Research Update:Triticum repens,Cynodon dactylon,Bermudagrass.

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   Phytochemical info of Triticum repens,Cynodon dactylon,Bermudagrass.

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 Definition:Triticum repens,Cynodon dactylon,Bermudagrass. are majorly composed of
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   Research Update:Triticum repens,Cynodon dactylon,Bermudagrass.

  Assessment of antidiabetic potential of Cynodon dactylon extract in streptozotocin diabetic rats.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Nov 1;114(2):174-9. Epub 2007 Aug 19.

 This study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of single and repeated oral administration of the aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon (Family: Poaceae) in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, respectively. The effect of repeated oral administration of aqueous extract on serum lipid profile in diabetic rats was also examined. A range of doses, viz. 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg bw of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon were evaluated and the dose of 500mg/kg was identified as the most effective dose. It lowers blood glucose level around 31% after 4h of administration in normal rats. The same dose of 500mg/kg produced a fall of 23% in blood glucose level within 1h during glucose tolerance test (GTT) of mild diabetic rats. This dose has almost similar effect as that of standard drug tolbutamide (250mg/kg bw). Severely diabetic rats were also treated daily with 500mg/kg bw for 14 days and a significant reduction of 59% was observed in fasting blood glucose level. A reduction in the urine sugar level and increase in body weight of severe diabetic rats were additional corroborating factors for its antidiabetic potential. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels were decreased by 35, 77 and 29%, respectively, in severely diabetic rats whereas, cardioprotective, high density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased by 18%. These results clearly indicate that aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon has high antidiabetic potential along with significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.

  Effects of otic betamethasone on intradermal testing in normal dogs.:Vet Dermatol. 2007 Aug;18(4):205-10.Ginel PJ, Garrido C, Lucena R.Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. pginel@uco.es

 Otitis externa is common in atopic dogs and is frequently treated using potent glucocorticoids topically. These preparations can cause adrenal suppression and affect skin test reactivity. The purpose of this study was to determine if an otic product containing betamethasone could decrease skin reactivity in normal dogs. Sixteen laboratory beagles were used in a cross-over, blinded trial. Dogs were enrolled in two groups; one received placebo and the other a betamethasone-containing otic preparation (Otomax) twice daily for 2 weeks. After a 4-week wash-out period, treatments were switched. Dogs were intradermally tested on days 0 and 14 of each treatment period with histamine phosphate (1 : 100,000 and 1 : 200,000 w/v) and allergens common in the area. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests were done before and after treatment to investigate adrenal suppression. After 2 weeks of otic betamethasone, Dermatophagoides farinae (P = 0.0034), Cynodon dactylon (P = 0.0459) and histamine 1 : 100,000 w/v (P = 0.0028) reactions were significantly reduced. Pre-treatment post-ACTH serum cortisol levels and those obtained after both treatments did not differ statistically (P = 0.6362). Betamethasone induced a slight but statistically significant elevation (P = 0.0002) of serum alkaline phosphatase. Despite the increase, values were within normal range. It is concluded that, although otic betamethasone did not suppress adrenal glands, it mildly suppressed intradermal reactions to 1 : 100,000 w/v histamine, D. farinae and C. dactylon.

  Urea metabolism in beef steers grazing Bermudagrass, Caucasian bluestem, or gamagrass pastures varying in plant morphology, protein content, and protein composition.:J Anim Sci. 2007 Aug;85(8):1997-2004. Epub 2007 Apr 12.Huntington GB, Burns JC, Archibeque SL.Animal Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA. Gerald_Huntington@ncsu.edu

