Corktree refers to Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (amur corktree) or Phellodendron chinensis Schneid. (Chinese corktree), a deciduous tree, of the Rutaceae family, which can grow to reach 12 to 16 m high with a spread of another 12 to 16 m. It has a broad, rounded crown without a strong central leader. It's growth rate is rapid when young. The gray-brown bark becomes fissured and corky with age.
Corktree prefers a rich, moist, well drained soil. Tolerates a wide range of soil pH. Full sun. May require pruning to train up to a desirable form. The tree can be used on alkaline soils and is resistant to insects and diseases. It has a tendency to grow late into the season as seedling trees and frequently suffers winter injury to the branch tips as very young trees.
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Basic Instruction
Corktree refers to Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (amur corktree) or Phellodendron chinensis Schneid. (Chinese corktree), a deciduous tree, of the Rutaceae family...
Cortex Phellodendri
English Name:Amur Corktree Bark ,Corktree Bark
Cortex Phellodendri (Huang Bo)
Pharmaceutical Name:Cortex Phellodendri
Latin name:Cortex Phellodendri,Cortex phellodendri amurensis,Phellodendri Cortex
Botanical Source:Phellodendron chinense Schneid. or Phellodendron amurense Rupr.
Botanical Name:1. Phellodendron amurense Rupr.(Guang Huang Bo); 2. Phellodendron chinense Schneid. (Chuan Huang Bai)
Common Name:Phellodendron bark
Pin Yin Name:Huangbai,Pi Mu,Pi Pi,Huang Pi,Huang Bo Luo,Huang Bai Li,Huang Pi Shu,Hui Pi Bai,Hau Huang Bia,Dong Huang Bai,Guan Bai,Guan Huang Bai.
Remedy Name:Huang Bo,Chuan Bo,Bo Pi,Chuang Huang Bo,Yan Huang Bo,Yan Shui Chao Huang Bo,Jiu Huang Bo,Huang Bo Tan,Yan Bo,Chao Huang Bo.
Name Identify:
Huang Pi: bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr.(Guang Huang Bo)
Huang Pi Shu:bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid.(Chuan Huang Bai)
Source of Earliest Record:Shennong Bencao Jing
Habitat:wide spread from Sichuan,Hu Bei,Hu Nan,Gui Zhou Province of China.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations:The bark should be gathered during Pure Brightness (fifth solar term). After the coarse bark is peeled off, it is dried in the sun and cut into slices. The raw bark is used, or it can be fried with salt.
Amur Cork Tree Bark Extract(Phellodendron Bark Extract)
Chuan huangbo Tabular or shallowly channeled, varying in length and width, 3~6 mm thick. Outer surface yellowish-brown, even or longitudinally furrowed, some showing scars of lenticels, and remains of greyish-brown coarse bark, inner surface dark yellow or pale brown, with fine longitudinal ridges. Texture light and hard, fracture fibrous, showing lobelike layers, dark yellow. Odour, slight; taste, very bitter, viscous on chewing.
Guan huangbo 2~4 mm thick. Outer surface yellowish-green or pale brownish-yellow, relatively even, with irregular longitudinal fissures, scars of lenticels small and infrequently visible, occasionally remaining greyish-white coarse bark. Inner surface yellow of yellowish-brown. Texture light and relatively hard. Fracture bright yellow or yellowish-green.
Plant Origin Narrative:
Corktree refers to Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (amur corktree) or Phellodendron chinensis Schneid. (Chinese corktree), a deciduous tree, of the Rutaceae family, which can grow to reach 12 to 16 m high with a spread of another 12 to 16 m. It has a broad, rounded crown without a strong central leader. It's growth rate is rapid when young. The gray-brown bark becomes fissured and corky with age.
Branching tends to be quite low. Sexes are separate. Flowers are greenish and not very conspicuous. Females produce large clusters of fleshy black fruit which remain on the tree into the winter. Leaves are pinnately compound with 5?3 leaflets. The medium green leaflets are 7 cm long and develop a good yellow fall color.
Corktree prefers a rich, moist, well drained soil. Tolerates a wide range of soil pH. Full sun. May require pruning to train up to a desirable form. The tree can be used on alkaline soils and is resistant to insects and diseases. It has a tendency to grow late into the season as seedling trees and frequently suffers winter injury to the branch tips as very young trees.
