American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L. Araliacae, is rare, medicinal plant actively harvested from the wild across its range in North America. It typically grows beneath mixed-hardwoods in moist, well-drained slopes and in particularly lush sites. American ginseng grows to about 20 inches in height at maturity and has 1 to 5 palmately compound leaves emanating from a sympodium or stalk. Its glossy-green leaves and sympodium arise from an underground root in late spring; wild ginseng collectors seek this thickened, multi-branching root, the harvest of which kills the entire plant. About mid-June, most plants over three years produce a cluster of tiny white flowers in the center of the whorl of leaves. The flowers produce a hard-seeded fruit, which turns a distinctive red in the fall.
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Basic Instruction
American ginseng,how to use this magic tonic from the past...
American ginseng
Scientific Name:Panax quinquefolius L.
Biological Name: Panax Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius
Genus: Panax Family: Araliaceae Order: Apiales Class: Magnoliopsida Symbol : PAQU
Common Name : American ginseng
Scientific Name : Panax quinquefolius L.
Official Latin Name: Panax quinquefolia
Other Names: American Ginseng, Five fingers, Tartar Root, five leafed ginseng, redberry, garantoquen, sang, Ginseng - American,Amerikaanse Ginseng,Amerikanischer Ginseng,Red Berry,Panax quinquefolius
Parts Used: Root
Nomenclature:
American ginseng Panax quinquefolium. The name has remained relatively stable, but debate has existed as to whether the specific epithet should end with the masculine "us" (P. quinquefolius) or the neuter "um" (P. quinquefolium). While some argue for the neuter ending as it appeared in the work of Linnaeus, according to Graham (1966) and Tucker et al. (1989), the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (article 76) dictates that this specific epithet must be treated as a masculine, thus should be Panax quinquefolius. Panax derives from Greek roots, pan meaning "all," and akos , "cure," referring to the "cure all" or "panacea" attributes of the root's healthful virtues. "Ginseng" means "essence of the earth in the form of a man" (Graham, 1966).
Common Uses:Relief for emotional stress,mental fatigue;Improvement of memory.
Remedies Uses:Demulcent, panacea, stimulant, stomachic
Ginseng is best known for its anti-fatigue, energy giving properties. It is widely used as a stimulant.
This herb is believed to be of value in any condition where nervous or mental exhaustion is concerned. Accepted as being beneficial in loss of appetite, stomach and digestive affections (to relieve nausea and vomiting)
American Indian tribes use it as a love potion and charm. It is world's number one aphrodisiac.
A slow growing herb native to North America. The root is used to treat respiratory and digestive disorders. Plant is 16" tall. pk/20 Growing Instructions: Sow seeds directly in prepared ground 0.5" deep about 3" apart and cover with soil. Place 4" of straw or leaves over soil. Seeds planted in the fall will germinate next spring, so keep area undisturbed.
Plant Type: This is a herbaceous plant, it is a perennial which can reach 50cm in height (20inches).
Leaves: The leaves are whorled. Leaves can reach 25cm in length (10inches). There are usually three leaves. Each leaf is palmately divided into five toothed leaflets.The perennial grows 1-2 feet tall on a simple, smooth stem with a 1 foot spread.The 3 leaves are divided into 3-7 oblong, sharp-toothed leaflets up to 6 inches long.
Flowers: The flowers have 5 Regular Parts and are up to 0.25cm wide (0.1 inches). They are greenish white. Blooms first appear in mid spring and continue into mid summer. The flowers are in a single umbel from the axis of the leaves,It bears umbel-shaped, greenish white flowers in June-July, followed by crimson berries, each with 1-3 seeds.
Fruit: A cluster of bright red berries.
Habitat: Rich and cool woods.
Flowering Period:August.
Harvest:Roots at 3 to 4 years, in the fall.The root, the medicinal part of the plant, is spindle-shaped and fleshy. It grows slowly and does not reach harvest size for 4 years or more. Collectors can tell the age of the root by counting the leaf scars on the neck, or rhizome.
Range: Most of North America east of the Rocky Mountains except the extreme south. Panax quinquefolius is indigenous to North America. It grows in rich hardwood forests in shady, well-drained locations.
Ginseng requires 75% shade , either in the woods or constructed with shade cloth. It is hardy to zone 3 and is cultivated in Wisconsin. It prefers a loamy soil with lots of humus and plenty of compost and mulch. It is prone to fungal diseases, which are less of a problem with good drainage. The seeds are harvested in the fall; the root in the fall of the fifth year or beyond. Harvest decisions may depend on disease pressures
Perennial herb. Grows to 8-24 inches tall. The plant has three compound leaves, each composed of five toothed leaflets, atop a straight stem. Tiny greenish white flowers appear in June-July. Bright red berries appear in late summer. The root is fleshy and is the part used as a herb.
The root grows very slowly. It takes approximately 5-7 years to attain usable size. The name Panax is very closely related to the word panacea, all-healing. It had been respected for centuries as a cure-all. "Ginseng" means "wonder of the world".
Originally produced in the United States and Canada but also cultivated in China. Two species of ginseng are available: Oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). Both are full of compounds (ginsenosides) that work on the pituitary-adrenal axis, increasing resistance to stress and affecting metabolism, skin and muscle tone, and hormonal balance. Oriental ginseng is more of a stimulant and can raise blood pressure in some people, so I recommend using only the American species for dogs. Ginseng probably has little to offer young dogs, but may provide an increase in vitality to older one.
Phytochemicals and Constituents:
Glycoside content of the plant is believed to be responsible for the herb's stress response.
The main active ingredients of Ginseng (American and Korean) are the more than 20 saponin triterpenoid glycosides called "ginsenosides". Another major difference between American and Korean Ginseng is that the American Ginseng is rich in the Rb1 group of ginsenosides, which have a more sedative and metabolic effect on the central nervous system. Korean Ginseng is higher in the Rg1 group of ginsenosides, which are more arousing and stimulating. American Ginseng (Rb1 ginsenosides) is also believed to increase stamina and learning ability, and has been used historically for stress, fatigue characterized by insomnia, poor appetite, nervousness and restlessness.
Like Panax ginseng, American ginseng contains dammarane type ginsenosides as the major biologically active constituents. Dammarane type ginsenosides includes 2 classifications: the 20(S)-protopanaxadiol [ppd] and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol [ppt] classifications. American ginseng contains high levels of Rb1, Rd (ppd classification) and Re (ppt classification) ginsenosides -- higher than that of P. ginseng in one study.
Standardized extracts of American ginseng root contain: 4-5% ginsenosides. The Swiss Pharmacopoeia requires ginseng roots to contain at least 2% ginsenosides while the German standard license requires only 1.5% or more.Triterpene saponins known as ginsenosides at least 31 different ones have been identified including 7 ginsenosides used as marker compounds for Panax species, which include Asian and American ginseng; Sesquiterpenes; Polyacetylenes And Polysaccharides;
Panax Quinquefolius Contains: Acetic Acid; Adenine; Adenosine; Alanine; Alloisoleucine; Aluminum; Alpha-Aminobutyric Acid; Beta-Aminoisobutyric; Beta-Aminobutyric Acid; Amylase; Arabinofuranose; Arabinose; Arasaponin A And B; 1.2-1.76% Arginine; 0.1-0.4% Aspartic Acid; Bicyclogermacrene; Biotin; Boron; Calcium; Campestrol; Approximately 70% Carbohydrates; Caryophyllene; 0.1-0.2 Choline; 0.3% Citric Acid; Escin; Estradiol; Estrol Estrone; 1.0% Fat; 5.9-24.5% Fiber; 0.4-0.5% D-Fructose; Ginsenin; Ginsenosides Ro, Rb, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg 1 And 2; 0.5-1.5% D-Glucose; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Histidine; Alpha And Beta-Humulene; Iron; Isoleucine; Kaempferol; Ketoglutaric Acid; Leucine; Linoleic Acid; Linolenic Acid; Lysine; 0.1-0.2% Magnesium; Maltose; 1.5-2% Nitrogen; Oleanolic Acid; Oleic Acid; 0.6-0.9% Panaxadiol; 0.7-1.2% Panaxatriol; Panaxoside A-F; Phosphorus; 0.6-3.4% Potassium; 12.2% Protein; 0.7% Pyruvic Acid; Resin; 0.75-1% Saponin; Alpha, Beta And Gamma-Selinene; Beta-Sitosterol; 0.05-0.48% Sodium; 8-32% Starch; 0.05% Stigmasterol; 4.0% Succinic Acid; 1.5-8.5% Sucrose; 0.15% Sulfur; Tannin; 0.05-0.1% Threonine; Tiglic Acid; Uracil; Uronic Acid; N-Valeric Acid; Valine; Vanadium; Vitamin B-12; Zinc [Information on American ginseng root taken from: Duke JA. 1992. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 426-428; and Harkey et al. 2001. Variability in commercial ginseng products: an analysis of 25 preparations. Am J Clin Nutr 2001 Jun; 73(6): 1101-6].
