Research Update:Asparagus officinalis.

  seminal trace...Asparagus extract.Asparagus Officinalis Extract.Asparagus Root extract.CAS.RN.NO:84649-90-1.aqueous extracts of asparagus...

 


   Phytochemical info of Asparagus officinalis.

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 Definition:Asparagus officinalis are majorly composed of
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   Research Update:Asparagus officinalis.

  Cloning and analyzing of the female-specific marker in the dioecious species Asparagus officinalis L.:Fen Zi Xi Bao Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2006 Jun;39(3):281-4. Chinese.Lu LD, Li RL, Gao WJ, Deng CL, Wang LJ.College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007. lld5910@yahoo.com

 Sex-linked molecular markers are being obtained, which would be essential to be used in the screening of different sex of dioecious plants at the seedling stage. Furthermore, it is important in cloning the gene related to the sex. In this study the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was employed with the objective to find markers linked to sex determination in Asparagus. A total of 100 primers were tested with the same PCR cycling procedure. A female-associated fragment with a length of about 867bp was generated with S12 primer. The fragment was cloned and sequenced, showing it is abundant in AT and contains 2 shorter open reading frames. In order to convert the RAPD marker into SCAR (sequence characterized amplified regions) marker, 24bp specific primers were constructed and used for PCR amplifying. The female-linked dominant SCAR marker was obtained, which would be efficient to identify the different sex of Asparagus officinalis L.

  Plant regeneration after long-term callus culture in clones of Asparagus officinalis L.:Biocell. 2005 Dec;29(3):313-7.Pontaroli AC, Camadro EL.Estaci¨®n Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog¨ªa Agropecuaria and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (FCA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, C. C. 276, (7620) Balcarce, Argentina.

 Callus growth and plant regeneration from long-term callus cultures were studied in two elite clones of Asparagus officinalis cv. Argenteuil, to establish a suitable protocol for a prospective in vitro selection program. Callus initiation and growth was evaluated on MS medium with 3% sucrose, 0.9% agar, 1 mg x l(-1) kinetin, and three levels of 2,4-D. The highest callus relative growth was obtained on medium with 1.5 mg x l(-1) 2,4-D and 1 mg x l(-1) kinetin. Shoot primordia (SP) induction from > 18-months-old calluses was evaluated on several media; the highest percentage of SP induction (89%) and average number of SP per callus (8.6) were obtained with clone "265" on MS medium with 5 mg x l(-1) 2iP, 1 mg x l(-1) IAA, 3% sucrose and 0.9% agar. The highest percentage of root induction (100%) was achieved with clone '265' on MS medium with 0.1 mg x l(-1) kinetin, 0.1 mg x l(-1) NAA, 1.32 mg x l(-1) ancymidol, 7% glucose and 0.8% agar. Important medium x genotype interactions were detected, pointing to the need of adjusting this and other in vitro protocols for specific asparagus genotypes.

  Steroidal saponins from roots of Asparagus officinalis.:Steroids. 2006 Feb;71(2):171-6. Epub 2005 Nov 8.Huang X, Kong L.Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.

 Sarsasapogenin M (1) and sarsasapogenin N (2), two new oligospirostanosides with a unique aglycone moiety, (25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta, 17alpha-diol, along with seven known compounds (25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1,2)-[beta-d-xylopyranosyl-(1,4)]-beta-d-glucopyranoside (3), (25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1,2)-beta-d-glucopyranoside (4), (25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol-3-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1,2)-[alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1,4)]-beta-d-glucopyranoside (5), (25S)26-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-5beta-furost-20 (22)-ene-3beta,26-diol-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1,2)-beta-d-glucopyranoside (6), yamogenin (7), beta-sitosterol (8), and sitosterol-beta-d-glucoside (9) were isolated from the roots of Asparagus officinalis L. Their structures were determined by spectral analysis, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments.

  Purification and monosaccharide composition of saponin from Asparagus officianlis L.:Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2005 May;21(3):446-50. Chinese.Fang YL.Chemistry and Material College, Fujian Teachers University, Fuzhou 350007, China. cmfangyl@163.com

 The saponins extracted from the stem of Asparagus officinalis L., is a glucoside. In the mean time, it solved the problem of environment pollution about wastes of Asparagus officinalis L., and made the waste useful. The factors affected extractive efficiency of the saponin from Asparagus officinalis L. was investigated. The optimal conditions were 95% alcohol; V/W = 6:1; 90 degrees C; 4h. The saponins average abstraction rate from fresh and dry wastes of Asparagus officinalis L. was 1.70% and 4.01% respectively. The saponins were dissociated with Al2O3 column. The eluent was 40% alcohol, the elute curves showed a symmetrical peak. The compound structure was determined by UV, IR and HPLC spectra et al. The results indicated that it belonged to the furostanol saponins and its glycosyl composed of xylose, fucose, arabinose, as well as the mole ratio was Xyl: Fuc : Ara = 1.0:0.13:19.42, Mw 18 500. In this paper, the saponins were extracted from wastes of Asparagus officinalis L. and analyzed glycosyl component in detail.

  Occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in asparagus from Shandong province, PR China.:Food Addit Contam. 2005 Jul;22(7):673-6.Liu C, Liu F, Xu W, Kofoet A, Humpf HU, Jiang S.Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China.

 Thirty samples of asparagus spears were collected from the fields in Shandong province, China, in July 2004, and were analysed for the occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2) by HPLC coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Twenty-four samples (80%) contained fumonisins, ranging from 24 to 670 ng g(-1) (average 123 ng g(-1)) and 17 to 138 ng g(-1)(average 35 ng g(-1)) for FB1 and FB2, respectively. The total amount of fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) in all samples ranged from 47 to 714 ng g(-1) (average 158 ng g(-1)) (based on dry weight). This is the first report on the natural occurrence of FB1 and FB2 in asparagus spears in China.


  Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from several asparagus cultivars.:J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 29;53(13):5212-7.Rodr¨ªguez R, Jaramillo S, Rodr¨ªguez G, Espejo JA, Guill¨¦n R, Fern¨¢ndez-Bola?os J, Heredia A, Jim¨¦nez A.Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.

 Three different methods (antiradical activity, inhibition of primary oxidation, and ferric reducing power) have been used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of eight different asparagus cultivars and byproducts: white and green asparagus from Alcal¨¢ del R¨ªo (Guadalquivir Valley, Seville) and American hybrids, native spears, and their byproducts from Hu¨¦tor-T¨¢jar (Vega de Granada). The correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol content was studied. Six standards were also tested to validate the modified methods for antioxidant activity determination. Results obtained for antiradical capacity and reducing power were very similar, and a high correlation with phenols was found (R > or = 0.9 for both tests). Sample origin was an important factor, spears from Hu¨¦tor-T¨¢jar having higher values (ARC between 7 and 10 and P(R) of 0.25-0.33) than those from Alcal¨¢ del R¨ªo (ARC 0.6-2 and P(R) of 0.05-0.07). Significant differences were found between spears with the same origin, suggesting that genetics are another factor to take into account. Asparagus inhibits lipid primary oxidation, but no correlation between the inhibition percentage and phenols was observed. Asparagus origin was the only factor that led to significant differences: samples from Hu¨¦tor-T¨¢jar had higher values (POIC between 18 and 32) than those from Alcal¨¢ del R¨ªo (POIC of 5-9). Byproducts from the canning industry at Hu¨¦tor-T¨¢jar were also assayed for antioxidant activity; the results obtained suggested that byproducts could be considered as an excellent source of natural antioxidants.

  Degradation of malathion, in aqueous extracts of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis).:J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Sep 22;52(19):5919-23.Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.

 Malathion was incubated in water extracts of vegetables at various temperatures and pH, and the amount of malathion present over time was analyzed by a gas chromatograph with a flame photometric detector. Malathion was degraded to a nondetectable level in a 1% asparagus extract incubated at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C for 4 h. Carrot extract showed the second highest rate of malathion degradation (76%), followed by kale extract (23.7%), spinach extract (9.7%), and broccoli extract (1.5%) under the same conditions. The highest degradation rates of malathion were observed at 37 degrees C, when three different temperatures were tested (5, 25, and 37 degrees C) at pH 7.4. Rate constants were 0.134 min(-)(1) from a 1% asparagus solution and 0.095 min(-)(1) from a 0.5% asparagus solution. The highest degradation rate of malathion was achieved at pH 9 among the pHs tested (pH 4, 7.4, and 9) in a 0.5% asparagus solution. The 0.5% asparagus solution degraded dicarboxylic acid esters by almost 100% for dimethyl succinate and diethyl adipate, by 64% for diethyl acetyl succinate, and 30% for diethyl benzyl malonate when incubated at pH 9 for 20 min. The results support the hypothesis that the enzyme that degrades malathion in the asparagus solutions is a carboxylesterase.

  Type I and type IV sensitization to Asparagus officinalis.:Hautarzt. 2004 Apr;55(4):397-8. German.Rieker J, Ruzicka T, Neumann NJ, Bielicky P, Homey B.Hautklinik, Universit?tsklinikum D¨¹sseldorf, D¨¹sseldorf, Germany.

 Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis),a member of the Liliaceae family, is a popular vegetable, most commonly eaten in May. A 55-year-old cook presented with seasonal (always in May) recurrent dyshidrosiform hand eczema which prevented him from working. He also reported developing dyspnea and dysphagia after consuming asparagus. Diagnostic allergy testing revealed positive reactions against asparagus in prick-to-prick and epicutaneous patch tests.

  Quantification of protodioscin and rutin in asparagus shoots by LC/MS and HPLC methods.:J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Oct 8;51(21):6132-6.Wang M, Tadmor Y, Wu QL, Chin CK, Garrison SA, Simon JE.New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program and Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Cook College, Rutgers University, and New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. mwang@aesop.rutgers.edu

 A liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method with selected ion monitoring was developed and validated to analyze the contents of protodioscin and rutin in asparagus. The distribution of rutin and protodioscin within the shoots was found to vary by location, with the tissue closest to the rhizome found to be a rich source of protodioscin, at an average level of 0.025% tissue fresh weight in the three tested lines, while the upper youngest shoot tissue contained the highest amount of rutin at levels of 0.03-0.06% tissue fresh weight. The lower portions of the asparagus shoots that are discarded during grading and processing should instead be considered a promising source of a new value-added nutraceutical product.

  Two novel oligosaccharides formed by 1F-fructosyltransferase purified from roots of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.).:Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Jun;66(6):1419-22.

 Two novel oligosaccharides, tetra-and penta-saccharides were synthesized by fructosyl transfer from 1-kestose to 4G-beta-D-galactopyranosylsucrose with a purified 1F-fructosyltransferase of asparagus roots and identified as 1F-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4G-beta-D-galactopyranosylsucrose, O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2-->1)-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)]-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and 1F(1-beta-D-fructofuranosyl)2-4G-beta-D-galactopyranosylsucrose, [O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2-->1)]2-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)]-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. Both oligosaccharides were scarcely hydrolyzed by carbohydrase from rat small intestine. Human intestinal bacterial growth by 1F-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4G-beta-D-galactopyranosylsucrose was compared with that by the tetrasaccharides, stachyose and nystose. Bifidobacteria utilized 1F-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4G-beta-D-galactopyranosylsucrose to the same extent as stachyose or nystose. On the other hand, the unfavorable bacteria, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Enterococcusfaecalis, that produce mutagenic substances did not use the synthetic oligosaccharide.


  Determination of sarsasapogenin in "tian dong" by TLCS.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2001 Aug;24(8):577-8. Chinese.Yu B, Luo X, Xu Y, Xu L, Xu G.China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009.

 This paper reported the determination of sarsasapogenin in 12 samples from 7 species and varieties of Asparagus genus whose commercial name is "Tian-Dong"(Radix Asparagi), Asparagus cochichinensis(Lour.) Merr, A. cochichinensis (lour.) Merr. var. gaudichaudianus (Kunth) X. D. Luo and G. J. Xu, A. taliensis Wang et Tang, A. munitus Wang et Tang, A. myriacanthus Wang et S. C. Chen, A. meioclados Levl and A. trichoclados (Wang et Tang) Wang et S. C. Chen by TLCS. The results showed that it was no pertinence between content of sarsaspogenin with the species, and the content of sarsasapogenin in the tuberous roots was inverse ratio with the commercial grande in same species.

  Isolation of a novel deoxyribonuclease with antifungal activity from Asparagus officinalis seeds.:Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Nov 23;289(1):120-4.Wang H, Ng TB.Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.

 A deoxyribonuclease distinct from the previously isolated asparagus ribosome-inactivating proteins, possessing a molecular weight of 30 kDa and requiring a pH of 7.5 for optimum hydrolytic activity toward herring sperm DNA, was isolated from Asparagus officinalis seeds. The isolation procedure involved extraction with saline, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose, and FPLC gel filtration on Superdex 75. The doxyribonuclease was unadsorbed onto DEAE-cellulose and Affi-gel blue gel and adsorbed onto CM-Sepharose. It exhibited the novel N-terminal sequence, GIEVIKIREL. The deoxyribonuclease was purified to a specific activity of 1584 units/mg. It was devoid of ribonuclease, protease, and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-inhibitory activities. However, it inhibited cell-free translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC(50) of 20 microM. It exhibited antifungal activity toward Botrytis cinerea but not toward Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella arachidicola.

  Postharvest storage of white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis l.): changes in dietary fiber (Nonstarch polysaccharides).:J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Sep;47(9):3832-6.Villanueva-Su¨¢rez MJ, Redondo-Cuenca A, Rodriguez-Sevilla MD, Heredia-Moreno A.Departamento de Nutrici¨®n y Bromatolog¨ªa II: Bromatolog¨ªa, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

 Changes occurring in the content and composition of the dietary fiber of white asparagus during storage in different conditions were studied (2 degrees C; 2 degrees C in polyethylene bags with air; 2 degrees C in polyethylene bags with a selected gas mixture). The neutral sugars and uronic acid composition of dietary fiber was determined by gas chromatography and by a spectrophotometric method. The modifications observed in the dietary fiber of the asparagus stored at 2 degrees C were more rapid and pronounced than those in polyethylene bags. The most important changes corresponded to xylose and glucose from insoluble dietary fiber and galactose from soluble dietary fiber. Statistical analysis indicated that the modifications were significantly affected by the type of storage and time.

  Steroidal saponins from Asparagus officinalis and their cytotoxic activity.:Planta Med. 1997 Jun;63(3):258-62. Shao Y, Poobrasert O, Kennelly EJ, Chin CK, Ho CT, Huang MT, Garrison SA, Cordell GA.Department of Plant Science, Cook College, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08903, USA.

 Two oligofurostanosides were isolated from the seeds of Asparagus officinalis L and their structures characterized as 3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1-->4))-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-26-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-(25R) -22 alpha-methoxyfurost-5-ene-3 beta,26-diol(methyl protodioscin) and its corresponding 22 alpha-hydroxy analogue (protodioscin). The structural identification was performed using detailed analysis of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra including two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (COSY, HMQC, NOESY and HMBC), and chemical conversions. These two compounds have been shown to inhibit the growth of human leukemia HL-60 cells in culture and macromolecular synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis was found to be irreversible.

  Study of chromium and nickel content in white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis, L.).:Nahrung. 1997 Apr;41(2):114-7.Amaro-L¨®pez MA, Moreno-Rojas R, Zurera-Cosano G, S¨¢nchez-Segarra PS.University of C¨®rdoba, Department of Food Science and Technology, Spain.

 The modifications in the chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) content and the distribution of these trace elements in white asparagus spears (Asparagus officinalis, L.) were investigated. Samples were taken of two varieties of white asparagus, Desto and Cipr¨¦s, and grouped in function of their thickness in spears of < 11 mm and of > 14 mm. All the asparagus samples were cut in lengths of 20 cm and divided into 10 portions of 2 cm each. The determinations of chromium and nickel were carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with air-acetylene flame. The mean concentrations were 0.675 +/- 0.19 and 5.578 +/- 1.39 mg/kg dry weight for chromium and nickel, respectively. By means of three-factor analyses of variance (varieties, thickness and portions), statistically significant differences were determined between the concentrations of chromium and nickel and each one of the sources of variation established. The chromium content showed a variable distribution throughout the white asparagus portions as a result of the notable differences between varieties and thickness. In the case of nickel, its levels underwent a generalized decrease as the spear portions were further and further away from the apical area or tip of the white asparagus.


  Mineral content modifications during ripening of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis, L.).:Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1996 Jan;49(1):13-26.Lopez MA, Cosano GZ, Rojas RM, Garcia-Gimeno RM.Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Spain.

 The essential elements: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) were analyzed in fresh asparagus to determine the effect of the ripening of the asparagus on the mineral content. Asparagus samples were classified in two groups by diameter (< 11 mm and > 14 mm). Asparagus from a sample group with the same diameter were divided into two portions (apical and basal) according to distance from the tip. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus increased with the ripening process of the asparagus while the content of sodium decreased when the white asparagus turned into a green ripening state. No significant differences were established for potassium. The green ripening state was the group with the greater concentration of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between portions of asparagus (tip and rest of stem) in the contents of the five mineral elements analyzed. The levels of mineral elements investigated increased notably in the tip of the asparagus with the exception of sodium and potassium of which the levels in the apical portion decreased or hardly modified. The variance analyses determined statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in the concentration of magnesium, sodium and phosphorus between asparagus diameters (< 11 and > 14 mm) and no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found for calcium and potassium. The mean element levels were (mg/kg dry weight): Ca = 324 +/- 1186; Mg = 1818 +/- 490; Na = 368 +/- 86; K = 37297 +/- 4167 and P = 6809 +/- 2481.

  Ribosome-inactivating proteins from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis L. (soapwort), of Agrostemma githago L. (corn cockle) and of Asparagus officinalis L. (asparagus), and from the latex of Hura crepitans L. (sandbox tree).:Biochem J. 1983 Dec 15;216(3):617-25.Stirpe F, Gasperi-Campani A, Barbieri L, Falasca A, Abbondanza A, Stevens WA.

 Ribosome-inactivating proteins, similar to those already known [Barbieri & Stirpe (1982) Cancer Surveys 1, 489-520] were purified from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis (two proteins), of Agrostemma githago (three proteins), and of Asparagus officinalis (three proteins), and from the latex of Hura crepitans (one protein). The yield ranged from 8 to 400 mg/100 g of starting material. All proteins have an Mr of approx. 30000 and an alkaline isoelectric point. Their sugar content varies from 0 (proteins from S. officinalis) to 40% (protein from H. crepitans). The ribosome-inactivating proteins inhibit protein synthesis by rabbit reticulocyte lysate, the ID50 (concentration giving 50% inhibition) ranging from 1 ng/ml (a protein from S. officinalis) to 18 ng/ml (a protein from A. githago). Those which were tested (the proteins from S. officinalis and from A. githago) also inhibit polymerization of phenylalanine by isolated ribosomes, acting in an apparently catalytic manner. The protein from H. crepitans inhibited protein synthesis by HeLa cells, with an ID50 of 4 micrograms/ml, whereas the proteins from S. officinalis and from A. githago had an ID50 of more than 50-100 micrograms/ml. The ribosome-inactivating proteins from S. officinalis and from A. githago reduced the number of local lesions by tobacco-mosaic virus in the leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa.


  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update:Asparagus officinalis.