In China, the amur corktree is mainly found in Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, etc., while the Chinese corktree primarily grows in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Yunnan, etc.
Corktree has interesting and corky bark, which is used by the Chinese as a heat clearing and dampness removing herb.
The herb is reaped before and after the Qingming Festival (5th April), and is peeled off with rough bark scraped off, dried in the sun, pressed flat, fully moistened, sliced or shredded and used when raw or after being mixed and fried in brine or wine or after being charred.
Scientific Name:Phellodendron amurense
Common Name:Amur corktree
Hardiness Zones: 4-7
Growth Rate: Moderate to rapid
Site Requirements: Sun; range of soil types; withstands clay, wind, air pollution, drought, and soil compaction
Form: Broad spreading; short trunk; open rounded crown; horizontal branches
Height: 30 to 45'; Width: 35 to 40'
Leaf: 10 to 15" compound leaves with 5 to 13 leaflets; yellow to bronzy yellow fall color
Flower/Fruit: Nonshowy yellowish green flowers in summer; .5" black fruit on female trees in fall that persists into winter
Comments: Shallow wide spreading root system; with age the bark becomes ridged and furrowed with gray brown color; easy to transplant
Leaf: Opposite, pinnately compound, 7 to 11 ovate to elliptical leaflets, entire leaf 11 to 14 inches, shiny dark green above, much paler below.
Flower: Upright cluster of small maroon to yellow-green flowers, cluster 2 to 3 inches long, appearing in late spring to early summer.
Fruit: Black 3/8 inch diameter drupe in clusters, ripen in early fall and persist through the winter.
Twig: Stout, lustrous brown, numerous lighter lenticels; large raised U-shaped leaf scars encircles a fuzzy brown broadly conical bud; inner bark of twigs bright yellow.
Bark: Dark gray, ridged and furrowed, becomes quite thick with corky ridges.
Form: A medium sized tree (50 feet), with a spreading often flat-topped crown.
Main Component and Phytochemicals:
Main Component: Berberine[C20H18NO4]+(0.63%~5.91%),palmatine[C21H22NO4]+(0.372%~0.590%),jatrorrhizine[C20H20NO4]+(0.028%),phellodendrine[C20H24NO4]+,menisperine,candicine,obacunone,etc.
Huang Pi: bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr.(Guang Huang Bo),contains alkaloids group as Berberine,Jatrorrhizine,Magnoflorine,Phellodendrine,Candicine,Palmatine,Menisperine;and limonin(obakulactone),Obacunone,Obaeulactone,Dictamnolide,Obacunonic acid,Lumicaeruleic acid;7-Deby-drostigmasterol;Beta-Sitosterol;Campesterol. Root Bark contains Berberine,jatrorrhizine,phellodendrine,Candicine; Tree contains Berberine; Fresh leaves contains Phellamurin,Amurensin,Phellatin,Phellavin. Dry leaves contains Hyperoside.
Huang Pi Shu: bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid.(Chuan Huang Bai),contains Berberine,Magnoflorine,Phellodendrine,Palmatine,and some other alkaloids,etc.
Other Phytochemicals: magnoflorine,candicine,menisperine,obacunone,obaculactone,pictamnalide,obacunonic acid;lumincaeruleic acid;7-dehydro-stigmasterol;beta-sitosterol;campesterol;limonin,Dictamnolide,etc.
Properties and Application Guide:
Tips:Strong antiseptic action in dysentery, enteritis, cystitis, urethritis; also lowers blood pressure and blood sugar
Properties & Taste:Bitter and cold,Bitter in flavor, cold in nature, it is related to the kidney, urinary bladder and large intestine channels.
Meridians:Kidney, urinary bladder and large intestine
Action:
To remove damp-heat, quench fire, counteract toxicity, and relieve consumptive fever.
Cortex Phellodendri(processed with salt) To nourish yin and reduce fire.
Functions:
1. To clear heat and dry dampness;
2. To reduce fire and release toxins
Clears away heat to eliminate dampness, purges intense heat to remove toxic substances and reduces fever to eliminate any disease characterized by hectic fever.
Indications & Combinations:
1.Dysentery, jaundice and morbid leucorrhea caused by damp-heat; urinary infectious; weakness and edema of legs; consumptive fever and night sweating; seminal emission; sores and skin infection with local redness and swelling; eczema with itching.
