Phytochemical info of Chrysanthemum Flower Extract.
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Definition:Chrysanthemum Flower Extract. are majorly composed of
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Research Update:Chrysanthemum morifolium
Effects of transplanting date and density on appearance quality of greenhouse single-flower cut chrysanthemum.:Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2007 May;18(5):1055-60. Chinese.Li XM, Dai JF, Luo WH, Chen FD, Gu JJ, Lu JH.College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. lxm1119@126.com
Transplanting date and density are the important factors affecting the appearance quality of chrysanthemum. The study on the greenhouse single-flower cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Shenma) showed that within the ranges of test transplanting date and density, the plant height and neck length increased, while the leaf number per plant, stem diameter, plant fresh mass and flower diameter decreased with the delay of transplanting date and the increase of transplanting density. No effect of transplanting density was observed on plant height. For the production of single-flower cut chrysanthemum in non-heated greenhouse in Shanghai, the optimal transplanting date and density to achieve the top rank of quality (rank A) were the middle ten days of August and 64 plants x m(-2), and those to achieve the second rank of quality (rank B) were from mid August to early September and 72-80 plants x m(-2), respectively. The results obtained in this study offered references in establishing the prediction model of greenhouse single-flower cut chrysanthemum appearance quality based on light, temperature, and transplanting date and density.
GC-MS analysis of essential oil from Xiaoboju processed by aeration-desiccation and sulfur-burnin fumigation.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 May;32(9):808-13. Chinese.Wang YJ, Guo QS, Yang XW, Xu WB.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the constituents of the essential oil extracted from the Xiaoboju, one of commercial breed came from the flowers of the Chrysanthemum morifolium, processed by the aeration-desiccation and desiccation after the sulfur-bumin fumigation, and to provide scientific basis for quality control. METHOD: The essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS. RESULT: From the aeration dried sample and the dried sample after sulfur-burnin fumigation, 216 and 211 components were detected, among them fifty and six-five components were identified, which were composed of 73.21% and 82.32% of the total essential oil, respectively. CONCLUSION: The yield of the essential oil extracted from the aeration dried sample was 3.50%, and that from the dried sample after sulfur-bumin fumigation was 4.22%. The latter is 1.2 times higher than the former. The components of the essential oil of both samples are mostly monoterpenoids and secondly sesquiterpenoids compounds, but there are marked differences between the compounds contained in the two samples. Therefore, the processing of flowers of the C. morifolium should be strictly controlled and standardized.
Comparative study on inner quality of various Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivated in Tongxiang city.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 May;32(9):783-5, 849. Chinese.Wang T, Guo QS, Shen XG, Liang YN, Wang TY, Zhou JS.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Najing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the quality and the chemical components of Chrysanthemum morifolium from Tongxiang city. METHOD: Chemical constituents of nine cultivars were compared in three types of index: chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The content varied significantly. The content of chlorogenic acid in Jinjuerhao was 6.66%, the highest among the samples. Yizhongdabaiju showed the highest flavonoid and volatile oil with 9.49% and 3.30 mL x kg(-1) respectively.
GC-MS analysis of essential oil from anthodiums of Chrysanthemum morifolium processed by microwave-airflow and steam calefaction.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Feb;32(3):227-31. Chinese.Yang XW, Han MH, Tao HY, Wang ZA, Yang Z, Xiao SY.State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Peking University, Beijing 100083, China. xwyang@bjmu.edu.cn
OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the constituents of the essential oil extracted from the flowers of the Chrysanthemum morifolium processed by the microwave-airflow and the calefaction after steam process from the State Chrysanthemum GAP bases in Zhejiang Province and to provide scientific basis for quality control. METHOD: The essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS. RESULT: From the microwave-airflow dried sample and the calefactively dried sample after steam process, 119 and 175 components were detected, among them fifty and fifty-five components were identified, which were composed of 67.89% and 63.64% of the total essential oil, respectively. CONCLUSION: The yield of the essential oil extracted from the microwave-airflow dried sample was 0.40%, and that from the calefactively dried sample after steam process was 0. 19%. The former is 2.1 times higher than the latter. The components of the essential oil are similar and there are differences between the content of corresponding compounds in the two samples. The results showed that application of microwave-airflow combined drying technology remained original and essential constituents. The production benefit was improved greatly. The grade and quality of C. morifolium enhanced, and it's market selling price was increased compared to the traditional drying calefaction after steam process.
Study on dynamic accumulation of secondary metabolites content and isoenzyme activity during blossoming stages in Chrysanthemum morifolium originating from Wenxian county.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Feb;32(3):199-202. Chinese.Liang YN, Guo QS, Zhang ZY, Wang SX, Wang T.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the anabolic rule of secondary metabolites and dynamic activity of isoenzyme in Chrysanthemum morifolium originating from Wenxian county during blossoming stages. METHOD: The flavonoid, chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin content as well as the PAL, PPO and POD activity were determined in C. morifolium originating from Wenxian county during blossoming stages. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The content of flavonoid and chlorogenic acid was the highest at 70% of full blossom, the anthocyanin at 50% and PPO activity at 30% with the same trend of two cultivars. Between the two cultivars, the trend of PAL and POD was different. The highest of "huaidabaiju" appeared at 70% and 30%, but that of "huaixiaobaiju" appeared at 50% and 50%.
Development of NaCl-tolerant line in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. through shoot organogenesis of selected callus line.:J Biotechnol. 2007 May 10;129(4):658-67. Epub 2007 Mar 1.Hossain Z, Mandal AK, Datta SK, Biswas AK.Botanic Gardens & Floriculture, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
Plants were regenerated successfully through shoot organogenesis of a NaCl-selected callus line of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Maghi Yellow (a salt sensitive cultivar), developed through stepwise increase in NaCl concentration (0-100mM) in the MS medium. The stepwise increase in NaCl concentration from a relatively low level to cytotoxic level was found to be a better way to isolate NaCl-tolerant callus line, since direct transfer of callus to high saline medium was detrimental to callus survival and growth. The selected callus line exhibited significant increase in superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activities compared to control callus (grown in medium devoid of NaCl). Stability of salt tolerance character of the selected callus line was checked by growing the calli in NaCl-free medium for 3 consecutive months followed by re-exposure to higher salinity stress (120mM NaCl). Among different growth regulator treatments, a combination of 5mgl(-1) TDZ (Thidiazuron) along with 0.25mgl(-1) NAA and 0.5mgl(-1) GA(3) was found to be the most effective for shoot organogenesis in selected callus line. The regeneration potential of the NaCl-tolerant callus ranged from 20.8% to 0% against 62.4% to 0% in control callus line. Under elevated stress condition (medium supplemented with 250mM NaCl), selected calli derived regenerants (S1 plants) exhibited significantly higher SOD and APX activities over both PC (positive control: control callus derived plants grown on MS medium devoid of NaCl) and NC (negative control: control callus derived plants subjected to 250mM NaCl stress) plants. In addition, the NC plants showed stunted growth, delayed root initiation, and had lesser number of roots as compared to S1 plants. Based on growth performance and antioxidant capacity, the S1 plants could be considered as NaCl-tolerant line showing all positive adaptive features towards the salinity stress. Further study on agronomic performance of these S1 plants under saline soil condition need to be undertaken to check the genetic stability of the induced salt-tolerance.
Effect of different extracting methods on quality of Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat. Infusion.:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl 1:183-7.Ye Q, Liang Y, Lu J.Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
The flower of Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat. (CM) is a useful food and folk medicine in China. Effects of Chrysanthemum Morifolium extracting (CME) conditions, including extraction temperature, extraction time and the ratio of flower to water on infusion quality were investigated. The extractability, liquor color differences and the major flavonoids of luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and luteolin of various CME methods were evaluated. The results indicated that CME temperature was the most important factors affecting quality of CM infusion. Based on the extractability and chemical compositions, the best CME conditions were the 90 to approximately 100 degrees C, 20-30 min and the ratio of flower to water of 1:40 (w/v). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of Chrysanthemum Morifolium chemical compositions including luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and luteolin was also discussed in the present paper.
Absorption and excretion of luteolin and apigenin in rats after oral administration of Chrysanthemum morifolium extract.:J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jan 24;55(2):273-7.Chen T, Li LP, Lu XY, Jiang HD, Zeng S.Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Chrysanthemum morifolium extract (CME) has the protective effect on cardiovascular diseases. Luteolin and apigenin are two major bioactive components in vivo when CME is orally administrated to experimental animal. The present paper shows the study of the absorption and excretion of luteolin and apigenin in rats after a single oral dose of CME (200 mg/kg). The levels of luteolin and apigenin in plasma, urine, feces, and bile were measured by HPLC after deconjugation with hydrochloric acid or beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase. The results showed that the plasma concentrations of luteolin and apigenin reached the highest peak level at 1.1 and 3.9 h after dosing, respectively. The area under the concentration-time curves (AUC) for luteolin and apigenin were 23.03 and 237.6 microg h mL-1, respectively. The total recovery of the dose was 37.9% (6.6% in urine; 31.3% in feces) for luteolin and 45.2% (16.6% in urine; 28.6% in feces) for apigenin. The cumulative luteolin and apigenin excreted in the bile was 2.05% and 6.34% of the dose, respectively. All of the results suggest apigenin may be absorbed more efficiently than luteolin in CME in rats, and both luteolin and apigenin have a slow elimination phase, with a quick absorption, so a possible accumulation of the two flavonoids in the body can be hypothesized.