 Pastures of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon, BG), Caucasian bluestem (Bothriochloa caucasica, CBS), and gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides, GG) were evaluated from the perspectives of forage composition, selection during grazing, and N metabolism in beef steers. All pastures were fertilized with 78 kg/ha of N approximately 60 and 30 d before sample collection. In 2000 and 2001, 12 steers (250 kg of BW) were blocked based on BW and then assigned randomly to a replicated, randomized complete block design, with 2 pastures of each forage and 2 steers per pasture. Three other steers with esophageal fistulas were used to collect masticate samples to represent intake preferences. Herbage mass was >1,900 kg/ha. After at least 14 d of adaptation, urine and blood samples were collected for determination of serum urea N and percentage of urinary N in the form of urea. One steer per pasture (6 steers per year) was infused i.v. with (15,15)N urea for 50 h before collecting urine for 6 h to measure urea N enrichment, urea entry rate, urinary urea excretion, gut urea recycling, and return of urea N to the ornithine cycle. The canopy leaf:stem DM ratio differed (P = 0.01) among BG (0.50), CBS (1.01), and GG (4.00). Caucasian bluestem had less CP (% of DM) than GG or BG in the canopy (9.6 vs. 12.0 or 12.3, P = 0.07) and in the masticate (9.8 vs. 14.7 or 13.9, P = 0.04). Bermudagrass had less true protein (% of CP) than CBS or GG in the canopy (72.9 vs. 83.3 or 83.0, P = 0.07) and in the masticate (73.7 vs. 85.8 or 88.0, P = 0.04). Compared with GG and BG, CBS had less serum urea N (10.1 or 12.2 vs. 2.5 mM, P = 0.01), urea entry rate (353 or 391 vs. 209 mmol of N/h, P = 0.07), and urinary urea excretion (105 or 95 vs. 18 mmol of N/h, P = 0.04), and a greater return of urea N to the ornithine cycle as a proportion of gut urea recycling (0.109 or 0.118 vs. 0.231, P = 0.02). Urea production and recycling in these steers responded more to the N concentration in the grasses than to differences in plant protein fractions. There was no evidence of improved N capture by the steers due to changes in the leaf:stem ratio among the grasses at the herbage mass evaluated.

  Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus.:J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Oct 13;2:45.Lans CA.BCICS, University of Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada. cher2lans@netscape.net

 BACKGROUND: This paper is based on ethnobotanical interviews conducted from 1996-2000 in Trinidad and Tobago with thirty male and female respondents. METHODS: A non-experimental validation was conducted on the plants used for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus: This is a preliminary step to establish that the plants used are safe or effective, to help direct clinical trials, and to inform Caribbean physicians of the plants' known properties to avoid counter-prescribing. RESULTS: The following plants are used to treat diabetes: Antigonon leptopus, Bidens alba, Bidens pilosa, Bixa orellana, Bontia daphnoides, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Cocos nucifera, Gomphrena globosa, Laportea aestuans, Momordica charantia, Morus alba, Phyllanthus urinaria and Spiranthes acaulis. Apium graviolens is used as a heart tonic and for low blood pressure. Bixa orellana, Bontia daphnoides, Cuscuta americana and Gomphrena globosa are used for jaundice. The following plants are used for hypertension: Aloe vera, Annona muricata, Artocarpus altilis, Bixa orellana, Bidens alba, Bidens pilosa, Bonta daphnoides, Carica papaya, Cecropia peltata, Citrus paradisi, Cola nitida, Crescentia cujete, Gomphrena globosa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Kalanchoe pinnata, Morus alba, Nopalea cochinellifera, Ocimum campechianum, Passiflora quadrangularis, Persea americana and Tamarindus indicus. The plants used for kidney problems are Theobroma cacao, Chamaesyce hirta, Flemingia strobilifera, Peperomia rotundifolia, Petiveria alliacea, Nopalea cochinellifera, Apium graveolens, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Gomphrena globosa, Pityrogramma calomelanos and Vetiveria zizanioides. Plants are also used for gall stones and for cooling. CONCLUSION: Chamaesyce hirta, Cissus verticillata, Kalanchoe pinnata, Peperomia spp., Portulaca oleraceae, Scoparia dulcis, and Zea mays have sufficient evidence to support their traditional use for urinary problems, "cooling" and high cholesterol. Eggplant extract as a hypocholesterolemic agent has some support but needs more study. The plants used for hypertension, jaundice and diabetes that may be safe and justify more formal evaluation are Annona squamosa, Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, Bidens alba, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Cecropia peltata, Citrus paradisi, Hibsicus sabdariffa, Momordica charantia, Morus alba, Persea americana, Phyllanthus urinaria, Tamarindus indicus and Tournefortia hirsutissima. Several of the plants are used for more than one condition and further trials should take this into account.

  A framework linkage map of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x transvaalensis) based on single-dose restriction fragments.:Theor Appl Genet. 2006 Feb;112(4):727-37. Epub 2006 Jan 5.Bethel CM, Sciara EB, Estill JC, Bowers JE, Hanna W, Paterson AH.Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.

 This study describes the first detailed linkage maps of two bermudagrass species, Cynodon dactylon (T89) and Cynodon transvaalensis (T574), based on single-dose restriction fragments (SDRFs). The mapping population consisted of 113 F1 progeny of a cross between the two parents. Loci were generated using 179 bermudagrass genomic clones and 50 heterologous cDNAs from Pennisetum and rice. The map of T89 is based on 155 SDRFs and 17 double-dose restriction fragments on 35 linkage groups, with an average marker spacing of 15.3 cM. The map of T574 is based on 77 SDRF loci on 18 linkage groups with an average marker spacing of 16.5 cM. About 16 T89 linkage groups were arranged into four complete and eight into four incomplete homologous sets, while 15 T574 linkage groups were arranged into seven complete homologous sets, all on the basis of multi-locus probes and repulsion linkages. Eleven T89 and three T574 linkage groups remain unassigned. In each parent consensus maps were built based on alignments of homologous linkage groups. Four ancestral chromosomes were inferred after aligning T89 and T574 parental consensus maps using multi-locus probes. The inferred ancestral marker orders were used in comparisons to a detailed Sorghum linkage map using 40 common probes, and to the rice genome sequence using 98 significant BLAST hits, to find regions of colinearity. Using these maps we have estimated the recombinational length of the T89 and T574 genomes at 3,012 and 1,569 cM, respectively, which are 61 and 62% covered by our maps.


  Purification and structural analysis of the novel glycoprotein allergen Cyn d 24, a pathogenesis-related protein PR-1, from Bermuda grass pollen.:FEBS J. 2005 Dec;272(24):6218-27.Chow LP, Chiu LL, Khoo KH, Peng HJ, Yang SY, Huang SW, Su SN.Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

 Bermuda grass pollen (BGP) contains a very complex mixture of allergens, but only a few have been characterized. One of the allergens, with an apparent molecular mass of 21 kDa, has been shown to bind serum IgE from 29% of patients with BGP allergy. A combination of chromatographic techniques (ion exchange and reverse phase HPLC) was used to purify the 21 kDa allergen. Immunoblotting was performed to investigate its IgE binding and lectin-binding activities, and the Lysyl-C endopeptidase digested peptides were determined by N-terminal sequencing. The cDNA sequence was analyzed by RACE PCR-based cloning. The protein mass and the putative glycan structure were further elucidated using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The purified 21 kDa allergen was designated Cyn d 24 according to the protocol of International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). It has a molecular mass of 18,411 Da by MALDI-TOF analysis and a pI of 5.9. The cDNA encoding Cyn d 24 was predicted to produce a 153 amino acid mature protein containing tow conserved sequences seen in the pathogen-related protein family. Carbohydrate analysis showed that the most abundant N-linked glycan is a alpha(3)-fucosylated pauci-mannose (Man3GlcNAc2) structure, without a Xyl beta-(1,2)-linked to the branching beta-Man. Thus, Cyn d 24 is a glycoprotein and the results of the sequence alignment indicate that this novel allergen is a pathogenesis-related protein 1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify any grass pollen allergen as a pathogenesis-related protein 1.

  Sub-proteome analysis of novel IgE-binding proteins from Bermuda grass pollen.:Proteomics. 2005 Sep;5(14):3805-13.Kao SH, Su SN, Huang SW, Tsai JJ, Chow LP.Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

 Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) pollen (BGP) is one of the most common causes of airway allergic disease, and has been shown to contain over 12 allergenic proteins on 1-D immunoglobulin E (IgE) immunoblots. However, only a few allergens have been identified and characterized. Cyn d 1 is a major allergen and the most abundant protein in BGP, representing 15% of the whole-pollen extract. To investigate variability in the IgE-reactive patterns of BGP-sensitized patients and to identify other prevalent allergens, a BGP extract was passed through an affinity column to remove Cyn d 1, and the non-bound material was collected and analyzed by 2-DE. IgE-reactive proteins were subsequently characterized by immunoblotting using serum samples from ten BGP-allergic patients. The prevalent IgE-reactive proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, N-terminal sequence similarity, and LC-MS/MS. Here, we present a sub-proteome approach for allergen investigation and its use for determining BGP 2-DE profiles and identifying six novel allergens.

  Responses of antioxidation system of Cynodon dactylon to recirculated landfill leachate irrigation.:Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2005 May;16(5):933-8. Chinese.Wang R, He P, Shao L, Zhang B, Li G.State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. ruyiwang@ah163.com

 With pot experiment, this paper studied the membrane lipid peroxidation and the variations of antioxidation system in Cynodon dactylon under recirculated landfill leachate irrigation. The results showed that when irrigated with low dilution ratio (< 25%) leachate, the chlorophyll a/b ratio increased with increasing dilution ratio, membrane permeability and MDA and H2O2 contents were in adverse, and membrane lipid peroxidation was relatively weak. However, with the increasing leachate dilution ratio (> 25%), there existed an obvious negative fect on Cynodon dactylon, i.e., the chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased, while cell membrane permeability and MDA and H2O2 contents increased, which meant that the membrane lipid peroxidation was accelerated. The contents antioxidants AsA, GSH and Car also showed the similar trend, i.e., they increased with increasing leachate dilution ratio when irrigated with low dilution ratio leachate, but decreased under medium or high dilution ratio leachate irrigation. Among three test anti-oxidative enzymes, SOD and POD activities showed a similar change test antioxidants, and POD activity was more sensitive, while CAT activity was on the contrary. The contents test antioxidants and the activities of SOD and POD were negatively and significantly correlated to MDA content, indicating that they might play an important role in preventing Cynodon dactylon from cell membrane lipid peroxdation.

  The evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain Indian medicinal plants in vitro: a preliminary study.:J Med Food. 2004 Fall;7(3):343-8.

 The plant extracts of 17 commonly used Indian medicinal plants were examined for their possible regulatory effect on nitric oxide (NO) levels using sodium nitroprusside as an NO donor in vitro. Most of the plant extracts tested demonstrated direct scavenging of NO and exhibited significant activity. The potency of scavenging activity was in the following order: Alstonia scholaris > Cynodon dactylon > Morinda citrifolia > Tylophora indica > Tectona grandis > Aegle marmelos (leaf) > Momordica charantia > Phyllanthus niruri > Ocimum sanctum > Tinospora cordifolia (hexane extract) = Coleus ambonicus > Vitex negundo (alcoholic) > T. cordifolia (dichloromethane extract) > T. cordifolia (methanol extract) > Ipomoea digitata > V. negundo (aqueous) > Boerhaavia diffusa > Eugenia jambolana (seed) > T. cordifolia (aqueous extract) > V. negundo (dichloromethane/methanol extract) > Gingko biloba > Picrorrhiza kurroa > A. marmelos (fruit) > Santalum album > E. jambolana (leaf). All the extracts evaluated exhibited a dose-dependent NO scavenging activity. The A. scholaris bark showed its greatest NO scavenging effect of 81.86% at 250 microg/mL, as compared with G. biloba, where 54.9% scavenging was observed at a similar concentration. The present results suggest that these medicinal plants might be potent and novel therapeutic agents for scavenging of NO and the regulation of pathological conditions caused by excessive generation of NO and its oxidation product, peroxynitrite.

  AFLP analysis of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon genetic variation.:Genome. 2004 Aug;47(4):689-96.Wu YQ, Taliaferro CM, Bai GH, Anderson MP.Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. yanqi@okstate.edu

 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon (common bermudagrass) is geographically widely distributed between about lat 45 degrees N and lat 45 degrees S, penetrating to about lat 53 degrees N in Europe. The extensive variation of morphological and adaptive characteristics of the taxon is substantially documented, but information is lacking on DNA molecular variation in geographically disparate forms. Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess molecular genetic variation and genetic relatedness among 28 C. dactylon var. dactylon accessions originating from 11 countries on 4 continents (Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe). A fluorescence-labeled amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) DNA profiling method was used to detect the genetic diversity and relatedness. On the basis of 443 polymorphic AFLP fragments from 8 primer combinations, the accessions were grouped into clusters and subclusters associating with their geographic origins. Genetic similarity coefficients (SC) for the 28 accessions ranged from 0.53 to 0.98. Accessions originating from Africa, Australia, Asia, and Europe formed major groupings as indicated by cluster and principal coordinate analysis. Accessions from Australia and Asia, though separately clustered, were relatively closely related and most distantly related to accessions of European origin. African accessions formed two distant clusters and had the greatest variation in genetic relatedness relative to accessions from other geographic regions. Sampling the full extent of genetic variation in C. dactylon var. dactylon would require extensive germplasm collection in the major geographic regions of its distributional range.

  NTZIP antisense plants show reduced chlorophyll levels.:Plant Physiol Biochem. 2004 Apr;42(4):321-7. Liu N, Yang YT, Liu HH, Yang GD, Zhang NH, Zheng CC.College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.

 We have isolated and characterized a new photosynthetic tissue-specific gene NTZIP (Nicotiana tabacum leucine zipper) from tobacco (N. tabacum). Its deduced amino acid sequence has two highly conserved regions, leucine zipper and [EX(n)DEXRH](2) motifs, which are related to the gene's biochemical functions. NTZIP was expressed in leaves and stems, but was not detected in roots or flowers, suggesting that its physiological functions might be associated with photosynthesis. Northern blot analysis showed that NTZIP mRNA accumulation was induced by light signals, increased greatly under low temperatures and was repressed by strong light illumination. Furthermore, a number of homologs of NTZIP were isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus), rape (Brassica napus), clover (Trifolium repens), willow (Salix babylonica), rosebush (Rusa dovurica), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea), proving the ubiquitous existence of the NTZIP-like genes in higher plants. Transgenic tobaccos constitutively expressing antisense RNA to NTZIP displayed chlorosis and a lack of ability to turn green even under normal growth conditions. The chlorophyll deficiency was further confirmed by chlorophyll content determination and gas exchange analysis. Based on these observations, we propose that NTZIP may be involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and might define a novel family of evolutionarily conserved proteins with its homologs in other plant species.


  Hypoglycaemic effect of Triticum repens P. Beauv. in normal and diabetic rats.:

 The hypoglycaemic effect of an aqueous extract of Triticum repens (TR) rhizomes was investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. After a single oral administration of the aqueous extract (20mg/kg) a significant decrease on blood glucose levels in STZ diabetic rats (p<0.001) was observed; the blood glucose levels were normalized after 2 weeks of daily oral administration of TR aqueous extract (20mg/kg) (p<0.001). Significant reduction on blood glucose levels were noticed in normal rats after both acute (p<0.001) and chronic treatment (p<0.001). In addition, no changes were observed in basal plasma insulin concentrations after treatment in either normal or STZ diabetic rats indicating that the underlying mechanism of this pharmacological activity seems to be independent of insulin secretion. We conclude that the aqueous extract of TR exhibits a potent hypoglycaemic activity in STZ rats without affecting basal plasma insulin concentrations.

  Effects of an aqueous extract of Triticum repens on lipid metabolism in normal and recent-onset diabetic rats.:

 The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of single and repeated oral administration of the aqueous rhizomes extract of Triticum repens (TR) (20 mg/kg) on lipid metabolism in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In normal rats, the aqueous extract of TR induced a significant decrease in the plasma triglycerides concentrations 4 days (P<0.05) and 1 week after repeated oral administration (P<0.05). This reduction was abolished 2 weeks after once daily repeated oral administration. A significant decrease of plasma cholesterol levels was observed only 1 week (P<0.05) after repeated oral administration. In diabetic rats, TR treatment caused a significant decrease in plasma triglycerides levels after a single (P<0.01) and repeated (P<0.001) oral administration. A strong decrease in cholesterol level was observed 6 h after a single oral administration of the aqueous extract TR (P<0.001). Four days after repeated oral administration of TR aqueous extract, the plasma cholesterol level was significantly decreased (P<0.05) and still dropped after 2 weeks (P<0.001). On other hand, the repeated oral administration of aqueous TR extract caused a significant decrease in body weight 2 weeks after repeated oral treatment in diabetic rats (P<0.05). We conclude that the aqueous extract of TR exhibits lipid and body weight lowering activities in severe hyperglycaemic rats after repeated oral administration of aqueous TR extract at a dose of 20 mg/kg.

  Treatment of log yard run-off by irrigation of grass and willows.:

 Log yard run-off is a potential environmental risk, among other things because it creates an oxygen deficiency in receiving watercourses. This study was conducted to investigate the purification efficiency of soil-plant systems with couchgrass (Elymus repens) and willows (Salix sp.) when intensively irrigated with run-off from an open sprinkling system at a Norway spruce (Picea abies) log yard. The purification efficiency was determined both at the field scale (couchgrass) and in 68-L lysimeters (couchgrass and willows). Groundwater in the field and drainage water from the lysimeters were analysed for Total Organic Carbon (TOC), distillable phenols, total P, and total N. Retention of TOC, phenols and P occurred but no difference between couchgrass and willows was observed. The system had better purification capacity at the field scale than in the lysimeters.

  Responses of antioxidation system of Cynodon dactylon to recirculated landfill leachate irrigation.:

 With pot experiment, this paper studied the membrane lipid peroxidation and the variations of antioxidation system in Cynodon dactylon under recirculated landfill leachate irrigation. The results showed that when irrigated with low dilution ratio (< 25%) leachate, the chlorophyll a/b ratio increased with increasing dilution ratio, membrane permeability and MDA and H2O2 contents were in adverse, and membrane lipid peroxidation was relatively weak. However, with the increasing leachate dilution ratio (> 25%), there existed an obvious negative fect on Cynodon dactylon, i.e., the chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased, while cell membrane permeability and MDA and H2O2 contents increased, which meant that the membrane lipid peroxidation was accelerated. The contents antioxidants AsA, GSH and Car also showed the similar trend, i.e., they increased with increasing leachate dilution ratio when irrigated with low dilution ratio leachate, but decreased under medium or high dilution ratio leachate irrigation. Among three test anti-oxidative enzymes, SOD and POD activities showed a similar change test antioxidants, and POD activity was more sensitive, while CAT activity was on the contrary. The contents test antioxidants and the activities of SOD and POD were negatively and significantly correlated to MDA content, indicating that they might play an important role in preventing Cynodon dactylon from cell membrane lipid peroxdation.


  Structural revision of aspernigrin A, reisolated from Cladosporium herbarum IFB-E002.:

 Aspernigrin A was reisolated as a secondary metabolite of the Cynodon dactylon-associated endophytic fungus Cladosporium herbarum IFB-E002 coproducing rubrofusarin B, fonsecinone A, 7-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin, orlandin, kotanin, and 3beta,5alpha,6beta-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-diene. The structure of aspernigrin A, previously elucidated to be 4-benzyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide (1), was revised as 6-benzyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide (2) on the basis of its additional NMR spectroscopic data and the X-ray crystallographic analysis.

  Short communication: effect of tannic acid on composition and ruminal degradability of bermudagrass and alfalfa silages.:

 We measured the effects of the addition of tannic acid on chemical composition and crude protein (CP) ruminal degradability of bermudagrass, cv. coast cross (Cynodon dactylon L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silages with nylon bags incubated in the rumen of two fistulated lactating cows. Silage pH was greater for alfalfa than for bermudagrass. The addition of tannic acid had no effect on silage pH. Ammonia N was greater in alfalfa than in bermudagrass silage. Treated and control silages had similar ammonia N concentrations. The percentage of CP that was solubilized at time 0 was lower for alfalfa than for bermudagrass silage. The addition of tannic acid decreased the portion of CP solubilized at time 0 and increased the potentially degradable fraction of CP. The potentially degradable fraction of CP was greater for alfalfa than for bermudagrass. There was an interaction of species and treatment; the disappearance rate of CP increased with tannic acid treatment of alfalfa but decreased with acid treatment of bermudagrass. The effective degradability of CP was similar for control and treated alfalfa but lower for treated than for control bermudagrass. Tannic acid treatment is effective in decreasing the rapidly soluble fraction of alfalfa and bermudagrass silages, which could be beneficial to the animal because it would decrease the excess of N in the rumen after feeding. Tannic acid treatment decreased CP degradability of bermudagrass silage but had no effect on alfalfa silage, suggesting that tannic acid concentration required to effectively decrease CP degradability differs among forages.

