Research Update:Verbena officinalis.

  seminal trace...Vervain Extract.Vervain herb Extract.Blue Vervain Herb extract.Verbena officinalis.10:1.Verbena hastata.Iridoids, verbenin,verbenalin,mucilage...

 


   Phytochemical info of Verbena officinalis.

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 Definition:Verbena officinalis are majorly composed of
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   Research Update:Verbena officinalis.

  Effects of differential extraction of Verbena officinalis on rat models of inflammation, cicatrization and gastric damage.:Planta Med. 2007 Mar;73(3):227-35. Epub 2007 Mar 12.Speroni E, Cervellati R, Costa S, Guerra MC, Utan A, Govoni P, Berger A, M¨¹ller A, Stuppner H.Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Universit¨¤ di Bologna, Bologna, Italy. ester.speroni@unibo.it

 Verbena officinalis L. is used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, skin burns, abrasions, and gastric diseases. Extracts obtained with different solvents (methanol, VoME; enriched flavonoids, VoEF; supercritical CO2, VoCO2) were evaluated for anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and cicatrizing activities. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity was determined in vitro. In order to confirm the activities investigated, histological observations were performed. All extracts induce a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. The gastric damage is significantly reduced by all extracts administered, whereby the most pronounced protection is observed for the VoCO2 and VoEF extracts. Finally, a wound healing effect is obtained particularly by the CO2 extract, suggesting the presence of some lipophilic active principles. Histological evidence confirms the results evaluated with the animal procedures. The results obtained after oral administration of V. officinalis extracts are also in agreement with the antioxidant capacity evaluated in vitro, confirming the relationship between pharmacological activities and antiradical efficacy.

  Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the topical preparation of Verbena officinalis L.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Oct 11;107(3):380-2. Epub 2006 Apr 18.Calvo MI.Farmacia y Tecnolog¨ªa Farmac¨¦utica, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Navarra, C/Irularrea s/n, 31008, Pamplona Spain. mcalvo@unav.es

 Verbena officinalis has traditionally been used in herbal medicine in Navarra, Spain, in the treatment of topical inflammation. Due to the anti-inflammatory activity of Verbena officinalis 50% methanolic extract in i.p. and topical administration, the effects of several formulations were prepared and studied using carrageenan-induced edema and formalin testing. Piroxicam gel and methyl salicylate ointment were studied as positive control for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, respectively. The edema inhibition of the preparations containing extract at the doses of 1-3% w/w were significantly different from the control group. The anti-inflammatory effect of VO-3% was similar to the effect of piroxicam gel 3 h after carrageenan injection. The analgesic activity of topical preparation with more than 2.5% w/w was observed in the early phase. This activity was observed in concentrations of more than 2% w/w in the late phase. The topical analgesic activity of the extract was less than the analgesic activity of methyl salicylate ointment.

  Novel neuroprotective effects of the aqueous extracts from Verbena officinalis Linn.:Neuropharmacology. 2006 May;50(6):641-50. Epub 2006 Jan 6.Lai SW, Yu MS, Yuen WH, Chang RC.Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.

 Verbena officinialis Linn. (Verbenaceae) is a perennial plant which has been used as herbal medicine or health supplement in both Western and Eastern countries for centuries. It has been used to treat acute dysentery, enteritis, amenorrhea and depression. In view of its wide array of biological effects, we hypothesized that V. officinalis can exert cytoprotective effects on cells of the central nervous system. Pre-treatment of aqueous extracts of V. officinalis significantly attenuated the toxicity of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide and reducing agent dithiothreitol in primary cultures of cortical neurons. As extracellular accumulation of Abeta peptide is an important cytotoxic factor involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we have further explored its neuroprotective effect against Abeta. Treatment of V. officinalis attenuated Abeta-triggered DEVD- and VDVAD-cleavage activities in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies elucidated that phosphorylation of both interferon-inducing protein kinase (PKR) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was attenuated in Abeta-treated neurons. Taken together, we have proved our hypothesis by showing the novel neuroprotective effects of V. officinalis. As V. officinalis has long been used for many years to be a folk medicine, our study may provide a lead for its potential to be a neuroprotective agent against neuronal loss in AD.

  Citral is a new inducer of caspase-3 in tumor cell lines.:Planta Med. 2005 May;71(5):484-8.Dudai N, Weinstein Y, Krup M, Rabinski T, Ofir R.Hazeva Research and Development Center, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.

 Citral, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-al, a key component of the lemon-scented essential oils extracted from several herbal plants such as lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), melissa (Melissa officinalis), verbena (Verbena officinalis) is used as a food additive and as a fragrance in cosmetics. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer potential of citral and its mode of action. Concentrations of 44.5 muM, comparable to the concentration of citral in a cup of tea prepared from 1 g of lemon grass, induced apoptosis in several hematopoietic cancer cell lines. Apoptosis was accompanied by DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 catalytic activity induction. Citral activity (22.25 microM) was compared to a reference compound like staurosporine (0.7 microM), in respect to DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 enzymatic activity. The apoptotic effect of citral depended on the alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde group.

  Studies on the chemical constitutents in herb of Verbena officinalis.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Feb;30(4):268-9. Chinese. Tian J, Zhao YM, Luan XH. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100850, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To isolate and identify the chemical constituents from Verbena officinalis. METHOD: The compounds were isolated by means of chromatography and the structures were determined on the basis of physical and spectral analysis. RESULT: Four compounds were isolated and identified as apigenin (I), 4'-hydroxywogonin (II), verbenalin (III) and hastatoside (IV). CONCLUSION: Compounds I and II were obtained from the genus for the first time.


  Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of plants in the district of Acquapendente (Latium, Central Italy).:J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan 15;96(3):429-44. Review.Guarrera PM, Forti G, Marignoli S.Museo Nazionale Arti e Tradizioni Popolari, Piazza Marconi 8-10, 00144 Roma, Italy.

 In the years 2002-2003 research was carried out concerning ethnomedicine in the Acquapendente district (Viterbo, Latium, central Italy), an area so far less frequently studied from the perspective of plant folk traditions. The district, from the ethnobotanical point of view, shows traces of the influences of the neighbouring regions. In this study 96 plant entities are described, belonging to 45 families, of which 64 are employed in human medicine, 15 in veterinary medicine, 22 in the feeding of domestic animals, 5 as antiparasitics and 5 for other uses. Some medicinal uses are linked to beliefs or residual forms of magic prescriptions (11 plants). Amongst the more notable uses the most interesting are those of: Verbena officinalis (rheumatic pains, wounds), Juglans regia (antiparasitic use for cheeses), Santolina etrusca (antimoth use), Stellaria media and Lupinus albus (birdseed for poultry and fodder for lambs), and Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis (used to curdle milk).

  Roles of human CYP2A6 and 2B6 and rat CYP2C11 and 2B1 in the 10-hydroxylation of (-)-verbenone by liver microsomes.:Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Aug;31(8):1049-53.

 (-)-Verbenone, a monoterpene bicyclic ketone, is a component of the essential oil from rosemary species such as Rosmarinus officinalis L., Verbena triphylla, and Eucalyptus globulus and is used for an herb tea, a spice, and a perfume. In this study, (-)-verbenone was found to be converted to 10-hydroxyverbenone by rat and human liver microsomal cytochrome p450 (p450) enzymes. The product formation was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 251 nm. There was a good correlation between activities of coumarin 7-hydroxylation and (-)-verbenone 10-hydroxylation catalyzed by liver microsomes of 16 human samples, indicating that CYP2A6 is a principal enzyme in (-)-verbenone 10-hydroxylation in humans. Human recombinant CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 catalyzed (-)verbenone 10-hydroxylation at Vmax values of 15 and 21 nmol/min/nmol p450 with apparent Km values of 16 and 91 microM, respectively. In contrast, rat CYP2A1 and 2A2 did not catalyze (-)-verbenone 10-hydroxylation at all, suggesting that there were species-related differences in the catalytic properties of human and rat CYP2A enzymes in the metabolism of (-)-verbenone. In the rat, recombinant CYP2C11, CYP2B1, and CYP3A2 catalyzed (-)-verbenone 10-hydroxylation with Vmax and Km ratios (ml/min/nmol p450) of 0.73, 0.20, and 0.03, respectively. Male-specific CYP2C11 was a major enzyme in (-)-verbenone 10-hydroxylation by untreated rat livers, and CYP2B1 catalyzed this reaction in liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rats. Rat CYP2C12, a female-specific enzyme, did not catalyze (-)verbenone 10-hydroxylation. These results suggest that human CYP2A6 and rat CYP2C11 are the major catalysts in the metabolism of (-)-verbenone by liver microsomes and that there are species-related differences in human and rat CYP2A enzymes and sex-related differences in male and female rats in the metabolism of (-)-verbenone.