Identification and characterization of major flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in three Compositae plants by LC/DAD-APCI/MS.:J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 Apr 1;848(2):215-25. Epub 2006 Nov 2.Lai JP, Lim YH, Su J, Shen HM, Ong CN.Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore,16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
In this study, a liquid chromatography/diode array detector-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (LC/DAD-APCI/MS) was successfully developed to identify and characterize the main flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) of three common Compositae plants (Chrysanthemum morifolium Raman, Artemisia annua, and Chrysanthemum coronarium) which have been used as herbal medicine. Identifications were performed by comparing the retention time, UV and mass spectra of samples with standards or/and earlier publications. The crude methanolic extracts of these plants were assayed directly using LC/MS without any further pretreatment. The proposed method is rapid and reproducible and is useful for characterization and evaluation of different plant flavonoids and CQAs. A total of 41 different flavonoids and 6 CQAs were identified and confirmed by APCI-MS. The main components of three Compositae plants were also compared. Although there exist some similarities in the flavonoidic content of the leaf and flower of C. morifolium, significant variations in their varieties and concentrations were observed. Artemisia annua processes substantial amount of alkylated derivatives of flavones and Chrysanthemum coronarium contains only CQAs. These findings suggest that although all the plants studied are from the same Compositae family, their flavonoids and phenolic compositions are markedly different. The proposed method is useful for further chromatographic fingerprinting of plant flavonoids.
Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CmCCD4a) contributes to white color formation in chrysanthemum petals.:Plant Physiol. 2006 Nov;142(3):1193-201. Epub 2006 Sep 15.
The white petals of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) are believed to contain a factor that inhibits the accumulation of carotenoids. To find this factor, we performed polymerase chain reaction-Select subtraction screening and obtained a clone expressed differentially in white and yellow petals. The deduced amino acid sequence of the protein (designated CmCCD4a) encoded by the clone was highly homologous to the sequence of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. All the white-flowered chrysanthemum cultivars tested showed high levels of CmCCD4a transcript in their petals, whereas most of the yellow-flowered cultivars showed extremely low levels. Expression of CmCCD4a was strictly limited to flower petals and was not detected in other organs, such as the root, stem, or leaf. White petals turned yellow after the RNAi construct of CmCCD4a was introduced. These results indicate that in white petals of chrysanthemums, carotenoids are synthesized but are subsequently degraded into colorless compounds, which results in the white color.
Non-host plant extracts reduce oviposition of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and enhance parasitism by its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).:Bull Entomol Res. 2006 Aug;96(4):373-8. Liu SS, Li YH, Lou YG.Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, China. shsuliu@zju.edu.cn
Botanical preparations, usually from non-host plants, can be used to manipulate the behaviour of insect pests and their natural enemies. In this study, the effects of extracts of Chrysanthemum morifolium, a non-host plant of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), on the olfactory and oviposition responses of this phytophagous insect and on levels of parasitism by its specialist parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) were examined, using Chinese cabbage Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis as the test host plant. Olfactometer tests showed that volatiles of chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants were less attractive to P. xylostella females than those from untreated host plants; and in contrast, volatiles of the chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants were more attractive to females of its parasitoid C. plutellae than those from untreated host plants. Oviposition preference tests showed that P. xylostella females laid only a small proportion of their eggs on chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants, while ovipositing parasitoid females parasitized a much higher proportion of host larvae feeding on the treated host plants than on untreated host plants. These results suggest that certain non-host plant compounds, when applied onto a host plant, may render the plant less attractive to a phytophagous insect but more attractive to its parasitoids. Application of such non-host plant compounds can be explored to develop push-pull systems to reduce oviposition by a pest insect and at the same time enhance parasitism by its parasitoids in crops.
Development of NaCl-tolerant strain in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. through in vitro mutagenesis.:Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2006 Jul;8(4):450-61.Hossain Z, Mandal AK, Datta SK, Biswas AK.Botanic Garden and Floriculture Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow--226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
One NaCl-tolerant chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) variant (E2) has been developed in a stable form through IN VITRO mutagenesis using ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) as the chemical mutagen. Salt tolerance was evaluated by the capacity of the plant to maintain both flower quality and yield under stress conditions. Enhanced tolerance of the E2 variant has been attributed to the increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and, to a lesser extent of membrane damage than NaCl-treated control plants. Isoform analysis revealed that an increase in total SOD activity in the E2 variant was solely due to significant activation of the Cu/Zn isoform. Elevated levels of carotenoids and ascorbate in E2 leaves have been reflected in their higher free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) expressed in terms of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging ability. Data reflect that a proper balance between enzymatic and non-enzymatic defence systems is required for combating salinity stress in chrysanthemum. Better performance of the E2 progeny under same salinity stress condition, even in the second year, confirms the genetic stability of the salt-tolerance character. On the whole, the E2 variant, developed through 0.025 % EMS treatment, might be considered as a NaCl-tolerant strain showing positive characters towards NaCl stress.
Two acidic polysaccharides from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium.:J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2006 Apr-May;8(3):217-22.Zheng Y, Wang XS, Fang J.Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Two new acidic polysaccharides, F4 and F5, were isolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Monosaccharide analysis indicated that F4 contained arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid units in a molar ratio of 1.0:2.3:6.8 and F5 contained arabinose, rhamnose galactose and galacturonic acid units in a molar ratio of 1.0:3.2:1.0:4.3. The results of methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis and NMR spectral analysis indicated that F4 had a homogalacturonan main chain with arabinogalactan side chain linked to 3 position of (1 --> 3,4)-linked galacturonan and F5 had a rhamnogalacturonan main chain with arabinogalactan side chain linked to 3 position of (1 --> 3,4)-linked galacturonan or 4 position of (1 --> 2,4)-linked rhamnose. Biological tests revealed that F4 and F5 could simulate the mitogen induced T and B lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.
GC-MS analysis of essential oil of the flower of the Chrysanthemum morifolium by the different processing methods.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Mar;31(6):456-9. Chinese. Wang Y, Yang XW.The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School Sciences of Pharmaceutical of Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the constituents of the essential oil extracted from the flowers of the Chrysanthemum morfoliumum processed by two different methods in the chrysanthemum GAP Base of China in Henan Province and to provide scientific basis for quality control. METHOD: The essential oils were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS. RESULT: From the air flowing dried sample and the braised sample, ninety and eighty-nine components were detected, among them sixty-nine and fifty-three components were identified, which were composed of 90.56% and 93.00% of the total essential oil, respectively. CONCLUSION: The yield of the essential oil extracted from the air flowing dried sample was 0.260%, and that from the braised sample was 0.108%. The former is 1.5 times higher than the latter. There are differences between the constitutions of the two samples.
RAPD analysis for genetic diversity of Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Jan;31(1):18-21. Chinese.Xu WB, Guo QS, Wang CL.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the genetic diversity of Chrysanthemum morifolium at the level of molecular biology. METHOD: The total genomic DNA was extracted from medicinal chrysanthemums by 2% CTAB method. And the genetic diversity of 22 C. morifolium accessions was tested by RAPD marks. The NTSYS software was used to analyze the marks. RESULT: 26 10-mer arbitrary primers were found to acquire polymophic results. A total of 233 bands were amplified, of which 89.7% bands were found to be polymophic. 8.04 polymophic bands were amplified by each primer on the average. The results of cluster analysis by using UPGMA method showed that all the tested accessions could be differentiated by RAPD marks. CONCLUSION: There actually existed much genetic diversity at the molecular level among the germplasm resources of C. morifolium. RAPD marks could be effective tools to construct DNA fingerprintings of C. morifolium. The differences between the tested chrysanthemums are related to the environments. However, it was affected by genetic facters more significantly.
Comparative study on internal quality of various Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Nov;30(21):1645-8. Chinese.Xu WB, Guo QS, Li YN, Wang T.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the quality and genetic diversity of Chrysanthemun morifolium, the chemical constituents of 20 medicinal chrysanthemum cultivars in China were compared. METHOD: Chemical constituents of the 20 cultivars were compared in three types of index: chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil. RESULT: There are visible differences on the contents of chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil between the cultivars. CONCLUSION: Each cultivar has its own internal quality, and it is affected by many factors. The chemical constituents of the cultivars showed the genetic diversity in medicinal chrysanthemums of China.
Study on the extraction and purification for total flavonoids in Lonicera japonica Thunb. and Chrysanthemum morifolium Tzvel.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2005 Aug;28(8):703-5. Chinese.Yang J, Zhang X, Tian L, Wang X.Jinling Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
OBJECTIVE: To optimize the extraction and purification conditions for total flavonoids in Lonicera japonica Thunb. and Chrysanthemum morifolium Tzvel. METHODS: Comparision of several extraction processes, the L9 (3(4)) orthogonal design and macroreticular absorption resin D101 purification technique were performed. RESULTS: The optimum extraction conditions were 8 volume of 55% ethanol, 1 h refluence at 100 degrees C , water bath for 2 times. The extracted fluid was absorbed with the resin D101. The elutions were water, 30% enthanol, 70% enthanol. The obtained elution of 70% enthanol was evaporated and the content of total flavonoids was 62. 7%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, approved and fit for industrial production.
Determination and assay validation of luteolin and apigenin in human urine after oral administration of tablet of Chrysanthemum morifolium extract by HPLC.:J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006 Apr 11;41(1):261-5. Epub 2005 Nov 28.Li LP, Jiang HD.Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 353 Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310031, China.
