracts were injected intraperitoneally into rats and the pressure pulse spectrum at the caudate artery was measured. The results of this study indicated that Liu-Wei-Dihuang mildly increased blood flow to meridians with lower resonance frequency: namely the liver C1, the kidney C2 and the spleen C3; but decreased blood flow to the higher resonance frequency organs and meridians: the lung C4, the stomach C5, the gall bladder C6, and the bladder C7. It also decreased the heart load C0. All of the five herb components increased blood flow to the kidney C2 and the spleen C3; but their effects on the high frequency organs varied. Alisma plantogo-aquatica var. oriental decreased the C0, C5, C6, C7; Poria cocos decreased C1, C4, C5, C6; Rehmannia glutinosa, Paeonia Suffruticosa decreased C0, C4, C5, C6, C7; Cornus officinalis increased C4 but decreased C0, C5, C6, C7.
Antidiabetic effect of seishin-kanro-to in KK-Ay mice.:Planta Med. 1997 Aug;63(4):320-2.
The hypoglycemic effect of Seishin-kanro-to (SK) was investigated in KK-Ay mice, one of the non-insulin dependent diabetic mellitus types. SK (1700 mg/kg) reduced the blood glucose of KK-Ay mice from 557 +/- 17 to 383 +/- 36 mg/100 ml 7 hours after single oral administration (P < 0.001). SK also decreased the blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance 5 weeks after repeated administration in KK-Ay mice. These results support, therefore, the use of SK in patients with diabetes and confirm its role as a traditional medicine. In addition, the active plants of SK were identified as the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge and the radix of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz.
Catalpol content changes in Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. under certain conditions.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1997 Jul;22(7):408-9, 447. Chinese. Wang H, Bian B, Yang J, Wang T.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing.
HPLC determination has shown that the content of catapol in Rehmannia glutinosa decreases markedly after being dried and processed. This change of content is related to acidic and alkaline conditions. But in boiling water or saccharide solution no marked changes have been observed.
Studies on Rehmanniae radix. III. The relation between changes of constituents and improvable effects on hemorheology with the processing of roots of Rehmannia glutinosa:
The relation between constituents and effects on hemorheology with processing of root of Rehmannia glutinosa was investigated. With the processing to dried or steamed root from crude root, the content of stachyose, which was the highest component in crude root, was decreased and the content of manninotriose was increased. Iridoid glycoside, catalpol, was gradually decreased with the processing. From these results, the content of carbohydrates and catalpol made it possible to estimate the quality of Rehmanniae Radix by processings. On the other hand, the change of pharmacological activities with the processing was investigated. The 50% ethanolic extract (BJ-ext) from steamed root of R. glutinosa increased erythrocyte deformability and erythrocyte ATP contents, inhibited polybrene-induced erythrocyte aggregation, and promoted an activity of fibrinolytic system. The extracts from crude or dried root had weak or no effect. The crude or dried root and steamed root of R. glutinosa showed the different pharmacological activities, and the quality of Rehamanniae Radix by processings may be estimated by investigation of correlation between the changes of constituents and improvable effects of hemorheology.
Historical investigation on herbal and medical literatures of processing and effect of Rehmanniae Radix.:
The radix of Rehmannia glutinosa has been applied to medicinal use since ancient times, and has been called Kiou in the Han dynasty and has been classified by prepared methods, with each preparation given a different name. There were Syoujiou, Kanjiou and Zyukujiou etc. The first was introduced in the Sinnou-honzoukyou and the first and second had been used to prepare some prescriptions contained in the Kinki-youryaku and so on. The third began to appear on the medical and herbal literatures from the Tang period to the early Song. The Rehmanniae Radix has been used as the main material of Hokyoyouketu prescriptions, and by the use of Zyukujiou, their efficacy was regarded to be particularly stronger than the others. The preparation of Hatimigan recorded in the Kinki-youryaku had been used in Kanjiou but was later replaced with Zyukujiou. We should rethink about the quality and process of Chinese herbs on the pharmacy of Kampo medicine.