Phytochemicals in American Ginseng Parts:(Panax Quinquefolius L.):
Although some Native American tribes used the root of the plant we now call Ginseng, they considered it mostly as a charm to attract game or a husband and, at least in some tribes, the practice was to harvest it only when the seeds were ripe so they could be planted to insure a harvest years in the future.
Then in the eighteenth century a Jesuit missionary noticed that the plant was almost identical to "jen-shen" a plant highly valued in China for its root which was, and is yet, considered a panacea not to mention an aphrodisiac.(Dobelis) The trade that developed and is ongoing has reduced this once common plant to a rather rare species. So it is that this American plant joins the ranks of the tiger the rhinoceros and the black bear in being driven ever closer to extinction by those that profit from the baseless beliefs of a huge population. Countless studies indicate that any medical effect that this plant may have is that of a tonic, very subtle, effective only over a long term. Much of the Ginseng produced by this country is now cultivated. Cultivation is difficult and takes several years to produce a crop of roots of sufficient size. If you spend a lot of time in remote woods of eastern North America in the late summer or early fall you will likely run into "Sang hunters". Often armed with very small flat spades they venture to rich, cool, hollows and coves where a few remaining patches of Ginseng can be found and can earn several hundred dollars in a day or two of gathering, some time spent drying, and another day taking the dried roots to a buyer who sells it to an exporter and eventually most American Ginseng ends up in China. The Ginseng products available in this country come almost exclusively from Chinese Ginseng which the Chinese consider inferior to the American.
The Chinese name jen-shen and at least one Native American name garantoquen mean "man like". This refers to the root which with a little imagination looks like a man. The scientific name quinquefolius translates into "five leaved cure all".
Ginseng is difficult to spot when in flower as it is not tall, has a small flower and looks rather indistinct among the lower story plants of the forest. In the fall its bright red berries give it away easily. The cluster of bright shinny red fruits look similar to that of Jack in the Pulpit and will catch your eye from a distance. Occurring in small patches in ideal habitat it is occasionally found alone and unexpectedly in shaded woods.
American Ginseng has been traditionally used by the American Indians as a general tonic, as a natural restorative for the weak & wounded, and to help the mind (mental alertness & retention). The word, ginseng, means 'essence of the earth in the form of a man' due to the human-like shape of some ginseng roots.
American Ginseng is native to Canada, eastern US, Wisconsin, and China. American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is closely related to Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng) - American Ginseng is more appropriate for hot weather conditions as its energy is more cooling (although both are sweet and slightly bitter); while Asian Ginsengs can be used during the colder seasons, as they have a more warming nature. Or, in other words, American Ginseng is more sedative & relaxing, and increases "yin" energy, in contrast to Korean Ginseng (Panax) which is more stimulating & invigorating, and increases the "yang" energy. The part of the plants used is the root. American Ginseng's known active constituents include glycosides (ginsenosides), saponins, and phytosterol.
Ginseng is the ultimate example of man's almost mystical interaction with nature. Ginseng plays the central role in a good deal of Chinese mythology, medicine, commerce and trade. For Western man, the economic value of Ginseng outweighed its medicinal value until the past 20 years or so, during which time extensive research on the plant has grown explosively1, and has tended to verify and extend the various medicinal claims. Ginseng is, of course, the famous Asiatic tonic that has been shown in numerous studies to affect mental and physical behavior.
Ginseng has been found to protect the body & nervous system from stress, stimulate & increase metabolic function, increase physical & mental efficiency, lower blood pressure & glucose levels when they are high, and raise them (blood pressure & glucose levels) when they are low, increase gastrointestinal movement & tone, increase iron metabolism, and cause changes in nucleic acid (RNA) biosynthesis.
In geriatric use, Ginseng has been proven beneficial in restoring mental abilities. Ginseng also helps by directly affecting the adrenal-pituitary axis, the result of which is manifested by an increased resistance to the effects of stress. This herb also aids mental function by improving circulation. Animal studies have clearly demonstrated Ginseng's ability to help the learning process. Ginseng has also been found to stimulate the central nervous system in small amounts, and depress the central nervous system in large doses.
Topical applications include use in many anti-wrinkle facial products. Historical culinary uses include the use of the roots cooked into various soups and grains. Ginseng has also been added to candies, soda and liqueurs.
History,Discovery,Distribution and Trade:
Legends and Myths:
Used in China for over 5,000 years, ginseng was known to 9th century Arab physicians. Over 400 million people have been using this herb for centuries. Marco Polo wrote of this prized wonder drug and when a delegation from the King of Siam visited Louis XIV, they presented the king with a root of gintz-aen. From then on, ginseng was widely used by wealthy Europeans for exhaustion and debility. By the 18th century, it was also popular in America, especially when P. quinquefolius was found to be indigenous.
The name "panax" in the botanical name means "all-healing." The Mandarin name for ginseng, len seng, literally means "root of man," so named because the root resembles the shape of the human body.
It is said that the botanical name of ginseng is derived from the Greek word for panacea, because of the great reverence in which the herb is held.
Ginseng was known to Judah in the market place of Israel (Ezekiel 27:17). Trading was done in wheat, oil balm, honey, and "Pannag," or all-healing ginseng.
No medicinal herb is more famous than Ginseng. For over 200 years wild American Ginseng has been harvested and shipped to the Orient. Today, over 95% of the American Ginseng crop (wild-harvested and cultivated) is shipped to eastern Asia. Interstate commerce of the root is regulated by the federal government. It is unethical and illegal to harvest the roots before the red berries ripen and set seed in late summer or early autumn.
In China for centuries, Ginseng was considered an almost magical drug, a cure for bodily woes. Among the Chinese healers Ginseng is regarded primarily as a "man's herb" although it may be taken by both men and women. The female equivalent of Ginseng is a root called Dong Kwei.
The name Ginseng is derived from the Chinese word for "likeness of man" because its roots sometimes resemble a human figure. Ginseng's genus name Panax, like the word panacea, comes from the Greek word panakeia, meaning "all-healing". This refers to the plant's reputation as a Chinese cure-all. Quinquefolium means five-fingered leaf.
Native Americans have used the root of this plant to relieve vomiting and nausea. Some tribes used it in their love potions. American colonists began using ginseng in the early 1700s. The Eclectics, 19th century physicians who rejected synthetic drugs in favor of plant medicines, recommended American ginseng as a stimulant and aphrodisiac.
The American ginseng plant, Panax quinquefolius, is similar in appearance and is in the same botanic genus as Asian ginseng (panax ginseng). First described in the early 18th century in Eastern Canada, P. quinquefolius was primarily harvested for export to China. American ginseng is also referred to as North American, Canadian, or Wisconsin ginseng, referring to primary areas of harvest or cultivation, although it is now grown in many areas of the world. The root is used medicinally.
American Ginseng,sometimes called by its common name Panax, was discovered in Canada in the 18th century.Early Western botany and medical writers observed American ginseng's ability to help restore energy after fatigue and its antispasmodic effects in nervous affection.
A 1714 publication of Father Petrus Jartoux (1668-1720), a Jesuit missionary in North China, provided the first published Western account of the Asian Panax ginseng. After describing the plant's habitat, Jartoux made a remarkable conjecture. "All of which makes me believe," he writes, "that if it is to be found in any other country in the world, it may be particularly in Canada, where the forest and mountains, according to the relation of those that have lived there, very much resemble these here" (Jartoux, 1714).
In 1715 Jartoux's words reached Joseph Francois Lafitau (1681-1746), a Jesuit missionary working among the Mohawks above Montreal. After three futile months of searching, he stumbled upon American ginseng quite by accident in 1716. His discovery was detailed in an 8,000-word letter to his superior, the Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, in 1718. He apparently sent specimens to Michel S. Sarrazin (1659-1734) who, in the same year, described American ginseng and its discovery in Canada (Foster, 1986; Foster, 1989; Duke, 1989).
Lafitau sent samples of dried roots to Jartoux. Jartoux showed them to Chinese merchants, and was able to arrange importation of the roots to China, provided they were cured as prescribed by the Chinese. Thus began the export of American ginseng to the Orient (Goldstein, 1975).
Distribution and Trade:
Ginseng root has been sold in dried form for thousands of years, and to this day the overwhelming majority of ginseng root is sold dried. Ginseng extracts are generally made from Red Ginseng. Actually all Ginseng is white but when dried a certain way it creates "Red" Ginseng during the curing process.
Ginseng is native to both Asia (Panax Ginseng) and North America (Panax Quinquefolius). American ginseng has been highly prized in Asia since the early 1800's (Daniel Boone was a "sang" hunter, harvesting and selling wild Ginseng whenever he found it). American ginseng contains roughly twice the number of active ginsenocides as Asian Ginseng. For the past century nearly 90% of all Ginseng root harvested in the USA has been exported to Asian markets. All dried ginseng roots sold by the Online Ginseng Store areCertified Panax Quinquefolius, and the roots are on average 4-6 years old. The roots have been cleaned and manicured, with the root hairs and tendrils removed.
Panax quinquefolius occurs on rich, rocky, shaded, *cool slopes, preferring sweet soils. It is found in eastern North America, from Quebec to Manitoba, south to northern Florida, Alabama, and Oklahoma. Its peak abundance is in the Cumberland Gap region of the southern Appalachian. Elsewhere it is rare (Eastman, 1976). Once considered frequent in eastern North America, it is now considered a threatened, rare, or endangered species in many areas due to overzealous harvest of the root for commercial purposes (Lewis and Zenger, 1982). The international trade of American ginseng is regulated under the provisions of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), which regulates trade through permit requirements for imports, exports, and re-exports of listed species. American ginseng is listed in CITES Appendix 11, controlling and monitoring its trade "in order to avoid utilization incompatible with [its] survival" (Singer, 1979). Harvest and commerce are regulated and restricted both jointly and separately by state agencies, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the United States Department of Agriculture.
Soon after American ginseng was discovered by Lafitau, exports of the root from Canada reached China. Early shipments from the U.S. went to the China by way of France or England. In 1773 a sloop, the "Hingham," carried 55 tons of ginseng from Boston. A direct shipment to China after the American Revolution was made in 1782 by a New York merchant, John Jacob Astor (Williams, 1957). For the four years in which records of ginseng exports were kept in the 1770s, an average of 140,000 pounds was exported each year. Near the turn of the eighteen and nineteenth centuries, ginseng exports -seem to virtually disappear (at least from government records).
Pursh (1814, p. 19 1) observed the decline in interest in the plant, "it formerly was an article of exportation in America, but at present there is little demand for it." Jacob E. Bigelow (1824, p. 376) makes a similar observation, "The root of Ginseng is in high estimation among the Chinese and formerly constituted a profitable article of export to Canton."
Export of wild-harvested root picked up again in the mid-nineteenth century. Exports of 1858 are documented at 366,053 pounds (Krochmal and Krochmal, 1977). Cultivation of American ginseng was begun in the 1870's by Abraham Whisman of Boones Path, Virginia. By 1895 there were about twenty ginseng growers. A USDA Bulletin on American ginseng cultivation, published in 1895 resulted in a boon of startup ginseng growers (Williams, 1957). In 1995 1,552,324 pounds (704,130 kg.) of cultivated ginseng root, valued at $44,905,434, was exported from the U.S., while 358,260 pounds (162,506 kg.) of wild-harvested root, valued at $31,457,267, was exported. (D. A. Purnphrey, 1996).
History and Modern Use of American Ginseng:
Many Native American tribes used American ginseng. Medicinal applications ranged from digestive disorders to sexual problems.The Chinese began to use American ginseng after it was imported during the 1700s.The traditional applications of American ginseng in China are significantly different from those for Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng).
Relatively little is known about the use of American ginseng by native groups. Ginseng was one of the five most important medicines among the Seneca Indians, primarily used by the elderly. A Crow legend holds that Gray Bull's wife had revealed to her in a dream that chewing the root would induce childbirth without suffering. An infusion of the boiling leaves was equally effective when drunk by the woman (Goldstein, 1975). The Oklahoma Seminole used the root to cure nosebleed, treat shortness of breath, and as a "woman catcher" (Howard, 1984).
The Penobscots steeped the root in water, drinking the infusion from time to time to increase the fertility of women. The Penobscot referred to the plant as "man root" (Speck, 1915). While not observed to use the root, it was harvested for sale by the Ojibwe, who followed the ethical practice of harvesting the roots only when the red berries were mature, and before they were ready to drop. The whole fruiting tops were planted in the hole from which the roots were dug, thus helping to insure long term sustainable harvest (Smith,1932). The Menominee used the root as a tonic and to strengthen mental powers (Smith, 1923). Further ethnobotanical uses are noted by Vogel (1970) and Moerman (1986).
Early Western medical observations on the use of American ginseng attempted to find active qualities which would justify the high esteem for the plant held by the Chinese. The results were conflicting, setting the stage for an on-going argument on the health value of American ginseng.
Porcher (1849) quoting numerous botanical and medical writers, attempts a balanced assessment. "...it is a restorative after great fatigue, as an antispasmodic in nervous affections, in coma, and as an aphrodisiac ... Dr. Wood, [U.S. Dispensatory, 1847] says, it is very little more than a demulcent (soothing for mucous tissue); but Lindley [A Natural System of Botany, 1836] thinks that there is not reasonable doubt of the ginseng having an invigorating and stimulant power, when fresh."
Primarily consumed by Asians, American ginseng has always been regarded as an export commodity. It never became a major medicinal plant in the American materia medica, of either allopathic or Eclectic medicine. The root was official in the United States Pharmacopeia from 1842 to 1882. It was primarily used as a stimulant and a stomachic (Claus, 1961).
According to Hsu (1979) there are five basic reasons explaining why the Chinese favor American ginseng. First, when American ginseng was initially exported to China in the early eighteenth century, wild Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) had already become extremely scarce. The relative abundance and quality of wild American ginseng, opened the way for development of cultivated American ginseng as an export crop in the early twentieth century. Psychologically, Asians have believed U.S. manufactured or produced products to be of superior quality. The taste of the American ginseng is sweeter than Asian ginseng. Last, American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) and Asian ginseng (P. ginseng) are considered to be distinct medicinal plants. American ginseng is considered more yin in Chinese traditions, and is good to reduce heat of the respiratory or digestive systems. Conversely, P. ginseng is more yang, and is a heat-raising tonic for the blood or circulatory system. Consequently, American ginseng is preferred by consumers in subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, as it is a cold or mild tonic, that will reduce "heat" in the system, while acting as a general tonic.
The large majority of the 2,900 documented citations to ginseng refer to studies on the Asian Panax ginseng. A much smaller number of scientific studies have involved American ginseng. The focus of Oriental researchers is aimed at how ginseng works, since it is culturally accepted that it does work. On the other hand, Western researchers focus efforts on determining if it indeed works at all (Braly, 1987).
Modern Use:
Classed as an adaptogen, American ginseng may be taken to increase the body's general resistance to stress. It has been shown in clinical studies to lower blood sugar levels, and it may also be useful in preventing damage from strokes and in relieving symptoms of ADHD. Its hormone-like effects are being studied for possible relief of menopausal symptoms.
Inconsistencies in interpreting results of various ginseng studies are documented by Lewis (1986). Conflicting opinions have often been the result. Further complicating the interpretation of the efficacy or usefulness of ginseng are the variations or differences in plant and animal species studied, plant parts used, differences in extractions and purification methods, and differences in route and dose administered. Furthermore, depending upon concentration of specific chemical components with opposite pharmacological activity, differing results may be obtained (Staba and Chen, 1979).
Saponins are considered the primary biologically active components of Panax species. The major saponins in Panax are termed ginsenosides. Ginsenosides isolated from American ginseng include Rb 1, Rb2, Rb3 (0.03 %), Rc, Rd, Re, Rg 1 (0. 15 percent), R92 (0.008 percent), Ro, and F2 (Thompson, 1987). Concentrations of total ginsenosides were reported to be higher in wild American ginseng root than cultivated root. The presence and absence of various ginsenosides has been reported (Liu and Staba 1980).
