Research Update:Sorghum bicolor

  seminal trace...Sorghum bicolor,Holcus bicolor L.10:1Extract...

 


   Phytochemical info of Sorghum bicolor.

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 Definition:Sorghum bicolor are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research Update:Sorghum bicolor

  Supercritical CO(2) extraction of lipids from grain sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles.:Bioresour Technol. 2007 Mar 22;Wang L, Weller CL, Schlegel VL, Carr TP, Cuppett SL.Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726, USA.

 Experiments were carried out on a lab supercritical CO(2) extraction system to determine the effects of extraction conditions, including mass ratio of CO(2) consumed to distillers dry grain with solubles (DDGS) extracted, extraction pressure, extraction temperature and time, on yield and composition of extracted lipids. A maximum lipid yield of 150g/kg DDGS was achieved with a mass ratio approximately 45, an extraction pressure at 27.5MPa, an extraction temperature at 70 degrees C and an extraction time of 4h. Under these extraction conditions, the contents of tocols, phytosterols, policosanols and free fatty acids were 0.44, 15.6, 31.2 and 155.3mg/g in the extract. Experimental results indicated that shorter extraction time and higher flow rate of CO(2) can achieve higher contents of tocols, phytosterols and policosanols but lower content of free fatty acids in the lipid extract. Extraction conditions had no observed effects on the composition of free fatty acids in the extract. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were three main free fatty acids extracted and constituted about 94% of all free fatty acids.

  Energy metabolisability and digestibility of amino acids by broilers fed on malted sorghum sprouts supplemented with polyethylene glycol, charcoal, phytase and xylanase.:Br Poult Sci. 2007 Feb;48(1):55-63.Oduguwa OO, Pirgozliev V, Acamovic T.Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

 1. A precision feeding study was conducted to determine the metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility in broilers fed on malted sorghum sprouts (MSP) supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG), charcoal (CH), phytase and xylanase. 2. A total of 64 male Ross broilers housed individually (8 replicates per treatment) were fed 30 g of the feedstuff as follows by gavage: MSP, MSP+1 g PEG/kg, MSP+10 g PEG/kg, MSP+1 g CH/kg, MSP+10 g CH/kg, MSP+3600 IU of evolved E. coli phytase/kg (EC 3.1.3.26) and MSP+1600 IU of bacterial xylanase/kg (EC 3.2.1.8). Another group of birds was used for the assessment of endogenous loss and they were provided with 50 ml glucose solution each by gavage. 3. True dry matter digestibility (TDMD), true nitrogen retention (TNR), total tract digestibility of apparent and true metabolisable energy (AME and TME) and amino acid (AAD and TAAD) were determined. 4. MSP contained 244.4, 24.0, 74.9 and 224.0 g/kg of crude protein, ether extract, ash and neutral detergent fibre, respectively. The total tannin content of the product was 140 g/kg and 99% of this was bound. 5. The various dietary treatments did not significantly affect the TDMD, TNR, AME and TME of MSP. The low values (0.471 g/g, -0.164 g/g, 6.15 MJ/kg and 9.31 MJ/kg, respectively) for the above measurements depicted the low feeding value of un-supplemented MSP for poultry. Also, PEG, CH and enzymes did not improve the AAD and TAAD of MSP for poultry. 6. It was concluded that the tannin content of MSP is high and it appeared to be bound with other nutrients thereby reducing their availability. This may explain its low AME and amino acid digestibility and the lack of effect of the various treatments for poultry.

  Anti-anaemic potentials of aqueous extract of Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench stem bark in rats.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 May 22;111(3):651-6. Epub 2007 Jan 18.Oladiji AT, Jacob TO, Yakubu MT.Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. temidayooladiji@yahoo.com

 The effects of oral administration of aqueous extract of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench stem bark at the doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight on iron sufficient and iron deficient weaning rats were investigated. Weaning rats of 21 days old were maintained on iron sufficient and iron deficient diets for 6 weeks before the administration of the aqueous extract of Sorghum bicolor stem bark at various doses for 7 days. Proximate analysis of the iron sufficient and iron deficient diets showed that they were similar except in the amount of iron. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids and saponins. Extract administration produced significant increase in haemoglobin, packed cell volume and red blood cells in iron sufficient and iron deficient groups (P < 0.05). There was also significant increase (P < 0.05) in the catalase activity of the rat liver and kidney without any significant change (P > 0.05) in the serum catalase activity. The results revealed that extract administration has restored the anaemic condition in the iron deficient group and thus lend credence to its use in folklore medicine in the management of anaemia.

  Collagen and muscle stain obtained from Sorghum bicolor.:Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2006;66(2):161-7.Avwioro OG, Aloamaka CP, Olabampe OB, Oduola T.Department of Histopathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile Ife, Nigeria. avwioro@yahoo.com

 Crude ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench were used as stains for tissue sections. The alkaline mixtures did not stain any of the tissues used but the acidic and neutral alcoholic mixtures stained collagen fibres, muscles and red blood cells in shades of pinkish-yellow. Good contrast was obtained when nuclei were pre-stained with Weigert's haematoxylin. The ethanolic extract of S. bicolor was run through a column using silica gel (60-120 mesh) as the stationary phase and various dilutions of hexane, chloroform and ethanol as the mobile phase. Eight major fractions monitored with thin-layer chromatography were obtained but the staining compound was contained in the reddish-brown compound. Re-chromatography of this fraction showed a pure dye, which was used as a stain and subsequently eluted from the sections. Phytochemical screening of the eluted compound revealed that this is a flavonoid, previously described as apigeninidin, (3-deoxypelargonidin).

  Grain sorghum lipid extract reduces cholesterol absorption and plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration in hamsters.:J Nutr. 2005 Sep;135(9):2236-40.Carr TP, Weller CL, Schlegel VL, Cuppett SL, Guderian DM Jr, Johnson KR.Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA. tcarr2@unl.edu

 Grain sorghum is a rich source of phytochemicals that could potentially benefit human health. In this study, male hamsters were fed AIN-93M diets supplemented with a hexane-extractable lipid fraction from grain sorghum whole kernels. The grain sorghum lipids (GSL) comprised 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0% of the diet by weight. After 4 wk, dietary GSL significantly reduced plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration in a dose-dependent manner with reductions of 18, 36, and 69% in hamsters fed 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0% GSL, respectively, compared with controls. Liver cholesteryl ester concentration was also significantly reduced in hamsters fed GSL. Plasma HDL cholesterol concentration was not altered (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment. Cholesterol absorption efficiency was significantly reduced by GSL in a dose-dependent manner. Cholesterol absorption was also directly correlated with plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration (r = 0.97, P < 0.05), suggesting that dietary GSL lowers non-HDL cholesterol, at least in part, by inhibiting cholesterol absorption. TLC and GLC analyses of the GSL extract revealed the presence of plant sterols and policosanols at concentrations of 0.35 and 8.0 g/100 g GSL, respectively. Although plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption, policosanols may inhibit endogenous cholesterol synthesis. The data suggest that these components of GSL extract may work collectively in lowering plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations. Our findings further indicate that grain sorghum contains beneficial components that could be used as food ingredients or dietary supplements to manage cholesterol levels in humans.


  Relationship between nutritional composition and anatomical parameters in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench).:Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1996 Sep;46(3):253-9. Spanish.Torres Cepeda TE, Alanis Guzm¨¢n MG, Maiti R.Facultad de Ciencias Biol¨®gicas, Universidad Aut¨®noma de Nuevo Le¨®n, M¨¦xico.

 Nutritional and chemical parameters with significant differences (P = 0.5) among 10 varieties of sorghum and rates observed in them were as follow: lipids (2.76 to 3.75%), raw fiber (60.0 to 64.7%) protein (9.01 to 11.43%), no nitrogen extract 977.65 to 83.07%), starch (60.5 to 64.20%), tannin (2.50 to 10.16 mg/g), and total calories (380 to 4000 Kcal). Ash content with value of 1.17 to 1.91% protein digestibility (23.8 to 38.8%) and "in situ" starch (54.4 to 66.6%) were not statistically different. When correlation indexes were determined between results of chemical analysis, it was obtained follow positive correlation having significance: carbohydrates with total calories and fat with fiber. The main negative correlations were: fat and fiber with carbohydrates, fiber with calories, and digestibility "In vitro" of protein with tannin. In order to obtain equivalent analytical tests to substitute an anatomic determination for a chemical one, or vice versa, and make easy the selection of varieties for different use, and the adequate process for sorghum grain, were obtained correlations between chemical data of this study and compared to anatomic features determined in a previous analysis with same samples (1), it was found 19 significant coefficients from which 8 were positives and 11 negatives. The main correlations with capacity of analytical substitution were: size of starch grain of cornea endosperm-starch amount; size of protein body of flour-like endosperm-digestibility "in vitro" and "in situ" of protein; length of cell of flour like endosperm-starch amount; length and broad of aleurona cells-fiber content. The major negative correlations were: size of starch grain of cornea and flour-like endosperm ash; size of protein body of cornea endosper-starch amount; length and broad of aleurona cells-carbohydrates and total calories.

  Kinetic and regulatory properties of arogenate dehydratase in seedlings of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.:Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988 Feb 1;260(2):822-9.Siehl DL, Conn EE.Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, Davis 95616.

 Arogenate dehydratase was purified sixfold from an extract of etiolated seedlings of Sorghum bicolor. Prephenate dehydratase was not detected. The arogenate dehydratase activity displayed hyperbolic substrate kinetics with a KM for arogenate of 0.32 mM. Activity was inhibited competitively by phenylalanine and was stimulated by tyrosine. The low KI for phenylalanine (24 microM) and KA for tyrosine (2.5 microM) indicated a high affinity of the enzyme for these effectors. These results establish the routing of metabolites in phenylalanine biosynthesis in sorghum as proceeding via arogenate rather than phenylpyruvate.


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  1.Research Update:Sorghum bicolor