Modern Researches update:Bladderwrack,Kelp

  seminal trace...Algae extract.CAS.NO:068917-51-1.Fucus extract,Fucus vesiculosus extract,Seaweed extract.5:1.10:1...

 


   Phytochemical info of Bladderwrack,Kelp

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 Definition:Bladderwrack,Kelp are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Modern Researches update:Bladderwrack,Kelp

  The effect of Fucus vesiculosus, an edible brown seaweed, upon menstrual cycle length and hormonal status in three pre-menopausal women: a case report.:BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Aug 4;4:10.Skibola CF.School of Public Health, Molecular Epidemiology and Toxicology Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. chrisfs@berkeley.edu

 BACKGROUND: Rates of estrogen-dependent cancers are among the highest in Western countries and lower in the East. These variations may be attributable to differences in dietary exposures such as higher seaweed consumption among Asian populations. The edible brown kelp, Fucus vesiculosus (bladderwrack), as well as other brown kelp species, lower plasma cholesterol levels. Since cholesterol is a precursor to sex hormone biosynthesis, kelp consumption may alter circulating sex hormone levels and menstrual cycling patterns. In particular, dietary kelp may be beneficial to women with or at high risk for estrogen-dependent diseases. To test this, bladderwrack was administered to three pre-menopausal women with abnormal menstrual cycling patterns and/or menstrual-related disease histories. CASE PRESENTATION: Intake of bladderwrack was associated with significant increases in menstrual cycle lengths, ranging from an increase of 5.5 to 14 days. In addition, hormone measurements ascertained for one woman revealed significant anti-estrogenic and progestagenic effects following kelp administration. Mean baseline 17beta-estradiol levels were reduced from 626 +/- 91 to 164 +/- 30 pg/ml (P = 0.04) following 700 mg/d, which decreased further to 92.5.0 +/- 3.5pg/ml (P = 0.03) with the 1.4 g/d dose. Mean baseline progesterone levels rose from 0.58 +/- 0.14 to 8.4 +/- 2.6 ng/ml with the 700 mg/d dose (P = 0.1), which increased further to 16.8 +/- 0.7 ng/ml with the 1.4 g/d dose (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These pilot data suggest that dietary bladderwrack may prolong the length of the menstrual cycle and exert anti-estrogenic effects in pre-menopausal women. Further, these studies also suggest that seaweed may be another important dietary component apart from soy that is responsible for the reduced risk of estrogen-related cancers observed in populations. However, these studies will need to be performed in well-controlled clinical trials to confirm these preliminary findings.

  Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds.:Food Chem Toxicol. 2006 Jul;44(7):1144-50. Epub 2006 Mar 22.

 Dietary Laminaria and Porphyra sp. have been reported to reduce the risk of intestinal or mammary cancer in animal studies. Algal anticarcinogenicity may involve effects on cell proliferation and antioxidant activity. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the effect of red alga, dulse (Palmaria palmata) and three kelp (Laminaria setchellii, Macrocystis integrifolia, Nereocystis leutkeana) extracts on human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa cells) proliferation using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The 1-butanol soluble fractions from the methanol extracts of these algae were also evaluated for reducing activity and total polyphenol content. After 72 h incubation, HeLa cell proliferation was inhibited (p<0.05) between 0% and 78% by P. palmata; 0% and 55% by L. setchellii and 0% and 69% by M. integrifolia and N. leutkeana at 0.5-5mg/mL algal extract. Algal extract reducing activities were as follows: P. palmata>M. integrifolia>L. setchellii>N. leutkeana; and total polyphenol contents were: P. palmata>M. integrifolia=N. leutkeana>L. setchellii. The antiproliferative efficacy of these algal extracts were positively correlated with the total polyphenol contents (p<0.05), suggesting a causal link related to extract content of kelp phlorotannins and dulse polyphenols including mycosporine-like amino acids and phenolic acids.

  Brown kelp modulates endocrine hormones in female sprague-dawley rats and in human luteinized granulosa cells.:J Nutr. 2005 Feb;135(2):296-300. Skibola CF, Curry JD, VandeVoort C, Conley A, Smith MT.School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. chrisfs@berkeley.edu

 Epidemiological studies suggest that populations consuming typical Asian diets have a lower incidence of hormone-dependent cancers than populations consuming Western diets. These dietary differences have been mainly attributed to higher soy intakes among Asians. However, studies from our laboratory suggest that the anti-estrogenic effects of dietary kelp also may contribute to these reduced cancer rates. As a follow-up to previous findings of endocrine modulation related to kelp ingestion in a pilot study of premenopausal women, we investigated the endocrine modulating effects of kelp (Fucus vesiculosus) in female rats and human luteinized granulosa cells (hLGC). Kelp administration lengthened the rat estrous cycle from 4.3 +/- 0.96 to 5.4 +/- 1.7 d at 175 mg . kg(-1) body wt . d(-1) (P = 0.05) and to 5.9 +/- 1.9 d at 350 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) (P = 0.002) and also led to a 100% increase in the length of diestrus (P = 0.02). Following 175 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) treatment for 2 wk, serum 17beta-estradiol levels were reduced from 48.9 +/- 4.5 to 40.2 +/- 3.2 ng/L (P = 0.13). After 4 wk, 17beta-estradiol levels were reduced to 36.7 +/- 2.2 ng/L (P = 0.02). In hLGC, 25, 50, and 75 micromol/L treatment reduced 17beta-estradiol levels from 4732 +/- 591 to 3632 +/- 758, 3313 +/- 373, and 3060 +/- 538 ng/L, respectively. Kelp treatment also led to modest elevations in hLGC culture progesterone levels. Kelp extract inhibited the binding of estradiol to estrogen receptor alpha and beta and that of progesterone to the progesterone receptor, with IC(50) values of 42.4, 31.8, and 40.7 micromol/L, respectively. These data show endocrine modulating effects of kelp at relevant doses and suggest that dietary kelp may contribute to the lower incidence of hormone-dependent cancers among the zapanese.