Cortex Phellodendri(processed with salt): Night sweating and consumptive fever due to exuberant fire secondary to deficiency of yin.
2. Damp-heat syndrome : a) damp-heat accumulated in intestines manifested as diarrhea and dysenteryPhellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Pulsatilla root (Baitouweng), Coptis root (Huanglian) and Scutellaria root (Huangqin); b) internal accumulation of damp-heat manifested as jaundicePhellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Capejasmine (Zhizi) and Oriental wormwood (Yinchenhao); c) downward flowing of damp-heat, turbid urination and yellow, thick leukorrheaPhellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Plantain seed (Cheqianzi), Bamboo leaf (Zhuye) and Clematis stem (Mutong); d) boils caused by dampness in the lower part of the bodyPhellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Atractylodes rhizome (Cangzhu). 2. General boils, carbuncles, furuncles and eczema. Phellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Scutellaria root (Huangqin) and Capejasmine (Zhizi). For external use, Phellodendron bark (Huangbai) is pounded into a powder mixed with Talc (Huashi). 3. Deficiency of yin with heat manifested as noturnal emissions and night sweating. Phellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu) and Fresh rehmannia root (Shengdihuang).
Applications:
1. For treating leukorrhea (whitish viscid discharge from the vagina) due to pathogenic damp-heat, strangury (slow and painful spasmodic discharge of urine drop by drop) caused by pathogenic heat, beri-beri, diarrhea/dysentery and jaundice:
(A) Foul leukorrhea due to downward flow of damp-heat: The herb is used with yam, gordon euryale (Semen Euryales), Asiatic plantain seed (Semen Plantaginis), etc., e.g., Yi Huang Tang.
(B) Urination with burning sensation and strangury with pain in urination due to retention of damp-heat in the urinary bladder: It is used with Asiatic plantain seed (Semen Plantaginis), talcum, five-leaf akebia stem (Caulis Akebiae), etc.
(C) Beri-beri with flaccidity and swelling and pain in the knees and feet due to downward flow of damp-heat: It is used with Chinese atractylodes rhizome (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and ox-knee root (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), e.g., San Miao Wan.
(D) Diarrhea due to pathogenic damp-heat: It is used with Chinese pulsatilla root (Radix Pulsatillae), Chinese goldthread rhizome (Rhizoma Coptidis), ash bark (Cortex Fraxini), etc., the same as Baitouweng Tang.
(E) Jaundice with reddish urine due to pathogenic damp-heat: It is used with gardenia fruit (Fructus Gardeniae), e.g., Zhizi Baipi Tang.
2. For treating skin and external diseases and pyogenic (pus forming) infections, eczema and noxious eczema:
(A) Skin and External Diseases and Pyogenic Infections: When taken orally, this herb is for the most part used together with Chinese goldthread rhizome (Rhizoma Coptidis) and gardenia fruit (Fructus Gardeniae). For external use, it is finely ground and applied onto the affected part with pig bile or chicken egg white.
(B) Eczema, noxious eczema and vaginal itching and swelling: The herb is used with jingjie (Herba Schizonepetae), ophiogodon root (Radix Ophiogodonosis), shechuangzi (Fructus Cnidii), etc., for oral administration and external washing. Or, it can be pulverized together with indigo, talcum and licorice and sprinkled onto the affected area.
3. For treating fever due to yin (body fluids) deficiency, night sweat and emission:
It is used with windweed rhizome (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) together with yin-nourishing and fire-reducing herbs such as prepared rehmannia, medicinal cornel fruit (Fructus Corni), tortoise plastron, etc., e.g., Zhi Bai Dihuang Wan or Da Bu Yin Wan.
4.Reducing heat and resolving dampness:
For the treatment of dysentery due to damp-heat accompanied with fever and tenesmus, it is often combined with Radix Pulsatillae, Cortex Fraxini, etc.; for jaundice with fever due to damp-heat, with Fructus Gardeniae and others for recuding heat and resolving dampness; for yellow and thick leukorrhea due to damp-heat with Semen Euryales, Semen Ginkgo, etc.; for the treatment of the low extremities affected with hotness and pain due to the descending of damp-heat, with Rhizoma Atractylodis, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae; for stranguria with hot sensation or painful urination with dark urine, with Fructus Gardeniae, Semen Plantaginis, etc.
