Research Update:Germinated Barley or Hordeum vulgare L.

  seminal trace...Germinated Barley.Fructus Hordei Germinatus.10:1Extract...

 


   Phytochemical info of Germinated Barley or Hordeum vulgare L.

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 Definition:Germinated Barley or Hordeum vulgare L are majorly composed of
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   Research Update:Germinated Barley or Hordeum vulgare L.

  Cytogenetic effect of low dose gamma-radiation in Hordeum vulgare seedlings: non-linear dose-effect relationship.:Radiat Environ Biophys. 2007 Mar;46(1):31-41. Epub 2006 Dec 15.Geras'kin SA, Oudalova AA, Kim JK, Dikarev VG, Dikareva NS.Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, Kievskoe shosse109 km, 249030, Obninsk, Russia. stgeraskin@gmail.com

 The induction of chromosome aberrations in Hordeum vulgare germinated seeds was studied after ionizing irradiation with doses in the range of 10-1,000 mGy. The relationship between the frequency of aberrant cells and the absorbed dose was found to be nonlinear. A dose-independent plateau in the dose range from about 50 to 500 mGy was observed, where the level of cytogenetic damage was significantly different from the spontaneous level. The comparison of the goodness of the experimental data fitting with mathematical models of different complexity, using the most common quantitative criteria, demonstrated the advantage of a piecewise linear model over linear and polynomial models in approximating the frequency of cytogenetical disturbances. The results of the study support the hypothesis of indirect mechanisms of mutagenesis induced by low doses. Fundamental and applied implications of these findings are discussed.

  Homeopathically prepared gibberellic acid and barley seed germination.:Homeopathy. 2003 Jul;92(3):140-4. Erratum in: Homeopathy. 2003 Oct;92(4):following page 236.Hamman B, Koning G, Lok KH.Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. brigitte@science.uct.ac.za

 The potentisation process by which homeopathic preparations are produced raises the concern that these medicines have placebo effects only, since they theoretically no longer contain active molecules of the diluted substance. Plant models offer a method of examining the efficacy of homeopathically prepared solutions. This study examined the effects of homeopathically prepared gibberellic acid (HGA3) on the germination performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds. The effect of HGA3 (4-200 cH) on seed germination rate and seedling development was compared to that of the most commonly used form of gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.5 g l(-1), and control (distilled water). The extent and type of response was dependent on the vigour level of the seedlot. Treating seeds from three vigour groups in HGA3 consistently resulted in larger seedlings. High-vigour seeds treated with HGA3 4, 30 and 200 cH germinated faster, and roots of medium-vigour seedlots treated in HGA3 15 cH were longer. Biphasic effects of HGA3 were also demonstrated. As a plant model, germinating barley seeds successfully demonstrated the ability of HGA3 to produce a biological response.

  5'-Phosphodiesterase (5'-PDE) from germinated barley for hydrolysis of RNA to produce flavour nucleotides.:Bioresour Technol. 2003 Jul;88(3):245-50. Deoda AJ, Singhal RS.Food and Fermentation Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai, 400 019, India.

 5'-Phosphodiesterase (5'-PDE) is an enzyme that hydrolyses RNA to a mixture of ribonucleotides, from which the flavour enhancers, 5'-guanosine monophosphate (5'-GMP) and 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) can be isolated. In the present work, 5'-PDE was extracted and partially purified from germinated barley seeds. 5'-PDE activity was monitored using bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate. The enzyme acts on the substrate and releases the p-nitrophenol, which is measured at 420 nm. Ultrafiltration using a polysulfone membrane having molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of 20 kDa gave 12-fold concentration. Further purification using ammonium sulphate gave 18-fold concentration. Heat shock for 15 min at 60 degrees C after the ultrafiltration enhanced the concentration of 5'-PDE 9.10 fold, while a similar treatment after ammonium sulphate treatment enhanced it by 17.83-fold. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 5, and was stable at 0 degrees C. This partially purified enzyme could be used for hydrolysis of RNA to produce 5'-GMP and 5' adenosine monophosphate, a precursor of 5'-IMP.

  Treatment of ulcerative colitis by feeding with germinated barley foodstuff: first report of a multicenter open control trial.:J Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov;37 Suppl 14:67-72.

