Reseach update:Aloe vera

  seminal trace...aloes extract.Aloe vera extract.CAS No.094349-62-9.084837-08-1.Curacao aloes Extract.Aloe vera (L) Extract.10:1.Aloe barbadensis extract.Aloe barbadensis Miller,Aloe ferox Miller.Aloe barbadensis Mill., extract; Aloe barbadensis, ext.; Chirukattali extract...

 


   Phytochemical info of Aloe vera

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 Definition:Aloe vera are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Reseach update:Aloe vera

  Final report on the safety assessment of aloe andongensis extract, aloe andongensis leaf juice, aloe arborescens leaf extract, aloe arborescens leaf juice, aloe arborescens leaf protoplasts, aloe barbadensis flower extract, aloe barbadensis leaf, aloe barbadensis leaf extract, aloe barbadensis leaf juice, aloe barbadensis leaf polysaccharides, aloe barbadensis leaf water, aloe ferox leaf extract, aloe ferox leaf juice, and aloe ferox leaf juice extract..:Int J Toxicol. 2007;26 Suppl 2:1-50.

 Plant materials derived from the Aloe plant are used as cosmetic ingredients, including Aloe Andongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Protoplasts, Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Polysaccharides, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Water, Aloe Ferox Leaf Extract, Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice, and Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice Extract. These ingredients function primarily as skin-conditioning agents and are included in cosmetics only at low concentrations. The Aloe leaf consists of the pericyclic cells, found just below the plant's skin, and the inner central area of the leaf, i.e., the gel, which is used for cosmetic products. The pericyclic cells produce a bitter, yellow latex containing a number of anthraquinones, phototoxic compounds that are also gastrointestinal irritants responsible for cathartic effects. The gel contains polysaccharides, which can be acetylated, partially acetylated, or not acetylated. An industry established limit for anthraquinones in aloe-derived material for nonmedicinal use is 50 ppm or lower. Aloe-derived ingredients are used in a wide variety of cosmetic product types at concentrations of raw material that are 0.1% or less, although can be as high as 20%. The concentration of Aloe in the raw material also may vary from 100% to a low of 0.0005%. Oral administration of various anthraquinone components results in a rise in their blood concentrations, wide systemic distribution, accumulation in the liver and kidneys, and excretion in urine and feces; polysaccharide components are distributed systemically and metabolized into smaller molecules. aloe-derived material has fungicidal, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities, and has been effective in wound healing and infection treatment in animals. Aloe barbadensis (also known as Aloe vera)-derived ingredients were not toxic in acute oral studies using mice and rats. In parenteral studies, the LD(50) using mice was > 200 mg/kg, rats was > 50 mg/kg, and using dogs was > 50 mg/kg. In intravenous studies the LD(50) using mice was > 80 mg/kg, rats was > 15 mg/kg, and dogs was > 10 mg/kg. The 14-day no observed effect level (NOEL) for the Aloe polysaccharide, acemannan, in the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats, was 50,000 ppm or 4.1 to 4.6 g/kg day(-1). In a 3-month study using mice, Aloe vera (extracted in ethanol) given orally in drinking water at 100 mg/kg produced reproductive toxicity, inflammation, and mortality above that seen in control animals. Aloe vera extracted in methanol and given to mice at 100 mg/kg in drinking water for 3 months caused significant sperm damage compared to controls. Aloe barbadensis extracted with water and given to pregnant Charles Foster albino rats on gestational days (GDs) 0 through 9 was an abortifacient and produced skeletal abnormalities. Both negative and positive results were found in bacterial and mammalian cell genotoxicity assays using Aloe barbadensis-derived material, Aloe Ferox-derived material, and various anthraquinones derived from Aloe. Aloin (an anthraquinone) did not produce tumors when included in the feed of mice for 20 weeks, nor did aloin increase the incidence of colorectal tumors induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Aloe-emodin (an anthraquinone) given to mice in which tumor cells had been injected inhibited growth of malignant tumors. Other animal data also suggest that components of Aloe inhibit tumor growth and improve survival. Various in vitro assays also demonstrated anticarcinogenic activity of aloe-emodin. Diarrhea was the only adverse effect of note with the use of Aloe-derived ingredients to treat asthma, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, ulcers, skin disease, and cancer. Case reports include acute eczema, contact urticaria, and dermatitis in individuals who applied Aloe-derived ingredients topically. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that anthraquinone levels in the several Aloe Barbadensis extracts are well understood and can conform to the industry-established level of 50 ppm. Although the phototoxicity anthraquinone components of Aloe plants have been demonstrated, several clinical studies of preparations derived from Aloe barbadensis plants demonstrated no phototoxicity, confirming that the concentrations of anthraquinones in such preparations are too low to induce phototoxicity. The characterization of aloe-derived ingredients from other species is not clear. In the absence of well-characterized derivatives, biological studies of these materials are considered necessary. The studies needed are 28-day dermal toxicity studies on Aloe Andongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice, Aloe Ferox Leaf Extract, Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice, and Aloe Ferox Leaf Juice (ingredients should be tested at current use concentrations). In Aloe-derived ingredients used in cosmetics, regardless of species, anthraquinone levels should not exceed 50 ppm. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel advised the industry that the total polychlorobiphenyl (PCB)/pesticide contamination of any plant-derived cosmetic ingredient should be limited to not more than 40 ppm, with not more than 10 ppm for any specific residue and that limits were appropriate for the following impurities: arsenic (3 mg/kg maximum), heavy metals (20 mg/kg maximum), and lead (5 mg/kg maximum).

  Chemopreventive potential of Aloe vera against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced skin papillomagenesis in mice.:Integr Cancer Ther. 2007 Dec;6(4):405-12.

 The present investigation was undertaken to explore the antitumor-promoting activity of Aloe vera on 2-stage skin carcinogenesis, induced by a single topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and promoted by treatment of croton oil for 16 weeks in Swiss albino mice. Oral administration of aloe leaf extract at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight/d and aloe gel treatment at a dose of 1 mL/9 cm(2)/mice/d was found to be effective in decreasing the number and size of the papillomas. A significant reduction in tumor incidence (40.00+/-5.10, 30.00+/-3.25, and 40.00+/-4.12 for aloe gel, aloe gel and aloe leaf extract combined, and aloe leaf extract alone, respectively) was observed in animals in the aloe extract- and aloe gel-treated groups compared with 100% tumor incidence in the control group. The cumulative number of papillomas during an observation period of 16 weeks was significantly reduced in the aloe-treated groups (8.0+/-0.34, 6.00+/-1.10, and 9.00+/-1.41 for aloe gel, aloe gel and leaf extract, and aloe leaf extract, respectively) compared with a 36+/-0.98 cumulative number of papillomas in the control group. The average latent period was significantly increased from 4.9+/-0.10 weeks in the control group to 6.37+/-0.12, 6.8+/-0.25, and 6.2+/-0.21 weeks in the aloe-treated groups, respectively. The tumor burden and tumor yield were significantly decreased (2.0+/-0.25, 2.00+/-0.30, and 2.25+/-0.2 and 0.8+/-0.25, 0.6+/-0.32, and 0.9+/-0.28, respectively) as compared with the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-treated control group (3.6+/-0.10 and 3.6+/-0.19). Furthermore, treatment with aloe gel and/or extract by topical and/or oral administration resulted in a significant increase in the reduced glutathione (P< .05), DNA (P< .001), catalase (P< .05), and protein (P< .001) in the skin of mice. Conversely, lipid peroxidation levels were significantly decreased (P< .001) in the skin of mice.

  Effect of vehicles on topical application of aloe vera and arnica montana components.:Drug Deliv. 2007 Oct;14(7):427-32.Bergamante V, Ceschel GC, Marazzita S, Ronchi C, Fini A.Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit¨¤ di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

 In this study two types of gels and microemulsions are investigated for their ability to dissolve, release, and induce the permeation of helenalin, a flavonoid responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of arnica montana extract, and aloin, an anthrone-C-glucosyls with antibacterial activity present in aloe vera extract. The release of these agents from each vehicle was followed by HPLC, and transcutaneous permeation was examined using a modified Franz cell and a porcine skin membrane. The study showed that a microemulsion can be a good vehicle to increase the permeation of helenalin, while the gel formulation, containing Sepigel 305, proved able to reduce the release and permeation of aloin, with a consequent activity limited to the surface of application, without any permeation. This is in accordance with the necessity to avoid this process, since human skin fibroblasts can metabolize absorbed aloin into a structurally related compound that increases the sensitivity of skin to ultraviolet light.

  Tumour preventive effect of Aloe vera leaf pulp lectin (Aloctin I) on Ehrlich ascites tumours in mice..:Phytother Res. 2007 Nov;21(11):1070-5.Akev N, Turkay G, Can A, Gurel A, Yildiz F, Yardibi H, Ekiz EE, Uzun H.Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, 34116 Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey. nakev@istanbul.edu.tr

 In this study, the prophylactic effect of the main lectin present in Aloe vera leaf pulp extract (Aloctin I) was assayed against Ehrlich ascites tumours in mice. The lectin administered prophylactically before tumour implantation regressed tumour size, however, this activity was less potent than that of the A. vera leaf pulp extract previously shown in our laboratory. Accordingly, serum sialic acid and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) levels, chosen as tumour markers, were decreased significantly by the prophylactic administration of the lectin. The increase in spleen and thymus weights in the group given only Aloctin I, could be explained by the immunomodulatory and mitogenic effects of lectins. These findings, along with lymphoid hyperplasia observed in spleen and thymus, suggest that the tumour preventive effect of Aloctin I could be due to its immunomodulatory activity.

  Phenolic constituents in dried flowers of aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) and their in vitro antioxidative capacity.:Planta Med. 2007 Jun;73(6):599-602. Epub 2007 May 22. Keyhanian S, Stahl-Biskup E.Institute of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

 The dried flowers from Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) (Asphodelaceae) were analysed by means of HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS, verifying chlorogenic, caffeic, 5-P-coumaroylquinic, caffeoylshikimic, 5-feruloylquinic, 5-P-CIS-coumaroylquinic, P-coumaric and ferulic acid as well as luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, isoorientin, isovitexin and their 7-O-glucosides, saponarin and lutonarin. On searching for anthranoids in the flower extract, aloe-emodin as well as the glycosylchromone aloeresin B could be identified. Aloin A and B, the laxative principle of the drug Cura?ao-Aloes, are not accumulated in the dried flowers. The polyphenol content of three different batches was 0.73 - 1.01% (+/- 0.05%) and the flavonoid content 0.24 - 0.34% (+/- 0.01%). The hydrophilic antioxidative capacity amounted to 85.7 - 94.9 (+/- 0.5) micromol TEAC/g dried Aloe vera flower and was directly correlated with the polyphenol and flavonoid contents.


  Effect of aloe vera leaf gel extract on membrane bound phosphatases and lysosomal hydrolases in rats with streptozotocin diabetes.:Pharmazie. 2007 Mar;62(3):221-5.

 Diabetes mellitus is known to promote deterioration of membrane function and impair intra cellular metabolism in the organism. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the ethanolic extract from Aloe vera leaf gel on membrane bound phosphatases and lysosomal hydrolases in the liver and kidney of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The rats treated with STZ showed significant alterations in the activities of membrane bound phosphatases and lysosomal hydrolases in the liver and kidney. Oral administration of Aloe vera gel extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight/day to STZ-induced diabetic rats for a period of 21 days significantly restored the alterations in enzymes activity to near normalcy. These results were compared with glibenclamide, a reference drug. Thus, the present study confirms that Aloe vera gel extract possesses a significant beneficial effect on membrane bound phosphatases and lysosomal hydrolases.

  Antifungal activity of Aloe vera leaves.:Fitoterapia. 2007 Apr;78(3):219-22. Epub 2007 Feb 6.Rosca-Casian O, Parvu M, Vlase L, Tamas M.Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babe?-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania. casioana@yahoo.com

 Aloe vera fresh leaves hydroalcoholic plant extract was tested against the mycelial growth of Botrytis gladiolorum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli, Heterosporium pruneti and Penicillium gladioli on Czapek-agar medium. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) varied between 80 and 100 microl/ml, depending on the fungal species.

  Effect of Aloe vera leaf pulp extract on Ehrlich ascites tumours in mice.:Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007 Apr;16(2):151-7.Akev N, Turkay G, Can A, Gurel A, Yildiz F, Yardibi H, Ekiz EE, Uzun H.Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey. nakev@istambul.edu.tr

 Among the various known therapeutic effects of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. fil., a few recent studies have shown that preparations of the plant leaves can prevent or regress the growth of certain tumours. In this study, undertaken with A. vera leaf pulp extract against Ehrlich ascites tumours in mice, the animals were separated into five groups: I - healthy control, II - tumour control, III - experiment 1 (extract given before tumour inoculation), IV - experiment 2 (extract given with tumour inoculation) and V - experiment 3 (extract given after tumour inoculation). Ehrlich ascites tumours (0.33 ml) were injected subcutaneously into groups II-V. Aloe extract was injected at 55 mg protein/kg, twice a week for 21 days. Tumour size, thymus and spleen weights were measured, as well as leucocyte count, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and sialic acid as tumour markers. The best inhibitory effect on tumour growth was obtained with the extract given prophylactically before tumour implantation (experiment 1), although Aloe extract also regressed tumour sizes when given simultaneously with (experiment 2), or therapeutically after (experiment 3), tumour implantation. Accordingly, serum sialic acid and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, chosen as tumour markers, which were raised in the tumour control group, were significantly decreased by the prophylactic administration of the extract. The increase in leucocyte count seen in experiment 1 and 2 groups, along with lymphoid hyperplasia observed in spleen and thymus necroscopy, lead us to think that the tumour preventive effect of Aloe could be due to its immunomodulatory activity. According to our results, A. vera could be proposed as a prophylactic for cancer prevention.

  The effects of aloe extract on nitric oxide and endothelin levels in deep-partial thickness burn wound tissue in rat.:Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2006 Oct;22(5):362-5. Chinese.Lv RL, Wu BY, Chen XD, Jiang Q.Institute of Burns, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzou 350001, P. R. China.

 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from Aloe barbadensis and Aloe barbedensis containing gel on tissue water contents, nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET) levels in wounds of burned rats. METHODS: Four areas of deep-partial thickness burn wounds with 3 cm in diameter were made on each back of 42 male Wistar rats. Single layer gauze impregnated either with 5% (W/W) aloe raw polysaccharide, 10% (W/W) aloe gel, 1% (W/W) sulfadiazine pyridine silver cream (SD-Ag), or normal saline was respectively applied on different wounds. According to different medications, the wounds were divided into aloe raw polysaccharide group, aloe gel group, SD-Ag group and normal saline group. Six rats in each group were sacrificed at 4, 12, 24, 48 post-scald hour (PSH) and on 7, 14, 21 post-scald day (PSD), and the full-thickness skin of wound was harvested for the determination of wound tissues water contents, NO and ET levels, and for calculation of NO/ET ratio. Another 6 normal rats served as normal controls. RESULTS: The water content in the wound tissue in aloe raw polysaccharide group at 12, 24 and 48 PSH [(73.4 +/- 3.8)%, (76.6+/-3.0)%, (70.6+/-3.8)%] and aloe gel group [(74.5+/-2.6)%, (77.1+/-3.6)%, (71.2 +/- 3.1)%] was obviously lower than those in SD-Ag group [(80.1 +/- 4.1)%, (80.5 +/-3.9)%, (76.1 +/-3.8)%, P <0.05]. During 7-21 PSD, all of them returned to the normal level except that in SD-Ag group, as it was still higher than that in normal controls (P < 0.05). The NO content in wound tissue in each group reached the peak at 12 PSH, decreased thereafter, but it was still obviously higher than that of normal controls on 21 PSD (P < 0.05). The ET content in wound tissue of each group reached the peak on 7 or 14 PSD, decreased thereafter, but it was still evidently higher than that in normal controls on 7 or 14 PSD (P < 0.05). The NO content in wound tissue in aloe raw polysaccharide and aloe gel group were markedly lower than those in SD-Ag and normal saline groups at 12 and 24 PSH ( P < 0.05). The NO/ET ratio in each group reached the peak at 12 PSH, decreased thereafter, and it returned to normal value on 14 PSD. On 7 PSD, the NO/ET ratio in aloe gel, SD-Ag and normal saline groups were still significantly higher than that in normal controls, except that returned to normal value in aloe raw polysaccharide group. CONCLUSION: Both aloe raw polysaccharide and aloe gel can decrease wound tissue NO release, optimize NO/ET ratio, lighten vascular inflammatory reaction, and lessen permeability and edema.

  The protective effect of aloe vera juice on lindane induced hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity.:Pak J Pharm Sci. 2006 Oct;19(4):337-40.Etim OE, Farombi EO, Usoh IF, Akpan EJ.Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria. yirebong_123@yahoo.com

 The protective effect of fresh aloe vera (AV) leaves extract on lindane (LD) - induced hepatoxicity and genotoxicity was studied. Serum levels of hepatic enzyme markers: glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined after oral administration of aloe vera leaves extract and lindane. The level of polychromatic erythrocytes was also observed. Pretreatment with aloe vera leaves extract at concentration of 1.0 ml/kg body weight significantly decreased (P<0.05) the serum levels of GPT (by 41.8%), GOT (by 36.5%), GGT (by 14.3%) and ALP (by 10.7%) induced by 100mg/kg body weight of lindane. The level of polychromatic erythrocytes observed was not statistically significant when compared to control.


  Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin bioengineering techniques.:Skin Res Technol. 2006 Nov;12(4):241-6.Dal'Belo SE, Gaspar LR, Maia Campos PM.Laboratory of Cosmetic Technology, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeir?o Preto, University of S?o Paulo, Brazil

 BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The polysaccharide-rich composition of Aloe vera extracts (Aloe barbadensis Miller), often used in cosmetic formulations, may impart moisturizing properties to the product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cosmetic formulations containing different concentrations of freeze-dried Aloe vera extract on skin hydration, after a single and a 1- and 2-week period of application, by using skin bioengineering techniques. METHODS: Stable formulations containing 5% (w/w) of a trilaureth-4 phosphate-based blend were supplemented with 0.10%, 0.25% or 0.50% (w/w) of freeze-dried Aloe vera extract and applied to the volar forearm of 20 female subjects. Skin conditions in terms of the water content of the stratum corneum and of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (Corneometer CM 825 and Tewameter TM 210) were analysed before and after a single and 1- and 2-week period of daily application. RESULTS: After a single application, only formulations supplemented with 0.25% and 0.50% (w/w) of Aloe vera extract increased the water content of the stratum corneum, while after the 2-week period application, all formulations containing the extract (0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50%) had the same effect, in both cases as compared with the vehicle. TEWL was not modified after a single and after 1- and 2-week period of application, when compared with the vehicle. CONCLUSION: Our results show that freeze-dried Aloe vera extract is a natural effective ingredient for improving skin hydration, possibly through a humectant mechanism. Consequently, it may be used in moisturizing cosmetic formulations and also as a complement in the treatment of dry skin.

  Beneficial effects of aloe vera leaf gel extract on lipid profile status in rats with streptozotocin diabetes.:Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006 Mar;33(3):232-7.

 The effect of diabetes mellitus on lipid metabolism is well established. The association of hyperglycaemia with an alteration of lipid parameters presents a major risk for cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Many secondary plant metabolites have been reported to possess lipid-lowering properties. The present study was designed to examine the potential anti-hyperlipidaemic efficacy of the ethanolic extract from Aloe vera leaf gel in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. 2. Oral administration of Aloe vera gel extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg bodyweight per day to STZ-induced diabetic rats for a period of 21 days resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose, hepatic transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase), plasma and tissue (liver and kidney) cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids and a significant improvement in plasma insulin. 3. In addition, the decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and increased plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein-and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in diabetic rats were restored to near normal levels following treatment with the extract. 4. The fatty acid composition of the liver and kidney was analysed by gas chromatography. The altered fatty acid composition in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats was restored following treatment with the extract. 5. Thus, the results of the present study provide a scientific rationale for the use of Aloe vera as an antidiabetic agent.

  Effect of Aloe vera preparations on the human bioavailability of vitamins C and E.:Phytomedicine. 2005 Nov;12(10):760-5.Vinson JA, Al Kharrat H, Andreoli L.Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510 4626, USA. vinson@scranton.edu

 There are no literature references describing the effect of consumption of Aloe vera liquid preparations on the absorption of water- or fat-soluble vitamins. There is a very large population worldwide which consume vitamins and many people also consume Aloe. Thus we report the effect of Aloe on the human absorption of vitamins C and E, the most popular vitamin supplements. The plasma bioavailability of vitamins C and E were determined in normal fasting subjects, with eight subjects for vitamin C and ten subjects for vitamin E. In a random crossover design, the subjects consumed either 500 mg of ascorbic acid or 420 mg of vitamin E acetate alone (control), or combined with 2 oz of two different Aloe preparations (a whole leaf extract, or an inner fillet gel). Blood was collected periodically up to 24 h after consumption. Plasma was analyzed for ascorbate and tocopherol by-HPLC with UV detection. There was no significant difference in the areas under the plasma ascorbate-time curves among the groups sincerely due to large differences within the groups. For comparative purposes the control area was 100%. The Aloe Gel area was 304%, and Aloe Whole Leaf 80%. Only Aloe Gel caused a significant increase in plasma ascorbate after 8 and 24 h. For vitamin E, the results for the relative areas were control 100%, Gel 369%, and Leaf (198%). Only the Aloes produced a significant increase in plasma tocopherol after 6 and 8 h. Both Aloes were significantly different from the control after 8 h. Aloe Gel was significantly different from the baseline after 24 h. The Aloes slowed down the absorption of both vitamins with maximum concentrations 2-4 h later than the control. There was no difference between the two types of Aloe. The results indicate that the Aloes improve the absorption of both vitamins C and E. The absorption is slower and the vitamins last longer in the plasma with the Aloes. Aloe is the only known supplement to increase the absorption of both of these vitamins and should be considered as a complement to them.

  Preparative isolation and purification of cinnamoyl-C-glycoside chromone from aloe vera by high-speed countercurrent chromatography.:Se Pu. 2005 Jan;23(1):96-9. Chinese.Pan X, Cao X, Dong Y, Zhao H.Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, China.

 Aloe chromone is a group of anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase constituents found in aloe vera leaves. High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) is reported for the preparative isolation and purification of a chromone from aloe vera. The crude extract was obtained by a series of pretreatment of aloe vera leaves and extracted from decolorizing active carbon with methanol. Then the extract was distributed between dichloromethane and water, and the organic part was then subjected to HSCCC for the isolation of chromone constituents. The chromone compounds with a high performance liquid chromatographic grade (>95%) was isolated through two step HSCCC separations by employing two solvent systems composed of chloroform-methanol-water and dichloromethane-methanol-water at volume ratios of 4/3/2 and 5/4/2, respectively. The chromone was finally identified as cinnamoyl-C-glycoside chromone by ultraviolet (UV), fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR).

  Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats.:Pharmacol Rep. 2005 Jan-Feb;57(1):90-6.

 In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the presence of antioxidant property in the alcoholic extract of Aloe vera leaf gel. Oral administration of Aloe vera gel extract at a concentration of 300 mg/kg to diabetic rats significantly decreased the levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and increased hemoglobin. The increased levels of lipid peroxidation and hydroperoxides in tissues of diabetic rats were reverted back to near normal levels after the treatment with gel extract. The extract treatment also resulted in a significant increase in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats. These results clearly show the antioxidant property of Aloe vera gel extract. The extract was also more effective than glibenclamide in restoring the values of these parameters.


  Preparative separation of aloin diastereoisomers by high-speed countercurrent chromatography combined with silica gel column chromatography.:

 Aloin, naturally a mixture of two diastereoisomers, aloin A and aloin B, is the major anthraquinone in aloe, and now served as one of the important control constituents in most of the commercial aloe products. High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) combined with silica gel column chromatography was developed for the preparative separation of the two individual aloins. Aloin A (98%) and aloin B (96%) were obtained. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and GOESY (gradient-enhanced nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) were employed for the elucidation of their structure conformation. The developed method is of high preparative capacity and high efficiency in resolution.

  Identification of five phytosterols from Aloe vera gel as anti-diabetic compounds.:

 The genus Aloe in the family Liliaceae is a group of plants including Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis MILLER) and Aloe arborescens (Aloe arborescens MILLER var. natalensis BERGER) that are empirically known to have various medical efficacies. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic effect of Aloe vera gel and isolated a number of compounds from the gel. On the basis of spectroscopic data, these compounds were identified as lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol, cycloartanol, and 24-methylene-cycloartanol. These five phytosterols were evaluated for their anti-hyperglycemic effects in type 2 diabetic BKS.Cg-m(+/+)Lepr(db/J) (db/db) mice. In comparison with the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of vehicle-treated mice, statistically significant decreases of 15 to 18% in HbA1c levels were observed in mice treated with 1 mug of the five phytosterols. Considering the ability to reduce blood glucose in vivo, there were no differences between the five phytosterols. Administration of beta-sitosterol did not reduce the blood glucose levels in db/db mice. After administration of the five phytosterols for 28 d, fasting blood glucose levels decreased to approximately 64%, 28%, 47%, 51%, and 55% of control levels, respectively. Severe diabetic mice treated with phytosterols derived from Aloe vera gel did not suffer weight reduction due to glucose loss in the urine. These findings suggest that Aloe vera gel and phytosterols derived from Aloe vera gel have a long-term blood glucose level control effect and would be useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  Antidiabetic effects of dietary administration of Aloe arborescens Miller components on multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice: investigation on hypoglycemic action and systemic absorption dynamics of aloe components.:

 We carried out three experimental trials to determine antidiabetic effects of Aloe arborescens Miller components. Firstly, ICR mice which received frequent injections of streptozotocin (Sz) in small doses (low-dose Sz-induced diabetes mice) were fed ad libitum with basal diets supplemented with components of Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger (Kidachi aloe) and Aloe vera Linne from 31 days before to 73 days after the Sz injections. Variation in blood glucose levels, incidence rates of insulitis and blood insulin levels were examined during the trial. As a result, groups receiving diets supplemented at the rate of 2% with whole leaf of Kidachi aloe and 10 KDa fraction powder (a fraction with less than 10 KDa molecular weight derived from Kidachi aloe leaf skin juice by ultra filtration) significantly suppressed the elevation of blood sugar as compared to a control group receiving basal diet. In contrast, there was no significant effect with Aloe vera leaf pulp powder. Insulitis emerged at the rate of 87% in the basal diet group. On the contrary, the whole aloe leaf and 10 KDa fraction groups significantly decreased the incidence of insulitis and incidence rates of whole aloe leaf and 10 KDa fraction powder were 51 and 38%, respectively. While insulin levels in the basal diet group averaged at 0.05 ng, more than four times the insulin level was observed in the 10 KDa group relative to the basal diet group. Secondary, the inhibitory effects of test materials on intestinal glucose absorption were observed using the jejunum of rats. A strong inhibitory action on intestinal glucose absorption was observed in the 10 KDa fraction powder group. Thirdly, phenol compounds derived from aloe in the blood serum and organs were quantitatively measured by a HPLC following forced administration of aloe components to rats to determine absorption kinetics of aloe components inside the body. The primary component of aloe phenol compounds is the same component of the 10 KDa fraction powder and it was found in the pancreas and liver in addition to in the blood serum. The above results indicate that fore and aft when Sz injections could cause selective toxicity to B cells of islets, the dietary administration of 10 KDa fraction powder to mice would lead to the persistence of aloe phenol compound having an antioxidant activity in the pancreas and blood, which could protect islets of Langerhans from the destruction caused by methyl radical derived from Sz. The results also suggested the possibility of the 10 KDa fraction powder to alleviate the burden of insulin secretion as it has an inhibitory action on glucose absorption in the jejunum of rats.

  Isolation, structure elucidation, antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties of two novel dihydrocoumarins from Aloe vera.:

 Two new dihydrocoumarin derivatives, compounds 1 and 2, were isolated from Aloe vera. Their structures were determined by X-ray crystallographic diffraction analysis and extensive 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Both of them evidently showed antioxidant activity against superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Only 1 obviously exhibited immunomodulatory activity in relation to increasing the phagocytic activity and stimulating the production of superoxide anions in the oxygen respiratory burst of rat peritoneal macrophages.

 

  Chemical characterization of the immunomodulating polysaccharide of Aloe vera L.:

 The polysaccharide isolated by alcohol precipitation of Aloe vera mucilaginous gel was found to have a Man:Glc:Gal:GalA:Fuc:Ara:Xyl ratio of 120:9:6:3:2:2:1 with traces of Rha and GlcA. Linkage analysis of the endo-(1-->4)-beta-d-mannanase-treated sample yielded Manp-(1--> (approximately 26%), 4-Manp (approximately 53%), 2,4-Manp (approximately 3%), 3,4-Manp (approximately 1%), 4,6-Manp (approximately 1%), 4-Glcp (approximately 5%), 4-Xylp (approximately 1%), Xylp-(1--> (approximately 2%), Galp-(1--> (approximately 5%), and traces of 4,6-Galp and 3,6-Galp. Hydrolysis with strong acids produced a mixture of short oligosaccharides and an acid-resistant fraction containing greater relative fractions of Manp-(1-->, Araf-(1-->, Xylp-(1-->, and 4-Xylp than the bulk polysaccharide. NMR analysis of oligosaccharides generated by endo-(1-->4)-beta-D-mannanase and acid hydrolysis showed the presence of di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides of 4-beta-Manp, beta-Glcp-(1-->4)-Man, beta-Glcp-(1-->4)-beta-Manp-(1-->4)-Man, and beta-Manp-(1-->4)-[alpha-Galp-(1-->6)]-Man, consistent with a backbone containing alternating -->4)-beta-Manp-(1--> and -->4)-beta-Glcp-(1--> residues in a approximately 15:1 ratio. Analysis of the sample treated sequentially with endo-(1-->4)-beta-d-mannanase and alpha-D-galactosidase showed that the majority of alpha-Galp-(1--> residues were linked to O-2, O-3, or O-6 of -->4)-beta-Manp-(1--> residues, with approximately 16 -->4)-beta-Manp-(1--> residues between side chains. Our data provide direct evidence of a previously proposed glucomannan backbone, but draw into question previously proposed side-chain structures.

  Determination of aloin content in callus of Aloe vera var. chinensis.:

 The relationship between aloin accumulation of Aloe vera var. chinensis and the callus cultured by the roots, stems and leaves as explants. The aloin content in callus was determined by means of HPLC and TLC. The results showed that on the MS medium with NAA 1 mg/L + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L, the differentiation degree of the callus induced from the leaves was in the highest level, meanwhile the callus contained the most aloin. The aloin content was low in the callus from stems. There was no aloin in callus from roots. It was also found that on the MS medium with 2,4-D 1 mg/L + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L, the callus differentiation was in low level and without aloin, no matter what organs were used.

  Aloeresin I, an anti-inflammatory 5-methylchromone from cape aloe.:

 A new diglucoside having a 5-methylchromone moiety was isolated from a commercial sample of Cape aloe, the dried exudate from Aloe ferox Miller, and named aloeresin I. Its structure was established as 1 on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence. Aloeresin I (1) (1 micromol/cm2) reduces in vivo the oedematous response (39 %) induced by Croton oil in the mouse ear with the same potency as aloesin, one of the most abundant Cape aloe constituents, and to a higher extent than aloeresin H (2). Indomethacin (0.3 micromol/cm2), the reference anti-inflammatory compound, provokes 61 % oedema inhibition.

  Relationship between antibacterial activity of aloe and its anthaquinone compounds.:

 Objective: To investigate the relationship between the antibacterial activity of aloe and its contents of anthaquinone compounds, measure and compale antibacterial activities of aloin and aloe-emodin, and analyse the effect of glycoside on the antibacterial activity of aloin. METHOD: The antibacterial activities of the extracts from the outer leaf of Aloe saponaria Haw, aloin and aloe-emodin against three Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacteria were investigated with the method of agar diffusion. The antibacterial effect of aloin on E. coli was further studied with scanning electron microscopy. RESULT: The antibacterial activities of aloe showed to be dependent on the dose of anthraquinone, aloin (1 g x L(-1)) exhibited higher antibacterial activity [inhibition diameter > (7. 1 +/- 0.15) mm] than Aloe-emodin (inhibition diameter < 5.0 mm), and aloin changed the morphology of E. coli and damaged the outer cell structrue. CONCLUSION: Anthraquinone compounds are the active antibacterial components in aloe and aloin is the main active compound. The glycoside makes it easy for aloin to invade cells and enhances its activity.

  Isolation and characterization of active compounds from Aloe vera with a possible role in skin protection.:

 Aloe vera is widely used in food supplements, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It has been long recognized as an effective natural remedy for its wound-healing properties and its positive influence on other inflammatory skin disorders. Major proteins and mono- and polysaccharides were identified and analysed from Aloe vera commercial extract. Molecular weight of proteins calculated from the sets of molecular weight reference standards, ranged from 70 kDa for the largest to 14 kDa for the smallest ones. IR spectral analysis of the carbohydrate fraction shows that the main carbohydrate copound is acetylated (1 --> 4)-beta-D-mannan substituated with D-galactose and D-glucose. The results have shown that proteins and polysaccharides are a necessary component in the study of biological activity of Aloe vera leaf extract.


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  Scientific References:

  1.Reseach update:Aloe vera