A simple, selective, precise, and accurate RP-HPLC assay for simultaneous analysis of luteolin and apigenin in human urine was developed and validated. Prior to HPLC analysis, urine samples were incubated with beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase. Separation and quantification were achieved on an Agilent C18 column under isocratic conditions using a mobile phase (methanol:0.2% phosphoric acid aqueous solution 55:45, v/v) maintained at 1.0 ml/min at 30 degrees C. The standard curves were linear over the range of 0.0975-7.800 and 0.1744-13.95 microg/ml for luteolin and apigenin, respectively (r > 0.999). The assay recoveries for luteolin and apigenin were above 85.7%. The intra-day and inter-day precision (R.S.D.) for luteolin were below 2.2 and 4.0%, respectively, and for apigenin were less than 2.8 and 5.4%, respectively. Stability studies showed three concentration of luteolin and apigenin in urine quality control samples were stable undergoing three freeze-thaw cycles, storage at room temperature for 4 h, and at -20 degrees C for 3 days. The limit of quantitation was 39.20 ng/ml (n = 5) for luteolin and 31.45 ng/ml (n = 5) for apigenin in human urine. The method developed was employed successfully to determine luteolin and apigenin in urine samples obtained from eight healthy volunteers following oral administration of tablet of Chrysanthemum morifolium extract (CME).
Identification of new dicaffeoylquinic acids from Chrysanthemum morifolium and their antioxidant activities.:Planta Med. 2005 Sep;71(9):871-6.Kim HJ, Lee YS.Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, Division of Life Sciences, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, Korea.
Two new dicaffeoylquinic acids, 3,5-dicaffeoyl- epi-quinic acid (1) and 1,3-dicaffeoyl- epi-quinic acid (2), were isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramar together with six known dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives and three flavonoids. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using of spectroscopic methods. These compounds were assessed for antioxidant activities in the DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging systems. Most of the isolates showed strong antioxidant activities in these assay systems. Two new compounds showed potent superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.9 +/- 0.1 for 1 and 2.6 +/- 0.4 microg/mL for 2, respectively) in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system as compared to quercetin and also showed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 5.6 +/- 0.1 for 1 and 5.8 +/- 0.2 microg/mL for 2, respectively).
Analysis of volatile components from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium by GC-MS with solid-phase microextraction.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Jul;30(13):986-9. Chinese.Zhou HM, Xie PS, Wang WH, Ma JQ, Li P.Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China. lyzhm@xin-huanet.com
OBJECTIVE: To study a method for extraction and analysis of volatile components from Chrysanthemum morifolium 'gonghuangjv' cv. nov (CM GHJ) and C. morifolium 'gongbaijv' cv. nov (CM GBJ) by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). METHOD: The volatile components were extracted in different temperature, different balance period and different extraction fiber using head space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and were identified by CGC-MS. The variety in integral area of each component was observed in different conditions and its relative content was determined by normalization of area. RESULT: The better condition of SPME for C. morifolium was that the sample was extracted using 100 microm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) extraction fiber after it had been balanced for 6 hours at 75 degrees C. 53 components from CM GHJ and CM GBJ were identified, and there were 35 same components in CM GHJ and CM GBJ. CONCLUSION: HS-SPME-GC-MS is convenient, rapid and reliable for analysis of volatile components in C. morifolium.
Simultaneous determination of luteolin and apigenin in dog plasma by RP-HPLC.:J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Mar 9;37(3):615-20. Epub 2004 Dec 10.Li L, Jiang H, Wu H, Zeng S.Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 353 Yan'an Road, Hangzhou 310031, China.
A specific and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of luteolin and apigenin in the plasma of dog. The sample was treated with 6.0% perchloric acid to precipitate the protein. Luteolin and apigenin were extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated was dried and reconstituted in the mobile phase. The HPLC separation was performed on C18 column and the UV detector was set at 350 nm. The standard curve for luteolin and apigenin in plasma were linear over the range of 38.5-4350 and 16.5-1860 ng/ml, with the correlation coefficients 0.9996 and 0.9999, respectively. The assay recoveries for luteolin and apigenin ranged from 102.7 to 104.5% and 93.8-101.8%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precisions (R.S.D.) for luteolin and apigenin were all less than 7.9%. The sample was stable within 24 h at 4 degrees C storage, 30 days at -20 degrees C storage, and undergoing four freeze-thaw-assay cycles. The limits of detection (LOD) of luteolin and apigenin were 1.82 and 1.94 ng/ml, while the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 7.84 and 6.29 ng/ml, respectively. The method developed was applied successfully to study pharmacokinetics of the effective composition (luteolin) of Chrysanthemum morifolium extract in dogs after single dose of oral administration.
Studies on the technology of directly inducing regenerated plantlet from leaf of Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Feb;29(2):132-5. Chinese.Xue JP, Chang W, Zhang AM.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teachers' College, Huaibei 235000, China. xuejp2000@yahoo.com.cn
OBJECTIVE: To set up the fittest medium for directly inducing regenerated plantlet from leaf of Chrysanthemum morifolium. METHOD: Leaves of different phases obtained from the virus-free plantlets were cut and cultured in some kinds of media. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: To Bo morifolium and Chu morifolium, the fittest medium for the formation of regenerated plantlet was MS + 6-BA 0.1 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.1 mg x L(-1), and to be incubated on the right side was better than on the back right.
Comparative study on physiological and biochemical mechanism between virus-free seedling and common seedling in Chrysanthemum morifolium from Anhui.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Jun;29(6):514-7. Chinese.Xue JP, Zhang AM, Sheng W, Zhang GW.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teachers' College, Huaibei 235000, China. xuejp2000@yahoo.com.cn
OBJECTIVE: To compare and explore the physiological and biochemical index of virus-free seedling and common seedling of Chrysanthemum morifolium. METHOD: Leaves of virus-free seedling and common seedling were cut down and the contents of chlorophyll a and b, MDA, and the activity of SOD, POD, CAT, and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) were measured. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The contents of chlorophyll and Pn of virus-free seedling were higher than those of common seedling. But were measured, the contents of MDA and the activity of SOD, POD, CAT related to the physiological resistance were lower than the latter. These could explain the phenomenon of virus-free seedling grow better than the common seedling under the same condition.
Study on ultrasonic extraction techniques of flavonoids in Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 May;29(5):424-5. Chinese.Yin H, Hu YZ, Yang XJ, Sheng J, Wang Z.College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China.
OBJECTIVE: To optimize the ultrasonic extraction condition for flavonoids from Chrysanthemum morifolium. METHOD: The extraction rate of flavonoids optimized condition (ethanol concentration, ultrasonic time, solvent quantity and extraction times) was determined by orthogonal design. UV-Spectrophotometry was used for the determination. RESULT: The order of factors to affect the flavonoid extraction was ethanol concentration > extraction times > solvent quantity > ultrasonic time. CONCLUSION: The optimum ultrasonic extractions were: A2 B2 C3 D3. Compared with traditional extraction, ultraction method can save time, be easy to operate, improve extraction rates and need no heating.
Studies on petal tissue culture of the traditional Chinese medicine Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Mar;29(3):211-4. Chinese. Xue JP, Chang W, Zhang AM, Sheng W.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teacher's College, Huaibei 235000, China. xuejp2000@yahoo.com.cn
OBJECTIVE: To set up the optimums for the petal tissue culture of Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivated in Anhui Province. METHOD: Petals were cut and cultured onto the same kind of media on different sides and different kinds of media on the same side, and induced to form the whole plantlet. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: All the media used could induce callus, while the results of callus regeneration was distinct. The MS medium with KT 2 mg x L(-1) and NAA 0.2 mg x L(-1) was much better than others when callus were induced. The MS medium with KT 2 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.2 mg x L(-1) and AgNO3 5 mg x L(-1) was the preferable medium for the bud sprouting. The frequency of plantlets regeneration which was induced by flower bud was higher than that by opening petal. The regenerated plantlets shod produced variation of leaf and plant shape.
Antitubercular activity of triterpenoids from Asteraceae flowers.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Jan;28(1):158-60.
Twenty-eight 3-hydroxy triterpenoids of taraxastane- (1-7), oleanane- (8-12), ursane- (13-15), lupane- (16,18,19), taraxane- (20), cycloartane- (21-25), tirucallane- (26-28), and dammarane-types (29) isolated from the non-saponifiable lipid fraction of the flower extract of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) and one lupane-type 3alpha-hydroxy triterpenoid (17) derived from 16 were tested for their antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). Fifteen compounds showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range of 4-64 microg/ml, among which maniladiol (9; MIC 4 microg/ml), 3-epilupeol (17; 4 microg/ml), and 4,5alpha-epoxyhelianol (27; 6 microg/ml) exhibited the highest activity. Cytotoxicity of compound 17 against Vero cells gave an IC50 value of over 62.5 microg/ml, suggesting some degree of selectivity for M. tuberculosis.
Selection of sodium chloride tolerant mutants in Chrysanthemum morifolium in Anhui.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Sep;29(9):834-7. Chinese.Xue JP, Zhang AM, Gao X, Sheng W.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teachers' College, Huaibei 235000, China. xuejp2000@yahoo.com.cn
OBJECTIVE: To select the sodium chloride tolerant mutants of the Chrysanthemum morifolium callus through tissue culture and EMS (ethylmethane sulfonate) treatment. METHOD: Calli were induced from the leaves of C. morifolium. The calli were treated with 0.2% and 0.5% EMS, respectively. After 15 days' culture, the calli were transplanted to selection media with 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% NaCl, and the sodium chloride tolerant mutants were selected out. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: After tested the sodium chloride tolerant stability, the callus selected are found to be the mutants indeed.
Study on extraction technology for extract and flavonoids in Chrysanthemum morifolium by orthogonal design.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Aug;29(8):737-9. Chinese.Yin H, Hu YZ, Yang XJ, Tian XL, Wang Z.College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China.
OBJECTIVE: To ascertain extraction technology condition for extract and flavonoids from Chrysanthum morifoliwn. METHOD: The optimizing ultrasonic extraction condition on the basis of extractive yield and flavonoids were determined by orthogonal design. RESULT: The order of factors which affected the flavonoid extraction was extraction times > ethanol concentration > ultrasonic time > solvent quantity. CONCLUSION: The optimum ultrasonic extractions are A2B3C3D3. Compared with traditional extraction, ultraction method is timesaving, simple to operate, stable and need not be heated.
Chrysanthemum morifolium attenuated the reduction of contraction of isolated rat heart and cardiomyocytes induced by ischemia/reperfusion.:Pharmazie. 2004 Jul;59(7):565-7.Jiang H, Xia Q, Xu W, Zheng M.College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. hdjiang@zju.edu.cn
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (CM) on isolated rat heart and ventricular myocytes during ischemia/anoxia and reperfusion/reoxygenation. The ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by ligation the left artery descending coronary of isolated rat heart for 30 min followed by 30 min reperfusion with Langendorff equipment. Cell contraction in enzymatically isolated ventricular myocytes was determined by a video tracking system. The results showed CM (0.25 g/L to 1.0 g/L) increased left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), +/- dp/dt(max), LVDP x HR and coronary flow (CF) and decreased heart rate (HR) in dose dependent manner. CM (0.5 g/L) attenuated the reduction of LVDP, +/- dp/dt(max) and CF caused by ischemia/reperfusion. CM (0.25 g/L to 1.0 g/L) increased peak velocity of cell shortening/relengthening (+/- dL/dt(max)) and contraction amplitude (dL) of isolated ventricular myocytes in a dose-dependent way under control condition, but without significant effect on end-diastolic cell length (L0). Under anoxia 5 min followed by 10 min reoxygenation, CM attenuated the reduction in contractile parameters. The results suggest that CM processes cardioprotective effect during ischemia/anoxia and reperfusion/reoxygenation in the isolated rat heart and the ventricular myocytes.
A flavanone and two phenolic acids from Chrysanthemum morifolium with phytotoxic and insect growth regulating activity.:J Chem Ecol. 2004 Mar;30(3):589-606.Beninger CW, Abou-Zaid MM, Kistner AL, Hallett RH, Iqbal MJ, Grodzinski B, Hall JC.Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
Leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Ramat were extracted sequentially with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol fraction, when incorporated into artificial diet was found to reduce the growth of cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hubner) larvae at concentrations between 500 and 5000 ppm of diet. Fractionation of the methanol extract on a Sephadex column yielded five fractions, three of which reduced the weight of larvae relative to the control. One fraction was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and found to contain three main constituents. These compounds were purified using a combination of gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex LH20 and HPLC, and analyzed by 1H and 13CNMR as well as undergoing chemical and physical analyses. The compounds were identified as: 1, chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid); 2, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid; and 3, 3', 4',5-trihydroxyflavanone7-O-glucuronide (eriodictyol7-O-glucuronide). At concentrations between 100 to 1000 ppm these compounds reduced both growth and photosynthesis of Lemna gibba L. with the order of efficacy being: flavanone > chlorogenic acid > 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Furthermore, when incorporated separately into artificial diet these compounds, at 10 to 1000 ppm, enhanced or reduced growth of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) and gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.).
Biological effect of irradiated chitosan on plants in vitro.:Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2005 Feb;41(Pt 1):49-57.
For degradation of chitosan, chitosan with an 80% degree of deacetylation and a weight-average molecular mass (Mw) of approx. 48 kDa was irradiated with gamma-rays at doses up to 200 kGy in a 10% (w/v) solution. The Mw of chitosan was reduced from 48 to 9.1 kDa by irradiation. The characteristics of irradiated chitosan were analysed by using Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy and an elemental analyser. The amino group was found to be stable, whereas the C-O-C group decreased with increase in the dose. The product of chitosan irradiated at 100 kGy with an Mw of approx. 16 kDa showed the strongest growth promotion effect on plants in vitro. For shoot culture, supplementation with irradiated chitosan increased the fresh biomass of shoot clusters (7.2-17.0%) as well as the shoot multiplication rate (17.9-69.0%) for Chrysanthemum morifolium (florist's chrysanthemum), Limonium latifolium (limonium or sea-lavender), Eustoma grandiflorum (lisianthus, tulip gentian or Texas bluebell) and Fragaria ananassa (modern garden strawberry). The optimum concentrations of irradiated chitosan were found to be approx. 70-100 mg/l for chrysanthemum, 50-100 mg/l for lisianthus and 30-100 mg/l for limonium. For the plantlet culture, the optimum concentrations were found to be approx. 100 mg/l for chrysanthemum, 30 mg/l for lisianthus, 40 mg/l for limonium and 50 mg/l for strawberry. Supplementation with optimum concentrations of irradiated chitosan resulted in a significant increase in the fresh biomass (68.1% for chrysanthemum, 48.5% for lisianthus, 53.6% for limonium and 26.4% for strawberry), shoot height (19.4% for chrysanthemum, 16.5% for lisianthus, 33.9% for limonium and 25.9% for strawberry) and root length (40.6% for chrysanthemum, 66.9% for lisianthus, 23.4% for limonium and 22.6% for strawberry). In addition, treatment with irradiated chitosan enhanced the activity of chitosanase in treated plants and also improved the survival ratio and growth of the transferred plantlets acclimatized for 10-30 days under greenhouse conditions.
Comparative study on pesticide and heavy metal residuals of four cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Aug;28(8):711-3. Chinese.Liu L, Guo QS, An Q, Zhu F, He XY, Xu WB.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study organochlorine pesticide and heavy metal residuals of Chrysanthemum morifolium. METHOD: The contents of organochlorine pesticide residuals was determined by chromatography, Cu, Pb, Cd was determined by AAS, and As, Hg was determined by AFS. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The contents of organochlorine pesticide and heavy metals residuals are up to "Green Trade Standards of Importing & Exporting Medicinal plants & Preprations" (MOFTEC, 2001), but the contents are different among four cultivars clearly.
Salt-tolerance evaluation of seedlings of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivar.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Jun;28(6):499-503. Chinese.He XY, Guo QS, Luo QY, Xu WB, Zheng QS, Liu YL.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Material, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate salt tolerance of seedlings of 4 medicinal C. morifolium cultivars to be transplanted, and to expand the planting area. METHOD: Seedlings were cultivated in hoagland nutrient solution containing various concentrations of NaCl for 30 days. The height, dry weight and chlorophyll content were investigated. Identification index mainly in relative growth rate, the evaluation of NaCl effects on the growth, K+, Na+ and Cl- distribution in seedlings were surveyed. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The salt tolerance was difference among four cultivars of C. morifolium. The salt tolerance of "Dabaiju" and "Changbanju" was weak, while "Hongxinju" and "Xiaobaiju" was strong. "Hongxinju" and "Xiaobaiju" may be planted in salinte soil area.
Studies on callus induced from leaves and plantlets regeneration of the traditional Chinese medicine Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Mar;28(3):213-6. Chinese.Xue JP, Yu M, Zhang AM.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teacher's College, Huabei 235000, Anhui, China. xueJP2000@yahoo.com.cn
OBJECTIVE: To set up the optimums for the leaf tissue culture of Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivated in Anhui Province. METHOD: Leaves were cut and cultured onto the same kind of media on different sides and defferent kinds of media on the same side, and induced to form the whole plantlet. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: All the media used could induce callus, while the results of callus redifferentiation were very distinct. The media with NAA 0.1 mg.L-1 + 6-BA 0.1-1.0 mg.L-1 were much better than others when callus were induced. The MS medium with 6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1 and NAA 0.5 mg.L-1 was the preferable medium for the bud sprouting. The regenerated plantlets produced variation of leaf shape.
Study on the soil fertility changes in planting base to develop the special fertilizer for cultivation of Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Feb;28(2):121-5. Chinese.Guo QS, Liu DH, Liang ZH, Zhao HY, Liu L, Hu JG.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of soil fertility in Sheyang county where Chrysanthemum morifolium has been cultivated for more than 30 years and to develop the special fertilizer for cultivation of C. morifolium. METHOD: The pH values, organic matter and the contents of total and available N, P, K and Zn in the soil layer of 0 to 40 cm, as well as the total N, P, K and Zn contents in the flowers, roots, stems and leaves of the plants, were analysed. The balanced fertilization plan for cultivation of C. morifolium was put forward. In addition, the formula of special fertilizer for cultivation of C. morifolium was determined according to flower yield and utilization rate of N, P, and K. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The soil had high pH values and high soil salt contents, with unbalanced application of N, P, and K fertilizers and a shortage of available Zn after cultivation of C. morifolium. The contents of soil organic carbon, N and P declined with increasing cultivation time of C. morifolium, which resulted from the improper rotations and fertilization. The balance fertilization practice and the special fertilizer utilization are effective ways to improve soil fertility for C. morifolium.
Study on selective breeding of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Jan;28(1):28-31. Chinese.Guo QS, He XY, Liu L, Xu WB, Hu JG, Cai YX.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China. guoqs@herbstimes.com
OBJECTIVE: To investigate botanical characters and yield of four cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium for further study on their genetic diversity and selective breeding. METHOD: The characters were observed and yield was investigated by field randomized block and analysis of variance. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The botanical characters are difference among four cultivars; the amount of single flower head is the main factor influencing on the output of Chrysanthemum morifolium (r = 0.925); the yield of "Hongxinju" and "Xiaobaiju" are remarkably higher than that of "Dabaiju" and "Changbanju".
Determination of luteolin and luteolin-7-beta-D-glucoside in Chrysanthemum morfolium Ramat. from different collection time by RP-HPLC.:Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2004 Jan;33(1):29-32. Chinese.Hu BB, Jiang HD, Yang J, Zeng S.College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031 China.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the content variation of luteolin and luteolin-7-beta-D-glucoside in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (CMR) from different collection time. METHODS: RP-HPLC was used to analyze these two components in CMR collected in 2001 and 2002. RESULT: The content of luteolin was significantly lower than that of luteolin-7-beta-D-glucoside. Furthermore, the former showed no marked changes during collection, while the latter did not varied markedly in early collection but decreased significantly in later collection. CONCLUSION: The content of luteolin-7-beta-D-glucoside reflects the quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. more viably than that of luteolin.