  The carbohydrate moiety of the bermuda grass antigen BG60. New oligosaccharides of plant origin.:

 BG60 is an important allergen of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) pollen, which causes allergic responses in human. It was suggested that its carbohydrate moiety may be relevant to allergic reaction (Su, S. N., Lau, G. X., Shu, P., Yang, S. Y., Huang, S. W., and Lee, Y. C. (1996) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., in press). Therefore, the structure of the carbohydrate moiety in BG60 was investigated. The N-linked oligosaccharides were released from the glycopeptides of BG60 by digesting with a glycoamidase from sweet almond and reductively aminated with a fluorescent reagent, 2-aminopyridine. The mixture of pyridylaminated oligosaccharides were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an octadecylsilyl (ODS) column. Five oligosaccharide fractions were isolated, and each fraction was found to be homogeneous by HPLC on an amide-silica column. The structure of each of the oligosaccharides was analyzed by the two-dimensional mapping technique (Tomiya, N., Awaya, J., Kurono, M., Endo, S., Arata, Y., and Takahashi, N. (1988) Anal. Biochem. 171, 73-90), in tandem with sequential exoglycosidase digestion. The two most abundant oligosaccharides, A and B, have an unusual structural feature, i.e. the presence of an L-Fuc alpha-(1,3)-linked to Asn-linked GlcNAc without a Xyl beta-(1,2)-linked to the branching Man (see below). To the best of our knowledge, these are the first such oligosaccharides found in plant glycoproteins.

  Hypoglycemic effect of plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics.:

 The objective of this work is to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of 12 "antidiabetic" plants used in Mexico. The studies were performed using 27 healthy rabbits with the gastric administration of water, tolbutamide or decoction of the "antidiabetic" plant before the induction of temporary hyperglycemia by subcutaneous injection of 50% dextrose solution (4 ml/kg of weight) at the beginning of the experiment and after 60 min. Blood glucose was determined every 60 min for a period of 5 h. Tolbutamide and eight of the studied plants decreased significantly the hyperglycemia as compared with control test (water) (p < 0.05). The strongest effect was yielded by Guaiacum coulteri, followed by Marrubium vulgare, Crataegus pubescens, Cynodon dactylon, Calea zacatechichi, Buddleia americana, Bauhinia divaricata and Coix lachryma. The decrease of hyperglycemia caused by Physalis phyladelphyca, Pavonia schiedeana and Eucaliptus globulus was not significant (p > 0.05). Urtica dioica increased glycemia slightly.

  Photosynthetic Activity of Chloroplasts Isolated From Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), a Species With a High Photosynthetic Capacity.:

 Chloroplasts have been isolated from bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) leaves and assayed for photophosphorylation and electron transport activity. These chloroplasts actively synthesize adenosine triphosphate during cyclic electron flow with phenazine methosulfate and noncyclic electron flow concurrent with the reduction of such Hill oxidants as nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate, cytochrome c, and ferricyanide. Apparent Km values for the cofactors of photophosphorylation have been determined to be 5 x 10(-5) M for phosphate and 2.5 x 10(-5) M for adenosine diphosphate. The influence of light intensity on photophosphorylation has been studied and the molar ratio of cyclic to noncyclic phosphorylation calculated. It is concluded that the high photosynthetic capacity of bermudagrass leaves probably could be supported by the photophosphorylation capacities indicated in these chloroplast studies and the anomalous lack of data in chlorolast studies on the production of sufficient reductant for CO(2) assimilation at high light intensities has been noted.


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bermuda grass is classified in the division magnoliophyta
bermuda grass is a common weed in many colorado lawns
bermuda grass is a nice lawn grass but most gardeners including myself hate it because it is so invasive
bermuda grass is considered the "south's grass"
bermuda grass is an important factor for these playing
bermuda grass is a creeping grass
bermuda grass is still completely dormant at present
bermuda grass is to try to grow it
bermuda grass is eaten by livestock
bermuda grass is an introduced
bermuda grass is also known as couch grass
bermuda grass is the most widely used grass for pasture throughout the southwestern united states for good reason
bermuda grass is difficult
bermuda grass is a problem for all gardeners in the houston area
bermuda grass is a problem in any kind of garden
bermuda grass is a wiry perennial reproducing by seed
bermuda grass is not as cold tolerant as other grasses previously used on this field
bermuda grass is started from seed while hybrid bermuda grass cannot be started from seed
bermuda grass is a warm season grass
bermuda grass is very tough
bermuda grass is light green in color and has a coarse texture
bermuda grass is often selected for this purpose
bermuda grass is drought resistant
bermuda grass is the most widely used grass for pastures in east texas and throughout the southwestern united states
bermuda grass is a highly variable sod forming perennia that spread by stolons
bermuda grass is the turf to play on
bermuda grass is glyphosate
bermuda grass is a complex pastime
bermuda grass is less expensive to establish than hybrid
bermuda grass is a popular choice in the carolinas
bermuda grass is ideal for lawns in columbia
bermuda grass is a highly disease
bermuda grass is the number one choice for tee and putting areas
bermuda grass is a vital part of horticulture
bermuda grass is because they have fought it in flower beds and gardens for years and can't imagine being a part of planting it
bermuda grass is bug
bermuda grass is an enjoyable cozy mystery
bermuda grass is not the answer
bermuda grass is native to tropical and subtropical africa
bermuda grass is named for the georgia coastal plain experiment station at tifton
bermuda grass is more drought
bermuda grass is called glyphosate and is marked under the names of roundup
bermuda grass is a creeping turfgrass with deep roots
bermuda grass is the most abundant pollen
bermuda grass is tough and fast growing enough to be one of the most popular grasses for sports fields
bermuda grass is available
bermuda grass is simply a matter of cutting and rolling it up
bermuda grass is a tough african native
bermuda grass is quite popular
bermuda grass is intimidated enough to sue for peace and promise to exercise restraint as long as i hold off destroying the
bermuda grass is unsurpassed in this respect
bermuda grass is a warm season
bermuda grass is a fast growing
bermuda grass is dominant in most yards
bermuda grass is very tough to kill
bermuda grass is a versitile 'weed' plant meeting the needs of various climate zones and environment conditions
bermuda grass is dying in spots
bermuda grass is a non
bermuda grass is tougher and can take the heat better than tall fescue
bermuda grass is a problem for all gardeners anywhere that it grows
bermuda grass is a very well written
bermuda grass is often used for lawns in the southeastern united states
bermuda grass is fine in the summer
bermuda grass is cropped close to the ground
bermuda grass is the better choice of a grass for coastal areas
bermuda grass is darker and requires more maintenance
bermuda grass is the most popular and wide
bermuda grass is a creeping
bermuda grass is not a bad thing
bermuda grass is not really an option for most home lawns because of its high maintenance requirements
bermuda grass is not as imperative as watering other grasses
bermuda grass is widely used for all kinds of turf in warm
bermuda grass is an annual
bermuda grass is more often propagated by sprigs than by seed
bermuda grass is established by using seed
bermuda grass is an above par round of enjoyment
bermuda grass is very soft and fine
bermuda grass is a good type of grass of baseball fields
bermuda grass is a better turf selection because it is much more drought tolerant
bermuda grass is a beautiful grass but it is grown and adapted to the south
bermuda grass is a vigorous warm season grass that spreads by rhizomes
bermuda grass is one of the most bothersome weeds and can be difficult to remove
bermuda grass is perfect for lawns in full sun
bermuda grass is somewhat drought tolerant
bermuda grass is assumed to be 15 years
bermuda grass is very tough and resistant to areas of high traffic but it is not very shade tolerant


  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update:Triticum repens,Cynodon dactylon,Bermudagrass.