Research Update: rhizoma Curculiginis.

  seminal trace...Curculigo root extract.Rhizoma Curculiginis Extract.Curculigo orchioides Gaertn root extract.Xian Mao.land immortal root extract.10:1 Ethanol extract.lycorine,C16H17NO4...

 


   Phytochemical info of rhizoma Curculiginis.

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 Definition:rhizoma Curculiginis are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research Update: rhizoma Curculiginis.

  Evaluation of estrogenic activity of alcoholic extract of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Nov 1;114(2):241-5. Epub 2007 Aug 12.Vijayanarayana K, Rodrigues RS, Chandrashekhar KS, Subrahmanyam EV.N.G.S.M Institution of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paneer, Deralakatte, Mangalore 574160, Karnataka, India. vinpharmacol@yahoo.co.uk

 The rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Amaryllidacea) is an important Ayurvedic as well as Unani drug. It is present in several drug formulations used in the treatment of menorrhagia and other gynecological problems. In this study, we conducted a comparative study of estrogenic activity of alcoholic extract of Curculigo orchioides with diethylstilbestrol in bilaterally ovariectomized young albino rats. Bilaterally ovariectomized albino rats were divided into five groups (n=9) receiving different treatments, consisting of vehicle (0.6% w/v sodium carboxy methyl cellulose), ethanolic extract of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides at three different doses (viz., 300, 600, 1200 mg/kg body weight) and standard drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight. All these were administered orally daily for 7 days. Estrogenic activity was assessed by taking percentage vaginal cornification, uterine wet weight, uterine glycogen content and uterine histology as parameters of assessment. Alcoholic extract of Curculigo orchioides showed a significant increase in percentage vaginal cornification, uterine wet weight (P<0.001), uterine glycogen content (P<0.001) and a proliferative changes in uterine endometrium compared to the control.

  Effect of Curculigo orchioides rhizomes on sexual behaviour of male rats.:Fitoterapia. 2007 Dec;78(7-8):530-4. Epub 2007 Jul 3.

 The rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides have been traditionally used as aphrodisiac. In the present study ethanolic extract of rhizomes was evaluated for its effect on sexual behavior in rats. Administration of 100 mg/kg of extract change significantly the sexual behavior as assessed by determining parameters such as penile erection, mating performance, mount frequency and mount latency. Moreover a pronounced anabolic and spermatogenic effect was evidenced by weight gains of reproductive organs. The treatment also markedly affected sexual behavior of animals as reflected in reduction of mount latency, an increase in mount frequency and enhanced attractability towards female. Penile erection index was also incremented in treated group.

  Two new benzylbenzoate glucosides from Curculigo orchioides.:Fitoterapia. 2006 Sep;77(6):416-9. Epub 2006 May 25.Valls J, Richard T, Larronde F, Leblais V, Muller B, Delaunay JC, Monti JP, Ramawat KG, M¨¦rillon JM.Groupe d'Etude des Substances Naturelles ¨¤ Activit¨¦s Biologiques, EA 3675, Universit¨¦ de Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.

 An extract from in vitro cultures of Curculigo orchioides grown as bulbils in shake flasks, afforded two new glucosides of substituted benzylbenzoate - curculigoside C (3) and curculigoside D (4) - together with two known compounds - curculigoside A (1) and curculigoside B (2). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence, in particular by using 2D NMR methods. Their vasoactive properties were assessed in isolated rat aortic rings.

  Immunostimulatory effect of methanol extract of Curculigo orchioides on immunosuppressed mice.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar 8;104(1-2):1-4. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

 The methanol extract of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae) holds potential as a protective agent against cytotoxic drugs. The extract when studied on humoral and cell mediated immunity in normal, as well as cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice produced an increase in humoral antibody (HA) titre, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and levels of WBC in a dose dependent manner.

  Antioxidative phenols and phenolic glycosides from Curculigo orchioides.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2005 Aug;53(8):1065-7. Wu Q, Fu DX, Hou AJ, Lei GQ, Liu ZJ, Chen JK, Zhou TS.Research Center of Natural Medicines, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.

 A new orcinol glucoside, orcinol-1-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), was isolated from the rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides GAERTN., together with seven known compounds: orcinol glucoside (1), orcinol-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), curculigoside (4), curculigoside B (5), curculigoside C (6), 2,6-dimethoxyl benzoic acid (7), and syringic acid (8). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant activities of these isolated compounds were evaluated by colorimetric methods based on their scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radicals, respectively. All the compounds showed potent antioxidative activities and the structure-activity relationship is discussed.


  Glucosides from Curculigo orchioides.:Phytochemistry. 2005 Mar;66(6):659-63.

 From the rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides two phenolic glucosides named orchiosides A and B were isolated besides four known compounds and their structures were elucidated by the combination of 2D-NMR analysis, mass spectrometry and chemical evidences.

  Characterization of antioxidant and antiglycation properties and isolation of active ingredients from traditional chinese medicines.:Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Jun 15;36(12):1575-87.Tang SY, Whiteman M, Peng ZF, Jenner A, Yong EL, Halliwell B.Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

 There is considerable interest in the isolation of more potent antioxidant compounds to treat diseases involving oxidative stress. Thirty-three traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) extracts were examined for their antioxidant activity using the 2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate] (ABTS) assay. Five extracts with high activity (Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Cortex magnoliae officinalis, Psoralea corylifolia L, Curculigo orchioides Gaertn, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) were selected for further characterization. C. cochinchinense outperformed other extracts in most of the assays tested except phospholipid peroxidation inhibition, where P. corylifolia L showed higher activity. C. cochinchinense was particularly potent in inhibiting the formation of advanced glycation end products on proteins and strongly inhibited hypochlorous acid-induced DNA damage. We attempted to isolate the active ingredients from C. cochinchinense and obtained an extract (YCT) containing at least 90% mangiferin as identified by HPLC and mass spectrometry. However, YCT showed significantly higher activity in assays of phospholipid peroxidation, inhibition of protein glycation, and superoxide (O(2)(?-)) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) scavenging, as compared with mangiferin, suggesting that the nonmangiferin constituents of YCT contribute to its additional antioxidant activities.

  Immunostimulant principles from Curculigo orchioides.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Dec;89(2-3):181-4.

 Curculigo orchioides Gaerten belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. The rhizomes of the plants are used for the treatment of decline in strength, jaundice and asthma. Its methanolic extract has been shown to enhance phagocytic activity of macrophages. Present studies have led to the isolation of two phenolic glycosides and a purified glycoside fraction. These were studied for their effect on macrophage migration index (MMI), haemagglutination (HA) titre, plaque forming cell (PFC), PHA-induced blast transformation of lymphocytes (BTL) and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Significant immunostimulant activity was found in purified glycoside-rich fraction isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. The exact structure of the active glycoside is yet to be determined. The enhancement of HA titre and PFC count on one hand and that of DTH response on the other indicates that glycoside fraction stimulates both humoral and Cell-mediated immune responses. Glycoside fraction stimulates immune response by acting both on macrophages and the lymphocytes.

  Determination of curculigoside in crude medicine Curculigo orchioides by HPLC:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Mar;27(3):192-4. Chinese.Lu HW, Zhu BH, Liang YK.Guangdong Provincial Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for the determination of curculigoside in Curculigo orchioides, a species of crude medicine. METHOD: The methanol was used as the solvent of exatraction and the curculigoside was extracted from the crude medicine with the method of the ultrasonic vibration. Using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges to purify the solution, the curculigoside was detected by HPLC. Intersil ODS-3(150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microns) chromatographic column was used, mobile phase of methanol-water-ice acetic acid (45:80:1) and detect wavelength was set at UV 283 nm. RESULT: The average recovery was 99.2% for the determination of curculigoside, RSD = 1.7% (n = 5). The content range of the curculigoside for 6 kinds of different samples was from 0.11% to 0.35%. CONCLUSION: This method could be used to control the quality of crude medicine C. orchioides.

  A method for large-scale multiplication of Curculigo orchioides through bulbil formation from leaf explant in shake flask culture.:Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Feb;38(2):145-8.

 An efficient method has been developed for large-scale multiplication of Curculigo orchioides (Hypoxidaceae), an endangered medicinal plant, through direct bulbil formation from leaf explants in shake flask cultures. Leaf-segments (7 x 10 mm) were cultured in B5 liquid medium containing KNO3 (200 mgNL-1), (NH4)2SO4 (50 mgNL-1), benzyl adenosine (2.2 microM), adenine (0.11 mM), indole butyric acid (1.0 microM) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (250 mgL-1). About 95% of explants produced maximum number of bulbils (546/flask at 6 weeks growth) in the medium. Shake flask cultures yielded 2737 bulbils/L medium whereas static cultures yielded 624 bulbils/L medium. Germination of bulbils was maximum (90.62%) on agar-gelled B5 medium containing benzyl adenosine (2.2 microM) and gibberellic acid (3.5 microM). Plantlets developed in vitro were successfully transferred to soil with a high rate of survivability (90%) and were comparable to natural population in growth and vigour.


  Four new cycloartane saponins from Curculigo orchioides.:Planta Med. 1992 Apr;58(2):208-10. Xu JP, Xu RS, Li XY.Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Academia Sinica, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

 Four new cycloartane-type triterpene glycosides named curculigosaponins G, H, I, and J have been isolated from rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides (Chinese Name: Xiao Mao; Hypoxidaceae). Their structures were elucidated by FAB-MS, 1H-, 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR analysis and chemical evidence. A pharmacological study showed that curculigosaponin G increased the weight of the thymus in vivo in mice.

  Phenyl glycosides from Curculigo orchioides:Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1992;27(5):353-7. Chinese.Xu JP, Xu RS.Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Academia Sinica.

 One new phenyl glycoside and two new chlorophenyl glycosides were isolated from rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides (Chinese name: Xian Mao, Hypoxidaceae). Based on HRMS, FABMS, 1H-, 13C-NMR and other spectral data as well as chemical evidence, the structures of curculigoside B, curculigine B and C were elucidated to be 2-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-5-hydroxybenzyl-2'-methoxy-6'-hydroxybe nzoate (I),24-dichloro-3-methyl-5-methoxy-phenol-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl (1-6)-beta-D-glucopyanoside (III) and 2,4,6-trichloro-3-methyl-5-methoxyphenol-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (IV), respectively.

  Pharmacologic study of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1989 Oct;14(10):618-20, 640. Chinese. Chen QS, Chen WQ, Yang SY.

 The experiments showed that ethanolic extract of Curculigo orchioides had adaptive effects, such as enhancing tolerance towards high temperature and hypoxia. It also had sedative, anticonvulsant and androgen-like effect. Besides, it increased the immunological activity of mice.

  A New Phenolic Glucoside, Curculigoside from Rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides.:Planta Med. 1983 Jan;47(1):52-5.

 A new phenolic glucoside, named curculigoside (I), was isolated from the rhizomes of CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES G AERTN. and its structure was elucidated as 5-hydroxy-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylbenzyl 2,6-dimetoxybenzoate.


  Effects of semen Cuscutae, rhizoma Curculiginis, radix Morindae officinalis on human spermatozoan's motility and membrane function in vitro.:

 OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Semen Cuscutae (SC), Rhizoma Curculiginis (RC) and Radix Morindae Officinalis (RMO) on human sperm motility in vitro and cytomembrane function. METHODS: Compare the sperm motility of the above-mentioned medicinal plants with modified Tyrode's solution (MTS) and MTS added caffeine in vitro. Human spermatozoa were incubated with decoctions of medicinal plant at various concentrations in 37 degrees C for 30 minutes. The motility of sperm was evaluated by the sperm capillary penetrating test, sperm speed test and sperm activity index calculations. The spermatozoa membrane function was evaluated by spermatozoal hypo-osmotic swelling test together with eosin staining methods. RESULTS: The sperm motility improved markedly and sperm membrane function became more stabilized after incubation, the SC had best effect, RC took second place, RMO was relatively poor. CONCLUSIONS: SC decoction is an effective promoting preparation for sperm motility and the membrane function stabilized. Therefore, SC may be beneficial in treating male sterility and may raise success rate in artificial insemination.

  The Effect of Chinese Medicines on Bone Formation and Histomorphology.:

 Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have been used in the Chinese population for treatment of bone diseases and to promote bone healing for several thousands years. Rhizoma Curculiginis and Rhizoma Drynariae are two herbs used in TCM to strengthen bone and treat bone fracture. Objectives: To assess the effect of Rhizoma Curculiginis and Rhizoma Drynariae extracts consumption on bone formation and histomorphology. Methods: Thirty eight-week-old male BALB/c mice were divided into three groups. In the Control Group, ten mice were daily fed with distilled water, in the Rhizoma Curculiginis Group, ten mice were daily fed with distilled water mixed with Rhizoma Curculiginis extract and in the Rhizoma Drynarie Group, ten mice were daily fed with distilled water mixed with Rhizoma Drynarie extract. The mice were kept for five weeks and were then killed. Using micro-computed tomography, twenty micro-tomographic slices with an increment of 0.25 mm were acquired to cover the proximal end of the left tibia of each mouse. Quantitative morphometry of the bone structure was performed. Results: Consumption of Rhizoma Drynarie extract increased the Bone Volume/Tissue Volume Ratio 6.45%. The bone trabeculae increased 10.00% in number resulting in changed bone histomorphology (increased density). The effect of Rhizoma Curculiginis extract on bone density, however, was not significant. Conclusion: Rhizoma Drynariae extract, but not Rhizoma Curculiginis extract, taken orally increases bone density and triggers histomorphology changes to occur.
 

  Determination of curculigoside in crude medicine Curculigo orchioides by HPLC.:

 OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for the determination of curculigoside in Curculigo orchioides, a species of crude medicine. METHOD: The methanol was used as the solvent of exatraction and the curculigoside was extracted from the crude medicine with the method of the ultrasonic vibration. Using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges to purify the solution, the curculigoside was detected by HPLC. Intersil ODS-3(150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microns) chromatographic column was used, mobile phase of methanol-water-ice acetic acid (45:80:1) and detect wavelength was set at UV 283 nm. RESULT: The average recovery was 99.2% for the determination of curculigoside, RSD = 1.7% (n = 5). The content range of the curculigoside for 6 kinds of different samples was from 0.11% to 0.35%. CONCLUSION: This method could be used to control the quality of crude medicine C. orchioides.

  Immunostimulatory effect of methanol extract of Curculigo orchioides on immunosuppressed mice.:

 The methanol extract of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae) holds potential as a protective agent against cytotoxic drugs. The extract when studied on humoral and cell mediated immunity in normal, as well as cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice produced an increase in humoral antibody (HA) titre, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and levels of WBC in a dose dependent manner.

  Antioxidative phenols and phenolic glycosides from Curculigo orchioides.:

 A new orcinol glucoside, orcinol-1-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), was isolated from the rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides GAERTN., together with seven known compounds: orcinol glucoside (1), orcinol-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), curculigoside (4), curculigoside B (5), curculigoside C (6), 2,6-dimethoxyl benzoic acid (7), and syringic acid (8). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant activities of these isolated compounds were evaluated by colorimetric methods based on their scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radicals, respectively. All the compounds showed potent antioxidative activities and the structure-activity relationship is discussed.

  Glucosides from Curculigo orchioides.Gupta M, Achari B, Pal BC.:

 From the rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides two phenolic glucosides named orchiosides A and B were isolated besides four known compounds and their structures were elucidated by the combination of 2D-NMR analysis, mass spectrometry and chemical evidences.

  Immunostimulant principles from Curculigo orchioides.:

 Curculigo orchioides Gaerten belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. The rhizomes of the plants are used for the treatment of decline in strength, jaundice and asthma. Its methanolic extract has been shown to enhance phagocytic activity of macrophages. Present studies have led to the isolation of two phenolic glycosides and a purified glycoside fraction. These were studied for their effect on macrophage migration index (MMI), haemagglutination (HA) titre, plaque forming cell (PFC), PHA-induced blast transformation of lymphocytes (BTL) and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Significant immunostimulant activity was found in purified glycoside-rich fraction isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. The exact structure of the active glycoside is yet to be determined. The enhancement of HA titre and PFC count on one hand and that of DTH response on the other indicates that glycoside fraction stimulates both humoral and Cell-mediated immune responses. Glycoside fraction stimulates immune response by acting both on macrophages and the lymphocytes.

 

  Four new cycloartane saponins from Curculigo orchioides.:

 Four new cycloartane-type triterpene glycosides named curculigosaponins G, H, I, and J have been isolated from rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides (Chinese Name: Xiao Mao; Hypoxidaceae). Their structures were elucidated by FAB-MS, 1H-, 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR analysis and chemical evidence. A pharmacological study showed that curculigosaponin G increased the weight of the thymus in vivo in mice.

  Phenyl glycosides from Curculigo orchioides.:

 One new phenyl glycoside and two new chlorophenyl glycosides were isolated from rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides (Chinese name: Xian Mao, Hypoxidaceae). Based on HRMS, FABMS, 1H-, 13C-NMR and other spectral data as well as chemical evidence, the structures of curculigoside B, curculigine B and C were elucidated to be 2-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-5-hydroxybenzyl-2'-methoxy-6'-hydroxybe nzoate (I),24-dichloro-3-methyl-5-methoxy-phenol-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl (1-6)-beta-D-glucopyanoside (III) and 2,4,6-trichloro-3-methyl-5-methoxyphenol-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (IV), respectively.

  Pharmacologic study of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.:

 The experiments showed that ethanolic extract of Curculigo orchioides had adaptive effects, such as enhancing tolerance towards high temperature and hypoxia. It also had sedative, anticonvulsant and androgen-like effect. Besides, it increased the immunological activity of mice.


  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update: rhizoma Curculiginis.