A new anti-HIV flavonoid glucuronide from Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Planta Med. 2003 Sep;69(9):859-61.Lee JS, Kim HJ, Lee YS.Division of Life Sciences, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea.
A new flavonoid glucuronide, apigenin 7-O-beta-D-(4'-caffeoyl)glucuronide (1), and the known compound, apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucurnoide, were isolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium, along with five known flavonoids. The structure of 1 was elucidated by the aid of spectroscopic analyses. Among isolated compounds, apigenin 7-O-beta-D-(4"-caffeoyl)glucuronide showed strong HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activity (IC (50) = 7.2 +/- 3.4 microg/ml) and anti-HIV activity in a cell culture assay (EC (50) = 41.86 +/- 1.43 microg/ml) using HIV-I (IIIB) infected MT-4 cells.
Antimutagenic activity of flavonoids from Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003 Oct;67(10):2091-9.
A methanol extract from the flower heads of Chrysanthemum morifolium showed a suppressive effect on umu gene expression of the SOS response in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 against the mutagen 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide). The methanol extract was re-extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction showed a suppressive effect. Suppressive compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and identified as the flavonoids acacetin (1), apigenin (2), luteolin (3), and quercetin (4) by EI-MS, IR, and (1)H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1-4 suppressed the furylfuramide-induced SOS response in the umu test. Compounds 1-4 suppressed 60.2, 75.7, 90.0, and 66.6% of the SOS-inducing activity at a concentration of 0.70 micromol/ml. The ID50 (50% inhibitory dose) values of 1-4 were 0.62, 0.55, 0.44, and 0.59 micromol/ml. These compounds had the suppressive effects on umu gene expression of the SOS response against other mutagens, 4-nitroquinolin 1-oxide (4NQO) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), which do not require liver-metabolizing enzymes. These compounds also showed the suppression of SOS-inducing activity against the other mutagens aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), which require liver-metabolizing enzymes, and UV irradiation. In addition to the antimutagenic activities of these compounds against furylfuramide, Trp-P-1 and activated Trp-P-1 were also assayed by the Ames test using S. typhimurium TA100.
Using the expolinear growth equation for modelling crop growth in year-round cut chrysanthemum.:Ann Bot (Lond). 2003 Nov;92(5):697-708. Epub 2003 Sep 26.Lee JH, Goudriaan J, Challa H.Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Horticultural Production Chains Group, PO Box 9101, 6700 HB, The Netherlands. leetag@hanmail.net
The aim of this study was to predict crop growth of year-round cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) based on an empirical model of potential crop growth rate as a function of daily incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, MJ m-2 d-1), using generalized estimated parameters of the expolinear growth equation. For development of the model, chrysanthemum crops were grown in four experiments at different plant densities (32, 48, 64 and 80 plants m-2), during different seasons (planting in January, May-June and September) and under different light regimes [natural light, shading to 66 and 43 % of natural light, and supplementary assimilation light (ASS, 40-48 micro mol m-2 s-1)]. The expolinear growth equation as a function of time (EXPOT) or as a function of incident PAR integral (EXPOPAR) effectively described periodically measured total dry mass of shoot (R2 > 0.98). However, growth parameter estimates for the fitted EXPOPAR were more suitable as they were not correlated to each other. Coefficients of EXPOPAR characterized the relative growth rate per incident PAR integral [rm,i (MJ m-2)-1] and light use efficiency (LUE, g MJ-1) at closed canopy. In all four experiments, no interaction effects between treatments on crop growth parameters were found. rm,i and LUE were not different between ASS and natural light treatments, but were increased significantly when light levels were reduced by shading in the summer experiments. There was no consistent effect of plant density on growth parameters. rm,i and LUE showed hyperbolic relationships to average daily incident PAR averaged over 10-d periods after planting (rm,i) or before final harvest (LUE). Based on those relationships, maximum relative growth rate (rm, g g-1 d-1) and maximum crop growth rate (cm, g m-2 d-1) were described successfully by rectangular hyperbolic relationships to daily incident PAR. In model validation, total dry mass of shoot (Wshoot, g m-2) simulated over time was in good agreement with measured ones in three independent experiments, using daily incident PAR and leaf area index as inputs. Based on these results, it is concluded that the expolinear growth equation is a useful tool for quantifying cut chrysanthemum growth parameters and comparing growth parameter values between different treatments, especially when light is the growth-limiting factor. Under controlled environmental conditions the regression model worked satisfactorily, hence the model may be applied as a simple tool for understanding crop growth behaviour under seasonal variation in daily light integral, and for planning cropping systems of year-round cut chrysanthemum. However, further research on leaf area development in cut chrysanthemum is required to advance chrysanthemum crop growth prediction.
Isobutylamides of unsaturated fatty acids from Chrysanthemum morifolium associated with host-plant resistance against the western flower thrips.:J Nat Prod. 2003 Sep;66(9):1229-31.Tsao R, Attygalle AB, Schroeder FC, Marvin CH, McGarvey BD.Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road W, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
Three unsaturated fatty acid isobutylamides, N-isobutyl-2E,4E,10E,12Z-tetradecatetraen-8-ynamide (1, new), N-isobutyl-2E,4E,12Z-tetradecatrien-8,10-diynamide (2), and N-isobutyl-2E,4E,12E-tetradecatrien-8,10-diynamide (3), were isolated from the leaves and flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium. The structure of 1 was determined by spectral data interpretation. The concentration of 1 in chrysanthemum varieties was previously positively correlated with host-plant resistance against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis.
Cryopreservation of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Dendranthema grandiflora Ramat.) using different approaches.:Plant Cell Rep. 2004 Jan;22(6):371-5. Epub 2003 Sep 16.Halmagyi A, Fischer-Kl¨¹ver G, Mix-Wagner G, Schumacher HM.Institute of Biological Research, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Chrysanthemum species are grown both as ornamentals and for the production of pyrethrum. Recent increased production and breeding efforts have raised the need for the conservation of valuable germplasm. Chrysanthemum has been cryopreserved by controlled-rate-freezing as early as 1990. We report here deep-freezing of shoot tips of C. morifolium var. Escort by different technical procedures: controlled-rate-freezing, encapsulation/dehydration, ultra-rapid-freezing by the droplet method and vitrification. While vitrification yielded the highest shoot regeneration rates, the very simple droplet method was also successful in this respect. Droplet freezing was successfully performed with nine cultivars. Our results open the door to the successful use of alternative methods if one method fails to cryopreserve a variety. Furthermore, it enables comparative investigations of genetic stability and cyro-injury to be carried out.
Comparative study on internal quality of four cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Dec;27(12):896-8. Chinese.Guo QS, Qian DW, He XY, Liu L, Ju JM, Zhu LY, Duan JA, Cai YX.Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China. guoqs@herbstimes.com
OBJECTIVE: To study the genetic diversity of C. morifolium on the chemical constituents. METHOD: Chemical constituents of four cultivars cultivated with the same conditions were compared in three types of index: chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: With different cultivars and processing methods, the contents of chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil extracted from C. morifolium vary great extent.
Studies on the chemical constituents from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2001 Aug;26(8):547-8. Chinese.Liu JQ, Shen QQ, Liu JS, Wu DL, Wang JT.Department of Pharmacy, Anhui College of TCM, Hefei 230038, Anhui, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium. METHOD: Separated the constituents by means of chromatography and identified their structures by chemical and spectroscopic analysis. RESULT: Three compounds of flavonoid were identified as acacetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside. CONCLUSION: These compounds were obtained from C. morifolium for the first time.
The characters of various commodity of chrysanthemums.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Jan;27(1):16-8. Chinese.Zhou JL, Yuan RB, Liu X.Anhui College of TCM, Hefei 230038, Anhui, China.
OBJECTIVE: To provide basis for making the quality standard of medicinal chrysanthemums [Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel.]. METHOD: The character of pharmacognosy. RESULT: The characters of many of chrysanthemums as well as the differences between them have been clarified.
Study on stem-tip tissue culture of the traditional Chinese medicine Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 May;27(5):350-2, 360. Chinese.Xue JP, Zhang AM, Sheng W, Zhao FL.Department of Biology, Huaibei Coal Industry Teacher's College, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China
OBJECTIVE: To set up the optimums for the stem-tip tissue culture of Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivated in Anhui Province. METHOD: Small sections (about 0.5 mm in length) from the stem-tips were isolated and inoculated with different media, and induced to form the whole plantlet formation. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The MS medium added with 6-BA 2 mg.L-1 + NAA 0.2 mg.L-1 was the optimum medium for the bud sprouting and the inducing rate was over 80% after 40 d cultivation on this modified medium. The MS medium supplemented with 6-BA 2 mg.L-1 and NAA 0.5 mg.L-1 was the optimum medium for the multiplication of the adventitious buds in which the bud multiplication was about 4-7 times higher after 25-30 d cultivation. The plantlet could root well on the MS medium with NAA 0.5 mg.L-1.
The promoter-terminator of chrysanthemum rbcS1 directs very high expression levels in plants.:Planta. 2003 Apr;216(6):1003-12. Epub 2003 Jan 10.Outchkourov NS, Peters J, de Jong J, Rademakers W, Jongsma MA.Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Transgenic plants are increasingly used as production platforms for various proteins, yet protein expression levels in the range of the most abundant plant protein, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase have not yet been achieved by nuclear transformation. Suitable gene regulatory 5' and 3' elements are crucial to obtain adequate expression. In this study an abundantly transcribed member (rbcS1) of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small-subunit gene family of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) was cloned. The promoter of rbcS1 was found to be homologous to promoters of highly expressed rbcS gene members of the plant families Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae. The regulatory 5' and 3' non-translated regions of rbcS1 were engineered to drive heterologous expression of various genes. In chrysanthemum, the homologous rbcS1 cassette resulted in a beta-glucuronidase (gusA) accumulation of, at maximum, 0.88% of total soluble protein (population mean 0.17%). In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), the gusA expression reached 10% of total soluble protein. The population mean of 2.7% was found to be 7- to 8-fold higher than for the commonly used cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter (population mean 0.34%). RbcS1-driven expression of sea anemone equistatin in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and potato cystatin in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yielded maximum levels of 3-7% of total soluble protein. The results demonstrate, that the compact 2-kb rbcS1 expression cassette provides a novel nuclear transformation vector that generates plants with expression levels of up to 10% of total protein.
Effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat on apoptosis of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells.:Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2002 Aug;31(5):347-350. Chinese.Fang XL, Wang XT, Huang SR, Li X.The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect and the mechanism of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat on apoptosis of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells. METHODS: Vascular smooth muscle cells were isolated from thoracic aorta of fetal calf and cultured, then incubated with different concentration of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. SOD and MDA were measured by spectrophotometer. RESULTS: We found that: (1) the number of apoptotic cells was reduced from (4.425+/-0.624)% to (2.875+/-0.640)% in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat group, in a concentration dependent manner; (2) the value of SOD was increased from (1.683+/-0.149)X10(4) U/L to (2.297+/-0.230)X104 U/L and the value of MDA was reduced from(166.454+/-56.805)&mgr;mol/L to (73.068+/-27.203)&mgr;mol/L in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat group, also in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat can inhibit apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in a concentration-dependent manner.
A preliminary study on tissue culture of stem apex of Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2000 Mar;23(3):125-7. Chinese.Wang K, Mao Y, Zhang X.Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095.
To solve the breed degeneration of Chrysanthemum the stem apex of Chrysanthemum morifolium used as explants were inoculated on MS medium with different pH and supplemented with different ratio of plant hormone. The results showed that when pH was between 5.8 and 6.4, the rate of callus were all over 80%. While explants inoculated on MS medium supplemented with NAA 0.2 mg/L and KT 0.1-0.2 mg/L, the rate of callus was noticeably higher than that of NAA 0.2 mg/L and 6-BA 1-3 mg/L. The preferable medium which roots could be induced was 1/2 MS + NAA 0.2 mg/L.
Determination of chlorogenic acid in chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.flower.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1999 Jun;24(6):329-30, 381. Chinese.Li Z, Chen Z, Liao L, Lin S.Fujian Provincial Institute for Drug Control, Fuzhou 350001.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the contents of chlorogenic acid in flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium. METHOD: Column: Nova-Pak C18, 4 microns, 4.6 mm x 250 mm, mobile phase: MeOH-0.1 mol.L-1 NaH2PO4(pH 2.65)30:70, detection wavelength: 328 nm. RESULTS: Flowers of 20 batches bought from the market were analysed. Contents of chlorogenic acid were 0.060%-0.467%. CONCLUSION: Chlorogenic acid is a suitable component for the quality control of C. morifolium.
Public tolerance to defoliation and flower distortion in a public horticulture garden.:J Econ Entomol. 2002 Apr;95(2):348-53.Sadof CS, Sclar DC.Purdue University Department of Entomology, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1158, USA. cliff_sadof@entm.purdue.edu
Surveys of visitor and grower perception of live potted plant quality were conducted in various locations in a large public display garden. Canna lily, Canna x generalis L.H.Bailey, was used to examine effects of defoliation by Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, on public perception. Chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat., were used to identify visitor and grower tolerance to flower distortion caused by western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on single and multiple flowered plants. On average, the maximum amount of defoliation or flower distortion tolerated by any respondent was low (< or = 10% for canna and < or = 25% for chrysanthemum). The level of acceptable injury was influenced by factors intrinsic to both the respondents and the plants themselves. Tolerance to injury was negatively associated with the risk aversion of the respondents. Visitors were less tolerant of injury on plants they considered for purchase than those that they would view at the garden. Similarly, grower tolerance was lower than that of visitors because producing substandard plants could put their professional reputation at risk. Factors that distracted visitor attention (e.g., presence of flowers and higher levels of background injury) increased their tolerance to plant injury. Visitors tolerated greater levels of flower distortion on multiple flowering chrysanthemum than on those with single flowers. We suggest that tolerance to insect pests can be increased by designing plantings that distract viewers from injured plant parts.
Constituents of Compositae plants III. Anti-tumor promoting effects and cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines of triterpene diols and triols from edible chrysanthemum flowers.:Cancer Lett. 2002 Mar 8;177(1):7-12.
Fifteen pentacyclic triterpene diols and triols, consisting of: six taraxastanes, faradiol (1), heliantriol B0 (2), heliantriol C (3), 22alpha-methoxyfaradiol (4), arnidiol (5), and faradiol alpha-epoxide (6); five oleananes, maniladiol (7), erythrodiol (8), longispinogenin (9), coflodiol (10), and heliantriol A(1) (11); two ursanes, brein (12) and uvaol (13); and two lupanes, calenduladiol (14) and heliantriol B2 (15), isolated from the non-saponifiable lipid fraction of the edible flower extract of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, in Raji cells as a primary screening test for anti-tumor-promoters. All of the compounds tested showed inhibitory effects against EBV-EA activation with potencies either comparable with or stronger than that of glycyrrhetic acid, a known natural anti-tumor-promoter. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of six compounds, 1-3 and 5-7, against human cancer cell lines revealed that compound 5 possesses a wide range of cytotoxicity, with GI50 values (concentration that yields 50% growth) of mostly less than 6 microM.
Constituents of compositae plants. 2. Triterpene diols, triols, and their 3-o-fatty acid esters from edible chrysanthemum flower extract and their anti-inflammatory effects.:J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Jul;49(7):3187-97.
The n-hexane soluble and the nonsaponifiable lipid fractions of the edible flower extract of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) were investigated for triterpene diol and triol constituents. These triterpenes occur as the 3-O-fatty acid esters in the n-hexane soluble fraction from which 26 new and 6 known fatty acid esters were isolated and characterized. From the nonsaponifiable lipid fraction, 24 triterpene diols and triols were isolated, of which 3 were new compounds: (24S)-25-methoxycycloartane-3beta,24-diol (11), (24S)-25-methoxycycloartane-3beta,24,28-triol (22), and 22alpha-methoxyfaradiol (23). Faradiol (9) and heliantriol C (19), present in the nonsaponifiable lipid fraction and as the 3-O-palmitoyl esters in the n-hexane soluble fraction, were the most predominant triterpene diol and triol constituents. Fourteen triterpene diols and triols and 9 fatty acid esters were evaluated with respect to their anti-inflammatory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice. All of the triterpenes examined showed marked inhibitory activity, with a 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) of 0.03-1.0 mg/ear, which was more inhibitive than quercetin (ID50 = 1.6 mg/ear), a known inhibitor of TPA-induced inflammation in mice.
Isolation and complete NMR assignment of the numbing principle from Chrysanthemum morifolium.:Fitoterapia. 2001 Jan;72(1):89-91.Shahat AA, Apers S, Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ.Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
The isolation and the complete 1H and 13C-NMR assignments of the numbing principle [N-isobutyl-6-(2-thienyl)-2E,4E-hexadienamide (1)] from Chrysanthemum morifolium are reported.
High genome-wide mutation rates in vegetatively propagated bermudagrass.:Mol Ecol. 1999 Jul;8(7):1211-1221.
A cascade DNA amplification strategy that generates arbitrary signatures from amplification profiles (ASAP) was used to measure genome-wide mutation rates in bermudagrass (Cynodon). ASAP quantified nucleotide changes that were induced by irradiation, genetic instabilities and normal vegetative growth of cultivars and accessions of sterile interspecific hybrids. DNA sequence divergence between cultivar 'Tifway' and its gamma radiation-induced mutant 'Tifway II' (0.70 +/- 0.66%) was comparable to estimates in radiation-induced mutants and spontaneous sports of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). A similar divergence in sequence (0.95 +/- 0.20%) was observed in the pairwise comparison of 17 nondisjunctive 'Tifgreen' and 'Tifdwarf' accessions. Mutation during normal Tifdwarf vegetative growth was evaluated by planting sprigs and sampling their offspring. Somatic sequence divergence levels (0.004 +/- 0.007%) resulted in a mutation rate of 1.05 x 10-8 per nucleotide per generation, assuming that a bermudagrass sprig constitutes a generation of growth. These rates were comparable to those found in germinal cells and individuals of either human or Drosophila melanogaster, supporting the notion that eukaryotic evolution is generation rather than time dependent. The high accumulation of somatic mutations (10 per triploid genome) is consistent with a model whereby mutation load in a population exhibiting obligate vegetative reproduction is substantially higher than in a population under sexual or asexual reproduction. These constraints could be the cause of reported genetic instabilities in the Tifgreen-Tifdwarf complex. Finally, a long-term rate measured across accessions and indicative of the accumulation of mutations in 17 Tifgreen-Tifdwarf populations (¦Ì = 1.02 x 10-8 per nucleotide per generation) was strikingly congruent with the bermudagrass vegetative mutation rate, suggesting absence of evolutionary constraints in the sampled genomic regions. Mutation rates calculated from across-accesions divergence estimates (5.18 +/- 0.53%) indicated that plant material was evolving 100 times faster (3.8 x 10-7 changes per nucleotide per year) than a molecular clock rate estimate for grasses, probably resulting from the compound effect of clonal growth and life span of the hybrid plant material.
Tomato spotted wilt virus in ornamental plants, vegetables and weeds in the Czech Republic.:Acta Virol. 1998 Nov;42(5):347-51. Review.Mertel¨ªk J, Mokr¨¢ V.Research Institute of Ornamental Gardening, Pruhonice, Czech Republic.
The occurrence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in horticulture crops and weeds in the Czech Republic has been studied in 1992-1997. During this period TSWV was established in 91 plant species. Virus identity was based on the host range, serology and electron microscopy. Natural TSWV infection was detected in glasshouses where the main vector Frankliniella occidentalis was present too. The most frequently TSWV-infected plant species were Chrysanthemum morifolium and Zantedeschia sp. Among vegetable crops, the TSWV infection was very frequently detected in tomatoes and peppers. In all cases these plants were nursed or grown in glasshouses together with different species of ornamental plants, many of which were TSWV-infected. Among weeds, the TSWV infection occurred very often in Stellaria media and Galinsoga parviflora. These two plant species were prevalent in glasshouses and were also good hosts of F. occidentalis.
Recent advances in the discovery and development of flavonoids and their analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents.:Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;439:191-225. Review.Wang HK, Xia Y, Yang ZY, Natschke SL, Lee KH.Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
Antitumor and anti-HIV flavonoids and their analogues will be reviewed with emphasis on those discovered in our laboratory. The active antitumor compounds include the antileukemic tricin (1) and kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2) from Wikstroemia indica, the cytotoxic hinokiflavone (3) from Rhus succedanea, the cytotoxic isoflavone (8) from Amorpha fruticosa, two dihydroxypentamethoxyflavones (9, 10) from Polanisia dodencandra. The development of synthetic 2-phenyl-4-quinolones as potent cytotoxic antimitotic flavonoid analogues and 2-phenylthiochromen-4-ones as potent antitumor flavonoid analogues will be presented. Selected results from other laboratories and antitumor-related biological studies also will be discussed. Flavonoids have also been investigated as potential anti-HIV agents. In our laboratory, acacetin-7-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (131) from Chrysanthemum morifolium and chrysin (102), as well as apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (130), from Kummerowia striata, have been found to exhibit anti-HIV activity. In other studies, some flavonoids and related compounds have been investigated as inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase. The isolation and structural modification of such plant-derived active principles provide a continuing source of potential antitumor and anti-HIV agents.
Triterpene alcohols from the flowers of compositae and their anti-inflammatory effects.:Phytochemistry. 1996 Dec;43(6):1255-60.
Eleven tabular and nine ligulate flowers from 15 species of Compositae plants were investigated for their triterpene alcohol constituents. This led to the isolation and identification of 11 triterpene alcohols as follows: heliaol, taraxasterol, psi-taraxasterol, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, lupeol, taraxerol, cycloartenol, 24-methyl-enecycloartanol, tirucalla-7,24-dienol and dammaradienol. The tabular flowers of Calendula officinalis, Carthamus tinctorius, Cosmos bipinnatus, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Helianthus annuus and Matricaria matricarioides showed a characteristic feature by containing helianol as the most predominant component (29-86%) in the triterpene alcohol fractions. The triterpene alcohols from Compositae flowers were evaluated with respect to their anti-inflammatory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation (1 microgram per ear) in mice. All of these showed marked inhibitory activity, and their 50% inhibitory dose was 0.1-0.8 mg per ear.
Anti-AIDS agents, 10. Acacetin-7-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, an anti-HIV principle from Chrysanthemum morifolium and a structure-activity correlation with some related flavonoids.:J Nat Prod. 1994 Jan;57(1):42-51.Hu CQ, Chen K, Shi Q, Kilkuskie RE, Cheng YC, Lee KH.Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.
An active anti-HIV principle, acacetin-7-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, has been isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium. Seven additional flavonoids isolated from this plant, 13 known related flavonoids, and 14 synthetic flavonoids were also evaluated as inhibitors of HIV replication in H9 cells. A known flavone, chrysin, was found to be the most promising compound in this series. Flavonoids with hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and with a C-2-C-3 double bond were more potent inhibitors of HIV growth. In general, the presence of substituents (hydroxyl and halogen) in the B-ring increased toxicity and/or decreased activity.
Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 Produces a Second Set of Plant-Inducible Pectate Lyase Isozymes.:Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Jun;59(6):1756-1761.Kelemu S, Collmer A.Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-5908.
The enterobacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi causes soft-rot diseases involving extensive tissue maceration in a wide variety of plants and secretes multiple pectic enzymes that degrade plant cell walls and middle lamellae. An E. chrysanthemi mutant with directed deletions or insertions in genes pehX, pelX, pelA, pelB, pelC, and pelE, which encode exo-poly-alpha-d-galacturonosidase, exopolygalacturonate lyase, and four isozymes of pectate lyase, respectively, was constructed by the marker exchange of a cloned pehX::TnphoA fragment into E. chrysanthemi CUCPB5010, a Delta(pelA pelE) Delta(pelB pelC)::28bp Delta(pelX)Delta4bp derivative of strain EC16. This mutant, E. chrysanthemi CUCPB5012, no longer caused pitting in a standard pectate semisolid agar medium used to detect pectolytic activity in bacteria. Nevertheless, the mutant still macerated leaves of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), although with reduced virulence. The mutant was found to produce significant pectate lyase activity in rotting chrysanthemum tissue and in minimal media containing chrysanthemum extracts or cell walls as the sole carbon source. Activity-stained, ultra-thin-layer isoelectric focusing gels revealed the presence in these preparations of several pectate lyase isozymes with pIs ranging from highly acidic to highly alkaline. Sterile culture fluids containing these isozymes were able to macerate chrysanthemum leaf tissue. Unlike the products of the pelA, pelB, pelC, and pelE genes in E. chrysanthemi EC16, these plant-inducible pectate lyase isozymes were not produced in minimal medium containing pectate. The results suggest that E. chrysanthemi produces two sets of independently regulated pectate lyase isozymes that are capable of macerating plant tissues.
A prospective clinical study on reversion of 200 precancerous patients with hua-sheng-ping.:Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1993 Mar;13(3):147-9, 132. Chinese.Yu XY.Second Clinical Medical College, Xi'an Medical University.
200 precancerous patients were treated by the drug Hua-sheng-ping, the process was monitored by endoscopic histo-pathologic examination, and biochemical criteria. Results: The total effective rate was 95.5%, which was higher than that of control group (57%), P < 0.01. The recipe is composed of some medicinal herbs such as Chrysanthemum morifolium, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Panax notoginseng. It is indicated for Syndromes such as Spleen-Stomach Asthenic Cold etc. and has been proved to be an effective prescription for precancerous lesions.
Studies on aldose reductase inhibitors from natural products. IV. Constituents and aldose reductase inhibitory effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Bixa orellana and Ipomoea batatas.:Chem Pharm Bull. 1991 Dec;39(12):3346-7.
The hot water extracts of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Bixa orellana and Ipomoea batatas, were found to have potent inhibitory activity towards lens aldose reductase (AR). Ellagic acid (4) was isolated from C. morifolium and I. batatas, isoscutellarein (7) from B. orellana and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (10) from I. batatas, respectively, as potent inhibitors.
Characterization of an Unusual New Agrobacterium tumefaciens Strain from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram.:Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Sep;57(9):2468-2472.Bush AL, Pueppke SG.Department of Plant Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211.
We characterized five isolates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens from naturally occurring galls on Chrysanthemum morifolium. The isolates are similar, possibly identical, members of a single strain of A. tumefaciens that we designate Chry5. The strain is a biotype I, as indicated by its response to both newly described and traditional biotype tests. Chry5 produces tumors on at least 10 plant species. It is unusual in its ability to form efficiently large tumors on soybean (Glycine max), a species normally refractory to transformation. Chry5 is unable to utilize octopine or mannopine as a carbon source. Although Chry5 can catabolize a single isomer each of nopaline and succinamopine, it differs from other known nopaline and succinamopine strains in its insensitivity to agrocin 84. This pattern of opine catabolism is unique among Agrobacterium strains examined to date. All five isolates of Chry5 contain at least two plasmids, one of which shares homology with pTiB6.
Carbon Gain and Photosynthetic Response of Chrysanthemum to Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density Cycles.:Plant Physiol. 1991 Jun;96(2):529-536.Stoop JM, Willits DH, Peet MM, Nelson PV.Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7609.
Most models of carbon gain as a function of photosynthetic irradiance assume an instantaneous response to increases and decreases in irradiance. High- and low-light-grown plants differ, however, in the time required to adjust to increases and decreases in irradiance. In this study the response to a series of increases and decreases in irradiance was observed in Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat. "Fiesta" and compared with calculated values assuming an instantaneous response. There were significant differences between high- and low-light-grown plants in their photosynthetic response to four sequential photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) cycles consisting of 5-minute exposures to 200 and 400 micromoles per square meter per second (mumol m(-2)s(-1)). The CO(2) assimilation rate of high-light-grown plants at the cycle peak increased throughout the PPFD sequence, but the rate of increase was similar to the increase in CO(2) assimilation rate observed under continuous high-light conditions. Low-light leaves showed more variability in their response to light cycles with no significant increase in CO(2) assimilation rate at the cycle peak during sequential cycles. Carbon gain and deviations from actual values (percentage carbon gain over- or underestimation) based on assumptions of instantaneous response were compared under continuous and cyclic light conditions. The percentage carbon gain overestimation depended on the PPFD step size and growth light level of the leaf. When leaves were exposed to a large PPFD increase, the carbon gain was overestimated by 16 to 26%. The photosynthetic response to 100 mumol m(-2) s(-1) PPFD increases and decreases was rapid, and the small overestimation of the predicted carbon gain, observed during photosynthetic induction, was almost entirely negated by the carbon gain underestimation observed after a decrease. If the PPFD cycle was 200 or 400 mumol m(-2) s(-1), high- and low-light leaves showed a carbon gain overestimation of 25% that was not negated by the underestimation observed after a light decrease. When leaves were exposed to sequential PPFD cycles (200-400 mumol m(-2) s(-1)), carbon gain did not differ from leaves exposed to a single PPFD cycle of identical irradiance integral that had the same step size (200-400-200 mumol m(-2) s(-1)) or mean irradiance (200-300-200 mumol m(-2) s(-1)).