Timing of harvest is one of the variables involved in ginsenoside content. Citing the research of Soldati and Tanaka (1984), Duke (1989) notes that the highest yields of ginsenosides were obtained at the end of the summer of the fifth year. The root also doubles in weight at this time. Growth and ginsenoside increases were less marked after the fifth year.
Review of the pharmacological actions of pure ginseng saponins by S. Shibata et aL (1985) indicates that ginsenoside Rgl has shown weak CNS (central nervous system)stimulant activity, anti-fatigue action, and aggravation of stress ulcer, and a slight increase in motor activity. In behavioral tests it showed an acceleration of discrimination behavior in pole-climbing tests and Y-maze tests, a reversal learning response in the Y-maze test, and one-trial passive avoidance learning using the step down method. Ginsenoside Rbl has CNS-depressant activity, is anticonvulsant, analgesic, antipyretic, antipsychotic, ulcer-protective, inhibits conditioned avoidance response, has weak anti-inflammatory activity, an antihemolytic action, and increases gastrointestinal motility. In addition it accelerates glycolysis, and accelerates serum and liver cholesterol, nuclear RNA, and serum protein synthesis.
Medical Uses: Ginseng has a reputation as a magical cure all that is hard to dispel even with numerous test that demonstrate little medical value. Herbalist recommend it, if taken regularly, to reduce stress, help the body resist infections and as a stimulant. The dried root can be chewed or taken as tea. Any number of extracts of Chinese Ginseng are found on the market.
Over the last century,American ginseng has gained popularity throughout the world for its therapeutic qualities.Ginseng is often prepared as a tea, but is also popular in single-herb and combination-therapy supplements. Modern uses for ginseng include:
Relief for some forms of emotional stress.
Relief of mental and physical fatigue
Increased libido in men and women
Improvement of memory
General health and energy.
The root is considered demulcent, mild stimulant, tonic. Research suggests it may increase mental efficiency and physical performance, aid in adapting to high or low temperatures and stress when taken over an extended period. Ginseng's effect is called "adapatogenic", tending to return the body to normal.
Native Americans in some areas used a decoction of ginseng root to relieve nausea and vomiting. Several tribes used it as an ingredient in love potions and charms. May inhibit the growth of cancerous tumors.
Overview:
American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L. [Fam. Araliaceae], is closely related to Asian ginseng, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, and has many medicinal virtues. The genus name Panax is derived from the Greek words pan (all) and akos (cure) meaning cure-all. Panax quinquefolius contains many of the same active ginsenosides as Panax ginseng. According to Dr. James Duke in the book, The Green Pharmacy, America exports close to $100 million worth of American ginseng annually, mostly to Asians who regard it as an herbal fountain of youth. Controlled studies of Asian ginsengs have repeatedly found improvements in exercise performance (including muscular strength, maximal oxygen uptake, work capacity, serum lactate, heart rate, visual and auditory reaction times, alertness, and psychomotor skills) with a daily dosage greater than 1g of dried root (or equivalent) when taken for at least 8 weeks, particularly with older subjects. Most clinical studies on American ginseng relate to its property of reducing hyperglycemia in normal and hyperglycemic persons. A preliminary short-term clinical study involving 10 normal subjects and 9 blood-sugar control patients randomized to receive 3g ginseng or placebo was conducted to assess whether American ginseng affects after-meal glycemia in humans. The ginseng (or placebo) was given 40 minutes before or together with a 25g oral glucose challenge. In normal subjects, ginseng taken 40 minutes before the glucose challenge significantly reduced after-meal glycemia. In subjects with blood-sugar control problems, the same was true whether capsules were taken before or together with the glucose challenge. The researchers concluded that American ginseng attenuated after-meal glycemia in both study groups. American ginseng also combats stress, boosts the immune system, provides antioxidants to fight chronic disease and aging and prevents endothelial cell damage considered to be the initial step in the genesis of thrombosis and artery damage, the precursors of vascular disease.
Traditional Usage: - Adaptogenic (returns the body to normal) - Aging - Antioxidant - Blood Sugar Control - Cellular Regeneration - Cleansing - Demulcent (soothing) - Detoxifying - Exercise Performance - Fatigue - Hyperglycemia - Mental Efficiency - Stress - Temperature Adaptation - Tonic - Vascular Disorders
Ginsengs are marketed in the U.S. to boost energy, relieve stress, improve concentration, and enhance physical or cognitive performance. Most ginsengs are believed to act as general restoratives, tonics, or adaptogens, which have nonspecific strengthening properties to restore the body's balance, enhance stamina, and increase resistance to stress and disease.
Native Americans traditionally employed American ginseng to help with childbirth and fertility and to strengthen mental powers, and for a variety of ailments such as respiratory disorders, headaches, and fevers.
Actions: Chinese Medicine noted Strong action in replenishing Yin and producing fluids. It is weaker than ginseng for tonifing Qi.
Folk Uses: Used in Chinese medicine for low-grade chronic fever due to the Yin wasted by Heat in febrile diseases. It also is used to treat chronic cough, exertional asthma, and heaves (tonify the Lung).
TCM Properties: Traditional Chinese Medicine believe Panax quinquefolius as Yin (shadow, cold, negative, female) energy, which cleans excess Yan and calm the body. This type of root is highly prized in Chinese societies.
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Asian and American ginsengs are used to restore vital energy in the body. However, American ginseng is considered to have more cooling or calming qualities, as opposed to Asian ginseng's more heating or stimulating properties. According to TCM theory, American ginseng is used to calm the ailing respiratory or digestive systems and as therapy for diabetes or "thirsty" syndromes, and may be preferred in warmer climates.
Adaptogen Normalizing system levels:
American Ginseng is an adaptogen having a sedative effect on the central nervous system. This herb grows in the northeast America. it is found from Michigan and Wisconsin, south to northern Florida, Alabama, Louisiana and Oklahoma. A heavy concentration lies in the Appalachian Mountains, although wild American Ginseng is considered endangered. Ginseng was valued by the native American Indians long before the white men began to popularize it. Wild American Ginseng gained its notoriety in the 1700s, when a French Jesuit priest returned to Paris with a sample he had found in southern Canada. Sensing the potential profits from the plant, Jesuits sent missionaries to Canada to find more of it, and for several years the Jesuits shipped tons of American Ginseng to China. In 1784, George Washington reported using pack horses for carrying Ginseng. Daniel Boone and Davy Crockett are said to have made large sums of money in Ginseng trafficking. American Ginseng became a lucrative crop, and not unlike the gold during the gold rush of California, the wild Ginseng was almost wiped out along the Eastern seaboard due to overharvesting. American Ginseng, compared to panax (Korean ginseng), is one of the most popular forms of ginseng being used today, and the most expensive. Normalizing system levels of the body, American Ginseng has been used to lower cholesterol, increase energy levels, balance the metabolism, and stimulate the immune system.
American ginseng contains ginsenosides, which are thought to fight fatigue and stress by supporting the adrenal glands and the use of oxygen by exercising muscles.The type and ratio of ginsenosides are somewhat different in American and Asian ginseng. The extent to which this affects their medicinal properties is unclear. A recent preliminary trial with healthy volunteers found no benefit in exercise performance after one week of taking American ginseng.
American ginseng has not been studied as extensively as Panax ginseng; but, in general, ginsengs are considered to be adaptogens, or substances that may help individuals adjust to physical and emotional stress. Frequently, American ginseng is added to sports supplements and beverages that are promoted to increase physical performance. In small studies, however, products containing American ginseng did not show any benefit over placebo (inactive sugar pills) for athletes who took it.
Relieve respiratory problems:
The cooling and anti-inflammatory properties found in American Ginseng may also be used to help reduce fevers and relieve respiratory problems, including dry coughing and wheezing. American Ginseng is considered to have more 'cooling' properties than its Asian counterparts. It is only used after the roots are at least four years old. Despite its being very difficult to cultivate, some farmers have succeeded.
Nomalize Glucose and Help Slim and diabetes:
Studies have shown American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) helps increase energy as well as normalize glucose levels after eating.Example formulations such as Slim Metabolic Burner, is in the category of thermogenesis, where metabolism increases and allows you to use the food you eat more effectively. The three main ingredients in this product are: American Ginseng, Adventra-Z, and Forslean. This product is intended for those who already have a slow metabolism due to being overweight.Studies have shown American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) helps increase energy as well as normalize glucose levels after eating. Adventra-Z, an extract of citrus fruit (C. aurantium), increases the metabolic rate without affecting the heart rate or blood pressure like others. ForsLean, an extract of the Coleus forskohlii plant which produces forskolin. Forskolin, in several studies has shown promise to enhance lean body mass as well as improve body composition. These two functions result in fat and or weight loss. The remaining ingredients: Chromium, Pantathonic Acid and Apple Cider Vinegar optimize the first three ingredients to provide an improved performance.Normally this combination formulated similarly as:American Ginseng Ext.250 mgs,Citrus Extract.200 mgs,Forslean 20%,Coleus Forskohlii Extract 200 Mg,Chromium Pilconate 75 Mcg,Pantothenic Acid 50 Mg,Apple Cider Vinegar 150 Mg
In a small pilot study, 3 grams of American ginseng was found to lower the rise in blood sugar following the consumption of a drink high in glucose by people with type 2 diabetes.The study found no difference in blood sugar lowering effect if the herb was taken either 40 minutes before the drink or at the same time. A follow-up to this study found that increasing the amount of American ginseng to either 6 or 9 grams did not increase the effect on blood sugar following the high-glucose drink in people with type 2 diabetes.This study also found that American ginseng was equally effective in controlling the rise in blood sugar if it was given up to two hours before or together with the drink.
Recent work carried out at the University of Toronto has shown that American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is able to prevent the spike in blood sugar that follows a meal. A daily dosage of 500 mg (taken with breakfast) should be sufficient
Three new studies, performed jointly by researchers at the University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, and the University of Ottawa, show that American ginseng can lower blood-sugar levels in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.
In the first study, researchers gave nine subjects with type II diabetes and 10 nondiabetic subjects either 3 g American ginseng or placebo, followed by a 25 g oral glucose solution. Both ginseng groups experienced an 18 percent to 22 percent reduction in postprandial glycemia (blood-sugar levels after carbohydrate consumption) compared with placebo. In the nondiabetic subjects, ginseng lowered postprandial blood sugar only when taken 40 minutes prior to the glucose challenge. In diabetic subjects, ginseng lowered postprandial sugar whether administered 40 minutes prior to, or together with, the glucose challenge.
In the second study, researchers compared different doses of American ginseng~3, 6 and 9 g~in diabetic subjects. They found that ginseng caused the same postprandial blood-sugar lowering results at each dose, and at any time from 0 to 120 minutes before the glucose challenge.
Researchers in the third study aimed to replicate the first two studies' results using a lower ginseng dose in nondiabetic patients. Twelve healthy individuals received 1, 2 or 3 g American ginseng or placebo at 40, 20, or 10 minutes before or along with a glucose challenge. They found no significant differences between the three doses~each lowered postprandial glucose levels an average of 11.4 percent. As in the first study, ginseng was effective only when taken 40 minutes prior to the glucose challenge.
The somewhat disparate results of these three studies can be summarized as follows: In both healthy and diabetic people, doses as small as 1 g American ginseng can lower the glycemic response after carbohydrate consumption. Although administration time does not seem to be an issue for diabetics, ginseng regulates glycemia in healthy people most effectively when taken 40 minutes before carbohydrate consumption.
The results of these studies are important because of mounting evidence that postprandial hyperglycemia poses a significant health risk to both diabetic and nondiabetic people. Poor control of postprandial glucose levels is a diabetic risk factor for developing vascular complications, such as atherosclerosis,6 and researchers have found that nondiabetics with higher postprandial blood-sugar levels were more likely to develop diabetes and to die of cardiovascular disease.
Questions remain as to the mechanisms behind ginseng's hypoglycemic action. The Toronto researchers concluded from animal experiments that ginseng slows digestion, stimulates insulin secretion, and enhances nitric oxide-mediated uptake of glucose into cells.3 Each of these mechanisms offers a plausible explanation for ginseng's ability to lower blood-glucose levels, although the latter two mechanisms may better explain why ginseng works in nondiabetics when taken 40 minutes prior to a glucose challenge.
Further research is needed to determine ginseng's optimal dose and whether other species, such as P. ginseng or P. notoginseng, are equally effective in modulating blood-glucose levels. Until then, it is safe for those concerned about glycemic control to take 1 to 3g American ginseng, in capsules or as a tea, at least 40 minutes prior to a meal with carbohydrates. It will probably become evident with further research that specific timing of ginseng intake is not necessary and that regular use between meals (e.g., 1 g, three times/day) is sufficient to provide ongoing blood-sugar control.
Anti-Fatigue and Oxygen Booster:
American Ginseng may also be used to alleviate fatigue, relieve nervousness and reduce stress, especially after acute illnesses. American Ginseng increases oxygenation to the cells and tissues, stimulating the regeneration of damaged cells. For this reason, American Ginseng is commonly used to enhance the feeling of overall well being, stimulating the nervous system, brain and heart.
American ginseng may have several other significant effects in the body. For example, in small studies of humans, taking American ginseng has appeared to lower blood sugar levels for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Non-diabetic study participants also experienced reductions in blood sugar levels, although their reductions were smaller than those seen in individuals with diabetes. Results from one small study in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed that American ginseng combined with ginkgo biloba may help to control disruptive behavior associated with ADHD.
American ginseng has also been found in animal and laboratory studies to protect nerve cells from damage caused by a lack of oxygen. In humans, this effect could help prevent or limit impairment from strokes and nerve-damaging conditions such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. None of these potential effects have been studied well enough to recommend the use of American ginseng to treat any of these conditions, however.
Estrogen Effects:
American ginseng is thought to have estrogen-like components that ordinarily may worsen hormone-dependent conditions such as some types of breast cancer. Laboratory studies, though, have shown that it may have a cancer-fighting effect for certain breast cancer cells. Both the methods used to process American ginseng and possible fungal contamination may contribute to its potential estrogenic effects. Further studies of American ginseng possible use as add-on therapy for breast cancer and investigations of its potential to relieve symptoms of menopause are underway.
Herbs That May Help Manage Stress:
Of the five botanical extracts included in Anti-Stress Formula, Siberian and American ginsengs deserve special attention.Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract,Gotu Kola extract,Wild Yam and Norwegian Kelp,complex Vitamins,minerals such as Calcium,Phosphorus,Magnesium,Zinc,Selenium,Copper,Manganese used also.
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) was widely used by many Native American tribes to support health of a wide range of systems, particularly digestive and sexual function. American ginseng contains ginsenosides, which stimulate the immune system and fight fatigue and stress by supporting the adrenal glands and the use of oxygen by exercising muscles.
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) has been used by the people of the Siberian taiga region for millennia, to increase physical vitality and quality of life in a physically stressful environment. The constituents in eleuthero that have received the most attention have been named eleutherosides. Seven primary eleutherosides have been identified, with most of the research attention focusing on eleutherosides B and E. Eleuthero also contains complex polysaccharides which play a critical role in eleuthero ability to support immune function.
Reducing postprandial glycemia:
A random-crossover design study of 12 healthy individuals in 2001 demonstrated the effect of panax quinquefolius in reducing postprandial glycemia. The effect was time dependent, and not dose dependent, and only seen when the ginseng was administered 40 minutes prior to a glucose challenge.The authors indicate that while this study was done on healthy subjects, the therapeutic implications for ginseng as monotherapy or part of multiple therapy for persons with type 2 diabetes is compelling.
Increasing energy, strength, and immune function:
A dietary supplement is provided that comprises creatine combined with ginseng and astragalus and, optionally, glutamine. The dietary supplement enhances the general energy boost and muscular strength increase achieved from the consumption of creatine alone, while also increasing immune function.
Uses and Commercial Importance:
The genus Panax contains 11 species according to recent study and is considered to be a source of some of the worlds premier PAT (panacea-adaptogen-tonic) plants. A panacea, briefly defined, is a cure-all; an adaptogen enhances adaptation to stress; and a tonic improves strength and well-being. Members of the genus have earned these reputations as a consequence of a long history of cultural use in eastern Asia and the Pacific Rim. The two most widely used species, Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), are native to eastern Asia and eastern North America respectively. Both are considered to be the most valuable members of the genus, from a therapeutic standpoint, and thus form the basis of the international ginseng trade.
The health-promoting properties associated with consumption of American ginseng as a food, beverage, or supplement continues to receive an increasing amount of scientific interest and scrutiny worldwide. Such studies have generally yielded favorable results, with many traditional claims corroborated by modern research. These positive findings, in turn, continue to drive demand, even in countries where ginseng does not have a history of cultural use. The whole root has the greatest commercial demand and, therefore, is the item most sought after by collectors. This is true even though all parts-leaves, fruit, and root-have been shown to contain various ginsenosides (the chemical constituents that are believed to be most responsible for the beneficial properties of ginseng). Trade in wild ginseng has remained important throughout the past century despite the fact that the species was introduced into horticulture in the late-nineteenth century and has since been cultivated intensively in artificial-shade gardens and plantations. These "gardens" can cover many acres, and their benefit to growers is that plants can be rapidly grown (in 3-5 years) at high densities by optimizing cultural conditions.
Widespread collection of American ginseng root from Pennsylvania forestlands was noted as early as 1783 and has undoubtedly contributed much to the economic prosperity of the Commonwealth over the years. During the 15-year period from 1989 to 2004, for example, over 38,000 pounds of harvested and dried root were reported from Pennsylvania (Table 1). Using an average (and often conservative) price of $300/lb paid to collectors for dried root, the contribution of the ginseng trade to Pennsylvania's economy can be estimated at more than $11 million dollars during this era, and this figure does not include the income received from downstream and value-added processing. From such estimates, American ginseng is clearly one of the Commonwealth's premier, yet little-acknowledged, natural resources.
Clinical Trials:
There are few controlled clinical trials using American ginseng products. In one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of eight athletic volunteers, a noncommercial American ginseng extract in a daily dose of 8 - 16 mg/kg for 7 days failed to enhance physical performance as measured by a cycle ergometer. There were no significant differences compared to placebo in any of the outcome measures, which included oxygen uptake, heart rate, time to exhaustion, lactate and glucose concentrations, and rating of perceived exertion.
In a series of randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled stud-ies by the same investigators, a single dose of American ginseng was found to reduce post-prandial glycemia by about 10-20%. Effects were not found to be dose dependent. In healthy subjects, 1-3 g doses reduced glycemia when given at least 40 minutes before a glucose load. In type-II diabetics, 3-9 g doses were tested and found to reduce glycemia when given with, or up to 2 hours prior to, a glucose load.
Pharmacokinetics:
When taken orally, ppd-type ginsenosides are mostly metabolized by intestinal bacteria (anaerobes) to ppd monoglucoside, 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (M1).In humans, M1 is detected in plasma from 7 hours after the intake of ppd-type ginsenosides and in urine from 12 hours after the intake. These findings indicate that M1 is the final metabolite of ppd-type ginsenosides.
M1 is referred to in some articles as IH-901 , and in others as compound-K.
Pharmacological and clinical studies conducted over the past 40 years, primarily with Panax ginseng, have focused on radio protective, antitumor, antiviral, and metabolic effects; antioxidant activities; nervous system and reproductive performance; effects on cholesterol and lipid metabolism, and endocrinological activity (Ng and Yeung, 1986; S. Shibata et aL, 1985). Additional studies and important review articles on the pharmacology and clinical applications of ginseng species are found in the American Botanical Council's Botanical Series monograph #303 (Asian ginseng).
Staba and Chen (1979) reviewed major pharmacological activity associated with ginseng (species not specified). Small doses of the ginsenoside Rg I tend toward a CNS stimulating effect. Large doses of the same compound depress the CNS. Adaptogenic and performance enhancing effects reported have included adaptation to dark, high and low temperatures, and work efficiency. Anti-fatigue activity has been demonstrated by swimming capacity of mice. Peripheral and neurogenic stimulation of the adrenal cortex by ginseng is suggested as a possible mechanism for coping with stress. Used externally, skin regeneration and anti-wrinkling effects have been reported. Ginseng has been shown to counteract the toxic effects of chloroform, amphetamines, and other toxins. Studies suggest it prolongs the life span of mice exposed to X-rays. Ginseng has been reported to increase the weight of seminal vesicles and prostate glands, and increase sperm counts and pregnancies. Various studies have shown that ginseng may both increase and decrease body temperature. Small doses have exhibited a tendency to increase body weight, large doses have a tendency to decrease body weight. In rat experiments, stimulation of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis has been reported. See Staba and Chen (1979) for additional details.
Research Progress Selected:
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., has been one of the best-known American medicinal plants since its discovery over 280 years ago.
Since the eighteenth century, the vast majority of both wild-harvested and cultivated supplies of American ginseng have been exported to the Orient. The subtle biological activity of ginseng, along with conflicting results and interpretation of studies, has produced an enigma in assessing the plant's value in health. While more questions than answers about predictable benefits of American ginseng exist, investigations conducted over the past 15 years have sharpened scientific focus in directing research efforts for the future.
Ginseng and Emotional Wellness:
Saponins are considered the primary biologically active components of Panax and are called ginsenosides. A review that analyzed saponins in clinical trials found that two of the ginsenosides in ginseng demonstrate stimulant and anti-depressant activity in the central nervous system.
Ginseng has also been shown to affect biochemical neurotransmitter processes in the brain.It is believed that ginsenosides may play a neuroprotectant role in the dopaminergic system and possess anti-stress action on Acetylcholine receptor sites in the brain.These effects may be partially responsible for Ginseng stress relieving benefits.
Medical research has recently begun to investigate the benefits that the ginseng herb may offer. While additional clinical study data is still needed, a 2002 study assessed patients who took regular daily doses of ginseng over an eight (8) week period. After four (4) weeks of ginseng therapy, the study also found that individual who were taking the ginseng therapy were more
likely to know they were on the therapy when compared to those taking placebo,suggesting that ginseng's effects were noticeable in the therapy patient group.
Studies involving, both, single-herb preparations and combination-herb preparations, suggest that Ginseng may help to improve cognitive function related to mental arithmetic,memory quality,response time, accuracy and general memory improvement.
Although direct human trials are warranted,one animal study reinforces the use of ginseng as an energy supplement. The study showed that ginseng treatment provided effective adaption to fatigue and increased endurance in both males and females.
Ginseng and ADHD(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder):
Attention Deficit Disorder affect millions of adults and children each year. Adult ADHD is a particularly difficult disorder to cope with as it can affect daily life at home,work and social settings.Some of the symptoms that may be associated with ADHD include:
Forgetfulness and memory difficulty
Being easily distracted
Inattentive listening skills
Taking Impulsive action without prior thought
Lack of focus(shifting from one uncompleted task to another)
In a recent clinical study involving children and adolescents with ADHD,patients were given a dose of combination-therapy panax ginseng and ginkgo biloba.Patients assessed their children
based on the Corners' Parent Rating Scale. After four weeks of therapy,patients exhibited a significant improvement in respect to social problem attributes and DSM IV hyperactive-impulsive scores.The results of the study lead researchers to suggest that this combination therapy may improve the symptoms of ADHD.further human trials are needed in order to determine ginseng's exact roll as a therapeutic agent in ADHD.
American ginseng, when combined with other natural constituents such as Bacopa,Choline,GABA,Magnesium,Zinc and Valerian may help to improve some of the symptoms commonly associated with attention deficits,such as focus,memory and impulsivity problems.
Simplified extraction of ginsenosides from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) for high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet analysis.:Corbit RM, Ferreira JF, Ebbs SD, Murphy LLDepartment of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
Four methods were tested for extraction and recovery of six major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) found in roots of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius): method A, sonication in 100% methanol (MeOH) at room temperature (rt); method B, sonication in 70% aqueous MeOH at rt; method C, water extraction (90 degrees C) with gentle agitation; and method D, refluxing (60 degrees C) in 100% MeOH. After 0.5-1 h, the samples were filtered and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV. A second extraction by methods C and D was done, but 85-90% of ginsenosides were obtained during the first extraction. Lyophilization of extracts did not influence ginsenoside recovery. Method D resulted in the highest significant recoveries of all ginsenosides, except Rg1. Method C was the next most effective method, while method A resulted in the lowest ginsenoside recoveries. Method B led to similar recoveries as method C. All methods used one filtration step, omitted time-consuming cleanup, but maintained clear peak resolution by HPLC, and can be used for quantitative screening of ginsenosides from roots and commercial ginseng preparations.
Protective effect of steamed American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on V79-4 cells induced by oxidative stress.:Kim KT, Yoo KM, Lee JW, Eom SH, Hwang IK, Lee CY.Korea Food Research Institute, San 46-1, Baekhyun-Dong, Bundang-Ku, Songnam-Si, Kyunggi-Do 463-746, Republic of Korea.