  Extraction and detection of arsenicals in seaweed via accelerated solvent extraction with ion chromatographic separation and ICP-MS detection.:Fresenius J Anal Chem. 2001 Jan 1;369(1):71-80.Gallagher PA, Shoemaker JA, Wei X, Brockhoff-Schwegel CA, Creed JT.US EPA NERL Microbiological and Chemical Exposure Assessment Research Division, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.

 An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) device was evaluated as a semi-automated means of extracting arsenicals from ribbon kelp. The effect of the experimentally controllable ASE parameters (pressure, temperature, static time, and solvent composition) on the extraction efficiencies of arsenicals from seaweed was investigated. The extraction efficiencies for ribbon kelp (approximately 72.6%) using the ASE were fairly independent (< 7%) of pressure, static time and particle size after 3 ASE extraction cycles. The optimum extraction conditions for the ribbon kelp were obtained by using a 3 mL ASE cell, 30/70 (w/w) MeOH/H2O, 500 psi (1 psi = 7 KPa), ambient temperature, 1 min heat step, 1 min static step, 90% vol. flush, and a 120 s purge. Using these conditions, two other seaweed products produced extraction efficiencies of 25.6% and 50.5%. The inorganic species present in the extract represented 62.5% and 27.8% of the extracted arsenic. The speciation results indicated that both seaweed products contained 4 different arsenosugars, DMA (dimethylarsinic acid), and As(V). One seaweed product also contained As(III). Both of these seaweed products contained an arsenosugar whose molecular weight was determined to be 408 and its structure was tentatively identified using ion chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS).


  Kelp Content.:

 Kelp contains alginic acid, laminarin, polysaccharides such as galactan, etc., and amino acids such as laminine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, etc. It also contains vitamins B1 and B2, carotene, protein, fat, iodine, potassium, calcium and other inorganic salts.

 With its iodide content, kelp can prevent and treat goiter due to iodine deficiency. Laminine and potassium salt can reduce blood pressure. Alginic acid and laminine can reduce serum cholesterol. The herb also has a mild cathartic effect. Its ether extract inhibits the growth of tuberculous bacilli.
 

  Reference Material Classicals.:

 'Other Medical Records of Famous Physicians' : "12 types of edema, goiter, qi stagnation syndromes, scrofula and boils."

 'Annotation on Shen Nong's Herbal Classic' : "Kelp can soften hard masses and cause laxation with its salty taste and remove heat and resolve masses with its cold nature. Li Dongyuan said: 'Goiter as hard as a stone cannot be removed without this herb. This is because it can soften hard masses with its salty taste.' To check in detail, we can find its tastes, natures, functions and indications are roughly the same as those of seaweed."

  What are Cyanophyta?.:

 Cyanophyta: Cyanobacteria, Cyanophyceae, Blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria.

 Cyanophyta is the scientific name for blue-green algae, also known as Cyanobacteria or Cyanophyceae. The first recognized species were blue-green in colour, which is how these algae got their name (see picture below of Synechococcus aeruginosus). Colour is actually extremely variable. Blue-green algae are now considered to be closely related to the bacteria, particularly the Eubacteria. Despite their lack of membrane-bound organelles and nucleated cells, they are simple,chlorophyll-containing, oxygen-evolving plant-like organisms that form spores and are thus also included in the very broad group known as algae. Blue-green algae are very similar in structure to the chloroplasts of most eukaryotic algae.

 Blue-green algae are found in the phytoplankton of shallow, warm, slow-moving or still water, but also grow on rock, plants, in terrestrial situations, and are very often found in the most unpromising situations such as glaciers, deserts, and hot springs, where like many other bacteria, they may grow at surprsingly high temperatures. About 8% of lichens have a blue-green algal partner. A number of these algae grow in symbiosis with higher plants, notably Gunnera.

 Blue-green algae contain chlorophyll a, a green pigment, phycoerythrin, a red pigment, phycocyanin, a blue pigment, and amongst others, beta-carotene, a yellow pigment. This combination of colours gives rise to an extraordinary range of colours, as shown on this page. Sometimes the sheaths of blue-green algae can also be coloured.

 Blue-green algae have turned out to be very important primary producers. They excaped notice form many years as some are very small indeed: picoplantonic organisms with cells 0.2-2.0 microns in diameter (a micron is on-thousanth of a millimeter). As many nets for phytoplankton had mesh sizes of around 30 microns the picoplankton passed right through! Picoplanktonic blue-greens are very important primary producers in temperate and tropical seas, but are rare or absent in colder seas. Size is an important adaptation of these algae: as sinking rate is proportional to the square of the radius, it is almost negligible for such small organisms. Surface area to volume ratios are high so that the can absorb nutrients easily. Larger blue-green algae sink without buoyancy aids and these are found in filamentous blue-green algae such as Trichodesmium that have special gas vacuoles. This can form extensive blooms in tropical and subtropical waters (see bloom below off Western Australia; picture courtesy of John Huisman)

 There are about 200 genera and 1800 species of blue-green algae; however, species limits are in considerable dispute and the number of species could be as much as 20,000 if you follow one scheme and about 200 if you follow another.

 

  What is Bladderwrack?:

 Latin Name: Fucus vesiculosis;Common Name: Bladderwrack

 Suggested Properties: Nourishing and soothing, stimulates the thyroid gland, anti-hypothyroid, thyroactive, anti-obesic, antirheumatic, demulcent, gentle metabolic stimulant, nutritive, adaptagen, thyroid tonic, anti-inflammatory

 Uses: A nourishing tonic. Obesity with tiredness and dry skin. Cellulite, chronic dry skin and stubborn constipation. Regular use delays the progress of arthritis and hardening of the arteries. A good tonic for old age. For children with slow mental and physical development.

 Indicated for: Myxoedema, lymphadenoid goitre, obesity, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis

 Bladderwrack is a form of kelp that has been used medicinally for centuries. The main use of the herb has been for the stimulation of the thyroid gland as a treatment for obesity and cellulite. The high iodine content of the herb stimulates thyroid function which boosts metabolism.

 It has a reputation in the relief of rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis and may be used both internally and as an external application for inflamed joints. The main phytotherapeutic use of Fucus is during debility and convalescence, and also to remineralise the body.

 Fucus also appears to assist in the problem of lipid balance associated with obesity, and where obesity is associated with thyroid dysfunction, this herb may help to reduce excess weight.

 Bladderwrack is rich in iodine, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfur, silicon and iron and high in some B-complex vitamins. It contains moderate amounts of phosphorus, selenium, manganese and zinc and small amounts of vitamins A, C, E and G. It also contains anti-sterility vitamin S as well as vitamin K. It is rich in algin and mannitol, carotene and zeaxantin with traces of bromine.

 Note: Because of the high iodine content bladderwrack should be used according to the directions and anyone with thyroid problems should consult their doctor. Start with 1 to 2 capsules per day. Avoid in overactive thyroid conditions such as hyperthyroidism or cardiac problems and/or during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Not recommended for children under 5.

  Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis after ingestion of kelp-containing tea.:

 Complementary medication is en vogue and an increasing number of patients consume herbal medicine without reporting their use to physicians. We report a case of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism due to the ingestion of a kelp-containing tea. A 39-year-old woman with multinodular goiter presented with typical signs of hyperthyroidism, which was confirmed by endocrine tests. She was not exposed to iodinated radiocontrast media and did not take medications containing iodine, such as amiodarone. However, a detailed medical history revealed that she had been treated for a period of 4 weeks by a Chinese alternative practitioner with a herbal tea containing kelp because of her enlarged thyroid. The consumption of the tea was discontinued and an antithyroid drug therapy was initiated. Physicians should advise patients with underlying thyroid disease to avoid all complementary or alternative medications containing iodine.
 

  Early events in the perception of lipopolysaccharides in the brown alga Laminaria digitata include an oxidative burst and activation of fatty acid oxidation cascades.:

 This study provides evidence that bacterial lipopolysaccharides can be strong triggers of early events of defence reactions in the brown algal kelp Laminaria digitata, constituting the first report of a biological activity of this class of macromolecules in a marine alga. The early events include an oxidative burst, release of free saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FFAs) and accumulation of oxylipins such as 13-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid and 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid. The formation of reactive oxygen species can be inhibited by diphenylene iodonium, suggesting that the source is an NAD(P)H oxidase and is similar to the oxidative burst in neutrophils and terrestrial plants. In addition and besides triggering an oxidative burst, the hypolipidemic drug clofibrate also induces the release of FFAs, to a lesser extent than lipopolysaccharides, but it does not induce oxylipin production. Other strong inducers of the oxidative burst in Laminaria such as oligoguluronates could not induce the release of FFAs nor oxylipin production. These results suggest that different signalling pathways are involved in the induction of the oxidative burst and oxylipin production.

  Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds.:

 Dietary Laminaria and Porphyra sp. have been reported to reduce the risk of intestinal or mammary cancer in animal studies. Algal anticarcinogenicity may involve effects on cell proliferation and antioxidant activity. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the effect of red alga, dulse (Palmaria palmata) and three kelp (Laminaria setchellii, Macrocystis integrifolia, Nereocystis leutkeana) extracts on human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa cells) proliferation using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The 1-butanol soluble fractions from the methanol extracts of these algae were also evaluated for reducing activity and total polyphenol content. After 72 h incubation, HeLa cell proliferation was inhibited (p<0.05) between 0% and 78% by P. palmata; 0% and 55% by L. setchellii and 0% and 69% by M. integrifolia and N. leutkeana at 0.5-5mg/mL algal extract. Algal extract reducing activities were as follows: P. palmata>M. integrifolia>L. setchellii>N. leutkeana; and total polyphenol contents were: P. palmata>M. integrifolia=N. leutkeana>L. setchellii. The antiproliferative efficacy of these algal extracts were positively correlated with the total polyphenol contents (p<0.05), suggesting a causal link related to extract content of kelp phlorotannins and dulse polyphenols including mycosporine-like amino acids and phenolic acids.

  Release of bioactive active iodine in kelp.:

 The release process and influencing factors of bioactive iodine of kelp are systemically studied by leaching experiment. The results showed that the bioactive iodine of kelp can be released rapidly and the principal form of iodine in lixivium is I-. There is a dynamic process between the release and absorption of iodine. With the increase of leaching water, the gross amounts of released iodine rise. There also exists a transforming process among I-, IO3- and organic iodine in lixivium.

  Relationships between antioxidant activities and heat-resistant features of two Laminaria japonica strains.:

 The study on the relationships between antioxidant activities and heat-resistant features of two Laminaria japonica gametophyte mutants Kelp 901(abbreviated as 901)and Rongcheng No. 1 (abbreviated as RC) under different temperature conditions showed that under normal temperature condition (10 degrees C), there were no positive relationships between the basal antioxidant activities and heat-resistant features of 901 and RC, while under heat stress(18 degrees C), the reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents kept constant in 901, but accumulated rapidly in RC, suggesting that ROS played an essential role in oxidative stress. The enzyme activities in RC were more vulnerable to high temperature, and its antioxidant enzyme activities decreased more sharply under heat stress. Ascorbic acid (ASA), vitamin E, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) might play important roles in kelp's heat-resistance. Chlorophyll a was sensitive to heat stress, and its 50% nocuity time could be used as an indicator to distinguish kelp strains with different heat-resistance. It was suggested that the antioxidant system's responses to heat stress instead of its basic activities accounted for the kelp's heat-resistance.
 


  Variability of iodine content in common commercially available edible seaweeds.:

 Dietary seaweeds, common in Asia and in Asian restaurants, have become established as part of popular international cuisine. To understand the possibility for iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction better, we collected samples of the most common dietary seaweeds available from commercial sources in the United States, as well as harvester-provided samples from Canada, Tasmania, and Namibia. Altogether, 12 different species of seaweeds were analyzed for iodine content, and found to range from 16 microg/g (+/-2) in nori (Porphyra tenera) to over 8165 +/- 373 microg/g in one sample of processed kelp granules (a salt substitute) made from Laminaria digitata. We explored variation in preharvest conditions in a small study of two Namibian kelps (Laminaria pallida and Ecklonia maxima), and found that iodine content was lowest in sun-bleached blades (514 +/- 42 microg/g), and highest amount in freshly cut juvenile blades (6571 +/- 715 microg/g). Iodine is water-soluble in cooking and may vaporize in humid storage conditions, making average iodine content of prepared foods difficult to estimate. It is possible some Asian seaweed dishes may exceed the tolerable upper iodine intake level of 1100 microg/d.

  Iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe: a review and recommendations.:

 OBJECTIVE: Nearly two-thirds of the population of Western and Central Europe live in countries that are iodine deficient. Damage to reproductive function and to the development of the fetus and newborn is the most important consequence of iodine deficiency. The objective of this review was to examine the iodine status of pregnant women in Europe and the potential need for iodine supplementation. DESIGN: A MEDLINE/PubMed search and compilation of all published studies since 1990 of iodine nutrition and iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe, as well as an Internet-based search and review on availability and legislation of iodine supplements in the European Union. RESULTS: Although the data suggest most women in Europe are iodine deficient during pregnancy, less than 50% receive supplementation with iodine. Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy adversely affects thyroid function of the mother and newborn and mental development of the offspring and these adverse effects can be prevented or minimized by supplementation. There are no published data on the effect of iodine supplementation on long-term maternal and child outcomes. The iodine content of prenatal supplements in Europe varies widely; many commonly used products contain no iodine. The European Union is developing legislation to establish permissible levels for iodine in food supplements. CONCLUSIONS: In most European countries, pregnant women and women planning a pregnancy should receive an iodine-containing supplement ( approximately 150 microg/day). Kelp and seaweed-based products, because of unacceptable variability in their iodine content, should be avoided. Prenatal supplement manufacturers should be encouraged to include adequate iodine in their products. Professional organizations should influence evolving EU legislation to ensure optimal doses for iodine in prenatal vitamin-mineral supplements. SPONSORSHIP: International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders.