5.Purging fire and eliminating virulent evil factors:
For the treatment of eczema and skin pyogenic infection due to virulent heat, it may be used internally or externally: for eczema, it can be used with Herba Schizonepetae, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis; for skin pyogenic infection, it can be used internally in combination with Rhizoma Coptidis, Fructus Gardeniae, etc. and used externally by mixing its powder with pig's bile.
6.Eliminating asthenia-heat:
For the treatment of hectic fever, nocturnal emmision, night sweating, due to deficiency of Yin leading to flare-up of fire, it is often combined with Rhizoma Anemarrhenae.
Pharmacological Effects:
1.Antibacterial Effects:
Antimicrobial components from Corktree Bark is berberine.Corktree Bark decoction or alcohol liquid in vitro test shows inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus white,Lemon Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, meningococcus, Streptococcus viridans, Vibrio cholerae, diphtheria bacteria, Shigella, the Green septic bacilli, and nearly no inhibition on E. coli, Salmonella typhi almost ineffective. There were reports about its inhibition effects on E. coli.In vitro experiments Corktree Bark shows inhibition on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and resistance to streptomycin, ammonia acid, isoniazid for tuberculosis effective. In guinea pigs vaccinated with an experimental one-tuberculosis treatment, the efficacy of oral or injected Corktree Bark are poor. Inoculation of cattle tuberculosis on the guinea pigs,hydrochloride crystals extracted from Phellodendron for intramuscular has a certain effect. Allegedly,Corktree Bark on the clinical symptoms and X-ray check-turn for the better, and better than Huanglian.the mechanism of Corktree Bark antibacterial effect of bacterial respiratory associated with the strong inhibition of RNA synthesis.
In vitro, Cork decoction or liquid shows different degrees of antimicrobial effect on a variety of skin common pathogenic fungi (such as T.violaceum, E.floccosum, Microsporum canis,Trichophyton rubrum ,M.audouinii). Its water decoction can kill Leptospirosis (dose 1 times as Huanglian). In vitro experiment shows some level of inhibition to vaginal trichomoniasis.
2.Cardiovascular Effects:
The effect of jatrorrhizine plays similar cardiovascular effects as berberine,and the role similar to a positive inotropic effect and antiarrhythmic effect. Its positive inotropic effect associated with extracellular Ca + + influx on, do not involve intracellular Ca + + release. Jatrorrhizine 10 mg / kg in rats intravenous administration shows confrontational effects on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias,make myocardial ischemia and reperfusion arrhythmia during the beginning of time delay, shorten the duration, and irrigation rehabilitation during the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and animal mortality rate lower.
Corktree bark administrated by intravenous anesthesia or intraperitoneal injection of animals have significant and long-lasting relief role, the carotid artery stronger than intravenous injection, hypotension may be central in nature. The quaternary ammonium alkali-Corktree bark be changed and the tertiary amine synthesis of compounds celecoxib Xylopinin also significantly reduce blood pressure, the pressure-relief role with the intensity and duration of the increase of dose increase. In 1 to 2 cervical spinal cord cut off between the time of his disappearance antihypertensive effect, and thus prove its antihypertensive effect is a central character. When atropine, cut off bilateral vagus nerve, given diphenhydramine, six hydrocarbon extraction quarter amine or bilateral carotid sinus, had no significant effect on blood pressure, but to properly La Su Lin, double benzylamine, Lee blood is equal to weaken its antihypertensive effect. In addition, celecoxib Xylopinin has strong anti-adrenaline-like effect, due to oppression can be antagonistic carotid artery, suffocation, electric stimulation caused by the visceral nerve pressor response; also enable norepinephrine and epinephrine to boost role flip; injection of epinephrine and can inhibit the neck, or electrical stimulation of the sympathetic ganglion blink membrane from contraction.
3.Effects on central nervous system:
Phellodendrine or Xylopinin shows inhibition on the central nervous system,inhibited the spontaneous activity in mice, and subject to various reflex inhibition;given Xylopinin to canesthesia rabbit,brain waves, there will be the high-amplitude slow wave.