 BACKGROUND: Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) is a prebiotic foodstuff that effectively increases luminal butyrate production by stimulating the growth of protective bacteria. In the first pilot study, GBF has been shown to reduce both clinical activity and mucosal inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of GBF in the treatment of UC in a multicenter open control trial. METHODS: Eighteen patients with mildly to moderately active UC were divided into two groups using a random allocation protocol. The control group (n = 7) were given a baseline anti-inflammatory therapy for 4 weeks. In the GBF-treated group (n = 11), patients received 20-30 g GBF daily, together with the baseline treatment, for 4 weeks. The response to the treatments was evaluated clinically and endoscopically. Fecal microflora were also analyzed. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of observation, the GBF-treated group showed a significant decrease in clinical activity index scores compared with the control group (P < 0.05). No side effects related to GBF were observed. GBF therapy increased fecal concentrations of Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium limosum. CONCLUSIONS: Oral GBF therapy may have the potency to reduce clinical activity of UC. We believe that these results support the use of GBF administration as a new adjunct therapy for UC.

  Prebiotic treatment of experimental colitis with germinated barley foodstuff: a comparison with probiotic or antibiotic treatment.:Int J Mol Med. 2002 Jan;9(1):65-70.

 There is increasing evidence that intestinal microflora play an important role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Therefore, modification of the microflora by prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics may be a rational approach for controlling intestinal inflammation. Germinated barley food-stuff (GBF) is an insoluble mixture of glutamine-rich protein and hemicellulose-rich dietary fiber. GBF is utilized efficiently by Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Eubacterium and converted by them into lactate, acetate, and butyrate. These bacterial organic acids preserve a favorable intestinal condition. We have previously shown that GBF has attenuated intestinal inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis and experimental colitis models through prebiotic actions. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of GBF with that of probiotics and antibiotics in an experimental colitis model. Colitis was induced by feeding male SD rats with a diet containing 3.0-3.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The therapeutic effect of oral administration of a prebiotic (GBF), probiotics (mixture of Lactobacillus and Clostridium butyricum), antibiotics (vancomycin, metronidazole), and the vehicle was determined by assessing clinical and pathological scores on day 6 after initiation of colitis. Butyrate concentrations in the cecal content were also determined. GBF treatment significantly reduced colonic inflammation as assessed by clinical scores with an increase in cecal butyrate levels. Probiotic treatment with a mixture of Lactobacillus and Clostridium butyricum did not show such an effect. Both antibiotic treatments significantly attenuated clinical and pathological scores. However, in contrast to GBF, this treatment led to a significant decrease in cecal butyrate levels. These data suggest that modification of the intestinal microflora by prebiotics, including GBF, may serve as a useful adjunct in the treatment of ulcerative colitis as well as antibiotic treatment.


  Study of metallopeptidase isozymes from malted barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Morex)..:J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Oct;49(10):4903-11.Fontanini D, Jones BL. Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. dfontani@facstaff.wisc.edu

 It has been reported that germinated barley contains peptidases that are sensitive to metal-chelating agents; however, none of these enzymes have been isolated, nor have their roles in germinated barley been investigated. Anion-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing have been used to isolate a group of peptidases from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Morex) green malt that are sensitive to metal-chelating agents. Their activities were studied using one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When analyzed on two-dimensional PAGE gels that contained gelatin as substrate, the enzymes separated into three major and approximately six minor activity spots with acidic pI values. The enzymes were optimally active against the gelatin substrate at pH 8.0 and were completely inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline and EDTA, indicating that they belonged to the metallopeptidase class (EC 3.4.24.x). After the enzymes were inhibited with EDTA, the activities were recovered in the presence of low concentrations of metal ions. The hydrolysis of gelatin substrate was also impaired by the presence of reducing agents. The metallopeptidases readily digested, in vitro, the barley prolamine D hordein, indicating that they may be involved in degrading storage proteins during barley germination.

  Effect of several germination conditions on total P, phytate P, phytase, and acid phosphatase activities and inositol phosphate esters in rye and barley.:J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Jul;49(7):3208-15.Centeno C, Viveros A, Brenes A, Canales R, Lozano A, de la Cuadra C.Instituto de Nutrici¨®n y Bromatolog¨ªa, Facultad de Farmacia, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

 Two assays were conducted to study the evolution of rye and barley phosphatases (phytase and acid phosphatase) and the degradation of its substrates (inositol phosphate esters) during seed germination. In this manner we could obtain a low-phytate, endogenous phosphatase rich ingredient to be used in animal nutrition. In the first assay, the seeds were soaked for 1 and 14 h and germinated for 3 and 5 days with and without the addition of gibberellic acid (GA3). In the second assay, the seeds were soaked for 1 h and germinated for 1, 3, and 5 days with GA3. Phytase (up to 5739 and 3151 U x kg(-1)) and acid phosphatase (up to 18288 and 3151 U x g(-1)) activities, and IP6 (6.09 and 6.01 mg x g(-1)), IP5 (0.48 and 0.48 mg x g(-1)), and IP4 (0.13 and 0.06 mg x g(-1)) were detected in ungerminated rye and barley, respectively. The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in rye (up to 112 and 213%) and barley (up to 212 and 634%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 84 and 58%, respectively). Phytate phosphorus content was affected only by soaking time in the case of rye. Finally, during the course of germination, IP6 and IP5 were rapidly degraded in rye (88 and 79%) and barley (67 and 52%), and IP4 was only a short-living intermediate, which was increased during hydrolysis and degraded to IP3. In conclusion, a marked increase of Phy and AcPh activities in rye and barley with a concomitant decrease in phytate phosphorus content and an increase in the content of lower inositol phosphates were observed during the rye and barley germination.

