Corktree refers to Phellodendron amurense Rupr.(amur corktree) or Phellodendron chinensis Schneid.(Chinese corktree),a deciduous tree,of the Rutaceae family.
Article Content:
- .Basic Boatnical Info of Cortex Phellodendri.
- .Plant Description and Origin Narrative.
- .Main Component and Phytochemicals:Phellodendron amurense.
- .Cortex Phellodendri Properties and Application Guide.
- .Dosage and Administration:Cortex Phellodendri.
- .Reference Materials:Cortex Phellodendri.
- .Research Update:Amur Corktree Bark or Phellodendron chinense.
Cortex Phellodendri Properties and Application Guide.
Tips:Strong antiseptic action in dysentery, enteritis, cystitis, urethritis; also lowers blood pressure and blood sugar
Properties and Taste:Bitter and cold,Bitter in flavor, cold in nature, it is related to the kidney, urinary bladder and large intestine channels.
Meridians:Kidney, urinary bladder and large intestine
Action:
To remove damp-heat, quench fire, counteract toxicity, and relieve consumptive fever.
Cortex Phellodendri(processed with salt) To nourish yin and reduce fire.
Functions:
1. To clear heat and dry dampness;
2. To reduce fire and release toxins
Clears away heat to eliminate dampness, purges intense heat to remove toxic substances and reduces fever to eliminate any disease characterized by hectic fever.
Indications and Combinations:
1.Dysentery, jaundice and morbid leucorrhea caused by damp-heat; urinary infectious; weakness and edema of legs; consumptive fever and night sweating; seminal emission; sores and skin infection with local redness and swelling; eczema with itching.
Cortex Phellodendri(processed with salt): Night sweating and consumptive fever due to exuberant fire secondary to deficiency of yin.
2. Damp-heat syndrome : a) damp-heat accumulated in intestines manifested as diarrhea and dysenteryPhellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Pulsatilla root (Baitouweng), Coptis root (Huanglian) and Scutellaria root (Huangqin); b) internal accumulation of damp-heat manifested as jaundicePhellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Capejasmine (Zhizi) and Oriental wormwood (Yinchenhao); c) downward flowing of damp-heat, turbid urination and yellow, thick leukorrheaPhellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Plantain seed (Cheqianzi), Bamboo leaf (Zhuye) and Clematis stem (Mutong); d) boils caused by dampness in the lower part of the bodyPhellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Atractylodes rhizome (Cangzhu). 2. General boils, carbuncles, furuncles and eczema. Phellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Scutellaria root (Huangqin) and Capejasmine (Zhizi). For external use, Phellodendron bark (Huangbai) is pounded into a powder mixed with Talc (Huashi). 3. Deficiency of yin with heat manifested as noturnal emissions and night sweating. Phellodendron bark (Huangbai) is used with Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu) and Fresh rehmannia root (Shengdihuang).
Applications:
1. For treating leukorrhea (whitish viscid discharge from the vagina) due to pathogenic damp-heat, strangury (slow and painful spasmodic discharge of urine drop by drop) caused by pathogenic heat, beri-beri, diarrhea/dysentery and jaundice:
(A) Foul leukorrhea due to downward flow of damp-heat: The herb is used with yam, gordon euryale (Semen Euryales), Asiatic plantain seed (Semen Plantaginis), etc., e.g., Yi Huang Tang.
(B) Urination with burning sensation and strangury with pain in urination due to retention of damp-heat in the urinary bladder: It is used with Asiatic plantain seed (Semen Plantaginis), talcum, five-leaf akebia stem (Caulis Akebiae), etc.
(C) Beri-beri with flaccidity and swelling and pain in the knees and feet due to downward flow of damp-heat: It is used with Chinese atractylodes rhizome (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and ox-knee root (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), e.g., San Miao Wan.
(D) Diarrhea due to pathogenic damp-heat: It is used with Chinese pulsatilla root (Radix Pulsatillae), Chinese goldthread rhizome (Rhizoma Coptidis), ash bark (Cortex Fraxini), etc., the same as Baitouweng Tang.
(E) Jaundice with reddish urine due to pathogenic damp-heat: It is used with gardenia fruit (Fructus Gardeniae), e.g., Zhizi Baipi Tang.
2. For treating skin and external diseases and pyogenic (pus forming) infections, eczema and noxious eczema:
(A) Skin and External Diseases and Pyogenic Infections: When taken orally, this herb is for the most part used together with Chinese goldthread rhizome (Rhizoma Coptidis) and gardenia fruit (Fructus Gardeniae). For external use, it is finely ground and applied onto the affected part with pig bile or chicken egg white.
(B) Eczema, noxious eczema and vaginal itching and swelling: The herb is used with jingjie (Herba Schizonepetae), ophiogodon root (Radix Ophiogodonosis), shechuangzi (Fructus Cnidii), etc., for oral administration and external washing. Or, it can be pulverized together with indigo, talcum and licorice and sprinkled onto the affected area.
3. For treating fever due to yin (body fluids) deficiency, night sweat and emission:
It is used with windweed rhizome (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) together with yin-nourishing and fire-reducing herbs such as prepared rehmannia, medicinal cornel fruit (Fructus Corni), tortoise plastron, etc., e.g., Zhi Bai Dihuang Wan or Da Bu Yin Wan.
4.Reducing heat and resolving dampness:
For the treatment of dysentery due to damp-heat accompanied with fever and tenesmus, it is often combined with Radix Pulsatillae, Cortex Fraxini, etc.; for jaundice with fever due to damp-heat, with Fructus Gardeniae and others for recuding heat and resolving dampness; for yellow and thick leukorrhea due to damp-heat with Semen Euryales, Semen Ginkgo, etc.; for the treatment of the low extremities affected with hotness and pain due to the descending of damp-heat, with Rhizoma Atractylodis, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae; for stranguria with hot sensation or painful urination with dark urine, with Fructus Gardeniae, Semen Plantaginis, etc.
5.Purging fire and eliminating virulent evil factors:
For the treatment of eczema and skin pyogenic infection due to virulent heat, it may be used internally or externally: for eczema, it can be used with Herba Schizonepetae, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis; for skin pyogenic infection, it can be used internally in combination with Rhizoma Coptidis, Fructus Gardeniae, etc. and used externally by mixing its powder with pig's bile.
6.Eliminating asthenia-heat:
For the treatment of hectic fever, nocturnal emmision, night sweating, due to deficiency of Yin leading to flare-up of fire, it is often combined with Rhizoma Anemarrhenae.
Pharmacological Effects:
1.Antibacterial Effects:
Antimicrobial components from Corktree Bark is berberine.Corktree Bark decoction or alcohol liquid in vitro test shows inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus white,Lemon Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, meningococcus, Streptococcus viridans, Vibrio cholerae, diphtheria bacteria, Shigella, the Green septic bacilli, and nearly no inhibition on E. coli, Salmonella typhi almost ineffective. There were reports about its inhibition effects on E. coli.In vitro experiments Corktree Bark shows inhibition on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and resistance to streptomycin, ammonia acid, isoniazid for tuberculosis effective. In guinea pigs vaccinated with an experimental one-tuberculosis treatment, the efficacy of oral or injected Corktree Bark are poor. Inoculation of cattle tuberculosis on the guinea pigs,hydrochloride crystals extracted from Phellodendron for intramuscular has a certain effect. Allegedly,Corktree Bark on the clinical symptoms and X-ray check-turn for the better, and better than Huanglian.the mechanism of Corktree Bark antibacterial effect of bacterial respiratory associated with the strong inhibition of RNA synthesis.
In vitro, Cork decoction or liquid shows different degrees of antimicrobial effect on a variety of skin common pathogenic fungi (such as T.violaceum, E.floccosum, Microsporum canis,Trichophyton rubrum ,M.audouinii). Its water decoction can kill Leptospirosis (dose 1 times as Huanglian). In vitro experiment shows some level of inhibition to vaginal trichomoniasis.
2.Cardiovascular Effects:
The effect of jatrorrhizine plays similar cardiovascular effects as berberine,and the role similar to a positive inotropic effect and antiarrhythmic effect. Its positive inotropic effect associated with extracellular Ca + + influx on, do not involve intracellular Ca + + release. Jatrorrhizine 10 mg / kg in rats intravenous administration shows confrontational effects on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias,make myocardial ischemia and reperfusion arrhythmia during the beginning of time delay, shorten the duration, and irrigation rehabilitation during the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and animal mortality rate lower.
Corktree bark administrated by intravenous anesthesia or intraperitoneal injection of animals have significant and long-lasting relief role, the carotid artery stronger than intravenous injection, hypotension may be central in nature. The quaternary ammonium alkali-Corktree bark be changed and the tertiary amine synthesis of compounds celecoxib Xylopinin also significantly reduce blood pressure, the pressure-relief role with the intensity and duration of the increase of dose increase. In 1 to 2 cervical spinal cord cut off between the time of his disappearance antihypertensive effect, and thus prove its antihypertensive effect is a central character. When atropine, cut off bilateral vagus nerve, given diphenhydramine, six hydrocarbon extraction quarter amine or bilateral carotid sinus, had no significant effect on blood pressure, but to properly La Su Lin, double benzylamine, Lee blood is equal to weaken its antihypertensive effect. In addition, celecoxib Xylopinin has strong anti-adrenaline-like effect, due to oppression can be antagonistic carotid artery, suffocation, electric stimulation caused by the visceral nerve pressor response; also enable norepinephrine and epinephrine to boost role flip; injection of epinephrine and can inhibit the neck, or electrical stimulation of the sympathetic ganglion blink membrane from contraction.
3.Effects on central nervous system:
Phellodendrine or Xylopinin shows inhibition on the central nervous system,inhibited the spontaneous activity in mice, and subject to various reflex inhibition;given Xylopinin to canesthesia rabbit,brain waves, there will be the high-amplitude slow wave.
4.Effects on digestive system:
Berberine by subcutaneous injection components from outside or intragastric administration of ethanol ulcer, pyloric ulcer ligation, aspirin ulcers, bound flooding stress ulcer were significantly inhibited. Subcutaneous injection or duodenal administration could inhibit gastric juice volume, total acidity and pepsin activity and intragastric administration can only inhibit the activity of pepsin. 50% of the Phellodendron extracts of 1 g of methanol / kg oral administration in rats hydrochloride - ethanol ulcer significantly inhibited the effect of berberine and Huanglian intensity greater than alkaline. In rabbits with pancreatic fistula who Huangbai promote the role of pancreatic secretion.
5.Other Effects:
Corktree bark had mild alkali the curare-like role, the tension of the rectus abdominis Rana had no effect, but can inhibit acetylcholine-induced contraction. On isolated rabbit intestine, can enhance its Huangbai contraction so that shrinkage rate increase. Berberine can also contain its contraction rate increase; Huangbai ketone tension and enhance its amplitude; Huangbai lactone made the intestine flaccid.
Cork lactone near LD50 (0.05 to 0.1 g / kg), can reduce the rabbit blood glucose, Cork-no effect. Cork protection of the role of platelet yet to be confirmed. Corktree bark killing housefly and other evil flies. Cork and Hemerocallis roots and costumes, which can reduce the toxicity in mice. Cork can also promote the formation of antibodies in mice.
Reference:
1.Corktree refers to Phellodendron amurense Rupr.(amur corktree) or Phellodendron chinensis Schneid.(Chinese corktree),a deciduous tree,of the Rutaceae family.
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