  Effects of kelp supplementation on thyroid function in euthyroid subjects.:

 OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of ingestion of two different doses of supplemental kelp on the thyroid function of healthy euthyroid subjects. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind prospective clinical trial involving 36 healthy euthyroid subjects, who were randomly assigned to receive placebo (4 alfalfa capsules per day), low-dose kelp (2 kelp capsules and 2 alfalfa capsules per day), or high-dose kelp (4 kelp capsules per day) for 4 weeks. Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH), free thyroxine, and total triiodothyronine were assessed at weeks 0, 4, and 6. Response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation, urinary iodine excretion, and basal metabolic rate were determined at weeks 0 and 4. RESULTS: TSH concentrations did not differ significantly between week 0 and week 4 in the placebo group (P = 0.16) but increased significantly in both the low-dose kelp (P = 0.04) and high-dose kelp (P = 0.002) groups. Free thyroxine concentrations decreased slightly but significantly after 4 weeks of placebo but were unchanged in the low-dose and the high-dose kelp groups. In contrast, total triiodothyronine levels did not differ significantly after 4 weeks of placebo or low-dose kelp therapy but were significantly decreased after high-dose kelp therapy (P = 0.04). Similarly, the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test showed no significant change in poststimulation TSH after 4 weeks in the placebo or low-dose kelp groups but revealed a significantly increased response after high-dose kelp therapy (P = 0.0002). The 24-hour urinary iodine excretion showed dose-dependent increases in the two kelp study groups. Basal metabolic rate did not change significantly in any study group during the 4-week study period. All thyroid laboratory values returned to baseline 2 weeks after cessation of kelp supplementation, except for TSH in the high-dose kelp group, which was significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: Short-term dietary supplementation with kelp significantly increases both basal and poststimulation TSH. These findings corroborate previous studies on the effects of supplemental iodide given to euthyroid subjects for a similar period. Further studies are needed to determine whether long-term kelp supplementation would cause clinically significant thyroid disease.
 

  Isolation and enzymatic characterization of lamjapin, the first ribosome-inactivating protein from cryptogamic algal plant (Laminaria japonica A).:

 Lamjapin, a novel type Iota ribosome-inactivating protein, has been isolated from kelp (Laminaria japonica A), a marine alga. This protein has been extensively purified through multiple chromatography columns. With a molecular mass of approximately 36 kDa, lamjapin is slightly larger than the other known single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins from the higher plants. Lamjapin can inhibit protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an IC50 of 0.69 nm. It can depurinate at multiple sites of RNA in rat ribosome and produce the diagnostic R-fragment and three additional larger fragments after the aniline reaction. Lamjapin can deadenylate specifically at the site A20 of the synthetic oligoribonucleotide (35-mer) substrate that mimics the sarcin/ricin domain (SRD) of rat ribosomal 28S RNA. However, it cannot hydrolyze the N-C glycosidic bond of guanosine, cytidine or uridine at the corresponding site of the A20 of three mutant SRD RNAs. Lamjapin exhibits the same base and position requirement as the ribosome-inactivating proteins from higher plants. We conclude that lamjapin is an RNA N-glycosidase that belongs to the ribosome-inactivating protein family. This study reports for the first time that ribosome-inactivating protein exists in the lower cryptogamic algal plant.

  Substance isolated from the kelp rhizoid identified as L-tryptophan shows high inhibition of breast cancer.:

 In general, the root of a seaweed is poorly developed as compared with its thallus and is called the rhizoid or holdfast. In Laminaria, belonging to Phaeophyceae, although the thallus is used for food, the rhizoid is considered an unuseful natural resource. We attempted to detect anti-breast cancer substances from that resource. As a result, a substance having a weak absorptivity to aluminium oxide and Sephadex G-25 was found. According to analysis of the FAB-MS spectra and 1H NMR spectra, the substance was identified as tryptophan, an amino acid. Finally, it was concluded by a chiral column-HPLC method that the tryptophan was the L-form.


  The cardiovascular effects of green beans (Phaseolus aureus), common rue (Ruta graveolens), and kelp (Laminaria japonica) in rats.:

 1. The hypotensive effect of green beans, common rue and kelp was recently shown in normotensive rats in vivo. A number of mechanisms of action of these aqueous extracts was identified. The present study examined these actions at the tissue level in vitro with possible interactions of these extracts. 2. Rue showed positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on isolated right atria. Green beans and kelp alone showed negative chronotropic effects on isolated right atria but no effect on atrial tension (AT). A combination of green beans and kelp showed no additive effect on the decrease in atrial rate (AR) nor any negative inotropic responses. Combinations of rue and green beans and of rue and kelp showed responses that were either positive or negative chronotropically, were not dose dependent and were less than the sum total of their individual responses (i.e., subtractive). A combination of all three showed subtractive effects on the decrease in AR that were dose related. No change in AT was observed upon treatment with a combination of the three plant extracts in spite of the positive inotropic effect of true. 3. Rue and kelp alone relaxed KCl preconstricted rat tail artery strips probably by a direct effect of vascular smooth muscle. Green beans had no effect. The combination of rue and kelp exerted a subtractive relaxation effect. These plants therefore contained cardiovascular active substances that had a direct effect on the cardiovascular system. These substances further interacted to modify their cardiovascular effects. 4. Data explained why herbs, as in herbal medicine, should be used together therapeutically.
 