Chemical studies on crude drug processing. X. On the constituents of rehmanniae radix (4): comparison of the constituents of various rehmanniae radixes originating in China.:
In order to characterize the chemical change of their constituents during the processing of various Rehmanniae Radixes, we have investigated the constituents by comparing with those of Chinese Juku-jio (variously processed root of Chinese Rehmannia sp.), Korean Kan-jio (dried root of Korean Rehmannia sp.) and each two species of Japanese Sho-jio (fresh root), Japanese Kan-jio (dried root), and Japanese Juku-jio (steamed root), prepared from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. var. purpurea Makino (Akaya-jio in Japanese) and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. forma hueichingensis Hsiao (Kaikei-jio in Japanese). It was found that, during the processing for preparing Kan-jio and Juku-jio from Sho-jio, jio-serebroside (9) and acteoside (10) were provided, and that the iridoid glycosides were completely degradated or their contents decreased remarkably. Quantitative analysis by means of gas liquid chromatography (GLC) has confirmed that the contents of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in Kan-jio and Juku-jio increased more than those in Sho-jio. During the course of these studies, a new iridoid glycoside named 6'-O-acetylcatalpol (2) was isolated from Japanese Sho-jio and the structure has been determined.
Effects of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide b on T-lymphocytes in mice bearing sarcoma 180.:Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1995 Jul;16(4):337-40.Chen LZ, Feng XW, Zhou JH.Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China.
AIM: To study immuno-antitumor action mechanism of RGP-b. RGP-b (Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccaride b) is a new component isolated from the herb, had an average molecular mass of 160 kDa and 5 kinds of monosaccharides as acid-splitting products. Its HPLC showed a main sharp peak at 162 kDa. METHODS: The kinetic effects of RGP-b on IL-2 secretion, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activities and L3T4+, lyt-2+ T-lymphocyte subset in mice bearing S180 were observed. RESULTS: RGP-b 10 or 20 mg kg-1 ip obviously attenuated the decrease of CTL cytotoxity caused by excessive tumor growth on d 9 after the administration, but only partly ameliorated the descent of IL-2. Its effect on lyt-2+ subset was quite parallel with that on CTL cytotoxity. RGP-b kept the ratio of L3T4+ to lyt-2+ subset lower than that of control. CONCLUSION: Improving the production of lyt-2+ CTL and its cytotoxity were an essential immuno-antitumor mechanisms of RGP-b.
Two acidic polysaccharides having reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity from the raw root of Rehmannia glutinosa.:Biol Pharm Bull. 1994 Nov;17(11):1456-9.
Two acidic polysaccharides, called rehmannan FS-I and rehmannan FS-II, were isolated from the raw root of Rehmannia glutinosa LIBOSCHITZ. They were homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and their molecular masses were estimated to be 5.8 x 10(4) and 6.6 x 10(4), respectively. Rehamannan FS-I is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: L-rhamnose: D-galacturonic acid: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 68:40:4:84:3; rehmannan FS-II is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: L-rhamnose: D-galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 18:15:4:33, in addition to small amounts of O-acetyl groups. About two-thirds (rehmannan FS-I) and about one half (rehamannan FS-II) of the hexuronic acid residues exist as methyl esters. Methylation analysis of the carboxyl-reduced derivatives and nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicated that their structural features include mainly both arabino-3,6-galactan and rhamno-galacturonan type structural units. Both polysaccharides showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test.
Studies on rehmanniae radix. I. Effect of 50% ethanolic extract from steamed and dried rehmanniae radix on hemorheology in arthritic and thrombosic rats.:Biol Pharm Bull. 1994 Sep;17(9):1282-6.
Effects of 50% ethanolic extract (JR-ext) from Chinese Rehmanniae Radix (the steamed and dried root of Rehmannia glutinosa, "Jyuku-Jio" in Japanese) on the hemorheology of inflammatory, thrombosic and intact animals were examined in the in vivo models. JR-ext (200 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the reduction of fibrinolytic activity and erythrocyte deformability, the decrease in erythrocyte counts and the increase in connective tissue of the thoracic artery in a chronic inflammatory model, adjuvant-induced arthritis. However, JR-ext was ineffective on the development of edema in the arthritic rats and on acute and chronic inflammation. JR-ext inhibited the reduction of erythrocyte deformability, but not the decrease of coagulative factors in a thrombosic model, endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). JR-ext also showed a promoting effect on erythrocyte deformability and fibrinolytic activity in intact rats. These results suggest that orally administered JR-ext can prevent an inducement of impediment in the peripheral microcirculation of various chronic diseases through the improvement of hemorheology.
Structural features and anti-complementary activity of rehmannan SA, a polysaccharide from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa.:Chem Pharm Bull. 1994 Aug;42(8):1666-8.