Heat-processed Asian ginseng roots (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), also known as "red ginseng" in Asia, are reported to have more bioactivity than the no-processed white ginseng roots. Therefore, American fresh ginseng roots (Panax quinquefolius L.) were processed to the red ginseng and examined changes in bioactivity during heating process. The fresh America ginseng roots were steamed at 100 degrees C for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, and their bioactivities were examined by analyzing the content of ginsenosides and total phenolics, and measuring DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging acivity and their protective effects on V79-4 cells viability and lipid peroxidation. The heating treatment proportionally increased total ginsenosides (4.97%, w/w) content compared with white ginseng (3.27%) and total phenolics from 444.5 mg GAE/100 g to 489.6-574.2 mg GAE/100 g. The antioxidant activity also increased from 285 mg/100 g (vitamin C equivalent) to 353-487 mg/100 g. Heated ginseng showed high levels of DPPH radical scavenging activity (59.5-88.5%) and the high level of superoxide radical scavenging activity (44.2-90.9%). The heated ginseng protected cell viability against H2O2-induced oxidative damage, and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase by dose dependently in V79-4 cells.Published 27 April 2007 in J Ethnopharmacol, 111(3): 443-50.
American Ginseng Improves Glycemia in Individuals with Normal Glucose Tolerance: Effect of Dose and Time Escalation.:Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 6, 738-744 (2000)
Objective: We studied the effect of escalating the dose and administration time of American ginseng (AG, Panax quinquefolius L.) in nondiabetic individuals to achieve further improvements in glucose tolerance seen previously when 3g of AG was taken 40 minutes before a 25g glucose challenge.
Methods: Ten nondiabetic individuals (6M:4F; mean +- STD: age = 41 +- 13 years, BMI = 24.8 +- 3.5 kg/m2, FBG = 4.5 +- 0.1mmolL-1) on 12 separate occasions, randomly received 0 (placebo), 3, 6 or 9g of ground AG root at 40, 80, or 120 minutes before a 25g oral glucose challenge. Capillary blood glucose was measured prior to ingestion of AG or placebo capsules and at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes from start of challenge.
Results: Compared with the placebo, 3, 6 and 9g of AG reduced (p<0.05) postprandial incremental glucose at 30, 45 and 60 minutes; also, 3 and 9g of AG did so at 90 minutes. At 60 minutes, 9g of AG reduced incremental postprandial glucose relative to 3g of AG (p<0.05). All AG doses reduced (p<0.05) area under the incremental glucose curve (3g, 26.6%; 6g, 29.3%; 9g, 38.5%). AG taken at different times did not have an additional influence on postprandial glycemia.
Conclusions: In nondiabetic individuals, 3, 6 or 9g of AG taken 40, 80 or 120 minutes before a glucose challenge similarly improved glucose tolerance.
Changes in neutral and malonyl ginsenosides in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) during drying, storage and ethanolic extraction.:X. W. Du 1, R. B. H. Wills , and D. L. Stuart.School of Applied Sciences, University of Newcastle, P.O. Box 127, Ourimbah NSW 2258, Australia
Changes in the neutral and malonyl ginsenosides of American ginseng roots (Panax quinquefolium) were examined during drying, storage and extraction. Freshly harvested roots dried at 40, 55 or 70 ˇăC in a hot air drier showed a marked decrease in the time taken to dry as the air temperature increased but the colour of roots dried at 70 ˇăC was darker than the desired cream colour. Increasing the drying temperature decreased the concentration of total ginsenosides but with an increase in the neutral ginsenosides and a decrease in malonyl ginsenosides. Dried root powder, stored at 5, 20 and 30 ˇăC in air of low humidity, showed a decrease in the concentration of total ginsenosides at all temperatures with the rate of loss increasing at higher temperatures. The concentration of malonyl ginsenosides showed the same trend but the concentration of neutral ginsenosides did not significantly change during storage at any temperature. Extraction of ginsenosides, from dried root powder with aqueous ethanol, varied with the ethanol content. Maximum extraction of neutral ginsenosides was obtained with 70% ethanol while, for malonyl ginsenosides, it was 40% ethanol and 60% ethanol for total ginsenosides. The ratio of neutral to malonyl ginsenosides in the extract increased as the proportion of ethanol in the solvent increased. The findings show that the relative proportions of neutral and malonyl ginsenosides vary considerably during postharvest handling and reinforce the need to measure both types to obtain the true level of total ginsenosides.
American Ginseng:Suggestions and Administration
Dosage and Safety:How much is usually taken?
American ginseng has an excellent interaction and safety profile when taken in moderation.Dried ginseng can be chewed or it can be powdered and brewed as tea. Use as required. Dinseng may be consumed in the form of plant (root),tea, powder or supplement.
Preparations & Doses: American ginseng is available in multiple forms, from whole root products to a variety of more concentrated formulations and extracts in capsules, tablets, liquids, teas, and foods. The crude root is usually taken in doses of 1-2 g/day, but up to 9 g or more is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Many formulations contain concentrated extracts or preparations standardized to ginsenosides, usually as 100-200 mg of extract per dose.
Daily doses for ginseng formulations range from 50 mg to 1000 mg.
Simmer 3-6 g of dried root in 720-960 ml of water for 45 minutes or steep 1-2 g in boiling water for 20 minutes daily. Dry powder, 1 g three times daily
Standardized extracts of American ginseng, unlike Asian ginseng, are not available. However, dried root powder, 1~3 grams per day in capsule or tablet form, can be used.8 Some herbalists also recommend 3~5 ml of tincture three times per day.Dry extract capsules, 330 mg three times daily.
American ginseng has many oral dosage forms ?most commonly fresh or dried root, capsules containing powdered root, or liquid tincture. Although dosing recommendations for American ginseng are not consistent, typical recommendations are 200 mg to 500 mg twice a day for most individuals. In one study, doses for children with ADHD were 200 mg of American ginseng with 50 mg of ginkgo biloba extract taken twice a day for 4 weeks. To reduce blood sugar levels after meals for individuals with type 2 diabetes, a dose of 3,000 mg (3 grams) was taken 2 hours before meals. Participants in a study of American ginseng’s effect on blood sugar levels took up to 9,000 mg (9 grams) per day with no apparent increase in side effects. However, no additional reduction of blood sugar was seen from doses higher than 3,000 mg (3 grams).
Consult your physician prior to taking Ginseng,or any other supplement for the first time or with an existing treatment.Always use ginseng in moderation and in balanced amounts. Users of large amounts of American ginseng over long periods of time have reported side effect symptoms that include blood pressure changes,hypertension, nervousness, sleeplessness and headache.
Side effects and Cautions:
Occasional cases of insomnia or agitation have been reported with the use of American ginseng. These conditions are more likely, however, when caffeine-containing foods and beverages are also being consumed.High doses can result in ginseng abuse syndrome, with morning diarrhea, rash, insomnia, nervousness, and high blood pressure.Infrequently, the use of American ginseng has been associated with insomnia, irritability, nervousness, or restlessness, but these effects appear to be mild and temporary.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with American ginseng.
Adverse Effects: No significant adverse effects have been reported in the few clinical trials, and there are no case reports of clinical toxicities. Due to similar chemical constituents, American ginseng has the potential to cause any of the side effects possible with Asian ginseng, which appear to be uncommon and idiosyn-cratic.
Cautions and Precautions:
Individuals who have heart conditions, endometriosis, schizophrenia, or hormone-dependent cancers should not take American ginseng. It should also be avoided by young children, individuals with insomnia, and pregnant or breast-feeding women. If individuals with diabetes take American ginseng, they should take no more than recommended doses and also check their blood sugar levels carefully to make sure they do not develop hypoglycemia.
One American ginseng product has been shown to mildly blunt the hyperglycemic effect of food ; this may theoretically be detrimental in a tightly controlled or labile diabetic. Unlike Asian ginseng products, adulteration or contamination of American ginseng has not yet been reported. Safety has not been established during pregnancy or breast feeding.
Breast cancer patients should be advised against the use of ginseng, since not only is there no evidence for a positive anti-cancer effect in this population, but because there exist possible estrogenic side-effects of the herb.
Because of its hypoglycemic action, ginseng may trigger dangerous hypoglycemic episodes in patients with diabetes if taken in combination with insulin therapy or other oral hypoglycemic agents.
Some other documented symptoms include hypertension, diarrhea, sleeplessness, mastalgia, skin eruptions, and vaginal bleeding.
A "ginseng abuse syndrome" (GAS) is described in the literature characterized by hypertension together with nervousness, sleeplessness, skin eruptions, edema, and diarrhea.
Concurrent use of MAOIs with ginseng may result in manic-like syndrome. In addition, overstimulation may occur when used in conjunction with caffeinated beverages or ephedra.
Use caution in diabetics, as it can lower blood sugar and lessen need for other medications.
Use caution when taking with antipsychotic drugs and monoamine oxidase inhibiters (MAOIs),Do not use when pregnant, as one component has caused birth defects in rats. Safety in nursing mothers is unknown
May increase the effects of caffeine
Some caution required, large doses are said to raise blood pressure. Do not use if you have high blood pressure.
Because it grows slowly, is rare over much of its former range and because it has been overcollected, wild plants should be left alone.
American ginseng is thought to have some estrogenic properties, which could worsen certain conditions. Women with hormone-dependent conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and cancers of the breast, ovaries, or uterus should not take American ginseng due to its possible estrogenic effects. Men with prostate cancer should also avoid taking it.
American ginseng is thought to slow the rate and decrease the force of heart beats. It may also reduce blood pressure in some cases. All of these effects may worsen many types of heart conditions, therefore individuals with heart disease should not take American ginseng without supervision from a healthcare professional.
Taking high doses of American ginseng has been reported to worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia in some individuals.
Individuals with diabetes should use only recommended amounts of American ginseng and monitor their blood sugar levels closely while taking it. Taking more than is recommended may result in hypoglycemia (blood sugar that is too low). Indications of low blood sugar may include shakiness, sweating, confusion, distorted speech, and loss of muscle control. If not corrected, low blood sugar can lead to unconsciousness and even death.
Very little information is available on how American ginseng might affect a developing fetus, an infant, or a small child. Therefore, its use is not recommended during pregnancy, while breast-feeding, or during early childhood.
Taking American ginseng may cause or worsen insomnia.
American Ginseng Interactions:
Interaction with Prescription Drugs:
A small recent study found that taking American ginseng may reduce the effectiveness of the blood-thinning drug, warfarin. As a result, warfarin may not be as effective and blood clots could form. Whether American ginseng interferes with other anticoagulant drugs (such as heparin) or with antiplatelet drugs (such as clopidogrel and Ticlid) is not known. Individuals taking a drug to prevent blood clots should not take American ginseng before discussing its use with a healthcare professional.
Because American ginseng may reduce blood sugar levels, it may interfere with insulin and oral drugs for diabetes including: Actos,Avandia,glimepiride (Amaryl),glipizide (Glucotrol XL),glyburide (Glynase),Glyset,metformin (Glucophage),Prandin,Precose.
In reported cases, the risk of side effects such as headache, insomnia, and shakiness increased when American ginseng was taken with antidepressants known as MAO inhibitors. Drugs in this class include:Marplan,Nardil,selegiline (Eldepryl),tranylcypromine (Parnate).
American ginseng is believed to affect levels of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry messages from nerve cells to other cells. Antipsychotic drugs used to treat mental disorders such as schizophrenia also alter the levels of neurotransmitters. If American ginseng and antipsychotic drugs are taken at the same time, the effectiveness of the drug may be changed, so it is best to avoid using American ginseng while taking drugs such as: chlorpromazine (Thorazine),fluphenazine (Prolixin),olanzapine (Zyprexa),prochlorperazine (Compazine),Risperdal,Seroquel.
Because it is a general central nervous system (CNS)stimulant, American ginseng may increase the effects and the side effects of prescription drugs that also stimulate the CNS. Used mainly to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity; stimulant drugs can raise heart rate and blood pressure. Stimulants include:amphetamine salts (Adderall),dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine),methylphenidate (Concerta, Methlyn, Ritalin),phentermine (Adipex-P, Ionamin).
Chemicals in American ginseng may act like estrogen in the body. When it is taken at the same time as estrogen replacement therapy or oral contraceptives, American ginseng may interfere with the way the body uses the drug. As a result, estrogens or oral contraceptives may not be as effective, some women may experience increased side effects, or the risk of an unintended pregnancy may be slightly higher.
Interaction with Non-prescription Drugs:
Stimulants may be included in non-prescription drugs that are used for increasing energy, losing weight, raising mental alertness, or treating colds or asthma. If American ginseng is taken by mouth at the same time as one of these products is being used, the central nervous system may be over stimulated, possibly resulting in insomnia, and irritability. Increased blood pressure is also possible. Individuals who are not sure whether the non-prescription drugs they take contain stimulants should ask a doctor or pharmacist before beginning to take American ginseng.
Interaction with Herbal Products:
Because American ginseng may decrease blood sugar levels, taking it with other blood sugar-lowering herbal products may result in hypoglycemia - blood sugar that is too low. Herbals that may reduce blood sugar include:Eleuthero,Fenugreek,Ginger (in high amounts),Kudzu,Panax Ginseng.
Certain herbal products are stimulants that may result in side effects if they are taken with American ginseng. These herbal products include ephedra (which has been removed from the market), guarana, and mate. If any of these herbals are taken with American ginseng, insomnia, irritability, nervousness, and other side effects may result.
Interaction with Foods:
Caffeine increases the central nervous system stimulation effect of American ginseng. The combination may cause excessive nervousness and irritability, along with other signs of over-stimulation. Caffeinated beverages such as coffee, soft drinks, and tea should not be consumed when taking American ginseng.
Future Directions and Summary Evaluation:
It is only in the past 20 years that American researchers have begun to study the chemistry, pharmacology, and general biology of American ginseng. Studies on chemical components and pharmacokinetics have been conducted by researchers at the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota under the direction of Professor E. John Staba, and by Professor Ara Der Marderosian of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Studies on population dynamics, pollination, breeding systems, and demographics have been conducted by Professor Walter Lewis, Washington University.
Research on American ginseng is still in its infancy. As Professor Staba noted in a letter to the editor in Lancet (1985), "Evaluation of existing studies is not going to establish ginseng as a useful therapeutic agent. What we need now are long-term, controlled human studies of ginseng to identify predictable beneficial or harmful physiological effects. If such effects were to be found we might be better able to find out how ginseng works."
While questions remain regarding how and if American ginseng works, one thing is clear: the mystique and search for the truth will continue to engross scientists and nonscientists alike.
Summary Evaluation: American ginseng, like Asian and Siberian ginseng, is traditionally used as a tonic or adaptogen to enhance health and combat stress or disease. Few clinical trials have been conducted. In one well-designed study, American ginseng did not enhance physical performance. In another series of studies, single doses of one product mildly attenuated post-prandial glycemia; whether this effect is reproducible and beneficial for diabetics awaits chronic dosing trials. There are no well-documented adverse effects of American ginseng.
American Ginseng is a species of ginseng that grows wild in North America. In the 18th century, wild ginseng was discovered in North America, and was called, not surprisingly, "American ginseng." Since then, many ginseng farms have sprouted up, though it is still possible to find wild American ginseng. The state of Wisconsin is the capital of American ginseng. American ginseng is used as a energy booster and to improve circulation as well as strengthen immune system. It works on the spleens and lungs The spleen assimilates external energy and transforms it into internal energy. The lungs govern the body's physiological energy and distributes around the body. Even if you are not ill, ginseng can help increase your vitality, improve your energy level and promote general good health. The major difference between panax red ginseng and American ginseng is its potency. American ginseng has a milder qi boosting effect and so is suitable for people of all ages and conditions. American ginseng is mainly used for clearing the body's inner heat and tonifying the qi. Our bodies accumulate inner heat when we consume too much fried or spicy foods, don't get enough sleep, or during the hot summer months. American ginseng is good for gently boosting your energy level and for helping to overcome the irritability that comes from lack of sleep, or to help the acne resulting from too much fried foods.
Scientific References:
1.American ginseng,how to use this magic tonic from the past...http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/Forestry/wildplant/vulnerable_plants.aspx
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Serie No.:P005.Basic Data Sheet Download
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seminal trace...American Ginseng Extract.Panax quinquefolius.Panax quinquefolium extract.Ginsenosides 20%80%,CAS.NO:090045-38-8.North American ginseng extract.5:1.10:1.20:1.etc.Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, ext....
Nomenclature:
Preparations & Doses: American ginseng is available in multiple forms, from whole root products to a variety of more concentrated formulations and extracts in capsules, tablets, liquids, teas, and foods. The crude root is usually taken in doses of 1-2 g/day, but up to 9 g or more is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Many formulations contain concentrated extracts or preparations standardized to ginsenosides, usually as 100-200 mg of extract per dose.
Scientific References: