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   Basic Botanical Info of Radix Dichroae ,Hydrangea Root

 English Name:Antifebrile Dichroa Root,Radix Dichroae
 Scientific Names: Dichroa febrifuga Lour. Hydrangea arborescens
 Synoms: Ji Gu ChangShan,Nan Chang Shan,Changshan,Bai Chang Shan.
 Botanical Source:Root of Dichroa febrifuga Lour.
 Family:Saxifragaceae
 Collect: Dig out autumn,cut off fibre,clean and dry in the sun.
 Common Names: Huang Chang Shan, Hu Cao, Heng Shan, Chang Shan, Sheng Chang Shan, Ji Gu Chang Shan, Chao Chang Shan, Jiu Chang Shan, Cu Shang Shan, Shu Chang Shan.
 Habitata:E. Asia - China, Himalayas. Habitat Shrubberies and damp places, often gregarious in clearings of oak forests, 900 - 2400 metres, from C. Nepal to China. Woodland Garden; Dappled Shade; Shady Edge; South Wall By; West Wall By;

 

 Basic Botanical Info of Radix Dichroae,Hydrangea Root
 Plant Description:Physical Characteristics
 History: ancient registrations and tradition
 Phytochemicals and Constituents
 Pharmacology and Efficacy
 Medicinal Uses
 Research Update:Dichroa febrifuga Lour. Hydrangea arborescens,Hydrangea Root
 How search engine thing about hydrangea


   Plant Description:Physical Characteristics

 An evergreen Shrub growing 1-2 m tall. Branchlets, petioles, and veins glabrous or crisped pubescent. Petiole 1.5-5 cm; leaf blade sometimes purplish abaxially, elliptic, obovate, elliptic-oblong, or lanceolate, 6-25 ¡Á 2-10 cm, papery, abaxially glabrous or crisped pubescent along veins, rarely sparsely hirsute, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 8-10 on both sides of midvein, base cuneate, margin serrate to coarsely so, rarely undulate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence a corymbose panicle, 3-20 cm. Flower buds obovoid, 6-10 mm; pedicel 3-5 mm. Calyx lobes 4-6, broadly deltoid, apex acute. Petals reflexed at maturity, blue or white, oblong-elliptic, slightly fleshy. Stamens 10-20; filaments connate when young, free at maturity, filiform; anthers ellipsoid. Ovary inferior to 3/4 so. Styles 4(-6), clavate; stigma oblong. Berry dark blue when mature, 3-7 mm in diam. Seeds ca. l mm. Fl. Feb-Apr, fr. May-Aug.

 It is hardy to zone 9. It is in leaf all year, in flower from June to August, and the seeds ripen from August to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs)

 The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid soil. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil.

 Cultivation details:An easily grown plant, succeeding in an open loamy soil[1]. The flowers vary in colour according to the type of soil they grow in, the best blue colour is formed when plants are in very acid soils[260]. One report says that this plant is probably not hardy outdoors in Britain whilst another says that some provenances tolerate temperatures down to about -5 and another report says that the forms in cultivation are only fully hardy in southern Cornwall[1]. This same report goes on to say that those forms probably do not belong to D. febrifuga in the strict sense[1]. This plant is cultivated in Russia as an anti-malarial herb[240].

 Propagation:Seed - we have no information on this species but suggest sowing the seed in a greenhouse in spring and only just covering it. Do not allow the compost to dry out. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Cuttings. No details are given, we suggest trying in August with almost ripe wood in a frame.


   History: ancient registrations and tradition:
 

 Earliest noted in book Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing:"major used for treatment of typhoid fever,chills and fever,malaria,ghost poison,phlegm,etc." Tao Jing Hong noted:"Shu Qi,...young plant leaves of Changshan, collect during May.";

 Li Shi Zhen noted:"Heng means Chang,Heng Mountain is name of the North High Mountains,located at Ding Zhou today;Changshan is the name of a City,Zhen Ding today,got its name for its origin. Shu Qi is the young pland leaf of Changshan, same functions."

 According to research of herbalist Mr.Liu Bao Shan, the botanical origin herb used under name of Changshan in China is Dichroa febrifuga Lour.,for its curative effect exact and long history, collected in CP from year 1977.


   Phytochemicals and Constituents:

 Root contains total alkaliods 0.1% around, including febrifugin(Beta-dichroine),isofebrifugin(alpha-dichroine,and gamma-dichroine, these are effect content for Malaria treatment. Other phytochemicals including dichroidine,4-quinazolone,unbeliferone(dichrin A,7- hydroxycoumarin) and dichrin B.

 

   Pharmacology and Efficacy:

 Quinazolinone type alkaloids, febrifugine (1) and isofebrifugine (2), isolated from Dichroa febrifuga roots, show powerful antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Unfortunately, their emetic effect and other undesirable side effects have precluded their clinical use for malaria. Because of their antimalarial potency, analogues were searched for, with the goal of preserving the strong antimalarial activity, while dramatically reducing side effects. We expected that compounds useful in drug development would exist in metabolites derived from 1 and Df-1 (3), the condensation product of 1 with acetone, by mouse liver S9. Feb-A and -B (4 and 5) were isolated as the major metabolites of 1. In addition to 4 and 5, feb-C and -D (6 and 7) were also purified from the metabolic mixture of 3. Compounds 4 and 5 were compounds oxidized at C-6 and C-2 of the quinazolinone ring of 1, respectively. Compounds 6 and 7, derived from 3, also bear febrifugine type structures in which the 4' '- and 6' '-positions of the piperidine ring of 1 were oxidized. In vitro antimalarial and cytotoxic tests using synthetically obtained racemic 4-6 and enantiomerically pure 7 demonstrated that 4 and 6 had antimalarial activity against P. falciparum, of similar potency to that of 1, with high selectivity. The antimalarial activity of 5 and 7, however, was dramatically decreased in the test. The in vitro antimalarial activity of analogues 22 and 43, which are stereoisomers of 4 and 6, was also evaluated, showing that 22 is active. The results suggest that basicity of both the 1- and the 1' '-nitrogen atoms of 1 is crucial in conferring powerful antimalarial activity. Racemic 4 and 6 exhibited powerful in vivo antimalarial activity against mouse malaria P. berghei, and especially, no serious side effects were observed with 4. Thus, the metabolite 4 appears to be a promising lead compound for the development of new types of antimalarial drugs. (source)


   Medicinal Uses:

 Antiperiodic; Emetic; Expectorant; Febrifuge; Purgative.

 This plant is commonly used in Chinese herbalism, where it is considered to be one of the 50 fundamental herbs. The leaves are purgative. They are used in the treatment of stomach cancer. The juice of the leaves is used in Nepal to treat coughs, colds and bronchitis. A decoction of the stem bark is used in the treatment of fevers. a decoction of the leaves is used to treat malarial fever. The root contains several alkaloids and is emetic, expectorant, febrifuge and purgative. The juice of the root is used in Nepal to treat fevers and indigestion. This plant is 26 times more powerful than quinine in the treatment of malaria but causes vomiting. Substances in the plant are 100 times more powerful than quinine, but they are poisonous.

 The wood is used as a fuel.
 

 Hydrangea's greatest use is in the treatment of inflamed or enlarged prostate glands. This herb may also be used for urinary stones or gravel associated with infections such as cystitis. It soothes irritated mucus membranes, and will relieve backache caused by kidney trouble.

 Hydrangea is also known as Seven Bark. Hydrangea grows up to 9 feet tall, and is found in woodlands and along stream banks in southeastern and central North America. Hydrangeas are marsh or aquatic plants, and hence the name is derived from a Greek compound signifying "water-vessel". The folk name "Seven Bark" was used in reference to the fact that when the bark peels off, it does so in several layers of various colors. The parts of this plant used medicinally are the dried root, rhizome, and leaves. Cherokee Indians used a root decoction or tea as a diuretic, cathartic, and emetic. They also scraped the bark, and made a poultice for wounds, burns, sore muscles, sprains and tumors. They chewed the bark for stomach problems & heart trouble. A decoction of Hydrangea was also used by early American settlers for calculus. The primary chemical constituents of Hydrangea include glycosides (hydrangin), saponins, resins, rutin, essential oils, and flavonoids. It contains no tannins. Hydrangea is well recognized in the treatment of inflamed or enlarged prostate glands. This herb is valued for its solvent properties that help break down and prevent further formation of stones & deposits in the urinary system. Hydrangea has been used for hundreds of years in folk medicine to contribute to the elimination of deposits in the bladder and kidneys. It soothes irritated mucus membranes. This herb will also relieve backache caused by kidney problems. For kidney stones, Hydrangea is often combined with Stone Root, Bearberry and Gravel Root. For prostate problems, it combines well with Horsetail and Saw Palmetto. Indications for which Hydrangea is typically prescribed include frequent urination, accompanied by a sense of burning and sharp, quick pain in the urethra. Other possible symptoms include pain from the irritation of passing renal sand, and aching in the back with irritation and partial suppression of urine.

  Action:  To stop malarial attacks.

  Indications:  Malaria.

  Precaution:  It causes vomiting as a side effect; overdosage should be avoided. Used with caution in pregnancy


  Scientific References:

  1.hydrangea is a diuretic that has the reputation for dissolving kidney stones and relieving kidney......