The structural features of rehmannan SA, a polysaccharide with remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity obtained from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa, were investigated by methylation analysis and periodate oxidation. Rehmannan SA is mainly made up of arabino-3,6-galactan type structural units. Both rehmannan SA and rehmannan SB showed pronounced anti-complementary activity.
Characterization of two polysaccharides having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa.:Chem Pharm Bull. 1994 Mar;42(3):625-9.
Two acidic polysaccharides, called rehmannan SA and rehmannan SB, were isolated from the dried root of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz. They were homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and their molecular masses were estimated to be 6.4 x 10(4) and 7.9 x 10(4), respectively. They were commonly composed of L-arabinose:D-galactose:L-rhamnose:D-galacturonic acid in the molar ratios of 10:10:1:1 (rehmannan SA) and 14:7:3:8 (rehmannan SB), in addition to small amounts of peptide moieties. About eighty percent (rehmannan SA) and about thirty percent (rehmannan SB) of the hexuronic acid residues exist as methyl esters. Reduction of carboxyl groups, methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and the controlled Smith degradation studies indicated the structural features of rehmannan SB, the major one in terms of the yield. It has a core structural unit of a characteristic rhamnose-rich arabino-3,6-galactan type. Both polysaccharides showed remarkable reticulo-endothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test.
Determination of hepatocyte adrenergic alpha 1 receptor and study on actions of nourishing yin and replenishing qi drugs in experimental hyperthyroid rats.:Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1994 Feb;14(2):96-8, 69-70. Chinese.Shan JC.First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University of Med. Sci, Guangzhou.
In this study, hyperthyroid rat models (group 1) were established by daily intramuscular injections of thyroxine for 7 days. Group 2 were hyperthyroid rats receiving at the same time Nourishing Yin and Replenishing Qi drugs (Ophiopogonis japonis, Pseudostellariae heterophylla and Rehmannia glutinosa). Normal rats served as controls. Group 1 and group 2 rats showed manifestations of hyperthyroidism, higher rectal temperature, increased O2 consumption, as well as significantly higher serum TT3 and TT4 levels. Receptor proteins of liver cell membrane were prepared. Receptor binding assay was performed using 3H-prazosin (adrenergic alpha 1 receptor antagonist) as radioligand, maximal binding capacity (Bmax) and dissociation constant (Kd) were calculated from Scatchard curve. It was found Bmax (fmol/mg protein) in model groups were lower than that of the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. Kd (nM) in group 1 was significantly lower than that of control group (2.32 +/- 1.09 vs 5.42 +/- 2.54, P < 0.05), indicating that receptor affinity was increased in hyperthyroid rats. Kd in group 2 (3.11 +/- 1.48) was intermediate between that in group 1 and controls, suggesting that these Chinese herbal medicine might have an effect in lowering receptor affinity and the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
Studies on cultivation techniques for Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. in summer.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1993 Dec;18(12):718-9, 762. Chinese.Li GS, Mao WY, Huang SC, Jiang LC, Pan BW.Heze Medicinal Materials Purchasing and Supplying Station, Shandong Province.
Through many years' research, a set of cultivation techniques for Rehmannia glutinosa in summer has been found out as "selecting necks in autumn; growing seedlings with plastic films in early spring; culturing around summer solstice and reaping after autumn". A Study has also been made on the scope feasible for spreading the application of these techniques.
32 cases of postoperative osteogenic sarcoma treated by chemotherapy combined with Chinese medicinal herbs.:Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1993 Mar;13(3):150-2, 132. Chinese. Liu JQ, Wu DW.Ji-Shui-Tan Hospital, Beijing.
32 cases of postoperative osteogenic sarcoma treated by chemotherapy combined with Chinese medicinal herbs were compared with 26 similar cases as control group. The drugs used in chemotherapy consisted of two regimens, DDP and high-dose MTX plus VCR. The results showed that the side effects of chemotherapy in control group were consistent with literatures; while the group treated with Chinese medicinal herbs suffered less toxic effects, the difference between two groups was statistically significant. The medicinal herbs used to reduce the side effects induced by DDP was Pinellia ternata, Amomum cardamomum, Bambusa textilis, Citrus reticulata etc.; while the herbs used to alleviate the adverse effects of high-dose MTX plus VCR was Gypsum, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Rehmannia glutinosa, Ophiopogon japonicus, Scrophularia ningpoensis, etc.
The use of Chinese traditional medicines to improve impaired immune functions in scald mice.:Zhonghua Zheng Xing Shao Shang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 1993 Jan;9(1):56-8, 80. Chinese. Luo ZH.Burn Research Institute, Third Military Medical College, Chongqing.
For the purpose of searching for immunomodulators, this experiment studied the effects of 6 kinds of Chinese traditional herbs on the restoration of the suppressed immune functions in scald mice, including cell-mediated, humoral and non-specific immunity. All control non-treated scald mice showed definite depression of immune functions in various degrees. Polygonum cuspidatum, Taraxacum officinale and Oidenlandia diffusa (wild) roxb showed immunomodulating effects as measured with 3 immunological parameters. But the effects varied according to the dosage of drugs. Rehmannia glutinosa gave definite improving effects on cell-mediated and non-specific immunity, but no significant effect on humoral immunity, while Gui Ling Gao only showed some effect on humoral immunity.
Shi-quan-da-bu-tang (ten significant tonic decoction), SQT. A potent Chinese biological response modifier in cancer immunotherapy, potentiation and detoxification of anticancer drugs.:Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Nov;14(9):725-36. Review.Zee-Cheng RK.Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City.
Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang (Ten Significant Tonic Decoction), or SQT (Juzentaihoto, TJ-48) was formulated by Taiping Hui-Min Ju (Public Welfare Pharmacy Bureau) in Chinese Song Dynasty in AD 1200. It is prepared by extracting a mixture of ten medical herbs (Rehmannia glutinosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Liqusticum wallichii, Angelica sinesis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Poria cocos, Atractylodes macrocephala, Panax ginseng. Astragalus membranaceus and Cinnamomum cassia) that tone the blood and vital energy, and strengthen health and immunity. This potent and popular prescription has traditionally been used against anemia, anorexia, extreme exhaustion, fatigue, kidney and spleen insufficiency and general weakness, particularly after illness. In order to restore immunity in cancer patients, potentiate the therapeutic effect and ameliorate adverse toxicity of anticancer agents, 116 Chinese herbal formularies (Kampo) have been screened and evaluated. Fifteen compounds were found to have such actions. Among these, SQT was selected as the most effective as a potent biological response modifier. During the last eight years, animal models and clinical studies have revealed that SQT demonstrates extremely low toxicity (LD50 > 15 g/kg op murine), self-regulatory and synergistic actions of its components in immunomodulatory and immunopotentiating effects (by stimulating hemopoietic factors and interleukins production in association with NK cells, etc.), potentiates therapeutic activity in chemotherapy (mitomycin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil) and radiotherapy, inhibits the recurrence of malignancies, prolongs survival, as well as ameliorate and/or prevents adverse toxicities (GI disturbances such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hematotoxicity, immunosuppression, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia and nephropathy, etc.) of many anticancer drugs. The application and mechanistic studies of SQT in future development have potential importance in basic and clinical research of the traditional Chinese therapeutic approach of "toning the blood and strengthening Qi (vital energy)" in cancer immunotherapy.
Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide fraction from rhizome of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. f. hueichingensis Hsiao and the effect on carbohydrate metabolism in normal mouse liver.:
The ethanol precipitate fraction (RG-WP) obtained from the hot water extract from rhizome of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. f. hueichingensis Hsiao is mainly composed of pectin-like polysaccharide, and exhibited hypoglycemic activity in normal and streptozotocin-induced mice by intraperitoneal administration of the fraction. The results obtained after chemical modification and proteinase treatments of RG-WP suggest that the activity exists in the polysaccharide moiety. Furthermore, the effect of RG-WP on the activities of enzymes responsible for the glucose metabolism in the liver of normal mouse was studied to elucidate the mechanism of the hypoglycemic activity. Administration of RG-WP to normal mice significantly increased the activities of hepatic glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, but decreased those of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphofructokinase. RG-WP stimulated the secretion of insulin and reduced the glycogen content in the liver of normal mouse.
Studies of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. f. hueichingensis as a blood tonic.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1992 Jun;17(6):366-8, inside backcover. Chinese.Yuan Y, Hou S, Lian T, Han Y.Henan College of the Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhuo.
We have studied the function of dried and prepared Rehmannia glutinosa f. hueichingensis in treating hemorrhagic anemic mice and in fostering bone marrow hematopoietic cells CFU-S, CFU-E. The results show that Rehmannia glutinosa f. hueichingensis can promote the recovery of blood deficient animals, RBC. Hb expedite the multiplication and differentiation of CFU-S, CFU-E, and thus proves markedly helpful to the generation of blood.
Constituents of the dry roots of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1992 May;17(5):297-8, inside backcover. Chinese.Ni M, Bian B, Wang H.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing.
From the extract of dry roots of Rehmannia glutimosa, fatty acids, palmitic acid, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol and sulfur (Ss) cyclic compound were isolated and identified. The latter four were isolated for the first time.
Analysis and comparison of acidic constituents in petroleum ether-soluble fraction of radix Rehmanniae and its processed products.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1991 Jun;16(6):339-41, 382. Chinese.Bian B, Ni M, Wang H.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Bejiing.
The acidic constituents in petroleum ether extract of the roots Rehmannia glutinosa f. hueichingensis were fractionated and analyzed by GC-MS. 19 Kinds of acidic constituents were identified and 11 of them (the main components) were compared between Rehmanniae Radix and its processed products.
A study on the mutagenicity of 102 raw pharmaceuticals used in Chinese traditional medicine.:Mutat Res. 1991 May;260(1):73-82.Yin XJ, Liu DX, Wang HC, Zhou Y.Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Western Region Hospital, Urumuqi, People's Republic of China.
The mutagenic potential of traditional Chinese drugs was studied. After extraction with boiling water and frozen vacuum drying, preparations from 102 raw drugs were tested with the Ames test, and the micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays in mice in vivo. Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (+S9), Sophora japonica L. (+/- S9) and Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (+/- S9) were found to significantly induce His+ revertants in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and/or TA100. Besides these 3, 10 other extracts were positive in the chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays in mice. They are Datura metal L., Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Carthamus tinctorius L., Forsythia suspensa Thumb., Rehmannia glutinosa f. Hueichingensis (fermented), Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., Platycodon grandiflorum Jacq. DC., Cinnamomum mairei Levl., Notopterygium incisium Ting., and Sophora flavescens Ait. The relevance of these findings is discussed.
Immunosuppressive Principles of Rehmannia glutinosa var. hueichingensis1.:Planta Med. 1989 Oct;55(5):458-62
Separation of the immunosuppressive principles from Rehmanniae radix was done by monitoring hemolytic plaque-forming cells (HPFC) inhibitory activity to give two new phenethyl alcohol glycosides: jionosides A (1) ( 4) and B (1) ( 5), along with six known compounds: acetoside, isoacteoside, purpureaside C, echinacoside, and cistanosides A and F.
Immunosuppressive principles of Rehmannia glutinosa var. hueichingensis.:Planta Med. 1989 Oct;55(5):458-62.
Separation of the immunosuppressive principles from Rehmanniae radix was done by monitoring hemolytic plaque-forming cells (HPFC) inhibitory activity to give two new phenethyl alcohol glycosides: jionosides A1 (4) and B1 (5), along with six known compounds: acetoside, isoacteoside, purpureaside C, echinacoside, and cistanosides A and F.
Analysis and comparison of free amino acids in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, and its processed products.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1989 Mar;14(3):21-2, 62. Chinese.Ni MY, Bian BL, Jiang L.
15 kinds of free amino acids were detected in Rehmannia glutinosa and its processed products, it was found that their contents were reduced in processed products.
Scientific References:
1.Research Update:Rehmannia glutinosa.
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
seminal trace...Chinese FoxGlove Root Extract.5:1.10:1.Rehmannia Root Extract.Rehmannia chinensis,Foxglove Extract.Radix Rehmanniae,Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.Rehmannia glutinosa Extract.Catalpol,C15H21O11;CAS RN:2415-24-9;Rehmaglutin D,C21H31O16; RPS-b.Amino acid:Alanine,glutamic acid,Rehmannia,Sheng Di,Sheng Ti Huang,Shu Ti Huang,Ti Huang,Ti Huang Chiu,JiuHu Hua,flagon flower,ShanYanGen,Mountain Tabacco Root,ShanYan,Mountain Tabacco,ShanBaiCai,Mountain Cabbage,Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae Conquitae...
Phytochemical info of Rehmannia glutinosa.
1. For treating dryness of the mouth with a crimson tongue due to the entry of heat into the blood:
Scientific References:
Claims & Warning:
