How to Use wheat bran and its extracts?
Article Content:
- .Basic Botanical Info.
- .Botanical Description and Identification.
- .History and Origin of Wheat.
- .Beneficial Nutrients and Phytochemicals.
- .Health Benefits of Wheat Bran.
- .Uses of Wheat.
- .Wheat Germ and Wheat Bran Benefits.
- .What is Wheat Germ Oil and its uses?.
- .Botanical Classification of Wheat.
- .Modern Research Update of Wheat Bran.
Botanical Classification of Wheat.
In U. S. Dept. of Agriculture- Technical Bulletin 1287 titled: Classification of Triticum species and Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States, wheat is classified into 10 species of Triticum. Six of these are cultivated and four are noncultivated, or rarely so. The most important species, T. aestivum L., includes five subspecies. Species and subspecies are briefly characterized as folows:
Common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum.
This subspecies has a long, slender spike which is somewhat flattened. Spikelets are 2 to 5 flowered, relatively far apart on the stem and nearly erect. Awns are either lacking or less than half an inch long. Stem centers are generally hollow but may be pithy. Leaves are more narrow than in some other wheats. Kernels may be red or white, hard or soft. This is the source of most of the wheat varieties cultivated in the United States. Over 200 such varieties have been described, with near 100 now cultivated. They may be either spring or winter type and comprise nearly 95 percent of the wheat grown in this country. Principal use is for flour.
Club wheat, Triticum aestivum subspecies compactum (Host) MacKey.
Varieties of this subspecies may be either of winter or of spring type. Stems vary in height but are generally stiff. Spikes are short, usually under 2.5 inches in length, very compact and flattened. Spikelets usually contain 5 flowers and spread at near right angles to the rachis or stem. Spikelets are generally awnless, but sometimes awned. Kernels are small, flattened, have a very shallow, narrow crease, and a short brush. About 5 varieties were grown on nearly 2,000,000 acres in 1959 - mostly in the Pacific Northwest. Principal use is flour manufacture.
Durum wheat, Triticum durum Desf.
Varieties of this species grown in the United States are all spring wheats. Stems generally are pithy internallv and leaves are relatively broad. Spikes are intermediate in length and flattened. Awns are nearly always present and are long and coarse white, yellow or black in color. Kernels are white or red, usually long and pointed, very hard and translucent with angular sides and a short brush. Durum wheat is used mainly for the manufacture of semolina which is made into macaroni, spaghetti and related products. About 8 varieties are grown on more than 2 million acres in this country - mainly in North Dakota and neighboring states.
Spelt, Triticum spelta L.
Spelt may be either winter or spring in habit and awned or awnless. The spike is long and narrow. Spikelets are two-kemeled and upright, closely pressed to the rachis or central stem. Kernels are red, long, flattened, with a sharp tip and a narrow, shallow crease. They remain enclosed in the glumes after threshing. Spelt was formerly grown in the United States on a small acreage for livestock feed but bas now almost disappeared from cultivation.
Emmer, Triticum dicoccon Schrank.
Emmer is one of the most ancient of cultivated cereals. It may be either winter or spring in habit. Leaves generally are pubescent. Spikes are very dense and flattened laterally. Spikelets generally contain two flowers and generally are awned. The red or white kernels remain enclosed in the glumes after threshing. They are slender and acute at both ends. Emmer was formerl rown in the United States for feed on a limited acreage but now has substantially disappeared from cultivation.
Wild emmer, Triticum dicoccoides (Koern. ex Ascb. Graebn.) Aaronsohn.
This plant grows in the area from Palestine to the Transcaucasia in U.S.S.R. It is a winter annual with loose, flattened spikes bearing long, stiff awns. Spikelets fall from the fragile spike at maturity. Spikelets are large, usually with three flowers but developing only two kernels. Wild emmer appears not to be cultivated.
Poulard wheat, Triticum turgidum L.
Poulard wheats may be winter or spring in habit. Stems are usually tall, thick, and solid or pithy. Leaves are broad. Spikes are long and dense, sometimes compound or branched. They are near square in cross-section, with long awns. Kernels are short, ovate and humped in shape. Poulard wheat is closely related to durum but is somewhat inferior in this country both in production and in macaroni making quality, so has practically disappeared from cultivation. It is grown quite extensively in Mediterranean countries.
Polish wheat, Triticum polonicum L.
Polish wheat varieties are spring wheats with tall stems. Spikes are large, open or dense, awned, and square or rectangular in cross-section. Kernels are very long, narrow, and hard. They thresh free of the glumes. While grown extensively in Mediterranean countries, Polish wheat has proved inferior in the United States both in yield and in quality for bread or macaroni products. For these reasons it has substantially disappeared from commercial production.
Persian wheat, Triticum carthlicum Nevski.
Persian wheat is of spring habit, early maturing, and somewhat resistant to fungus diseases. It has strong yellow to light red stems. Spikes are flexible, tending to lean over. While several flowers are present in each spikelet only three usually develop kemels. Kemels are free-threshing, flinty, generally red. Persian wheat is grown in the Eastern Mediterranean Area, including southern U.S.S.R., but not commercially in the United States.
Macha wheat, Triticum aestivum subsp. macha (Dek. and Men.) MacKey
This is a late-maturing winter wheat with tall, hollow stems. Spikes vary in density from open to dense, with short awns. Kernels remain in the spikelets after threshing, They are elliptical, red, and intermediate in hardness. Macha wheat is grown in Transcaucasia, U.S.S.R., but not commercially in the United States.
Vavilovi wheat, Triticum aestivum subsp. vavilovi (Tuman) Sears.
This is a winter type wheat, midseason in maturity with thick, strong, stems. Spikes are medium dense to loose, and awded. Kerrnels remain in the spikelets after threshing. They are ovate, white and hard. This wheat is grown somewhat in the U.S.S.R., but not commercially in the United States.
Shot wheat, Triticum aestivum subsp. sphacrococcum (Perc.) MacKey.
This is an early maturing spring wheat with short, stiff stems. Spikes are awnless or short-awned and dense. They appear square in cross-section. Spikelets contain 6 or 7 flowers and develop 4 or 5 kernels. Kernels are short and almost spherical, unique among wheats, and thresh free. Shot wheat is grown in Northwest India, but not commercially in the United States.
Oriental wheat, Triticum turanicum jakubz.
This is a spring wheat, early in maturity with narrow, pubescent leaves. Spikes are long, loose, and almost square in cross-section. Awns are long and often black. Spikelets produce 2 or 3 kernels which are long, narrow, white and hard. This wheat is grown in the Mediterranean Area and the Near East, but not in the United States.
Timopheevi wheat, Triticum timopheevii (Zbuk.) Zbuk.
This is a latematuring spring wheat with leaf blades that are pubescent on both sides. Spikes are very compact, rather short, somewhat pyramidal in shape with soft, thin, rather short awns. Spikelets usually contain two kernels. Kernels are medium long, slender and hard or flinty. The species occurs in Transcaucasia, U.S.S.R. It is not grown in the united States.
Einkorn, Triticum monococcum L.
Einkom or one-tyrained wheat is a primitive kind the cultivation of which goes back to prehistoric times. Both winter and spring forms ocur. Spikes are awned, slender, narrow, flattened, and fragile. Spikelets contain only a single fertile flower and thus produce only one seed. Seeds are pale red, slender, flattened, almost without crease, and remain in the spikelets after threshing. Einkorn is little grown at present and not at all in the United States.
Wild Einkorn, Triticum boeotictim Boiss.
Wild Einkorn differs little from einkorn. It grows as a native grass in the Balkans and Anatolia.
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1.How to Use wheat bran and its extracts?
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