  Effect of dietary kelp on lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in livers of rats given breast carcinogen DMBA.:

 In our previous study of female rats, a diet containing 2% of powdered fronds of Laminaria religiosa (kelp) had a remarkable inhibitory effect on mammary tumorigenesis induced by orally given 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). In this study, the effect of the dietary kelp on lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the liver was studied in the same experimental system. Two separate short- and long-term experiments were carried out on rats fed a diet with 2% kelp. DMBA (20 mg/kg body wt) was given to each animal 7 days after feeding began in short-term experiment and 27 days later in long-term experiment. Livers of all rats were obtained for quantitative determination and for histopathologic observation. Lipoperoxide in livers of the kelp-fed rats was of normal value, almost the same as that of untreated control rats; however, lipoperoxide in livers of control rats was significantly higher than in the other two groups in both experiments. A marked fatty change in livers of control rats was demonstrated in hepatic cells in peripheral zones of lobules in long-term experiment but not in short-term experiment. In long-term experiment, the amounts of GSH-Px and selenium in livers of kelp-fed rats were slightly less than those in untreated control rats but more than those in control rats. There was a more-intense positive reaction in the hepatic cells in the peripheral zones of the lobules in the kelp-fed and untreated rats and a less-intense positive reaction in control rats.

  Long-term effects of commonly available weight reducing programmes in Sweden.:

 A majority of people attempting to lose weight will use methods that do not involve medical expertise or professional organizations. Consumer organizations continually have problems with so-called slimming products which claim results that are scientifically unfounded and impossible. In this study four methods commonly used in Sweden were studied with emphasis on long-term effects. One-hundred and twenty moderately overweight women were allocated to one of five groups and repeatedly interviewed and monitored over a 2-year period. The long-term results with a protein powder preparation and a kelp-lecithin-vitamin capsule were poor. However, results were also poor with the nutritionally adequate recommendations issued by the Stockholm Home Economics consultation service but lacking programme support or follow-up. The weight losing programme of a 'slim club' was found to result in the greatest overall sustained weight loss (2.8 +/- 4.7 kg, mean +/- s.d.). An attempt to define 'compliance' with each programme was made, which showed that the majority of overweight women were not able to adhere to these given programmes for a 2-year period, probably because of unsatisfactory results. We consider it essential to document the long-term outcome of these methods in order to facilitate understanding of the situation of these overweight subjects and to assist consumer organizations in their efforts to prevent the spread of scientifically unsound weight reduction methods.

  Anti-apoptotic activity of laminarin polysaccharides and their enzymatically hydrolyzed oligosaccharides from Laminaria japonica.:

 Laminarin polysaccharides (LP1) were prepared from Laminaria japonica, a marine brown alga with potential biological activities, by hot water extraction, ultrafiltration and gel chromatography; the molecular weights of the LP1s were between 5 and 10 kDa. Laminarin oligosaccharides (LO) derived by hydrolyzing LP1 with an endo-beta-(1-->3)-glucanase from Bacillus circulans were mainly di- and penta-oligosaccharides. Treatment of mouse thymocytes with LO or LP1 (1-4 mg ml(-1)) suppressed apoptotic death around 3- or 2-fold and extended cell survival in culture at a rate of about 30 or 20%. A mouse cDNA microarray showing the genes coding for immune response proteins were induced and apoptotic cell death proteins were reduced significantly by LO provided preliminary information regarding the immunomodulatory mechanism of LO. These results suggest that laminarin oligosaccharides and polysaccharides can be utilized to develop new immunopotentiating substances and functional alternative medicines.

  Effect of Laminaria japonica polysaccharides on lowing serum lipid and anti-atherosclerosis in hyperlipemia quails.:

 Objective: To study the effect of Laminaria Japonica Polysaccharides on lowing serum lipid and anti-atherosclerosis in quails. Methods: The hyperlipemia atherosclerosis (As) models of quails were induced by high lipids. After administration with Laminaria Japonica Polysccharides for two weeks, the content of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in serum and the ratio of HDL/TC were determined, index of liver was calculated, the extent of aortic atherosclerosis and the atherosclerotic lesion were observed. RESULTS: The concentration of TC, TG, LDL in serum and index of liver decreased remarkedly, the ratio of HLD/TC increased remarkably, the the extent of aortic atherosclerosis and the atherosclerotic lesion lightened obviously. CONCLUSION: Laminaria Japonica Polysaccharides can effectively decrease the serum lipid and prevent the formation of atherosclerosis.
 


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seaweed is sold at the wholesale and restaurant levels
seaweed is delivered and stored on a storage ramp on the factory grounds
seaweed is probably the only natural and renewable resource still to be fully exploited by man
seaweed is an excellent source of iodine
seaweed is cold water north atlantic ocean variety rather than from fresh water lakes
seaweed is harvested in areas of extremely high standards of cleanliness
seaweed is best known for its high amounts of iodine
seaweed is a marine algae
seaweed is traditionally collected freshly washed up after winter high tides and storms and applied directly to the land
seaweed is big business
seaweed is unsightly and it smells
seaweed is an everyday miracle
seaweed is loosely applied to the many plants found growing in the oceans
seaweed is
seaweed is thicker and taller than the local seaweed
seaweed is our friend
seaweed is a natural
seaweed is available at better garden centres
seaweed is rich in potassium
seaweed is an optimal growth stimulant for all your plants
seaweed is a 100% natural marine product that can be used at any time and is
seaweed is a cookbook for both the health
seaweed is considered to be a specific branch of plant therapy because its riches are drawn
seaweed is a visible ingredient in more than just sushi
seaweed is limu
seaweed is listed after the binomial
seaweed is indigenous to the florida keys
seaweed is key
seaweed is needed to make one pound of modifilan
seaweed is extracted providing all your plants with an excellent nutritional supplement
seaweed is known to commonly cause a rash in humans here
seaweed is conveniently and abundantly available
seaweed is high in fibre
seaweed is used for mussel spat collection
seaweed is not heated nor processed
seaweed is a member of fhrai
seaweed is dried and processed in atlantic laboratories facility in waldoboro using a low temperature machine drying process which consistently insures the
seaweed is translucent green when fresh and grows in filmy blades with ruffled borders
seaweed is a delicacy among the tlingit
seaweed is a form of marine algae which collects on beaches
seaweed is the name given to the plants that live in the sea
seaweed is generally harvested by one of three methods
seaweed is altrock's enigma
seaweed is therefore of great nutritional interest and it stimulates cellular exchanges and the elimination of waste materials from the body
seaweed is high in fiber
seaweed is very sweet and mild
seaweed is victoria
seaweed is in a general state of oversupply
seaweed is simply a concentration of sea water
seaweed is also a powerful source in home treatment
seaweed is such an important part of the earth's environment"
seaweed is then dried
seaweed is regarded as salty
seaweed is also known as the turkish towel because the surfaces of the blades have a towel
seaweed is the health food par excellence
seaweed is one of the oldest plants on earth and has been used in the garden for many
seaweed is on the menu
seaweed is a healing food for the modern era
seaweed is perfectly safe for animals
seaweed is building up in a particular location and it generally waits for the next lowest spring tide in order to clear the
seaweed is an important general nutritive tonic in essentially every land in which it grows
seaweed is hampering leg eight of the volvo ocean race
seaweed is rich in the following vitamins and minerals iodine
seaweed is supplied with a lush amount of nutrients from the land from where the minerals have been leached by rain into the ocean
seaweed is almost always used as dried meal
seaweed is from 2 to 6 cm high and grows in tide pools
seaweed is similar to d
seaweed is as indispensable as forests and grasslands are to land animals
seaweed is consumed raw
seaweed is a good tonic however the brew we have at present which has been made with worm casts as well has a levels of ca 14%
seaweed is not only a good soil amendment for the garden
seaweed is not one that i would have thought of
seaweed is black with little greenish
seaweed is one of the most popular foods
seaweed is about to be revived
seaweed is used in the marine aquarium trade
seaweed is widely used as a conditioner and mulch for soil and can be used to stabilise sand dunes
seaweed is a common ingredient in asia and the pacific
seaweed is an undiluted premium blend of liquefied organic british columbian sea kelp
seaweed is popular because of its soft texture and
seaweed is closest to the green leafy vegetables with which we are familiar
seaweed is a very rich natural source of nutrients
seaweed is common in the atlantic ocean near britain
seaweed is harvested for aoma new seaweed body mask


algae is sql
algae is back
algae is low in the western
algae is low in the western and central
algae is a
algae is a super food
algae is unsuited
algae is wild grown from klamath lake
algae is this/name this plant
algae is the suspended kind
algae is established
algae is in a lake
algae is low in the western and central open gulf of finland finnish institute of marine research 16
algae is low in the western and central open gulf of finland
algae is for you? by kent farfield the introduction of algae as a superfood in mainstream "health and
algae is for you?
algae is what makes your pool look like a pond
algae is treated equally
algae is harvested only in optimal conditions
algae is a single celled organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis
algae is it nature's foundational perfect superfood? by adam christopher
algae is a whole food that gives a comprehensive nutritional boost
algae is a common concern although easily kept to a minimum
algae is often mistakenly classified as algae because of the chloroplasts contained within the cells
algae is a major part of our every day lives
algae is it an energy
algae is probably the most important to the health of the reef
algae is the super food
algae is considered to be the most ancient green plants
algae is your friend
algae is a thin film that coats the glass of the tank
algae is natural and happens in all oceans of the world
algae is not usually considered a problem
algae is an ancient food and energy force; nature's original natural recipe derived from minerals
algae is the main headache
algae is a naturally occurring organism in the torrens lake and in normal amounts is really not very harmful
algae is a known irritant to the gastrointestinal tract
algae is the high
algae is only "green revolution food product" i endorse
algae is
algae is good? answer
algae is um
algae is selectively harvested from upper klamath lake in southern oregon
algae is klamath blue green?"
algae is always present
algae is a very important thing to have growing on your combination tank grown live rock
algae is a light red brown dusting on the glass and rocks
algae is present in small quantities
algae is growing and you're wondering what do i do about that green water or what is that fuzzy green stuff on my pots and around the sides of my pond
algae is destroyed when water passes by the uv
algae is also the world's most concentrated source of chlorophyll
algae is typically found in moving or running waters like waterfalls or streams
algae is a free floating or wall
algae is the third step in either of our chlorinating 3
algae is related to the spectrum of light available to the plants for photosynthesis
algae is not the same
algae is from a wild
algae is free from saturated fats and oils
algae is one of the best ways i know of to get what our body needs in a convenient
algae is a societal term
algae is an edible freshwater algae that grows in upper klamath lake
algae is one of the most misunderstood plants in the world of water gardening
algae is the perfect health supplement for those
algae is very beneficial
algae is a propagate of a small piece that came from indo
algae is not buried in the sand
algae is open water fresh harvested from klamath lake located in southern oregon
algae is really green in color
algae is a smeary blue which greens down on the leaves of plants
algae is part of the term for goldfish health
algae is the heartiest
algae is one of the most common and frustrating problems encountered in the reef aquarium
algae is what it really is
algae is then picked up by the filter to be washed away when the bio
algae is the visual degradation of the appearance of your aquarium
algae is combination of the top four algae and an excellent source of nutrition
algae is well under control
algae is comprised of strands of
algae is unsuited for making concrete because the algae can cause excessive reduction in strength either by influencing cement hydration or by
algae is similar to the black algae that is found on bathroom shower tiles and in silicone seams near the bath
algae is irregular in shape
algae is compiled
algae is chlamydomonas which
algae is to poison it
algae is a whole food that is high in chlorophyll
algae is called a
algae is the link river
algae is a programming framework for c++ and java algorithm animation in an instructional setting
algae is not a catastrophe
algae is packed with beta
algae is the fundamental basis of the entire food chain
algae is naturally occurring and should be present in reasonable amounts in any healthy aquatic ecosystem


kelp is also called the seaweed herb
kelp is a useful aid for weight reduction
kelp is fragile
kelp is one of nature's richest sources of vitamins
kelp is currently used in full
kelp is installed at sdsc on the cray t3e and on the digital alpha farm
kelp is now certified organic by tun
kelp is the best available
kelp is a versatile plant with many uses
kelp is a valuable plant that is a rich source of vitamins
kelp is a type of marine algae
kelp is intended for implementing irregular applications such as adaptive mesh methods
kelp is exceptionally high in all major minerals
kelp is a rich source of trace minerals including iodine
kelp is a plant that lives in the oceans
kelp is any of a variety of large
kelp is a good source of iodine for iodine poor diets or thyroid support
kelp is also known by the names bladderwrack and seawrack
kelp is responsibly harvested and is machine dried to maintain the proper moisture level for vitamins and amino acid stability
kelp is one of nature's wonders
kelp is the common name for a number of species of large brown seaweed
kelp is a nutritional "vegetable of the sea" and is a rich source of vitamins
kelp is designed and maintained by a group at the university of california at san diego
kelp is known as a great promoter of glandular health
kelp is nature's most complete source of trace elements and complex carbohydrate
kelp is a seaweed and this ascphyllum nodosum is a species that only grows deep in the rocky bottoms of the ocean
kelp is a good source of many vitamins and minerals
kelp is an underwater plant that thrives on nutrients and sunlight
kelp is deeper around 60 feet
kelp is enjoying an increased popularity for medicinal purposes in north america
kelp is the common name for seaweed
kelp is an annual plant that grows anew each spring
kelp is an underwater plant with a majestic form
kelp is a mineral rich in minerals and trace minerals particularly iodine
kelp is attached
kelp is harvested from an isolated sound off vancouver island
kelp is the basis of a healthy marine ecosystem
kelp is used in products from adhesives to dairy to pharmaceutical products
kelp is a very large brown seaweed
kelp is photosynthetic plant
kelp is harvested from the clean
kelp is the basis of a
kelp is one of nature most complete sources of these vital nutrients
kelp is an annual
kelp is a relatively common seaweed found in the us
kelp is a source of vitamins a
kelp is one of the world's fastest growing plants
kelp is the largest and fastest growing of the seaweeds
kelp is the most common sea vegetable
kelp is the common name for large
kelp is a general term used to describe large brown seaweeds
kelp is a nutritive pacific seaweed that is very high in minerals
kelp is the most prolific kelp in bc waters
kelp is a sea vegetable
kelp is high in vitamins and minerals
kelp is so revered by minds
kelp is an all
kelp is
kelp is the finest kelp available
kelp is a type of seaweed found in coastal regions where the water is shallow enough for light to penetrate to the sea floor
kelp is a requirement
kelp is basically a form of north atlantic seaweed
kelp is the only natural source of auxins
kelp is in monterey bay
kelp is affected by epiphytes but maintains deep brown pigmentation
kelp is rich in not only iodine but various other nutrients
kelp is in the spring and summer
kelp is a rich non
kelp is a plant of the sea and is harvested off the coast of many of the oceans of the world
kelp is dependent upon the sea for its nourishment
kelp is the giant kelp
kelp is a time
kelp is harvested for algin
kelp is what makes diving in the sanctuary and along the california coast so special
kelp is a promoter of good glandular health
kelp is an abundant source of natural vitamins
kelp is on the way
kelp is the richest single source of trace minerals
kelp is harvested
kelp is made with a unique patent
kelp is one of the fastest growing plants in the world
kelp is a very efficient supplier of organic micronutrients
kelp is to find kelp which grows in the beautiful seas surrounding newfoundland and labrador
kelp is used in many different ways
kelp is an excellent source of minerals from the sea
kelp is very rich in soda which
kelp is mowed for human uses


  Scientific References:

  1.Modern Researches update:Bladderwrack,Kelp