  Determination of ursolic acid in herba of Verbena officinalis by HPLC.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Dec;27(12):916-8. Chinese.Liu CH, Liu Y.Institute for Drug and Instrument Control of PLA, Beijing 100071, China. liuchenghong@chinaren.net

 OBJECTIVE: To establish a HPLC method for determination of ursolic acid in dried aerial part of Verbena officinalis. METHOD: The column used was a Kromasil C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm) packed with a 5 microns stationary phase. The mobile phase consisted of methanol-sodium phosphate buffer [monobasic sodium phosphate (MW = 119.98) 1.7997 g and phosphoric acid (85%) 1.02 mL, combined and brought the total volume of 1,000 mL with water] (89:11); the mobile phase was maintained at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL per minute; the column was maintained at 40 degrees C; the DAD detector was set at 210 nm. RESULTS: The liner range was 0.251-10.04 micrograms (r = 1.0000). An average recovery of 98.1% (n = 6) was obtained with a RSD of 1.0%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, accurate and suitable for the qualify control.

  Studies on chemical constituents of aerial parts of Verbena officinalis L..:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2000 Nov;25(11):676-8. Chinese. Zhang T, Ruan JL, Lu ZM.Department of Chinese Materia Medica, Wuhan Professional Medical College, Wuhan 430016, Hube, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To search for new effective ant-early-pregnancy components from the aerial part of Verbena officinalis. METHOD: Compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of the herb by chromatography on silica gel column, and the structures were determined by physical and chemical evidences and spectroscopic analysis. RESULT: Two compounds were obtained and identified as 3,4-dihydroverbenalin and daucosterol. CONCLUSION: The two compounds were obtained from this the herb for the first time and 3,4-didydroverbenalin is a new product.

  Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids in medicinal plants from Taf¨ª del Valle (Tucum¨¢n, Argentina).:J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Nov;73(1-2):317-22.Hern¨¢ndez NE, Tereschuk ML, Abdala LR.C¨¢tedra de Qu¨ªmica Org¨¢nica y Biol¨®gica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucum¨¢n, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucum¨¢n, Argentina. qob@csnat.unt.edu.ar

 Preliminary studies of flavonoids have been realised in five native species from Taf¨ª del Valle (Tucum¨¢n, Argentina) used in popular medicine. Most of compounds detected were flavonoids mono and dihydroxylated in B ring. Screening for antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms has been realised with Lippia turbinata, Satureja parvifolia, Sambucus peruviana, Verbena officinalis and Chenopodium graveolens. The total extracts of flavonoids of each plant were tested and four species studied showed antimicrobial activity.


  Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages.:Br J Nutr. 1999 Apr;81(4):289-95.Hurrell RF, Reddy M, Cook JD.Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Z¨¹rich, R¨¹schlikon, Switzerland. richard.hurrell@ilw.agrl.ethz.ch

 The effects of different polyphenol-containing beverages on Fe absorption from a bread meal were estimated in adult human subjects from the erythrocyte incorporation of radio-Fe. The test beverages contained different polyphenol structures and were rich in either phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid in coffee), monomeric flavonoids (herb teas, camomile (Matricaria recutita L.), vervain (Verbena officinalis L.), lime flower (Tilia cordata Mill.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), or complex polyphenol polymerization products (black tea and cocoa). All beverages were potent inhibitors of Fe absorption and reduced absorption in a dose-dependent fashion depending on the content of total polyphenols. Compared with a water control meal, beverages containing 20-50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal by 50-70%, whereas beverages containing 100-400 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption by 60-90%. Inhibition by black tea was 79-94%, peppermint tea 84%, pennyroyal 73%, cocoa 71%, vervain 59%, lime flower 52% and camomile 47%. At an identical concentration of total polyphenols, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa, and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea. Adding milk to coffee and tea had little or no influence on their inhibitory nature. Our findings demonstrate that herb teas, as well as black tea, coffee and coca can be potent inhibitors of Fe absorption. This property should be considered when giving dietary advice in relation to Fe nutrition.

  Antiinflammatory activity and chemical composition of extracts of Verbena officinalis.:Phytother Res. 2000 Sep;14(6):463-5.Deepak M, Handa SS.Regional Research Laboratory (C.S.I.R.), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India.

 In an attempt to locate the biologically active fraction(s) of the plant Verbena officinalis Linn. (Verbenaceae), a preliminary screening of successive petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of aerial parts for antiinflammatory activity using carrageenan paw oedema model was carried out. All three extracts were found to exhibit antiinflammatory activity with the chloroform extract being the most active. Chemical investigations of petroleum ether and chloroform extracts led to the isolation of beta-sitosterol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, 3-epiursolic acid, 3-epioleanolic acid, and minor triterpenoids of derivatives of ursolic acid and oleanolic acids. Chromatographic purification of the methanol extract yielded two iridoid glucosides, verbenalin and hastatoside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside, verbascoside and beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside.

  Oral anticoagulants and medicinal plants. An emerging interaction.:Ann Ital Med Int. 2000 Apr-Jun;15(2):139-43. Review. Italian.Argento A, Tiraferri E, Marzaloni M.Centro Sorveglianza Anticoagulati, Ospedale Infermi di Rimini.

 The consumption of herbal medicines is increasing steadily throughout the world, although to our knowledge there are neither studies on their effectiveness nor controls over the quality and safety of these preparations. Considered "food integrators", these preparations are marketed without restriction. It is a common notion that natural therapy has neither side nor toxic effects: allergic reactions, direct toxic effects or those due to contamination, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and heavy metal toxicity have been reported as adverse events caused by herbs. Rather than replacing traditional therapy, most herbal medical treatment is used in conjunction with it. Also, the attending physician is generally not informed that the patient is using herbs. Because Passionflower, hydroalcoholic extracts, Juniper and Verbena officinalis supply variable quantities of vitamin K, they can lessen the effect of oral anticoagulant therapy. Ganoderma Japonicum, Papaw, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginseng, Devil's claw, Garlic, Quinine, Ginkgo, Ginger, Red Clover and Horse-Chestnut reinforce warfarin action by heterogeneous mechanisms. They should thus not be used in patients on oral anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy. The scientific community must take into account the adverse events caused by interaction between herbal medicine and conventional therapy, and patients must be informed of the dangers of these preparations. If a bleeding event occurs or the quality of anticoagulant therapy is poor, the clinician should consider the possibility of interaction between conventional therapy and herbal medicine that the patient has neglected to mention he is taking.

  Urolithiasis and phytotherapy.:Int Urol Nephrol. 1994;26(5):507-11.Grases F, Melero G, Costa-Bauz¨¢ A, Prieto R, March JG.Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.

 The effects of seven plants with suspected application to prevent and treat stone kidney formation (Verbena officinalis, Lithospermum officinale, Taraxacum officinale, Equisetum arvense, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctium lappa and Silene saxifraga) have been studied using female Wistar rats. Variations of the main urolithiasis risk factors (citraturia, calciuria, phosphaturia, pH and diuresis) have been evaluated. It can be concluded that beneficial effects caused by these herb infusions on urolithiasis can be attributed to some disinfectant action, and tentatively to the presence of saponins. Specifically, some solvent action can be postulated with respect to uric stones or heterogeneous uric nucleus, due to the basifying capacity of some herb infusions. Nevertheless, for all the mentioned beneficial effects, more effective and equally innocuous substances are well known.

  Inhibition by certain plant extracts of the binding and adenylate cyclase stimulatory effect of bovine thyrotropin in human thyroid membranes.:Endocrinology. 1984 Aug;115(2):527-34.Auf'mkolk M, Ingbar JC, Amir SM, Winterhoff H, Sourgens H, Hesch RD, Ingbar SH.

 The present studies were undertaken to explore the mechanism by which, as previous studies have shown, freeze-dried aqueous extracts (FDE) of plants of the species Lycopus virginicus and Lycopus europaeus, Melissa officinalis (Laminaceae), and Lithospermum officinale (Boraginaceae) have the ability to inhibit at least many of the effects of exogenous and endogenous TSH on the thyroid gland. To this end, we have examined the in vitro effects of FDE from these plants on the ability of bovine TSH (bTSH) to both bind to human thyroid plasma membranes (TPM) and activate adenylate cyclase therein. FDE of these four species produced a dose-related, ultimately complete, inhibition of the binding of 125I-labeled bTSH when studied at 4 C in a 20 mM Tris-HCl-0.5% BSA buffer, pH 7.45. Half-maximum inhibition of bTSH binding was produced by approximately 50 mU/ml bTSH and only about 10-30 micrograms/ml of the four active FDE. When studied in Tris-BSA-50 mM NaCl buffer at 37 C, these FDE remained inhibitory to bTSH binding, but their potency was decreased to about one fifth of that seen in the absence of NaCl. The binding of [125I]hCG to rat testis membranes was also inhibited by all of these FDE, but no effect on the binding of [125I]insulin to crude rat liver membranes was observed. In concentrations as high as 1 mg/ml, FDE of Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae), which belongs to the same order (Tubiflorae) as the other plants, but exhibits no antithyrotropic or antigonadotropic activity in vivo, had no effect on either the binding of bTSH to thyroid membranes or the binding of hCG to rat testis membranes. No inhibition of [125I]bTSH binding occurred when TPM were preincubated with the four active FDE, washed, and then incubated with [125I]bTSH in medium devoid of FDE. Hence, the inhibition of [125I]bTSH binding seen when labeled hormone and active FDE were added together was not due to irreversible binding of FDE to TPM or damage to the TSH receptor. When [125I]bTSH was incubated with the active FDE in Tris-BSA and the mixture was chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 using the same buffer, [125I]bTSH was shifted from an apparent mol wt of 30,000 and eluted at the void volume. Direct binding of [125I]bTSH in fractions from the new, large molecular peak was nil. Addition of a large excess of unlabeled bTSH during preincubation prevented the shift in the elution pattern of [125I] bTSH produced by these FDE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


  Systematic review of clinical data with BNO-101 (Sinupret) in the treatment of sinusitis.:Forsch Komplement Med (2006). 2006 Apr;13(2):78-87. Epub 2006 Apr 19. Review. Melzer J, Saller R, Schapowal A, Brignoli R.Institute of Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. joerg.melzer@usz.ch

 BACKGROUND: The herbal formula BNO-101 (containing Gentianae radix, Primulae flos, Rumicis herba, Sambuci flos and Verbenae herba; ratio 1:3:3:3:3) has been widely employed as a 'mucoactive' agent in Germany for 70 years for the symptoms of respiratory infections. This paper reviews the clinical evidence of BNO-101 in sinusitis. METHODS: The systematic search identified 22 studies with BNO-101. Out of these, 6 controlled trials on sinusitis were reassessed according to predefined criteria. 4 trials had almost identical designs and could be examined by meta-analysis. RESULTS: The database comprised approximately 900 patients, mostly young adult males. After 2 weeks of treatment, verum was significantly superior to placebo (2 RCTs, 159 vs. 160 patients, both add-on to antibacterial treatment). The benefit regards the patients' assessment ('cured': verum = 61.1%, placebo = 34.5%), reduction of drain obstruction, headache and radiological signs (all p < 0.05). Comparing BNO-101 to ambroxol (2 RCTs, 151 vs. 150 patients, add-on to antibacterials in 13% of the cases) the patients' assessment after 2 weeks showed no difference, although it favoured BNO-101 in chronic cases ('cured' BNO-101 = 37.1%, ambroxol = 12.5%; p < 0.05). It also favoured BNO-101 concerning pyorrhoea and headache (p < 0.05). No significant differences were reported in 2 open randomised trials vs. N-acetyl-cysteine and vs. the herbal product Myrtol std. CONCLUSIONS: BNO-101, combined with standard antibacterial therapy, significantly reduces the acute symptoms and signs of sinusitis. The effects are of the same order of magnitude as observed with other mucoactive agents. In the trials investigated BNO-101 had a favourable risk/benefit ratio, with an incidence of adverse events similar to placebo.

  Influence of medicinal herbs on phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils.:Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1992 Oct;39(8):593-9.Hu S, Cai W, Ye J, Qian Z, Sun Z.Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural University, P.R. China.

 Twenty-six herbal preparations made from 24 medicinal herbs, categorized as antipyretics in Chinese materia medica, were tested in vitro to determine their effects upon phagocytosis of 32P-labelled Staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils isolated from bovine blood and milk. The percentage of phagocytosis was determined after incubating (1 hour at 37 degrees C) 1.25 x 10(7) neutrophils, 1 x 10(8) 32P-labelled S. aureus and 10% skimmed milk with herbal solutions. Concentrations of herbal preparations tested were 100%, 10% and 1% (v/v). When compared with PBSS (0.01 M phosphate buffered saline solution) controls, most of the herbs at high concentrations inhibited phagocytosis while at lower concentrations phagocytosis was increased. All 26 herbal preparations significantly increased blood neutrophil activity at their proper concentrations. The most active herbs in promoting blood neutrophil phagocytosis were observed for Herba verbenae, Flos chrysanthemi, Flos lonicerae, Radix sophorae flavescentis, Herba houttuyniae, Radix isatidis, Herba patriniae, Berberini sulfatis at the lowest concentration and for Folium hibisci at the high concentration with the increased percentage of more than 40.0% in comparison with PBSS control. Of the 19 herbal preparations tested with milk neutrophils, 18 herbs greatly increased phagocytosis at suitable concentrations. The most active preparations in stimulating milk neutrophil functions included Folium hibisci, Flos chrysanthemi, Radix bupleuri, Radix stellariae, Herba houttuyniae, Herba senecionis scandentis, Caulis lonicerae and Flos lonicerae which increased phagocytosis by over 35.0%.


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  1.Research Update:Verbena officinalis