Research Update:Qianghuo,Notopterygium incisum.

  seminal trace...Notopterygium root Extract.Notopterygium Extract.Notopterygium incisum.Qianghuo.Rhizoma seu Radix Notopterygii.Genuine Notopterygium Root extract.5:1,10:1.20:1...

 


   Phytochemical info of Qianghuo,Notopterygium incisum.

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 Definition:Qianghuo,Notopterygium incisum. are majorly composed of
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   Research Update:Qianghuo,Notopterygium incisum.

  Studies on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Notopterygium incisum.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Sep;32(18):1841-4. Chinese.Shi J, Jiang SY, Ma XJ, Sun H, Zhou Y.Institute of Medicinal Plant, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the appropriate culture medium, process of seeds germination and seedlings growth, and optical measures for seedling management of Notopterygium incisum. METHOD: Germination time and duration, germination potential and germination ratio were determined through controlled temperature, photoperiod, culture medium and seedling depth in illumination incubators. RESULT: The appropriate temperature was 15 degrees C, and the most suitable culture medium was A6 (mixture of sawdust, vermiculite, charcoal, and perliet), and the most suitable semination depth is 1-1.5 cm. CONCLUSION: High-qualified seedlings can be germinated through the dormancy-broken seeds, and soil and other culture mediums with high organic matter content and loosing texture are suitable for germination and seedlings raising of N. incisum.

  Quantitative analysis of volatile oils and isoimperatorin in rhizoma et Radix notopterygii.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Apr;32(7):566-9. Chinese.Zhou Y, Jiang SY, Sun H, Yang AD, Ma Y, Ma XJ, Wu R.Sichuan Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chengdu 610041, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To establish scientific and efficient quality control standard of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii through two quantitative parameters. METHOD: The contents of isoimperatorin and volatile oils in 29 commercial samples from 22 localities of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii were determined by HPLC and the method in the pharmacopoeia respectively. The data were statistically analyzed. RESULT: Only 3 of 29 samples met the required standard in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 edition), 87% of samples newly produced in 2005 not met the standard. Statistics showed that the contents of volatile oils and isoimperatorin should reach 1.63% and 0.17% respectively when the samples meet requirement of criterion with more than 80% probability. The contents of volatile oil and isoimperatorin were not significantly different (P < 0.05) in the samples of 2005 and 2003, while the contents of isoimperatorin were significantly different between Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii samples. CONCLUSION: Since the criterion of volatile oils in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 version) for Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii is too high to satisfy for most Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii samples, it is suggested to reduce it to 1.6% (mL x g(-1)). The content of isoimperatorin is proposed to add to the quality standard of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii as above 0.2% (mg x g(-1)).

  Quality assessment of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii by HPTLC and HPLC fingerprinting and HPLC quantitative analysis.:J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 Jul 27;44(3):812-7. Epub 2007 Mar 31.Qian GS, Wang Q, Leung KS, Qin Y, Zhao Z, Jiang ZH.School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.

 This paper describes an improved quality assessment method for Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (the rhizome and root of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T. Chang or Notopterygium forbesii Boiss). The method was established by using fingerprinting and quantitation of marker compounds (isoimperatorin, notopterol and bergapten) in this herbal medicine. The authentication of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting was achieved by comparing the colors and Rf values of the bands in TLC fingerprints with those of the marker compounds. The HPLC fingerprints of 16 batches of herbal samples from different regions of China showed similar chromatographic patterns. Five peaks were selected as characteristic peaks, and three of these were identified by using LC-MS-MS techniques. The relative retention times of these characteristic peaks in the HPLC fingerprint were established as an important parameter for identification of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii. Finally, the pharmacologically active marker compounds isoimperatorin, notopterol and bergapten in this herb were quantitatively determined using a validated reverse-phase HPLC method.

  Study of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oils from different geographical origins by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) in combination with multivariate analysis.:J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 Apr 11;43(5):1721-7. Epub 2007 Jan 16. Qiu Y, Lu X, Pang T, Zhu S, Kong H, Xu G.National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.

 Chemical constitutes of volatile oil in the rhizomes and radixes of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T. chang (qianghuo in Chinese) from different regions were investigated using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOFMS) and GC x GC-flame ionization detector (FID). A total of 769 compounds were tentatively identified and quantified in a typical sample from Sichuan province, a producing area of the Genuine Medicinal Materials. An obvious group-type separation was observed in the GC x GC-TOFMS chromatogram. Identification and quantitative results showed that qianghuo from Sichuan province has some significant differences in the chemical composition from other geographical origin of herbs, especially in monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The data of all individual peaks collected by GC x GC-FID were processed using a principal component analysis (PCA) method to classify the samples from different regions, find and identify the marker compounds that lead to the differentiation. The abundances of monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were responsible for the differentiation, which is in good agreement with the group quantitative results of GC x GC analysis.

  Analysis of the volatile components of YL2000 decoction by GC-MS.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Feb;31(4):298-300. Chinese.Zhang XN, Chen L, Xing DM, Du LJ, Ding Y, Wang W.Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To analyze the volatile components of YL2000 decoction, which contain four herbs: rhizome and root of the Notopterygium incisum, the root of the Angelica pubescens f. biserrata, Scutellaria baicalensis and Coptis chinensis and investigate the changes of volatile constituents from those four herbs before and after compatibility of the herbal medicines. METHOD: The volatile components of YL2000 decoction were extracted by water-steam distillation, separated and identified by GC-MS. The relative percent content of each volatile component was quantified by area normalization method. The volatile components of YL2000 decoction were compared with the composition of the volatile oil from individual herb respectively. RESULT: 39 of the 146 separated constituents in volatile oil of YL2000 decoction, accounting for 85.66%, were identified and quantified. After compatibility of the herbal medicines, most volatile oil components reported by high proportion in individual herb were not detected, in the mean time, some components in volatile oil of YL2000 decoction have never been reported before in those of all four herbs. CONCLUSION: The changes of volatile oil from those four herbs before and after compatibility of the herbal medicines indicate that solubilization, chemical reactions and evaporation of some volatile components during decocting may induce changes of several components.


  Melanogenesis stimulation in murine b16 melanoma cells by umberiferae plant extracts and their coumarin constituents.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Jul;28(7):1229-33.

 Melanogenesis stimulation activities of seven ethanolic extracts obtained from Umbelliferae plants used as Chinese crude drugs, namely the roots of Angelica dahurica BENTH. et HOOK., A. biserrata SHEN et YUAN, Notopterygium incisum TING, Heracleum lanatum MICHX., and H. candicans WALL., and the fruits of Cinidium monnieri (L.) CUSSON and C. formosanum YABE, were examined by using cultured murine B16 melanoma cells. Among them, the extract (5, 25 microg/ml) of H. lanatum showed a potent stimulatory effect on melanogenesis with significant enhancement of cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The melanogenesis stimulatory effects of sixteen coumarins (1-16) isolated from the seven Umbelliferae crude drugs were also examined. Among them, linear-furocoumarins [psoralen (1), xanthotoxin (2), bergapten (3), and isopimpinellin (4)] and angular-furocoumarin [sphondin (13)] exhibited potent melanogenesis stimulation activity. From the view point of structure-activity relationships, it may be assumed that a linear-furocoumarin ring having a hydrogen and/or methoxyl group at 5 and 8 positions such as 1, 2, 3 and 4 was preferable for the melanogenesis stimulation activity. The introduction of a prenyl group into the furocoumarin ring was disadvantageous. Coumarin derivatives having a simple coumarin ring were inactive.

  Determination of content of nodakenin in Notopterygium incisum ting from different source by HPLC.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2001 Nov;26(11):737-8, 780. Chinese. Sun YR, Li XD, Sun YF.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700.

 OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for the determination of nodakenin in N. incisum. METHOD: A HPLC method was used. RESULT: Y = -9509.1 + 1912709.8X, r = 0.9998. The calibration was linear in range of 0.16-0.64 microgram. The average recovery was 99.7%, RSD 1.1%. CONCLUSION: The method is appropriate for the determination of nodakenin.

  Inhibitory potential of herbal medicines on human cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation: properties of umbelliferous or citrus crude drugs and their relative prescriptions.:Jpn J Pharmacol. 2001 Apr;85(4):399-408.

 To investigate the possible drug interaction with herbal medicine, hot water decoctions or 40% ethanol infusions of several Umbelliferous or Citrus crude drugs and their prescriptions were examined in vitro for their abilities to inhibit human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). Addition of each decoction or infusion from Baizhi (Angelica dahurica and varieties), Qianghuo (Notopterygium incisum or N. forbesii), Duhuo (Angelica biserrata), Fangfeng, Danggui (Angelicasinensis), Zhishi or Zhiqiao (Citrus aurantium) resulted in various degrees of human CYP3A inhibition as determined by microsomal testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation. The inhibitory potency was consistent with the abundance of the hydrophobic components for each sample. Experiments on the infusion of a Baizhi (BZ1) showed the major role of furanocoumarins on human CYP3A inhibition. Some of the crude drugs and a related prescription showed increased inhibition after the preincubation, suggesting the involvement of a mechanism-based inhibition. Some formulated prescriptions, however, showed intense inhibition with their hydrophobic fractions rather than with their hydrophobic fractions, suggesting that components other than furanocoumarins in herbal prescriptions may also cause CYP3A inhibition. These results indicate the necessity of intensive investigations on the possible drug interaction with traditional medicines.

  Differentiation in a rat PC12 cell line induced by ostruthin and (-)-bornyl ferulate, constituents of a Chinese herbal medicine.:Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1999 Aug;63(8):1501-2.

 A search for neuritogenic compounds in Chinese herbs resulted in the isolation of two known substances, ostruthin and (-)-bornyl ferulate, from Notopterygium incisum (and/or N. forbesii). Both compounds induced comparable neurite-like structures in 20% of rat PC12 cells at 2 micrograms/ml, and showed cytotoxicity at concentrations higher than 3 micrograms/ml.

  5-Lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitory active constituents from Qianghuo (Notopterygium incisum).:Planta Med. 1997 Jun;63(3):203-6.Zschocke S, Lehner M, Bauer R.Institut f¨¹r Pharmazeutische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universit?t D¨¹sseldorf, Germany.

 The n-hexane extract of Qianghuo (underground parts of Notopterygium incisum Ting x H.T. Chang, Umbelliferae) showed inhibitory activity in vitro in 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenase (COS) assays. Two major constituents, phenethyl ferulate and falcarindiol, and one minor compound (-)-bornyl ferulate, were identified as the main active principles. The correlation between the content of active constituents and the inhibitory activity of the extracts was examined with seven commercial drug samples from different sources. It was obvious that the content of phenethyl ferulate was mainly responsible for the COX inhibitory activity of the extracts and falcarindiol for 5-LO inhibitory activity. Since the main active constituents phenethyl ferulate and falcarindiol can easily be quantified by HPLC, this is a suitable method for standardization and characterization of the drug.


  Determination of nodakenin in the rhizome or root of Notopterygium incisum Ting by TLC-scanning.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1996 Aug;21(8):486-7, 511. Chinese.Qin Y, Zhang H, Sun Y.Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Guizhou Changshou Changle Group, Zunyi.

 TLC-scanning was applied to the determination of nodakenin in the rhizome or root of Notopterygium incisum from three different producing areas. The correlation coefficient was 0.9997, recovery 97.5% and relative standard deviation 1.96%.

  Analgesic component of Notopterygium incisum Ting.:Chem Pharm Bull. 1993 May;41(5):926-9.

 Notopterol was identified as the analgesic component of Notopterygium incisum TING by using the acetic acid-induced writhing method. Notopterol also indicated an anti-inflammatory activity by its inhibitory effect in the vascular permeability test. The intensive prolongation of pentobarbital-induced hypnosis was possibly caused by its inhibitory effect on the drug metabolism in liver. Pharmacological differences between the analgesic components of N. incisum, Aralia cordata and Angelica pubescens were also discussed.

  Comparison of anti-lipid peroxidative effects of the underground parts of Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii in mice.:Planta Med. 1991 Oct;57(5):399-402.

 Intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 to mice led to significant increases of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), free malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid conjugated dienes and fluorescent lipid peroxidation products in the liver. However, subchronic pretreatment with oral doses of the MeOH extract of either the underground part of Notopterygium incisum or that of N. forbesii appreciably suppressed the formation of CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation products. The suppressing potency was more remarkable in the former.

  Isolation of two new coumarin glycosides from Notopterygium forbesii and evaluation of a Chinese crude drug, qiang-huo, the underground parts of N. incisum and N. forbesii, by high-performance liquid chromatography.:Chem Pharm Bull. 1990 Sep;38(9):2498-502.Gu ZM, Zhang DX, Yang XW, Hattori M, Namba T.School of Pharmacy, Chengdu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.

 From the ether extract of the underground part of Notopterygium forbesii, two new coumarin glycosides, bergaptol-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 6'-O-trans-feruloylnodakenin, were isolated along with known compounds including seven furanocoumarins, two dihydrofuranocoumarins, a sterol glucoside and two phenolic compounds. Analysis of their contents by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the underground part of N. forbesii contained large amounts of p-hydroxphenethyl anisate (0.7%), bergaptol glucoside (0.2%), nodakenin (2%) and 6'-O-trans-feruloylnodakenin (0.7%) and a lesser amount of notopterol (0.08%), while that of N. incisum contained a large amount of notopterol (1.2%) and less amounts of the others. The characteristic difference in chemical composition between the two species enabled us to identify the respective botanical sources of a Chinese crude drug, Qiang-huo derived from N. incisum and N. forbesii by HPLC.

  A comparison of anti-arrhythmic effects of four kinds of rhizoma seu radix Nomopterygii.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1990 Jun;15(6):366-8, 385. Chinese.Zhu X, Chu R.National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing.

 Experiments were conducted to compare the anti-arrhythmic effects of the four kinds of Qianghuo(Notopterygium incisum; N. forbesii; Pleurospermum rivulorum; Angelica silvestris). It has been found that all the four kinds of Qianghuo can antagonize arrhythmia induced by aconitine. Notopterygium incisum can prolong the ventricular vibration induced by CaCl2 and Pleurospermum rivulorum can prolong the ventricle stop induced by BaCl2. Thus Qianghuo can be used as a sedative and anti-arrhythmic drug.


  5-Lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitory active constituents from Qianghuo (Notopterygium incisum).:
 The n-hexane extract of Qianghuo (underground parts of Notopterygium incisum Ting x H.T. Chang, Umbelliferae) showed inhibitory activity in vitro in 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenase (COS) assays. Two major constituents, phenethyl ferulate and falcarindiol, and one minor compound (-)-bornyl ferulate, were identified as the main active principles. The correlation between the content of active constituents and the inhibitory activity of the extracts was examined with seven commercial drug samples from different sources. It was obvious that the content of phenethyl ferulate was mainly responsible for the COX inhibitory activity of the extracts and falcarindiol for 5-LO inhibitory activity. Since the main active constituents phenethyl ferulate and falcarindiol can easily be quantified by HPLC, this is a suitable method for standardization and characterization of the drug.

  Chemical constituents of Notopterygium incisium Ting. III: Chemical constituents isolated and identified from petroleum ether extracts of N. incisium Ting.:

 Six chemical compounds were isolated from the roots and rhizoma of Notopterygium incisium by column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography, and identified by chemical and spectroscopic analysis as beta-sitosterol, oleic acid, linoleic acid, columbianetin, pregnenolone and ferulic acid. The presence of pregnenolone in the genus Notopterygium has not been reported.
 

  Chemical constituents of Notopterygium forbesii Boiss.:

 Nine compounds were isolated from the under-ground part of Notopterygium forbesii. On the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis, they were identified as phellopterin, isoimperattorin, notopterol, nodakenitin, nodakenin, 6-O-trans-feruoylnodakenin, p-hydroxyphenethyl anisate, pregnenolone and beta-sitosteroi, of which phellopterin was obtained from the plant of Notopterygium genus for the first time.

  Determination of content of nodakenin in Notopterygium incisum ting from different source by HPLC.:

 OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for the determination of nodakenin in N. incisum. METHOD: A HPLC method was used. RESULT: Y = -9509.1 + 1912709.8X, r = 0.9998. The calibration was linear in range of 0.16-0.64 microgram. The average recovery was 99.7%, RSD 1.1%. CONCLUSION: The method is appropriate for the determination of nodakenin.
 

  Differentiation in a rat PC12 cell line induced by ostruthin and (-)-bornyl ferulate, constituents of a Chinese herbal medicine.:

 A search for neuritogenic compounds in Chinese herbs resulted in the isolation of two known substances, ostruthin and (-)-bornyl ferulate, from Notopterygium incisum (and/or N. forbesii). Both compounds induced comparable neurite-like structures in 20% of rat PC12 cells at 2 micrograms/ml, and showed cytotoxicity at concentrations higher than 3 micrograms/ml.


  Determination of nodakenin in the rhizome or root of Notopterygium incisum Ting by TLC-scanning.:

 TLC-scanning was applied to the determination of nodakenin in the rhizome or root of Notopterygium incisum from three different producing areas. The correlation coefficient was 0.9997, recovery 97.5% and relative standard deviation 1.96%.

  Analgesic component of Notopterygium incisum Ting.:

 Notopterol was identified as the analgesic component of Notopterygium incisum TING by using the acetic acid-induced writhing method. Notopterol also indicated an anti-inflammatory activity by its inhibitory effect in the vascular permeability test. The intensive prolongation of pentobarbital-induced hypnosis was possibly caused by its inhibitory effect on the drug metabolism in liver. Pharmacological differences between the analgesic components of N. incisum, Aralia cordata and Angelica pubescens were also discussed.
 

  Comparison of anti-lipid peroxidative effects of the underground parts of Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii in mice.:

 Intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 to mice led to significant increases of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), free malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid conjugated dienes and fluorescent lipid peroxidation products in the liver. However, subchronic pretreatment with oral doses of the MeOH extract of either the underground part of Notopterygium incisum or that of N. forbesii appreciably suppressed the formation of CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation products. The suppressing potency was more remarkable in the former.

  Isolation of two new coumarin glycosides from Notopterygium forbesii and evaluation of a Chinese crude drug, qiang-huo, the underground parts of N. incisum and N. forbesii, by high-performance liquid chromatography.:

 From the ether extract of the underground part of Notopterygium forbesii, two new coumarin glycosides, bergaptol-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 6'-O-trans-feruloylnodakenin, were isolated along with known compounds including seven furanocoumarins, two dihydrofuranocoumarins, a sterol glucoside and two phenolic compounds. Analysis of their contents by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the underground part of N. forbesii contained large amounts of p-hydroxphenethyl anisate (0.7%), bergaptol glucoside (0.2%), nodakenin (2%) and 6'-O-trans-feruloylnodakenin (0.7%) and a lesser amount of notopterol (0.08%), while that of N. incisum contained a large amount of notopterol (1.2%) and less amounts of the others. The characteristic difference in chemical composition between the two species enabled us to identify the respective botanical sources of a Chinese crude drug, Qiang-huo derived from N. incisum and N. forbesii by HPLC.

  A comparison of anti-arrhythmic effects of four kinds of rhizoma seu radix Nomopterygii:

 Experiments were conducted to compare the anti-arrhythmic effects of the four kinds of Qianghuo(Notopterygium incisum; N. forbesii; Pleurospermum rivulorum; Angelica silvestris). It has been found that all the four kinds of Qianghuo can antagonize arrhythmia induced by aconitine. Notopterygium incisum can prolong the ventricular vibration induced by CaCl2 and Pleurospermum rivulorum can prolong the ventricle stop induced by BaCl2. Thus Qianghuo can be used as a sedative and anti-arrhythmic drug.


  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update:Qianghuo,Notopterygium incisum.