4.Effects on digestive system:
Berberine by subcutaneous injection components from outside or intragastric administration of ethanol ulcer, pyloric ulcer ligation, aspirin ulcers, bound flooding stress ulcer were significantly inhibited. Subcutaneous injection or duodenal administration could inhibit gastric juice volume, total acidity and pepsin activity and intragastric administration can only inhibit the activity of pepsin. 50% of the Phellodendron extracts of 1 g of methanol / kg oral administration in rats hydrochloride - ethanol ulcer significantly inhibited the effect of berberine and Huanglian intensity greater than alkaline. In rabbits with pancreatic fistula who Huangbai promote the role of pancreatic secretion.
5.Other Effects:
Corktree bark had mild alkali the curare-like role, the tension of the rectus abdominis Rana had no effect, but can inhibit acetylcholine-induced contraction. On isolated rabbit intestine, can enhance its Huangbai contraction so that shrinkage rate increase. Berberine can also contain its contraction rate increase; Huangbai ketone tension and enhance its amplitude; Huangbai lactone made the intestine flaccid.
Cork lactone near LD50 (0.05 to 0.1 g / kg), can reduce the rabbit blood glucose, Cork-no effect. Cork protection of the role of platelet yet to be confirmed. Corktree bark killing housefly and other evil flies. Cork and Hemerocallis roots and costumes, which can reduce the toxicity in mice. Cork can also promote the formation of antibodies in mice.
Dosage and Administration:
3-10 g.
Decoct the ingredients for drinking. Apply an adequate amount externally.
When raw, it is mostly used to clear away heat, eliminate dampness and remove toxic substances.
To eliminate any disease characterized by hectic fever, it is usually mixed and fried in brine to purge fire and reduce fever.
When used to stop bleeding, it is most often charred.
Directions for Use: As a dietary supplement, 250mg to 500mg up to three times daily. Do not use Nexrutine while pregnant or lactating. Nexrutine is not intended for children.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with weakness and cold in the spleen and stomach.
Cautions on Use: The bitter flavor and cold nature of this herb make it prone to the impairment of stomach-qi, so it should be avoided by anyone with spleen-yang insufficiency.
Reference Materials:
Shen Nong's Herbal Classic: "Accumulation of heat in the internal organs, jaundice, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, and phagedena (eating disorder) due to yin impairment."
The Pearl Bag (Zhenzhu Nang): "Corktree bark has six functions: first to purge the urinary bladder of kidney fire; second to treat diarrhea as a diuretic; third to eliminate severe dampness from muscles and skin; fourth to treat dysentery with bloody stools; fifth to cure pain in the navel; sixth to make up for insufficiency of the kidneys and to strengthen bones and marrow."
Research Update:
Effects of different processing products of Cortex Phellodendri on scavenging oxygen free radicals and anti-lipid peroxidation:
To investigate the effects of different processing products of Cortex Phellodendri on scavenging oxygen free radicals and anti-lipid peroxidation.
Method: The oxygen free radicals generation system and mouse liver homogenate lipid peroxidation in vitro were used. Result: The aqueous and 80% alcohol extracts of raw, stir-fried, stir-fried with salt, stir-fried with yellow alcohol products of Cortex Phellodendri could scavenge superoxide radical(O2-.) generated through hypoxanthine-oxidase system and(.OH) generated through Fenton action, and inhibit lipid peroxidation induced by hydroxyl radical generation system, respectively. But the carbonized product has no effect. There are differences among these processed products. CONCLUSION: 80% alcohol extract of stir-fried with yellow alcohol products of Cortex Phellodendri was more intense.
Anti-ulcer effect of extract from phellodendri cortex.:
In chinese medicine, Phellodendri Cortex (Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht) has been used to treat the patient who suffers from gastroenteritis, abdominal pain or diarrhea. Berberine has been identified as a major component in this plant, and it has biological activities, such as bactericidal activity, anti-cholera toxin effect, anti-inflammatory effect, stimulative effect of bile secretion or bilirubin discharge. In the previous study, we have shown the presence of anti-inflammatory activity in the berberine-free fraction of the extract from this plant. In the present study, we also found anti-ulcer activity in the fraction. The fraction significantly inhibited the formation of ethanol-induced ulcer, aspirin-induced ulcer (s.c., p.o.), pylorus-ligated ulcer (p.o., i.d.) in rats, as well as that of stress ulcer in restrained and water-immersed mice (p.o.). In addition, gastric acid secretion was significantly reduced in pylorus-ligated rats by subcutaneous or intraduodenal administration of the fraction, but not by oral administration. These findings suggest that the suppression of ulcer formation may be due to the additive effect of the cytoprotection effect and the reduction of gastric acid secretion by administration of the berberine-free fraction.
A rapid and simple determination of protoberberine alkaloids in cortex phellodendri by ^1H NMR and its application for quality control of commercial traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions:
Huangbai (cortex Phellodendri, the dried bark of Phellodendron amurense or Phellodendron chinense) is one of the important traditional Chinese medicines. Protoberberine alkaloids were reported to contribute to the biological activity of this species. A highly specific and sensitive method using ^1H NMR has been developed for the quantitative determination of protoberberine alkaloids in Phellodendron species and their commercial traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. In the region of @d 8.6-8.9, the signals of H-13 of berberine (1) and palmatine (2), were well separated from other signals in methanol-d"4. The quantity of the compounds was calculated by the relative ratio of the integral values of the target peak of each compound to the known amount of internal standard anthracene. This method allows rapid and simple quantization of protoberberine alkaloids from Phellodendron species or the more complex commercial prescriptions in 5min without any pre-purification steps. The recoveries of berberine and palmatine from P. amurense were in the range of 95-106%. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of them were 1.0 and 1.8@mg/mL, respectively. The advantages of the method were that no reference compounds are required for calibration curves, the quantification could be directly realized on a crude extract, the better selectivity for protoberberine alkaloids and a very significant time-gain could be achieved, in comparison to conventional HPLC methods, for instance.
Determination of Berberine Hydrochloride from Cortex Phellodendri and Its Genuineness:
To determine Berberine hydrochloride from Cortex Phellodendri.
Methods HPLC was adopted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The berberine content of Cortex Phellodendri from Sichuan is much higher than that from Northeast. Therefore, they might be sorted as two kinds of crude drugs in China Pharmacopoeia. There is no significant difference in berberine contents between Phellodendron Chinese Schneid. var. glabriusculum Schneid, and P. Chinese Schneid.. P. Chinese Schneid. var. glabriusculum Schneid. is the main commodities in the medicine markets. So it is suggested that P. Chinese Schneid. var. glabriusculum Schneid. is selected into China Pharmacopoeia and also used as Cortex Phellodendri. The Cortex phellodendri from Yingjing has its genuineness for its berberine content to be higher than those from other places. Heating at 60¡æ for dryness is necessary to keep its quality. Because alkloids are very susceptible to temperature,keeping in a dry place and room temperature is needed for its reservation.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy:
In the last couple of years, numerous studies have been published in China on the Chinese medical treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In general, these studies suggest that diabetic peripheral neuropathy is due to a variable combination of (1) damp heat pouring downward causing (2) obstruction to the flow of qi and blood and (3) a qi and yin vacuity failing to nourish and moisten the sinews and vessels. This then results in burning pain, tingling, numbness, insensitivity, lack of strength, and muscular atrophy mostly in the lower extremities and mostly which is worse at night. According to Chinese medical theory, extremity pain is categorized as impediment condition (bi zheng), while numbness, insensitivity, and muscular atrophy fall under the category of wilting condition (wei zheng). Therefore, this condition is usually a combination of both impediment and wilting, and one of the famous formulas of Chinese medicine which treats both impediment and wilting when these conditions are due to or associated with damp heat pouring downward, is Er Miao San (Two Wonders Powder).
Er Miao San was created by the famous Yuan dynasty Chinese doctor, Zhu Dan-xi, and is found in his Dan Xi Xin Fa (Dan-xi's Heart [or Secret] Methods). In its standard form, it is comprised of two ingredients: Cortex Phellodendri (Huang Bai) and Rhizoma Atractylodis (Cang Zhu). Huang Bai is a bitter, cold medicinal which clears hest and dries dampness, while Cang Zhu is a bitter, warm medicinal which also aromatically transforms and dries dampness. In addition, Cang Zhu is known to relieve limb pain when that limb pain is associated with dampness. This simple, two-medicinal formula clears heat and dries dampness especially in the lower half of the body. When modified with added ingredients, it is used to treat a wide variety of rheumatological, dermatological, and gynecological complaints associated with damp heat below. In issue #1, 2003 of An Hui Zhong Yi Lin Chuang Za Zhi (The Clinical Journal of Anhui Chinese Medicine), Xie Min-hua and Wu Hong of Guangdong published an article titled, "The Treatment of 32 Cases of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy with Jia Wei Er Miao San (Added Flavors Two Wonders Powder) Combined with Externally Applied Chinese Medicinals." This article appeared on pages 14-15 of that journal, and, since it used such a famous standard Chinese medicinal formula, I believe it bears reporting below.
Modern Researches: :
Corktree bark (Cortex Phellodendri) has antimicrobial range and power similar to those of Chinese goldthread rhizome (Rhizoma Coptidis). In areas of cholagogic, diuretic, antihypertensive, antipyretic, where it is inferior to Chinese goldthread rhizome (Rhizoma Coptidis). It is able to protect the platelets and promote the absorption of subcutaneous oozed blood.
Cortex Phellodendri used in acne clear:
acne clear helps clear pimples from skin.acne clear is especially formulated to support the skin's immune response and skin cleansing. Continue to use for moist, clean and smooth skin. acne clear is made from naturally-based ingredients.
acne clear works by:Supporting the body's own defences,Helping the affected skin to recover,Helping to cleanse and protect dry, chafed and infected skin.
Assisting in the cleansing and protection of new skin
Main Ingredients: Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Phellodendri, Cactus Extract IV, Sesame, Beeswax, Triethanolamine, Glycerine, Essence.
Immune-stimulating properties of polysaccharides from Phellodendri cortex (Hwangbek).:
Heteropolysaccarides were isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant, Phellodendri cortex, by hot water and alkali extractions. The extracted polysaccharides were fractionated into eight fractions and they are mainly composed of D-N-acetylglucosamine, D-galactose, D-mannose, and D-glucose. Among the polysaccharide fractions, Fr.-2 showed a potent B-lymphocyte-stimulating activity in a system using polyclonal antibody forming cells in C57BL/6XC3H mice at dosages of 2-10 mg. On the basis of their solubility in aqueous ethanol, four fractions of Fr.-2-1 to Fr.-2-4 were further obtained from the Fr.-2, and Fr.-2-3 was divided into Fr.-2-3-1, 2, 3, and 4 by DEAE cellulose chromatography. The main activity was found in Fr.-2-3-2, which contained 100% (w/w) of carbohydrates and further purified to Fr.-2-3-2-2 by gel filtration chromatography using TSK Gel HW50S. Fr.-2-3-2-2, having a molecular weight of about 230 kDa, showed the highest B-cell-stimulating activity and the half-maximal concentration for B-lymphocyte-stimulating activity was ca. 2.2 microg/ml.
Inflammation & Pain:
Safety Studies:An extensive literature review of the chemical constituents plus the parent plant's use for hundreds of years suggests that this material is safe for its intended use. In addition, an acute toxicity study in rats (5g/kg) with 14-day observation revealed no untoward effects from Phellodendron amurense extract . In a recent clinical trail with Phellodendron amurense extract no significant side effects were recorded. Recent news regarding certain anti-inflammatory products suggests that some may increase the risk for cardiovascular problems in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease. But Phellodendron amurense extract is an anti-inflammatory that actually promotes cardiovascular health.
The major anti-inflammatory compound in Phellodendron amurense extract does not cause platelets to aggregate. The plant source of Phellodendron amurense extract has been used safely for thousands of years for various conditions in traditional medicine. Phellodendron amurense extract is safe and because of its unique mechanism of action does not increase the risk for cardiovascular problems and may have cardiovascular protective properties. No side effects are expected at the recommended human dosage.
Directions for Use:As a dietary supplement, 250mg to 500mg up to three times daily. Do not use Nexrutine while pregnant or lactating. Nexrutine is not intended for children.
Scientific References:
1.Corktree refers to Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (amur corktree) or Phellodendron chinensis Schneid. (Chinese corktree), a deciduous tree, of the Rutaceae family...
Claims & Warning:
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
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MDidea Extracts Professional
Proper Special Extract Series:
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Serie No.:P069.Basic Data Sheet Download
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seminal trace...Cortex Phellodendri Extract.Amur Cork-tree extract.Corktree Bark extract,Huangbai extract,Huang Pi 5:1.Bark extract....
Basic Boatnical Info of Cortex Phellodendri:
Plant Origin Narrative:
Leaf: Opposite, pinnately compound, 7 to 11 ovate to elliptical leaflets, entire leaf 11 to 14 inches, shiny dark green above, much paler below.
Scientific References:
Claims & Warning:
