Research Update: Nutmeg

  seminal trace...Nutmeg extract,Semen Myristicae Extract.CAS.NO:84082-68-8.Myristica Fragrans Extract.Myristica fragrans Houtt Extract.Roudoukou,Mace.10:1 Ethanol extract.Myristica fragrans,ext...

 


   Phytochemical info of Nutmeg.

 Product Name:
 Synonym:
 Definition:Nutmeg are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research Update: Nutmeg

  Psychoactive Substances Nutmeg:

 Nutmeg and its sister spice mace both come from the nutmeg tree Myristica fragrans. This tree grows in the Molucca Islands and elsewhere in Indonesia. It is now cultivated commercially in the West Indies, especially Grenada, for its spices. The international trade in nutmeg seems to have originated with Arab traders and it was unknown in the classical world. The early European spice trade was remarkable for the sheer ferocity of the European nations that struggled with each other for control of this lucrative market. The apparently insignificant nutmeg that is found in almost every kitchen today was once fought over by competitors from Venice, Genoa, the Netherlands, Portugal and England. In the stampede most of the native inhabitants of the Banda Islands in the Indonesian archipelago (the source of the nutmeg tree) were wiped out.

 Nutmeg has been considered to be a useful medicine in a number of Asian societies. Among the Arabs it has been used to treat digestive problems and also been valued as an aphrodisiac; the Indians used it to combat asthma and heart complaints and still use it as a sedative. Nicholas Culpeper (1616-54), the famous English herbalist, attributes to nutmeg the capacity to induce sleep delirium. William Salmon, on the other hand, said that the oil of mace or nutmegs, if rubbed on the genitals, excited sexual passion (thereby echoing the Arabs' use of its aphrodisiac qualities). Nutmeg also was seen as having magical properties and is one of the ingredients of a magical perfume described in the most famous of all the grimoires, or black books of the sorcerers, The Key of Solomon the King. The use of nutmeg as a magical medicine continued far into the twentieth century in England. The belief that carrying nutmeg in the pocket could cure various complaints has been recorded from various parts of the country. In Yorkshire it was considered as the best way to relieve rheumatic pain, in Lincolnshire it was said to cure backache and in Devon it was eaten to clear up boils. Elsewhere it was used by gardeners as a prophylactic measure against the occupational hazard of backache. As late as 1966 a Hampshire coalman who suffered from lumbago was told to carry nutmeg, and when he did so he swore he never suffered from it again. Nutmeg was also believed to be lucky in gambling. A newspaper article from the mid-1960s reported that an individual sprinkled nutmeg powder on their football pools coupon and, on the advice of a gypsy, left it for twenty-four hours before posting it.

 Nutmeg's intoxicating properties have long been known in Europe but it never seems to have been a culturally significant psychoactive substance and most early reports concern its accidental rather than intentional ingestion for use as a drug. Its more prominent role in modern times has not been due in the main to an increased desire for it as it has a very lowly status in the hierarchy of drugs, owing to its uncomfortable side effects such as nausea and stomach cramps. Rather it has been a substitute for other substances that for one reason or another were unavailable or unaffordable. Thus prisoners, soldiers, seamen and struggling musicians were among its users. A jazz musician who played regularly with the legendary saxophonist Charlie Parker (known as 'Bird') recalled that: 'Bird introduced this nutmeg to the guys. It was a cheap and legal high. You can take it in milk or Coca-Cola. The grocer across the street came over to the club owner and said, "I know you do all this baking because I sell from eight to ten nutmegs a day." And the owner came back and looked at the bandstand and there was a whole pile of nutmeg boxes.'' In 1946, before his conversion to Islam, Malcolm X used nutmeg whilst in jail when his supplies of marijuana ran out. In his autobiography he wrote: 'I first got high in Charlestown [prison] on nutmeg. My cellmate was among at least a hundred nutmeg men who, for money or cigarettes, bought from kitchen worker inmates penny matchboxes full of stolen nutmeg. I grabbed a box as though it were a pound of heavy drugs. Stirred into a glass of cold water, a penny matchbox full of nutmeg had the kick of three or four reefers.' When the authorities became aware of such uses of nutmeg it was removed from many prison kitchens.

 Although nutmeg has been demoted to a 'pseudo-hallucinogen' by many authorities, a self-experiment by Paul Devereux, a writer on the alignments of prehistoric sites, seems to indicate that its psychoactive effects can nevertheless be quite dramatic. In July 1989 Devereux took two level teaspoons of ground nutmeg and then went to bed, sprinkling nutmeg essential oil on his pillow and sheets. He began to feel the minor discomforts often associated with nutmeg use - mild nausea, irritation of the skin and so on. When he had been asleep for a few hours he had a dream in which he was travelling down a tunnel and flying at ever increasing speeds. He became fully conscious when in full flight and travelled over a landscape. During the flight he passed close to a tree and snatched at its leaves, feeling 'the pull of the branches and the foliage digging into my hand'. In other words the tactile sense was fully operative. He decided to terminate the journey by retracing his path and arriving back at his starting point, and opened his eyes. His hallucinations were thus both visual and tactile but he experienced no auditory or olfactory sensations during the experience.
 

  Determination of myristicin and safrol in the volatile oil of semen Myristicae and its processed products by TLC-scanning.:

 This paper reports the determination of myristicin and safrol in the volatile oil of Semen Myristicae and its processed products by TLC-Scanning. The results showed that in the processed products myristicin decreased markedly and safrol decreased slightly. The quantity of myristicin roasted with paste less than with wheat bran less than with talcum powder less than the unprocessed one. The toxicity of Semen Myristicae is related to the quantities of myristicin.

  Modern Researches.:

 Nutmeg contains 5% to 15% essential oil, which is mostly composed of terpene hydrocarbons (sabine and pinenes; furthermore camphene, p-cymene, phellandrene, terpinene, limonene, myrcene, together 60 to 90%), terpene derivatives (linalool, geraniol, terpineol, together 5 to 15%) and phenylpropanoids (myristicine, elemicine, safrol, together 2 to 20%). Of the latter group, myristicine (methoxy-safrol, typically 4%) is responsible for the hallucinogenic effect of large nutmeg dosages (typically, one half to one nut is needed for a "trip").

 The essential oil contained can strengthen the stomach with its aromatic property and dispel pathogenic wind. It has a marked anesthetic performance. Nutmeg has a hallucinogenic action on a normal human body. Its terpinic ingredients have antibacterial effects.

  Anxiogenic activity of Myristica fragrans seeds.:

 In the present study, the n-hexane extract of Myristica fragrans (MF) seeds, acetone-insoluble part of the n-hexane extract (AIMF) and trimyristin (TM) were assessed for their anxiogenic activity. The MF (10 and 30 mg/kg), AIMF (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), and TM (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally exhibited anxiogenic activity in elevated plus-maze (EPM) paradigm. The open-field test and hole-board test were also used to assess anxiogenic activity of AIMF and TM. In the EPM test, MF, AIMF, and TM decreased the time spent by mice in the open arm and the entries in the open arm. Further, the effect of diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.), serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron (1 mg/kg i.p.), and 5-HT1A receptor agonist, buspirone (1 mg/kg i.p.), on the occupancy in open arm and entries in open arm was significantly reduced by TM. In the open-field test, AIMF as well as TM reduced the number of rearing and locomotion. Both TM and AIMF reduced the number of head pock in the hole-board test. Inhibition of anxiolytic activity of ondansetron (5-HT3 receptor antagonist), buspirone (5-HT1A receptor agonist), and diazepam [acting on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor] suggests a nonspecific anxiogenic activity of TM and also a link between 5-HT and GABA systems in the anxiogenic activity of TM.