  Barley arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolases: purification, characterization and determination of primary structures from cDNA clones.:Biochem J. 2001 May 15;356(Pt 1):181-9. Lee RC, Burton RA, Hrmova M, Fincher GB.Department of Plant Science, Adelaide University, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.

 A family 51 arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase, designated AXAH-I, has been purified from extracts of 7-day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings by fractional precipitation with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme has an apparent molecular mass of 65 kDa and releases L-arabinose from cereal cell wall arabinoxylans with a pH optimum of 4.3, a catalytic rate constant (k(cat)) of 6.9 s(-1) and a catalytic efficiency factor (k(cat)/K(m)) of 0.76 (ml x s(-1) x mg(-1)). Whereas the hydrolysis of alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residues linked to C(O)3 of backbone (1-->4)-beta-xylosyl residues proceeds at the fastest rate, alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residues on doubly substituted xylosyl residues are also hydrolysed, at lower rates. A near full-length cDNA encoding barley AXAH-I indicates that the mature enzyme consists of 626 amino acid residues and has a calculated pI of 4.8. A second cDNA, which is 81% identical with that encoding AXAH-I, encodes another barley AXAH, which has been designated AXAH-II. The barley AXAHs are likely to have key roles in wall metabolism in cereals and other members of the Poaceae. Thus the enzymes could participate in the modification of the fine structure of arabinoxylan during wall deposition, maturation or expansion, or in wall turnover and the hydrolysis of arabinoxylans in germinated grain.

  Germinated barley foodstuff feeding. A novel neutraceutical therapeutic strategy for ulcerative colitis.:Digestion. 2001;63 Suppl 1:60-7.

 A germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) contained glutamine-rich protein and the hemicellulose-rich fiber was made from brewer's spent grain by physical isolation (milling and sieving). Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that the fiber fraction of GBF supports maintenance of epithelial cell populations, facilitates epithelial repair, and suppresses epithelial nuclear factor kappa B-DNA binding activity through generating increased short-chain fatty acid (especially butyrate) production by luminal microflora which includes Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium, thereby preventing experimental colonic injury. The fiber fraction also modulates stool water content by its high water-holding capacity. The protein fraction which contains larger glutamine prevents experimental small bowel injury. Based on these observations, clinical studies were initiated in patients with mild to moderate active ulcerative colitis. The patients who had been unresponsive to or intolerant of standard treatment received 30 grams of GBF feeding daily in a nonrandomized, open-label fashion. At 4 weeks, this treatment resulted in a significant clinical and endoscopic improvement independent of disease extent. The improvement was associated with an increase in stool butyrate concentrations and in luminal Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium levels. After the end of GBF treatment the patients had an exacerbation of the disease. GBF was safe and well tolerated. These results indicate that GBF feeding is a potentially attractive treatment in patients with ulcerative colitis.

  Evaluation of antigenicity of germinated barley foodstuff for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in a chronic murine colitis model.:Int J Mol Med. 2001 Feb;7(2):143-7.

 Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) contains insoluble protein and dietary fiber, and has the potential to attenuate diarrhea and colonic mucosal damage in colitis. Since GBF contains a poorly digested protein fraction, this protein may be transferred to and absorbed in the colon. It may therefore be possible to detect the GBF antigen in colitis patients with dysfunctional colonic mucosal barrier defense. In this study, the antigenic potency of GBF was examined in vivo and in vitro. Using the AOAC method, the indigestible fraction of GBF (dietary fiber) was obtained, and the poorly digested protein fraction in GBF was determined. Using Sprague Dawley rats with chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2.5% in diet), a GBF and control diet were administered, and total and specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) against intestinal contents and the soluble GBF protein were determined. In addition, reactivity between serum and intestinal content were examined by gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). GBF showed relatively low protein digestibility (47%) because of its low solubility in neutral pH. Total serum IgE in both dietary groups was not significantly different, and specific IgE antibodies against intestinal contents and the soluble GBF protein were not significantly different. In addition, supershifts were not observed in either dietary group by EMSA. The possible antigenicity of oral GBF was considered to be low in this colitis model.


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  1.Research Update:Germinated Barley or Hordeum vulgare L.