The flower comes in several varieties but originally the chrysanthemum was just a small yellow flower. After generations of cultivation, the number of varieties grew rapidly. In the Chrysanthemum Book of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), 35 varieties were noted but by the time of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), the number had risen to 136. In Li Shizhen's famous book, "Ben Cao Gang Mu", finished in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), more than 900 varieties of chrysanthemum were listed. Today more than 3,000 varieties are blooming in China.
Decoct the ingredients for drinking. Yellow chrysanthemum (Hangzhou chrysanthemum) is mostly used to dispel pathogenic wind-heat, while white chrysanthemum (Chuxian chrysanthemum) is largely used to calm the liver and improve eyesight.
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Basic Instruction
Chrysanthemum Flower,Ju Hua or Flos Chrysanthemi,Apply and Modern Researches....
The flower comes in several varieties but originally the chrysanthemum was just a small yellow flower. After generations of cultivation, the number of varieties grew rapidly. In the Chrysanthemum Book of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), 35 varieties were noted but by the time of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), the number had risen to 136. In Li Shizhen's famous book, "Ben Cao Gang Mu", finished in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), more than 900 varieties of chrysanthemum were listed. Today more than 3,000 varieties are blooming in China.
Chrysanthemums, or "mums," are any of several annual and perennial herbs in a large genus, Chrysanthemum, of the daisy family, Compositae. Chrysanthemums are widely grown commercially for their showy red, white, or yellow blossoms, which are produced in late summer and fall. The blossoms range from daisylike in appearance to very shaggy. Although most of the popular varieties are new hybrids, chrysanthemums originally came from China, India and Korea; they are the floral emblem of theimperial family. The Chinese varieties are the tallest, reaching heights of 1.2 m (4 ft) or more. Indian or pompon varieties have smallest flowers. Chrysanthemums should be planted in sunny locations, as they become spindly if grown in the shade.
Chrysanthemum(Ju Hua) Origin:
The flower heads of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., a perennial herb, of family Asteraceae. Chrysanthemum is native to China. Today with about 100 species, it is grown and cultivated in subtropical and temperate areas all over the world.
There are about 17 kinds of Chrysanthemum flower in China,and its major kind as :wild Chrysanthemum,Dendranthema vestitum (Hemsl.) Ling;Chamonile,Dendranthema chanetii;etc.Prefer cool dry environment,bear cold,growing at temperature 18~21 Deg C,rhizoma fear waterlogging,prefer higher hillside,deep earth floor which rich in humus,loosen and fertility,weak acidity to weak alkali soil,Ph value better between Ph6.2~6.7.
Cultivated species, often called mums, have large flower heads; those of wild species are much smaller. Most plants of the genus have aromatic leaves that alternate along the stem. Some have both disk and ray flowers in the heads, but others lack ray flowers.
The many different types of chrysanthemum with different colors and flower types bloom in the fall when few other perennials are flowering. Chrysanthemum prefers a fertile, well-drained soil in full sun. Mums don't like root competition from other plants. The plants are heavy feeders so fertilize during the growing season.
In China, this flower is divided into white chrysanthemum, Hangzhou chrysanthemum and Chuxian chrysanthemum due to different origins, varieties and processing methods and mainly produced in such provinces as Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan and Sichuan, picked and reaped during florescence, dried in the shade and used when raw.
Chrysanthemum(Ju Hua) Legend:
Liang Period of ancient China,in book Xu Qi Xie Ji(by Wu Jun) noted: during East Han dynasty, pestilence demon kill people at Ru He of Ru Nan area,people suffering and groaning about it.A man named Heng Jing,climb into mountains with hardships and dangers behind,visit Wizard Fei Chang Fang as his master teacher,learning skills and witches to cure people.
Someday,the wizard remind Heng Jing :"pestilence demon will come to kill people at the Double Ninth Festival,you better hurry back to your home for saving lives ",and tell him:"Climbing uphill, bundle red hop-pocket with cornus officinalis inside around arms,drink Chrysanthemum wine,then pestilence demon could be defeated,disaster drive out.",so Heng Jing back to his home,tells this news to all his local people,the Double Ninth Festival comes, water in Ru river runs as high as mountains, clouds and mist penetrate, pestilence demon come to mountains,for Chrysanthemum wine provocative smells and nose,and cornus officinalis strange smells harm the heart and soul,its hard to close.Heng Jing took his sword and fighting,kill the demon at mountain side.At evening time,people back to homes,chickens,dogs,flocks and herds died in boots,but people survived,so uphill climbing customs at the Double Ninth Festival inherited generation by generation.
Chrysanthemum is a hardy plant that is a native of China,northern Africa and southern Europe.Its name is said to be derived from the Greek words, chyros, meaning "golden" and anthos, meaning "flower," and its flowers come in almost every color except blue. The flowers are known to purify the blood, and in Chinese Medicine, they are used as a cooling summer beverage. Chrysanthemum is considered excellent for counteracting inflammation. It is said to improve vision and is used for a wide range of eye problems such as eye soreness, redness, lachrimation, night blindness and eye strain. Research is demonstrating Chrysanthemum's potential in treating angina by dilating coronary arteries. It is also said to be antibiotic against a wide range of pathogens. Chrysanthemum possesses strong activity against abnormal growths, and some tests have demonstrated that out of fifteen compounds isolated from the edible flowers, all showed potent inhibitory effects against abnormal cells. The primary chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum include stachydrine, flavonoids, betaine, choline and vitamin B1. Chrysanthemum is considered anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antihypertensive. Chrysanthemum flowers have been used to relieve hypertension and vertigo; to pacify the liver; expel wind and clear eyesight. The flowers are also said to be effective for wind-heat syndrome with symptoms of fever and sore throat. The juice of a fresh plant can be applied to skin infections.
Classical Notes:
Shen Nong Ben Cao: "It is indicated for dizziness due to all wind, swellings and pains, the eyes feeling as if they are falling off and dacryorrhea."
Yao Xing Lun(On Drug Properties): "It treats pathogenic wind-heat in the head and eyes, dizziness and pains in the chest bones, disperses all urticaria from the body and promotes the circulation of the blood vessels."
Simplified Materia Medica: "It calms the liver, soothes the lungs, removes wind pathogens from the upper part of the body, treats the eyes, dispels wind, replenishes yin and nourishes the kidneys."
Long period taken of Chrysanthemum flower brings benefit to blood,make body comfortable and extend longevity,from legend tales of Shen Xian Zhuan(Legend of Immortal),ancient immortals named Kang Fengzi,Zhu Ruzi became immortal for taken chrysanthemum flower long years,thus the chrysanthemum flower got its famous name as "Remedy Regale,Drink Master" in ancient China,the origin of TCM and oriental medicine.
Remedies and Functions of Chrysanthemum(Ju Hua):
Functions and Properties:
Properties:Pungent, bitter and sweet in flavor, slightly cold in nature, it is related to the lung and liver channels.
Functions:Dispels pathogenic wind-heat, clears heat, removes toxic substances, eliminates evil dampness, relieves dizziness, calms the liver, subdues excessive yang and improves eyesight.
Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antihypertensiveClears heat, disperses wind, soothes the liver, improves vision. Used for the common cold, fevers, headaches, conjunctivitis, reddening of the eyes, and some cases of deafness. This herb is excellent for fevers with headache and for counteracting the effects of hot climate. While this is a surface- relieving herb, it also has some yin-nourishing properties.
The white chrysanthemum flower is used to relieve hypertension, pacify the liver, expel wind, and clear eyesight. The yellow chrysanthemum flower is more effective for wind-heat syndrome with symptoms of fever and sore throat.
Mechanisms of Action:Pharmacology
Research has shown that chrysanthemum has an antibiotic principle which is affective in laboratory conditions against both staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria, and so is a valuable remedy against infection generally in the body. In addition, the action of yellow chrysanthemum on headache and eye problems has been supported by research into high blood pressure. In one study, 46 patients with essential hypertension and/or atherosclerosis showed improvement in conditions ranging from headache and dizziness to insomnia after one week's treatment; 35 subjects had their blood pressure return to normal, and continuing improvements were shown in the remainder of the patients. Chrysanthemum is also used in the respiratory system to clear fever and headaches associated with colds and flu. Chrysanthemum has long been used as a tonic for the eyes, especially where they are red, painful, and dry, or where there is excessive watering. Chrysanthemum is used also for spots in front of the eyes, blurry vision, or dizziness. The Chinese properties are sweet, bitter, and slightly cold.
Coronary blood flow Effects: chrysanthemum recipes increase the coronary flux in Isolated Rabbit Heart and dog heart,boost oxygen deficient endurance in Mice,chrysanthemum recipes increase nutritious blood flux of animals with miocardial infarction and coronary artery atherosclerosis,boost heart muscle activity and oxygen consumption.
Effects on cholesterol Metabolism: chrysanthemum water decoction show inhibition on HMGR of mouse liver cells,boost cholesterol 7-2-hydroxylase,thus boost the metabolism of cholesterol.
Antimicrobial Effects: chrysanthemum shows inhibition on E. coli,Sh.sonnei,Proteus Hauser,Salmonella typhi,Salmonella paratyphi,p.aeruginosa and V.cholera.
Anti Virus Effects,Antiinflammatory Effects,Anti mutagenic Effects,Anti-aging Effects,Anti-tumour properties identified from clinical researches.
Applications of Chrysanthemum(Ju Hua):
Ju hua is known in the West as florists' chrysanthemum and is valued for its ornamental qualities. In China, however, chrysanthemum is a popular medicinal herb and is also commonly drunk as a refreshing tisane. Chrysanthemum is used to improve vision and soothe sore eyes, to relieve headaches and to counter infections such as colds and flu. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that chrysanthemum is a valuable remedy for high blood pressure.
Chrysanthemum flowers have long been used to alleviate fever and headaches and also to disperse and remove toxins from the body. They are excellent for counteracting inflammation and are said to be effective in relieving symptoms of vertigo. They are thought to help improve vision and are used for a wide range of eye problems such as soreness, redness, night blindness and strain.
1. Used for common colds due to pathogenic wind-heat, fever and headache:
This herb is so light as to reach the superficies easily, so refreshing as to float up and slightly cold with the ability to clear heat and it is good at dispelling pathogenic wind-heat, so it is often used together with mulberry leaves, weeping forsythia fruit (Fructus Forsythiae), peppermint, balloon flower root (Radix Platycodi), etc., e.g., Sang Ju Yin, for the treatment of such ailments as common colds due to pathogenic wind-heat, initial attacks of febrile diseases, invasion of warm pathogens into the lungs, fever, headache and coughs.
Or, use chrysanthemum and mulberry leaves (dry or fresh) in equal amount, infuse with boiling water and use as tea.
2. Used for conjunctivitis with blurring of vision:
This herb is good at dispelling wind, clearing heat, purging the liver with pathogenic fire, replenishing yin and improving eyesight, so it can largely be used together with mulberry leaves, sickle senna seed (Semen Cassiae), rough gentian root (Radix Gentainae), etc., for the treatment of conjunctivitis due to pathogenic wind-heat in the liver channel or upward attacks of liver-fire in order to jointly achieve the effects of dispelling wind, removing heat from the liver and improving eyesight; often used in combination with Chinese wolfberries (Fructus Lycii), prepared rehmannia, shelled medicinal cornel fruit (Fructus Corni), etc., e.g., Qiju Dihuang Wan, for the treatment of deficiency of the liver and kidneys and blurring of vision in order to jointly achieve the effects of nourishing the liver and kidneys, replenishing yin and improving eyesight.
3. Used for dizziness and convulsions:Eye problems
Being cold in nature and entering the liver channel, this herb can clear heat from and calm the liver, so it can be used together with abalone shell, pearl shell, ox-knee root (Radix Achyranthis bidentatae), etc., for the treatment of headache and dizziness due to hyperactivity of liver-yang; used in combination with antelope horn, hooked uncaria (Ramulus Uncariae cum uncis), herbaceous peony root (Radix Paeoniae Alba), etc., e.g., Lingjiao Gouteng Tang, for the treatment of spasms, convulsions and excess syndromes of the liver. One could also use 10 g dry chrysanthemum flower and immerse in wine. Drink daily as one likes.
In China, the infused flower heads are popular as a remedy for red, sore eyes, especially after long periods of close work, such as reading or working at a computer. The warm flower heads are placed on closed eyes and then replaced when cool. Chrysanthemum infusion is taken as a remedy to improve the eyesight.
4. Used for furuncles (skin infection) and pyogenic (having pus) infections:
Being sweet, cold and yin-replenishing, this herb clears heat and removes toxic substances and it is especially good at removing furunculosis, so it can be used in combination with honeysuckle flower (Flos Lonicerae) and fresh licorice, e.g., Gan Ju Tang, for the treatment of furuncles and pyogenic infections.
5. For hypertension:
Take chrysanthemum and green tea, each 3 g to make tea infusion with boiling water as one would tea. This may be applied on a daily basis for a long period.
6. Longstanding remedy:
Chrysanthemum has been taken in China as a medicine and as a beverage for thousands of years. Chrysanthemum was first categorized in the Divine Husbandman's Classic (Shen'nong Bencaojing), written in the 1st century AD.
7. Lowering Blood Pressure:
A number of Chinese clinical trials during the 1970s showed that chrysanthemum is most effective at lowering blood pressure and relieving associated symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, and insomnia. In these trials, chrysanthemum was mixed with jin yin hua.
8.Cooling & antiseptic:
Chrysanthemum infusion is used to reduce fever, to counter infection, and to detoxify the body. Chrysanthemum relieves mild fevers and tension headaches, soothes a dry mouth or throat, and treats bad breath.
9.Other Applications:
Orally, Ju Hua/Chrysanthemum is used to treat angina, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, fever, cold, headache, dizziness, and swelling.
treat prostate cancer and precancerous lesions: In combination with other herbs, chrysanthemum is used orally to treat prostate cancer. In combination with licorice (Gan Cao) (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) and (Ren Shen) Panax notoginseng, it is used to treat precancerous lesions.
As a beverage, Ju Hua/Chrysanthemum is very popular as a summertime tea in southern China.
Skin complaints - The fresh leaves make an antiseptic poultice for acne, pimples, boils, and sores.
High blood pressure - Symptoms often associated with high blood pressure, such as dizziness, headaches, and tinnitus, are treated with chrysanthemum.
Convulsions - Chrysanthemum is given mixed with other herbs to children suffering from convulsions.
Suggestions and Administration:
5-12 grams or 10-15 grams.Chrysanthemum may be drunk as an infusion, 200 ml (8 fl oz), taken three times a day. The Chinese dosage is 4.5 - 15 g (1/4 - 3/4 oz).
Decoct the ingredients for drinking. Yellow chrysanthemum (Hangzhou chrysanthemum) is mostly used to dispel pathogenic wind-heat, while white chrysanthemum (Chuxian chrysanthemum) is largely used to calm the liver and improve eyesight.
Safety: Those who are weak or have diarrhea should not use chrysanthemum flower.
Contraindications:People with allergies to daisies or asters should not use Chrysanthemum, as it may produce an allergic reaction. Those who are weak or have diarrhea should not use the herb.
Toxicity Study:Chrysanthemin
Acute toxicity.LD50-lethal dose,50 percent kill.Intraperitoneal.Rodent-rat.2 gm/kg.Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.Reference:USXXAM United States Patent Document.(U.S.Patent Office,Box 9,Washington,DC 20231) Volume(issue)/page/year:#4229439
Chrysanthemum Recipes and Teas:
Chrysanthemum Wine:Ju Hua Jiu Combines Chrysanthemum with sticky rice,distiller's yeast to make wine,called "longevity wine" in ancient China,it taste cool and sweet,release property of liver tonify,eyes bright,brain clear,and anti aging effects.
The history of chrysanthemum flower wine can be traced to Han dynasty of ancient China,according to folk-custom,when it flourishing,take the flower with stems and leaves,combines with grains togethor to make wine,store to drink until the Double Nine Festival of the next year.chrysanthemum wine taste cool and sweet,really a nice choice for body strong and longevity extending,description from poems by ancient poet Tao Yuanming acclaim this property:"Wang Yan Wu Yi Ying,Lai Yan You Yu Sheng,Jiu Neng Qu Bai Bing,Ju Jie Zhi Tui Lin.(meaning:swallows flied to south,big goose coming from sky,wines can be elixir for disease,Chrysanthemum decoction extend life.Ħħ,and the method so simple,get rid off pedicel of flower,clean in water and dry in shade,put into grain wine with low alcohol level,ok to drink one or two days later,functions better when add some rhemannia root,chinese angelica root,wolfberry,good treatment for swirl and swiming,fatigue and excess night dreams.
Chrysanthemum Porridge:Ju Hua Zhou Combines Chrysanthemum flower with rice and cook porridge,taste moisten and cleanily,calm haert,get rid off annoy,happy mood,clear heat.
From a poem::"Yan Nuan Chun Feng Dang Wu Hua,Chu Hui Wu Meng Po si Cha.Nan Xun Bei Yuan Fu Xiang Xue,Qie Jiu Dong Li Jie Neng Ya"(meaning:Wind carry warm sensations in early Spring,Wanna teas and drinks once come up from nice daily dreams,yet its hard to find the aroma white from north,so come to the east fencing picking for fresh sprout.)
Chrysanthemum flower smells aromatic and attractive,fitable for drink as tea,its aroma strong and clear mind,drive off heat,lower blood pressure,tonify liver and bright eyes,when daily wake up,dab eyelid with tea drink,get rid off black eye socket,and chrysanthemum flower benefit good once combined with other flower teas,thus introduce some kind of chrysanthemum teas for enjoy:
Chrysanthemum Hawthorn Tea: take 10 grams chrysanthemum flower,add hawthron fruit and jin yin hua 10 grams each,drink as tea,brings benefit of lowering blood pressure,slim and good shape,good tea choices for people with fat disease,high blood cholesterin and high blood cholesterol.
Three Flower Tea: Combines chrysanthemum flower,jin yin hua and a little jasmine flower to make tea,nice to drive heat and detoxify,fit for treatment of cold from wind,gorge gall,carbuncle,calm mind and peace spirit.
Chrysanthemum honey drink: chrysanthemum flower 50 grams,add water 20 ml,boil 1 minute,then keep heat preservation for 30 minutes,filtrate and add fitable amount of honey,mix and drink,thus brings good effects for liver benefitmeye bright,stop thirsty,clear mind and moist intestines.
Chrysanthemum Cake:Ju Hua Gao Combine Chrysanthemum with rice syrup,braise to make cake,or combine chrysanthmum with mung bean powder to make cake,effects prove nice to cool and get rid of heat.
Chrysanthemum cake is a custom of the double ninth festival of China,"Gao(Cake)" pronounce the same as "Gao(high)",its original meaning is to compensate the sorrow unable to climb highat the date,but for the cause this cake derives some fine property from chrysanthemum flower such as cold aroma and calm,and its shape shining and attractive,people fond of it very much,so the method of cooking this cake inherited and born many new cooking methods,here we introduce one of them,the simple method:
Method:boil to cook dry chrysanthemum flower about 10 minutes(wrap the flower with gauze incase residue fall into the water),when the color appears light yellow stop it,do not cook for long period or the drink will taste light bitter.Take out the chrysanthemum flower and add rock candy to adjust the taste for personnal hobby,and the sweet taste nornally we suggest a little more sweet than normal grade,for Water Chestnut Powder added later will make it diluted.then add the chrysanthemum fresh flower pieces,dissolve the Water Chestnut Powder with fitable amount of eau douce,pour the chrysanthemum solution mixed into equilibrium, them braise for 15~20 minutes,it cooked when color became complete clarity,take hot or cold both good.So more recipe added will brings better tastes, such as raisin,red green silk,apricot etc.And this cake taste gentle and sweet,drive off heat and make cool sense.
Chrysanthemum Dishes:Ju Hua Rou Pian Combine Chrysanthemum with snake,.or fish, chicken to make Chrysanthemum Filet,treat for swirl and swimming,drive off heat.
Preparation:flay the chicken soup,get out the veins,cut into pieces.clean the chrysanthemum flower with eau douce,clean the ginger and shallot and cut into pieces shape like nail.add egg white,salt,yellow wine,black pepper powder,corn powder mixture to Chicken pieces surface,put salt,white sugar,chicken soup,black pepper powder,starch solution,sesame oil into bowl and mixed equilibrium for preparation.
Heat fry boiler,put lard,put chicken pieces when oil hot,left residue oil 50 grams in boiler,put ginger,shallot,then chicken again with yellow wine.Put the mixture into boiler,then add chrysanthemum flower,fry and it cooked.
Characteristics:chicken pieces fresh and tasty,smells chrysanthemum flower aroma,tonify inner organs,drive off heat and bright eyes,benefit blood and appearance,really delicious in autumn.
Chrysanthemum Soup:Ju Hua Geng Combines Chrysanthemum with white fungus or lotus seeds,braise or cook to make thick soup,add a little rock candy,benefit inner organs,treat swirl and swimming,get rid off heat.
Modern Researches of Chrysanthemum(Ju Hua):
Chrysanthemum contains a volatile oil with such ingredients as borneol, camphor, chrysanthemum amino acids, etc. In addition, it also contains chrysanthemin, adenine, stachydrine, micro-vitamin A, vitamin B1, amino acids and acaclin, etc.
1:1 - 1:1.5 chrysanthemum infusion or decoction has certain antibacterial effects on staphylococcus aureus (potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications), a variety of pathogenic bacilli and dermatomycosis. With high concentrations, it can also inhibit influenza virus PR3 and leptospirae.
A chrysanthemum preparation can dilate coronary artery, increase the blood flow of the coronary artery, raise myocardial oxygen consumption and reduce blood pressure. It can also inhibit the permeability of the capillaries in such a way as to resist inflammation.
Chrysanthemum extract can reduce fever if chrysanthemum extract is used for lavage of the stomach (washing out the stomach).
Scientific References:
1.Chrysanthemum Flower,Ju Hua or Flos Chrysanthemi,Apply and Modern Researches.
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
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seminal trace...Chrysanthemum Flower Extract.10:1.Chrysanthemum Extract.Flos Chrysanthemi.Chrysanthemin,Chrysanthemine,C21H21O11; acacetin,C16H12O5; luteolin,C15H10O6;chlorogenic acid,C16H18O9....
Basic Botanical data and Identification of Chrysanthemum(Ju Hua):
Main Constituents:
Coronary blood flow Effects: chrysanthemum recipes increase the coronary flux in Isolated Rabbit Heart and dog heart,boost oxygen deficient endurance in Mice,chrysanthemum recipes increase nutritious blood flux of animals with miocardial infarction and coronary artery atherosclerosis,boost heart muscle activity and oxygen consumption.
Scientific References:
Claims & Warning:
