Mucuna pruriens,L-DOPA and its fame.

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L-DOPA:Discovery,Identification and Safety.

Mucuna pruriens Extract.L-DOPA INCI Name Mucuna pruriens seed Extract CAS 90064-10-1 EINECS ELINCS No 290-071-6 Levodopa 3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine Hgh Dopa photo picture image L-dopa Discovery

 The Windsor bean is one of the many varieties of the fava bean (Vicia faba Linnaeus). As a favorite dish, this bean was cultivated in the garden of Fritz Hoffmann, owner of Hoffmann-La Roche Limited. In 1913 a Roche biochemist, Marcus Guggenheim analyzed Windsor beans from Hoffmann's garden. He isolated dihydroxyphenylalanine or dopa. The amino acid was thought biologically inert and little attention was paid to the discovery. ("Therapy for Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease", Irena Rektorova, MD, European Parkinson's Disease Association, 2002)

 Almost a century earlier, James Parkinson published an article concerning his observations of three patients suffering from palsy. Parkinson was the first to carefully describe the symptoms of the men, all over age 50. His 1817 An Essay on the Shaking Palsy was so astute that today the disorder carries his name, Parkinson's disease. ("The Story of Shaking Palsy", History of PD, Mayo Clinic)

 D-dopa and L-dopa:

 Dopa has two forms: dextrorotary or D-dopa and levorotary or L-dopa. The molecules are stereoisomers or mirror-images of each other. In 1938, animal and human studies found an enzyme that converted L-dopa into dopamine. But it would not be discovered until 1960 that people with Parkinson's disease had severe dopamine deficits.
 Mucuna pruriens Extract.L-DOPA INCI Name Mucuna pruriens seed Extract CAS 90064-10-1 EINECS ELINCS No 290-071-6 Levodopa 3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine Hgh Dopa photo picture image

 Mechanisms:

 Levodopa or L-DOPA is an intermediate in dopamine biosynthesis. Clinically, levodopa is used in the management of Parkinson's disease.Research discovered the body converts the amino acid tyrosine into L-dopa; L-dopa is then converted into dopamine. Without the neurotransmitter dopamine to serve a damping effect on neural transmissions, muscles become tense and tremble.

 Even though lack of dopamine is the problem, it cannot be given as a treatment. Dopamine cannot cross the barrier between the bloodstream and the brain, but L-dopa can. The enzyme L-dopa decarboxylase changes L-dopa into dopamine in the basal ganglia of the brain.

 Since 1966, L-dopa has been the standard treatment to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's, but it is not a cure. As the disease progresses, L-dopa eventually fails and causes a host of adverse side-effects. ("Dopamine", William S. Messer, Jr., Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 2000)

 Levodopa is used as a prodrug to increase dopamine levels for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, since it is able to cross the blood-brain barrier whereas dopamine itself cannot. Once levodopa has entered the central nervous system (CNS), it is metabolized to dopamine by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase. However, conversion to dopamine also occurs in the peripheral tissues, causing adverse effects and decreasing the available dopamine to the CNS, so it is standard practice to co-administer a peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor.

 In work that earned him a Nobel Prize in 2000, Swedish scientist Arvid Carlsson first showed in the 1950s that administering levodopa to animals with Parkinsonian symptoms would cause a reduction of the symptoms. The 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was also related to L-DOPA: the Nobel Committee awarded one-fourth of the prize to William S. Knowles for his work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions, the most noted example of which was used for the synthesis of L-DOPA.
 Mucuna pruriens Extract.L-DOPA INCI Name Mucuna pruriens seed Extract CAS 90064-10-1 EINECS ELINCS No 290-071-6 Levodopa 3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine Hgh Dopa photo picture image

 Chemical Identification:

 Chemical Name: Alanine, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-, L-
 CAS RN: 59-92-7;Other CAS RN:90638-38-3; RTECS : AY5600000
 Molecular Formula: C9-H11-N-O4; Molecular Weight: 197.21
 Note: Tumorigen,Mutagen,Reproductive Effector,Human.

 Synonyms:Alanine, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-, (-)-;2-Amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;Bendopa;Biodopa;Brocadopa;Cerepap;Cidandopa;DA;Deadopa;Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine;L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine;(-)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine;beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alpha-alanine;L-alpha-Dihydroxyphenylalanine;L-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine;L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine;L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-alpha-alanine;beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine;3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine;3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine;(-)-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine;3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine;3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine;(-)-Dopa;DOPA;L-DOPA;Dopaflex;Dopal;Dopaidan;Dopal-fher;Dopalina;Dopar;Doparkine;Doparl;Dopasol;Dopaston;Dopastral;Doprin;Eldopal;Eldopatec;Eurodopa;Helfo DOPA;L-o-Hydroxytyrosine;3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine;Insulamina;Larodopa;Levodopa;Levopa;Maipedopa;Parda;Pardopa;Ro 4-6316;Sobiodopa;L-Tyrosine, 3-hydroxy-;Veldopa;

 Safety and Toxicity:Acute Toxicity

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose,Oral.Human - woman.320 mg/kg/4D-I.Toxic Effects:Behavioral - excitement;Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea;Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting.Reference:AHJOA2 American Heart Journal. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial.Dr., St. Louis, MO 63146) V.1- 1925- Volume(issue)/page/year:110,488,1985

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose,Oral.Human.156 gm/kg/10Y.Toxic Effects:Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity);Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions;Behavioral - toxic psychosis.Reference:JNNPAU Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. (British Medical Journal, POB 560B, Kennebunkport, ME 04046) V.7- 1944-Volume(issue)/page/year: 34,502,1971

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose,Oral.Human.13 gm/kg/1Y.Toxic Effects:Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay);Behavioral - ataxia;Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea.Reference:JNNPAU Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. (British Medical Journal, POB 560B, Kennebunkport, ME 04046) V.7- 1944-Volume(issue)/page/year: 34,668,1971

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Oral.Rodent - rat.1780 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Behavioral - excitement;Behavioral - ataxia;Behavioral - aggression.Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:28,1,1974

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Intraperitoneal.Rodent - rat.624 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - effect, not otherwise specified;Behavioral - excitement;Skin and Appendages - hair.Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:28,1,1974

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Subcutaneous.Rodent - rat.2 gm/kg.Toxic Effects:Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold;Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands;Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes.Reference:IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,186,1972

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Intravenous.Rodent - rat.>100 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.Reference:NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs).Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,905,1982

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Oral.Rodent - mouse.2363 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Behavioral - excitement.Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year: 28,1,1974

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Intraperitoneal.Rodent - mouse.588 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - lacrimation;Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity);Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes.Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:28,1,1974

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Subcutaneous.Rodent - mouse.4449 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - local anesthetic;Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold;Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands.Reference:IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies.V.1- 1970-Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,186,1972

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Intravenous.Rodent - mouse.450 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:28,1,1974

 LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose,Unreported.Rodent - mouse.3500 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Autonomic Nervous System - sympathomimetic.Reference:AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 153,161,1930

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Oral.Rodent - rabbit.609 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:28,1,1974

 LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Oral.Bird - wild bird species.100 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.Reference:AECTCV Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.(Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 070944) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 12,355,1983

 Safety and Toxicity:Other Multiple Dose Toxicity Data

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose,Oral.Rodent - rat.70 gm/kg/5W-I.Toxic Effects:Liver - fatty liver degeneration;Liver - changes in liver weight;Related to Chronic Data - death.Reference:KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report.V.1-1960-Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,2844,1970

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose,Oral.Rodent - rat.146 gm/kg/26W-I.Toxic Effects:Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain;Related to Chronic Data - death.Reference:KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho.Clinical Report.V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,2844,1970

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose,Oral.Rodent - rabbit.2250 mg/kg/9D-I.Toxic Effects:Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay);Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain.Reference:AUCMBJ Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Medica, Monographia. (Univerzita Karlova, Ovocny Trh. 3, 11636 Prague 1, Czechoslovakia) No.1- 1954-Volume(issue)/page/year: 61,251,1973

 Safety and Toxicity:Tumorigenic Data

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose,Oral.Human - man.87520 mg/kg/1.5Y-C.Toxic Effects:Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria;Skin and Appendages - tumors.Reference:NEURAI Neurology. (Modern Medicine Pub., Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802)V.1-1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 24,340,1974

 Safety and Toxicity:Reproductive Data

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral.Rodent - rat.DOSE: 500 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION: female 1-5 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental;abnormalities.Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.(Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:38,251,1976

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral.Rodent - rat.DOSE:22 gm/kg.SEX/DURATION: female 1-22 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)Reference:NATUAS Nature.(Nature Subscription Dept., POB 1018, Manasguan, NJ 08736) V.1- 1869- Volume(issue)/page/year: 239,285,1972

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral.Rodent - rat.DOSE : 3600 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION: female 9-14 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth);Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain).Reference:KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho.Clinical Report.V.1-1960-Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,2877,1970

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral.Rodent - rat.DOSE: 6600 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION : female 7-17 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system;Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain).Reference:YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics.V.1-1972-Volume(issue)/page/year: 15(Suppl 2),283,1987

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Intraperitoneal.Rodent - rat.DOSE: 700 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION: female 1-7 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities.Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:38,251,1976

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Intraperitoneal.Rodent - rat,DOSE : 480 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION: female 9-14 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants).Reference:SKKNAJ Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo. Annual Report of Sankyo Research Laboratories.No.15- 1963- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,165,1970

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Intraperitoneal.Rodent - rat.DOSE: 4500 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION : male 15 day(s) pre-mating.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material,sperm morphology, motility, and count);Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct.Reference:IJMRAQ Indian Journal of Medical Research. (Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India) V.1- 1913-Volume(issue)/page/year: 71,46,1980

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Subcutaneous.Rodent - rat.DOSE: 5 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION : female 1 day(s) pre-mating.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Maternal Effects - ovaries, fallopian tubes.Reference:ENDOAO Endocrinology (Baltimore). (Williams Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21203) V.1- 1917- Volume(issue)/page/year:57,466,1955

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral.Rodent - mouse.DOSE: 4800 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION: female 7-12 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death.Reference:IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies.V.1- 1970-Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,53,1972

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral,Rodent - mouse.DOSE : 900 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION : female 7-12 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus);Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical.Reference:SKKNAJ Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo. Annual Report of Sankyo Research Laboratories.No.15- 1963- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,165,1970

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral.Rodent - mouse.DOSE: 5 gm/kg.SEX/DURATION: female 6-15 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility.Reference:AUCMBJ Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Medica, Monographia. (Univerzita Karlova, Ovocny Trh. 3, 11636 Prague 1, Czechoslovakia) No.1-1954-Volume(issue)/page/year: 61,251,1973

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral.Rodent - mouse.DOSE: 2400 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION : female 7-12 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4).Reference:IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies.V.1- 1970-Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,53,1972

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral.Rodent - mouse.DOSE : 1200 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION: female 7-12 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system.Reference:IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies.V.1- 1970-Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,53,1972

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Intraperitoneal.Rodent - mouse.DOSE: 600 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION: female 7-12 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants);Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death,e.g., stunted fetus).Reference:SKKNAJ Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo. Annual Report of Sankyo Research Laboratories.No.15- 1963- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,165,1970

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Intraperitoneal.Rodent - mouse.DOSE :1200 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION : female 7-12 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system.Reference:SKKNAJ Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo. Annual Report of Sankyo Research Laboratories.No.15- 1963- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,165,1970

 TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose.Oral.Rodent - rabbit.DOSE: 2250 mg/kg.SEX/DURATION : female 7-15 day(s) after conception.Toxic Effects:Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular;(circulatory) system.Reference:AUCMBJ Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Medica, Monographia. (Univerzita Karlova, Ovocny Trh. 3, 11636 Prague 1, Czechoslovakia) No.1- 1954-Volume(issue)/page/year: 61,251,1973

 Safety and Toxicity:Mutagenic Data

 Mutation in microorganisms.TEST SYSTEM: Bacteria - Salmonella typhimurium.2 umol/plate.Reference:MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 238,235,1990

 Mutation in microorganisms.TEST SYSTEM: Bacteria - Salmonella typhimurium.333 ug/plate.Reference:EMMUEG Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E.11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- Volume(issue)/page/year:11,523,1988.

 DNA repair.TEST SYSTEM: Bacteria - Bacillus subtilis.500 ug/disc.Reference:MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 137,17,1984.

 Micronucleus test.TEST SYSTEM : Human Embryo.39400 ug/L.Reference:SNSHBT Senshokutai. Chromosome.No.1- 1946- Adopted new numbering in 1976. Volume(issue)/page/year: (20),574,1980

 DNA damage.TEST SYSTEM: Human Fibroblast.3 mmol/L.Reference:CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- Volume(issue)/page/year:42,3783,1982

 DNA damage.TEST SYSTEM: Human Cells - not otherwise specified.3 mmol/L.Reference:CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- Volume(issue)/page/year:42,3783,1982

 DNA inhibition.TEST SYSTEM: Human Fibroblast.3 mmol/L.Reference:CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- Volume(issue)/page/year: 42,3783,1982

 DNA inhibition.TEST SYSTEM : Human Cells - not otherwise specified.3 mmol/L.Reference:CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- Volume(issue)/page/year:42,3783,1982

 Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified.TEST SYSTEM: Human Fibroblast.3 mmol/L.Reference:CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- Volume(issue)/page/year:42,3783,1982

 Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified.TEST SYSTEM : Human Cells - not otherwise specified.3 mmol/L.Reference:CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1-1941- Volume(issue)/page/year:42,3783,1982

 DNA damage.TEST SYSTEM: Rodent - rat Lung.25 umol/L.Reference:ABCHA6 Agricultural and Biological Chemistry.V.25- 1961-Volume(issue)/page/year: 39,795,1975

 DNA inhibition.TEST SYSTEM:Rodent - mouse Cells - not otherwise specified.3800 nmol/L.Reference:CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- Volume(issue)/page/year:40,1414,1980

 Mutation in mammalian somatic cellsTEST SYSTEM :Rodent - mouse Lymphocyte.100 mg/L.Reference:EMMUEG Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E.11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- Volume(issue)/page/year:11,523,1988

 Micronucleus test.TEST SYSTEM :Rodent - hamster Lung.98500 ug/L.Reference:SNSHBT Senshokutai. Chromosome. (Sensyokutai Gakkai, Kaokusai Kirisutokyo Daigaku, Mitaka, Tokyo-to, Japan) No.1- 1946- Adopted new numbering in 1976. Volume(issue)/page/year: (20),574,1980

 Mutation in mammalian somatic cells.TEST SYSTEM:Rodent - hamster Lung.100 umol/L.Reference:MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 238,235,1990

 Safety and Toxicity:NIOSH

 NIOSH Data:NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983)
 NOES Hazard Code - X3795
 No. of Facilities: 57 (estimated)
 No. of Industries: 2
 No. of Occupations: 9
 No. of Employees: 3893 (estimated)
 No. of Female Employees: 1571 (estimated)

 Safety and Toxicity:EPA of USA

 EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY

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citations1.Mucuna pruriens,L-DOPA and its fame.

last edit date:29th,June.2009.