  An experimental study of sexual function improving effect of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg):

 BACKGROUND: Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) has been mentioned in Unani medicine to be of value in the management of male sexual disorders. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the aphrodisiac effect of 50% ethanolic extract of nutmeg along with its likely adverse effects and acute toxicity using various animal models. METHODS: The suspension of the extract was administered (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) to different groups of male rats daily for seven days. The female rats involved in mating were made receptive by hormonal treatment. The general mating behaviour, libido and potency were studied and compared with the standard reference drug sildenafil citrate. Likely adverse effects and acute toxicity of the extract were also evaluated. RESULTS: Oral administration of the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg, produced significant augmentation of sexual activity in male rats. It significantly increased the Mounting Frequency, Intromission Frequency, Intromission Latency and caused significant reduction in the Mounting Latency and Post Ejaculatory Interval. It also significantly increased Mounting Frequency with penile anaesthetization as well as Erections, Quick Flips, Long Flips and the aggregate of penile reflexes with penile stimulation. The extract was also observed to be devoid of any adverse effects and acute toxicity. CONCLUSION: The resultant significant and sustained increase in the sexual activity of normal male rats without any conspicuous adverse effects indicates that the 50% ethanolic extract of nutmeg possesses aphrodisiac activity, increasing both libido and potency, which might be attributed to its nervous stimulating property. The present study thus provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use of nutmeg in the management of male sexual disorders.

  Abuse of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.): Studies on the Metabolism and the Toxicologic Detection of its Ingredients Elemicin, Myristicin, and Safrole in Rat and Human Urine Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.:

 Seeds of nutmeg are used as spice, but they are also abused because of psychotropic effects described after ingestion of large doses. It was postulated that these effects could be attributable to metabolic formation of amphetamine derivatives from the main nutmeg ingredients elemicin (EL), myristicin (MY), and safrole (SA). In a case of a suspected nutmeg abuse, neither such amphetamine derivatives nor the main nutmeg ingredients could be detected in urine. The metabolites of EL, MY, and SA were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in rat urine and their presence in human urine of the nutmeg abuser was confirmed. The identified metabolites indicated that EL, MY, and SA were once and twice hydroxylated at the side chain. In addition, EL was O-demethylated at 2 positions followed by side chain hydroxylation. MY and SA were demethylenated and subsequently methylated. In the human urine sample, the following metabolites could be identified: O-demethyl elemicin, O-demethyl dihydroxy elemicin, demethylenyl myristicin, dihydroxy myristicin, and demethylenyl safrole. As in the human urine sample, neither amphetamine derivatives nor the main nutmeg ingredients could be detected in the rat urine samples. Finally, toxicologic detection of nutmeg abuse was possible by identification of the described metabolites of the EL, MY, and SA in urine applying the authors' systematic toxicologic analysis procedure using full-scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after acid hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction of analytes, and microwave-assisted acetylation of extracted analytes.
 

  Comparative brain cholinesterase-inhibiting activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Myristica fragrans, ascorbic acid, and metrifonate in mice.:

 The central cholinergic pathways play a prominent role in the learning and memory processes. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine. The present study was undertaken to estimate the acetylcholinesterase- inhibiting activity of extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Myristica fragrans seeds, and ascorbic acid and compare these values with a standard acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting drug, metrifonate. Aqueous extract of G. glabra (150 mg/kg p.o. for 7 successive days), n-hexane extract of M. fragrans seeds (5 mg/kg p.o. for 3 successive days), ascorbic acid (60 mg/kg i.p. for 3 successive days), and metrifonate (50 mg/kg i.p.) were administered to young male Swiss albino mice. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme was estimated in brains of mice. G. glabra, M. fragrans, ascorbic acid, and metrifonate significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase activity as compared with their respective vehicle-treated control groups.

  Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B by lignans from Myristica fragrans.:

 Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been proposed as one of the drug targets for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity. Bioassay-guided fractionation of a MeOH extract of the semen of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) afforded PTP1B inhibitory compounds, meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (1) and otobaphenol (2). Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited PTP1B with IC(50) values of 19.6 +/- 0.3 and 48.9 +/- 0.5 microm, respectively, in the manner of non-competitive inhibitors. Treatment with compound 1 on 32D cells overexpressing the insulin receptor (IR) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of IR. These results indicate that compound 1 can act as an enhancing agent in intracellular insulin signaling, possibly through the inhibition of PTP1B activity.

  Antidepressant-like activity of n-hexane extract of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds in mice.:

 The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of an n-hexane extract of Myristica fragrans seeds on depression in mice by using the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). M. fragrans extract (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was administered orally for 3 successive days to different groups of Swiss male young albino mice. M. fragrans extract significantly decreased immobility periods of mice in both the FST and the TST. The 10 mg/kg dose was found to be most potent, as indicated by the greatest decrease in the immobility period compared with the control. Furthermore, this dose of the extract was found to have comparable potency to imipramine (15 mg/kg i.p.) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg i.p.). The extract did not have a significant effect on locomotor activity of mice. Prazosin (62.5 microg/kg i.p.; an alpha (1)-adrenoceptor antagonist), sulpiride (50 mg/kg i.p.; a selective D(2) receptor antagonist), and p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg i.p.; an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis) significantly attenuated the M. fragrans extract-induced antidepressant-like effect in the TST. Thus, extract of M. fragrans elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice, when assessed in both the TST and the FST. The antidepressant-like effect of the extract seems to be mediated by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems.


  Anticariogenic activity of macelignan isolated from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) against Streptococcus mutans.:

 The occurrence of dental caries is mainly associated with oral pathogens, especially cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Preliminary antibacterial screening revealed that the extract of Myristica fragrans, widely cultivated for the spice and flavor of foods, possessed strong inhibitory activity against S. mutans. The anticariogenic compound was successfully isolated from the methanol extract of M. fragrans by repeated silica gel chromatography, and its structure was identified as macelignan by instrumental analysis using 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and EI-MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of macelignan against S. mutans was 3.9 microg/ml, which was much lower than those of other natural anticariogenic agents such as 15.6 microg/ml of sanguinarine, 250 microg/ml of eucalyptol, 500 microg/ml of menthol and thymol, and 1000 microg/ml of methyl salicylate. Macelignan also possessed preferential activity against other oral microorganisms such as Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus salivarius,

 Streptococcus sanguis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in the MIC range of 2-31.3 microg/ml. In particular, the bactericidal test showed that macelignan, at a concentration of 20 microg/ml, completely inactivated S. mutans in 1 min. The specific activity and fast-effectiveness of macelignan against oral bacteria strongly suggest that it could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent in functional foods or oral care products.

  Estimation of aroma glycosides of nutmeg and their changes during radiation processing.:

 Glycosidically bound volatile compounds of nutmeg were identified as glyco-conjugates of p-cymene-7-ol, eugenol, methoxyeugenol and alpha-terpineol. Using phenyl-beta-glucoside as external standard the contents of these glycosidic precursors were estimated based on the measurement of TLC spot density on a densitometer. p-Cymene-7-ol rutinoside was the major aroma glycoside (3.15 mg/100 g), followed by glucosides of methoxyeugenol (0.61 mg/100 g), eugenol (0.50 mg/100 g) and alpha-terpineol (0.51 mg/100 g). A dose-dependent breakdown of these glycosidic precursors was observed during gamma-radiation processing. Among the four glycosides, alpha-terpineol glucoside was the most sensitive to radiation while p-cymene-7-ol rutinoside was the least sensitive. A reduction in the content of total glycosides by almost 50% was noted at a dose of 5kGy. Partitioning of aroma glycoside into n-butanol from aqueous extracts was found to result in rapid isolation of aroma glycosides, avoiding time consuming pre-purification on Amberlite XAD-2 column. A routine method based on extraction into n-butanol and subsequent quantification of post-irradiation changes in aroma glycosides on a TLC plate using a densitometer is proposed.

  Study on chemical constituents of the essential oil from Myristica fragrans Houtt. by supercritical fluid extraction and steam distillation][Article in Chinese:

 Essential oils were extracted from Myristica fragrans Houtt. by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and steam distillation (SD). Their components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared. 48 compounds were identified for the essential oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide, and its main components have been found to be myristic acid, myristicin, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-pinene and safrole. 38 compounds were identified for the essential oil obtained by SD, and its main components have been found to be beta-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-pinene, gamma-terpinene and beta-phellandrene.

  GC-MS analysis of essential oils from seeds of Myristica fragrans in Chinese market.:

 OBJECTIVE: To analyze the constituents of the essential oils extracted from nine samples of commercial seeds of Myristica fragrans Houtt respectively and to provide qualities control foundations. METHOD: Water steam distillation and GC-MS were used. RESULT: 95-118 compounds were separated respectively. 79 Compounds being identified which were 95.18%-98.70% of the total essential oil. CONCLUSION: Myristicin (39.63%) and terpene series were the main compounds.

  Improvement of mouse memory by Myristica fragrans seeds.:

 Memory is one of the most complex functions of the brain and involves multiple neural pathways and neurotransmitter systems. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Myristica fragrans (MF) seeds on learning and memory in mice. The n-hexane extract of MF was administered orally in three doses (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg p.o.) for 3 successive days to different groups of young and aged mice. The learning and memory parameters were assessed using elevated plus-maze and passive-avoidance apparatus. The effect of MF extract on scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg i.p.)- and diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.)-induced impairment in learning and memory was also studied. MF extract at the lowest dose of 5 mg/kg p.o. administered for 3 successive days significantly improved learning and memory of young and aged mice. This extract also reversed scopolamine- and diazepam-induced impairment in learning and memory of young mice. MF extract enhanced learning and retention capacities of both young and aged mice. The exact mechanism of the memory-improving effect of MF extract was not explored in the present study. But, the observed memory-enhancing effect may be attributed to a variety of properties (individually or in combination) the plant is reported to possess, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or perhaps procholinergic activity.


  Acute nutmeg poisoning.:

 We present a case of acute nutmeg poisoning in a 16-year-old youth who had ingested the substance for recreational purposes. He developed a number of neurological symptoms and signs along with non-specific electrocardiographic changes and anti-cholinergic-type symptoms. We describe the pharmacology of nutmeg and its constituents, discuss its metabolism, and make recommendations about the management of nutmeg poisoning. Emergency staff should be aware of the effects of nutmeg, which may present in marijuana users who seek alternative substances.

  Aphrodisiac activity of 50% ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry. (clove) in male mice: a comparative study.:

 BACKGROUND: Spices are considered as sexual invigorators in the Unani System of Medicine. In order to explore the sexual function improving effect of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry. (clove) an experimental study was conducted in normal male mice. METHODS: The extracts (50% ethanolic) of nutmeg and clove were administered (500 mg/kg; p.o.) to different groups of male Swiss mice. Mounting behaviour, mating performance, and general short term toxicity of the test drugs were determined and compared with the standard drug Penegra (Sildenafil citrate). RESULTS: The extracts of the nutmeg and clove were found to stimulate the mounting behaviour of male mice, and also to significantly increase their mating performance. The drugs were devoid of any conspicuous general short term toxicity. CONCLUSION: The extracts (50% ethanolic) of nutmeg and clove enhanced the sexual behaviour of male mice.

  Direct identification of Myristica fragrans and Myristica sp. by FTIR:

 OBJECTIVE: To directly and accurately identify Myristica fragrans and Myristica sp. METHODS: Fourier transform infrare(FTIR) spectrum method was used. RESULT: There were obvious differences between the FTIR spectrums of above-mentioned plants. CONCLUSION: Myristica fragrans and Myristica sp. were identificated by FTIR directly, fast and accurately.

  Anxiogenic activity of Myristica fragrans seeds:

 In the present study, the n-hexane extract of Myristica fragrans (MF) seeds, acetone-insoluble part of the n-hexane extract (AIMF) and trimyristin (TM) were assessed for their anxiogenic activity. The MF (10 and 30 mg/kg), AIMF (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), and TM (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally exhibited anxiogenic activity in elevated plus-maze (EPM) paradigm. The open-field test and hole-board test were also used to assess anxiogenic activity of AIMF and TM. In the EPM test, MF, AIMF, and TM decreased the time spent by mice in the open arm and the entries in the open arm. Further, the effect of diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.), serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron (1 mg/kg i.p.), and 5-HT1A receptor agonist, buspirone (1 mg/kg i.p.), on the occupancy in open arm and entries in open arm was significantly reduced by TM. In the open-field test, AIMF as well as TM reduced the number of rearing and locomotion. Both TM and AIMF reduced the number of head pock in the hole-board test. Inhibition of anxiolytic activity of ondansetron (5-HT3 receptor antagonist), buspirone (5-HT1A receptor agonist), and diazepam [acting on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor] suggests a nonspecific anxiogenic activity of TM and also a link between 5-HT and GABA systems in the anxiogenic activity of TM.
 

  Effect of different processing conditions on content of myrisiticin, volatile oil and fatty lipid in semen Myristicae:

 The effect of different processing conditions on contents of myrisiticin, volatile oil and fatty lipid in Semen Myristicae was studied by orthogonal design. The result shows that these processing conditions could not influence the contents of myrisiticin, volatile oil and fatty lipid in the processed products of Semen Myristicae, suggesting that processing does not necessarily lower toxicity.


  Simple synthesis of benzofuranoid neolignans from Myristica fragrans.:

 The total synthesis of four neolignans-fragnasols A (1), B (2), and C (3) and dehydrodiisoeugenol (4)-starting from the readily available phenol derivative isoeugenol (5) was accomplished. The key step of the synthesis of these natural products is a novel type of dimerization of 5 into 4 with iodobenzene diacetate.

  Biological effects of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) extract.:

 The chloroform extract of nutmeg has been evaluated for antiinflammatory, analgesic and antithrombotic activities in rodents. The extract inhibited the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, produced a reduction in writhings induced by acetic acid in mice and offered protection against thrombosis induced by ADP/adrenaline mixture in mice.

  Prevention of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits after supplementation of Myristica fragrans seed extract.:

 Myristica seed extr. administration to hypercholesterolemic rabbits reduced serum cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol by 69.1% and 76.3% respectively and also lowered cholesterol/phospholipid ratio by 31.2% and elevated the decreased HDL-ratio significantly. Myristica seed extr. feeding also prevented the accumulation of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides in liver, heart and aorta and dissolved atheromatous plaques of aorta by 70.9-76.5%. Fecal excretion of cholesterol and phospholipid were significantly increased in seed extract fed rabbits.

  Isolation and characterization of two antimicrobial agents from mace (Myristica fragrans).:

 The two antimicrobial resorcinols malabaricone B [1] and malabaricone C [2] were isolated from mace, the dried seed covers of Myristica fragrans. Both compounds exhibited strong antifungal and antibacterial activities. Structure modifications by methylation or reduction resulted in diminished activity.

  The crystal structure of licarin-B, (C20H20O4), a component of the seeds of Myristica fragrans.:

 The crystal structure of licarin-B, a component of Myristicae Semen was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal of the compound, which was recrystallized from the mixture of hexane and ether, is monoclinic with a = 12.740 (1), b = 7.219(1), c = 9.284(1) A, beta = 94.75(1) degrees, Dx = 1.26, Dm = 1.27 g/cm3, space group P2l, and Z = 2. The structure was solved by direct method and refined by least-squares procedure to the final R value of 0.040 for 1532 independent reflections inverted question markF > or = 3 sigma (F) inverted question mark. The compound is a dimeric phenylpropanoid, and belongs to the neolignan analogues. The molecules are arranged along with the screw axis. The intermolecular contacts appear to be the normal van der Waals' forces.
 


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mace is separated from the nut and both are dried separately
mace is carefully peeled away from the seed shell
mace is derived from the french masse
mace is an academic tradition that started out as a formidable weapon of warfare but is now a ceremonial staff used as a symbol of authority
mace is the symbol of the authority of the legislative assembly and its speaker
mace is more reflective of the northwest territories following division of the territory on april 1
mace is used to signify that a meeting of the parliament is taking place
mace is an historical amalgam of the regal scepter of rulers with the weapon like instrument known as a mace
mace is the traditional symbol of authority for the house of representatives
mace is the traditional symbol of authority for south carolina?s house of representatives
mace is made of sterling silver gilded with gold
mace is a potent symbol used in ancient times to establish authority in a decidedly physical way
mace is carried by the chief marshal at the head of all academic processions and is
mace is carried at the head of all academic processions and is prominently
mace is usually carried by a distinguished senior member of the faculty in academic processions
mace is its arillus
mace is now a ceremonial symbol of authority and is used in commonwealth parliaments
mace is the symbol of parliamentary authority
mace is a large
mace is in its proper place


mace is the scarlet membrane
mace is a program that searches for finite models of first
mace is keen to collect film
mace is working towards the development of a new landmark building in derby city centre
mace is the outer covering of the seed nutmeg
mace is the oldest still in use by a representative body in the new world and the second oldest mace in continuous use anywhere
mace is used to bring order to the house of delegates and to summon witnesses before it
mace is made of sterling silver
mace is the formal symbol of the mayors authority and is used at full meetings of the council
mace is a deadly weapon
mace is the emblem of authority for the house of representatives
mace is not interested in doing a demo at interop
mace is an instrumented testbed for building a wide range of experimental distributed artificial intelligence systems
mace is peeled from the shell and dried
mace is a staff of office symbolising authority
mace is similar to that of a college or university
mace is a creation of the free worlds league
mace is dedicated to providing the highest quality games and related activities to you the gamer
mace is the ancient symbol of royal authority
mace is composed of a staff of ebony with ornamentation in silver
mace is carried before the bailiff at the sittings of the royal court and meetings of the assembly of the states of jersey
mace is delicate and smooth
mace is an arillus
mace is used in pttp+glides
mace is officially 'paranoid' about pocketpc date
mace is a full service music company selling cds directly or through other distributors to over 35 countries around the world including russia
mace is embued with necropotic energy
mace is a silver gilt ornamental club of about five feet in length
mace is the scarlet lacy covering which surrounds the hard black shell of the nutmeg
mace is simply not the fastest fighter on the market
mace is house of commons mace
mace is the symbol of the power and authority of parliament and of the speaker
mace is usually carried before the mayor in civic ceremonial processions although there are
mace is the bright red membrane that covers the nutmeg seed
mace is it?
mace is a punk with powerful gadgets
mace is the dried
mace is one of those figures from the end of the line that is both easy and difficult to find
mace is generally said to have a finer aroma than nutmeg
mace is no dog
mace is one of the oldest symbols of our nation's
mace is the dried "lacy"
mace is gold plate over highly polished brass
mace is the dried outer coating of a nutmeg
mace is excited about the opportunity to help grow the rockresorts brand
mace is living proof of that
mace is a symbol of the authority of the chancellor
mace is the younger brother that needed to be pushier to get noticed and


  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update: Nutmeg