Photosynthetic Dynamics in Chrysanthemum in Response to Single Step Increases and Decreases in Photon Flux Density.:Plant Physiol. 1990 Sep;94(1):46-53.Stoop JM, Peet MM, Willits DH, Nelson PV.Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7625.
The time-course of CO(2) assimilation rate and stomatal conductance to step changes in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was observed in Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat. ;Fiesta'. When PPFD was increased from 200 to 600 micromoles per square meter per second, the rate of photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation showed an initial rapid increase over the first minute followed by a slower increase over the next 12 to 38 minutes, with a faster response in low-light-grown plants. Leaves exposed to small step increases (100 micromoles per square meter per second) reached the new steady-state assimilation rate within a minute. Both stomatal and biochemical limitations played a role during photosynthetic induction, but carboxylation limitations seemed to predominate during the first 5 to 10 minutes. Stomatal control during the slow phase of induction was less important in low-light compared to high-light-grown plants. In response to step decreases in PPFD, photosynthetic rate decreased rapidly and a depression in CO(2) assimilation prior to steady-state was observed. This CO(2) assimilation ;dip' was considerably larger for the large step (400 micromoles per square meter per second) than for the small step. The rapid photosynthetic response seems to be controlled by biochemical processes. High- and low-light-grown plants did not differ in their photosynthetic response to PPFD step decreases.
Contact dermatitis from chrysanthemums in India.:Contact Dermatitis. 1989 Aug;21(2):69-71.Sharma SC, Tanwar RC, Kaur S.Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
32 patients (24 male, 8 female) with contact dermatitis from Chrysanthemum morifolium are reported. 24 (75%) patients gave a history of seasonal variation and 16 (50%) of photoaggravation and/or photosensitivity. Exposure to chrysanthemums was occupational in 18 and recreational in 12. The common clinical presentations were hand and face dermatitis in 13 (41%) and airborne contact dermatitis in 10 (31%) patients. All 32 patients demonstrated positive patch tests to ethanolic extracts of the flowers, 30 to the leaves, 28 to the whole plant, and only 6 to the stems, in that order of intensity.
Airborne contact dermatitis from Compositae plants in northern India.:Contact Dermatitis. 1989 Jul;21(1):1-5.Sharma SC, Kaur S.Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
60 patients (45 male and 15 female) with suspected airborne contact dermatitis from Compositae (Asteraceae) plants and 20 age-matched controls (15 male and 5 female) were investigated. Patch tests were performed with ethanolic plant extracts of 4 Compositae plants, Parthenium hysterophorus, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Dahlia pinnata and Tagetes indica, all prevalent in northern India. 55 (92%) patients showed positive patch tests, with 35 (64%) demonstrating positive tests to extracts of only 1 of the 4 plants tested. No positive patch tests were seen in the controls. Parthenium hysterophorus (78%) was the most frequent plant reacting, followed by Chrysanthemum morifolium (42%), Dahlia pinnata (18%) and Tagetes indica (7%).
The Role of Ethylene in the Inhibition of Rooting under Low Oxygen Tensions.:Plant Physiol. 1989 Jan;89(1):165-168.Soffer H, Mayak S, Burger DW, Reid MS.Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
A 60-fold increase in ethylene content was observed in stem cuttings of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat.) held in aero-hydroponics under anoxic conditions during the 8 to 12 days necessary for adventitious root formation. Ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and 10-(malonylamino) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid contents were highest in the immersed portion of the cuttings, but there was substantial ethylene produced by the anoxic, misted portions of the cutting above the liquid. Application of ethylene (10 microliters per liter) to chrysanthemum cuttings stimulated root development in cuttings held in high dissolved oxygen concentrations (8.0 milligrams per liter). Since the application of ethylene did not inhibit rooting in cuttings held at low dissolved oxygen concentrations (2.0 milligrams per liter), the inhibition of rooting under low oxygen concentrations is not mediated by the observed increase in endogenous ethylene content.
Alantolactone sensitivity in chrysanthemum contact dermatitis.:Contact Dermatitis. 1978 Apr;4(2):93-102.Campolmi P, Sertoli A, Fabbri P, Panconesi E.
A case of occupational chrysanthemum contact dermatitis is reported. Patch tests showed the patient to be sensitized to Chrysanthemum morifolium (Chr M) leaves, flowers, and stems (alcoholic extracts) and to alantolactone. An attempt at desensitization appears to have been successful. Gas chromatography indicated the presence of alantolactone in all the various parts of Chr M, mostly in the flowers. The "maximization test" succeeded in sensitizing guinea pigs to alantolactone.
Chrysanthemum allergy. Pt. II: Experimental studies on the causative agents.:Arch Dermatol Forsch. 1975;251(3):235-44. German.Schulz KH, Hausen BM, Wallh?fer L, Schmidt-L?ffler P.
Experimental studies on allergic contact dermatitis due to Chrysanthemum indicum 1. (Chrysanthemum x-morifolium) (chrysanthemum of the florists) have indicated the following results: 1. In 5 patients with allergic contact dermatitis from chrysanthemum oil of turpentine and its sensitizing compounds gave no patch test responses. No relationship between contact allergy due to chrysanthemus and to turpentine oil could be determined. 2. The pyrethrins, constituents with insecticidal activity, derived from certain Chrysanthemum species and often suspected as the causative agents, play no role in chrysanthemum allergy. 3. Tests on sensitized guinea pigs (pirl bright white strain) with flowers of chrysanthemum as well as with the two sesquiterpene lactones parthenolide and alantolactone, derived from different Composite species, gave positive patch test reactions. The results showed that parthenolide produced stronger reactions than alantolactone. 4. By thin layer chromatography neither parthenolide, nor alantolactone or pyrethrosin could be detected in extracts of chrysanthemum flowers of the florists. But the investigations indicated that several other terpenic compounds are present, which gave positive color reactions to certain lactone reagents. Five of them showed strong positive patch test reactions in our patients as well as in sensitized guinea pigs. Further studies are required to identify these compounds.
Measuring Osmotic Pressure of Sap within Live Cells by Means of a Visual Melting Point Apparatus.:Plant Physiol. 1970 Oct;46(4):515-519.Bearce BC, Kohl HC.Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
A freezing slide apparatus is described for visual observation of freezing water and melting ice within plant cells. The slide consists of an ordinary microscope slide glued into a Plexiglass jacket, through which cold 90% ethyl alcohol is pumped at varying rates for temperature control. Temperature is recorded by means of an iron-constantan thermocouple wire (25-micron diameter) connected to a recording potentiometer. Tissue strips were quick frozen (at a cooling rate of 33 C per (1/2) minute) and then warmed very slowly (at a rate of 2 C per minute) for observation of melting points. This apparatus has been used to determine osmotic pressures of cell sap of guard and adjoining epidermal cells of Chrysanthemum morifolium and Pelargonium hortorum. An accuracy of +/- 1.2 atmospheres is possible. Wide variations among osmotic pressures of both guard and epidermal cells were found at any one stomatal aperture in both species.
Photoreactions Controlling Flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat. and Hemfl.) Illuminated with Fluorescent Lamps.:Plant Physiol. 1970 Mar;45(3):235-239.Cathey HM, Borthwick HA.Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.
Flowering of chrysanthemum plants under short photoperiods, as is well known, is prevented when the plants are illuminated near the middle of the long night. Such illumination inhibits flowering whether it is given continuously or intermittently, and whether it comes from incandescent or from fluorescent lamps. We discovered, however, that fluorescent light applied intermittently (cyclically) throughout the entire 16-hour long night was far less inhibitory than when applied during only part of this dark period. By contrast, incandescent filament illumination is strongly inhibitory under these conditions. The cycles of fluorescent light usually lasted 15 minutes, 1.5 minutes of light followed by 13.5 minutes of dark. When such cycles were applied for only 12 hours, leaving 4 hours of uninterrupted darkness in each long night, inhibition of flowering was complete again.
Presence and possible mode of action of a proteinaceous gonadotropin-like growth regulating factor in plant systems.:Plant Physiol. 1969 Jan;44(1):75-7.Leshem Y, Avtalion RR, Schwarz M, Kahana S.
Antiserum to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) caused marked inhibition of adventitious rooting of Begonia semperflorens and Chrysanthemum morifolium stem cuttings. Immuno-absorption of crude protein extract from chrysanthemum foliage through a column of polymerized and unsolubilized HCG antibodies resulted in a significant reduction in adventitious root promoting activity of the extract. These results are discussed in the light of a hypothesis that an endogenous protein growth regulating substance which immunologically resembles HCG exists in plant systems. Further experimentation with HCG suggests that its mode of action is possibly via the regulation of peroxidase enzymatic control of auxin levels.
Scientific References:
1.Research Update:Chrysanthemum morifolium.
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
seminal trace...Chrysanthemum Flower Extract.10:1.Chrysanthemum Extract.Flos Chrysanthemi.Chrysanthemin,Chrysanthemine,C21H21O11; acacetin,C16H12O5; luteolin,C15H10O6;chlorogenic acid,C16H18O9....
Phytochemical info of Chrysanthemum Flower Extract.
Effects of transplanting date and density on appearance quality of greenhouse single-flower cut chrysanthemum.:Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2007 May;18(5):1055-60. Chinese.Li XM, Dai JF, Luo WH, Chen FD, Gu JJ, Lu JH.College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. lxm1119@126.com
Scientific References:
Claims & Warning:
