MDidea Exporting Division:Online Glossary:General Glossary B




	Baby Food(Food & Drink/GNPD) Baby Food :wet and dry foods, also baby juices and drinks. Baby Milk/Formulae



	BCM Badische chemical company.



	BDH British Drug House.



	BMA British Medical Association.



	BMD Bacterial Models of Disease.



	BMJ British Medical Journal.



	Balsam The resin of a tree that is healing and soothing. For example: myrrh.



	Balsamic a healing or soothing agent.



	Bakery(Food & Drink/GNPD) Baking Ingredients & Mixes including all mixes for cakes, bread, pizza base mixes etc., flour, cake toppings/decorations,colours, breadcrumbs (unless a seasoned coating). Bread & Bread Products including bread loaves and rolls, plain croissants, bagels, tortilla, taco shells, chilled puff pastry, savoury ready-made pastry cases, large poppadums (excluding savoury snack positioned poppadums), ready-made pizza base, etc. Cakes, Pastries & Sweet Goods including Danish pastries, donuts, snack cakes, brownies, toaster pastries, filled croissants, frozen/chilled/shelf-stable pies, waffles,pancakes, pastry cases, ice cream cones (without the ice cream) etc. Savoury Biscuits/Crackers including savoury rice cakes, crispbread, cracker/dip combos. Sweet Biscuits/Cookies including sweet rice cakes; and biscuit/dip or spread combinations (only if the accompaniment is a sweet spread)



	Beverages(Food & Drink/GNPD) Beer:all beers including ales, stouts, lagers, etc., including low alcohol and alcohol-free beers and straight shandy products. Cider:all alcoholic ciders including perries. Beverage Concentrates & Mixes ¨C all types of concentrates, cordials and mixes for soft drinks, including liquid and powder forms, plus milkshake mix. Carbonated Soft Drinks Energy & Sports Drinks Flavoured Alcoholic Beverages ¨C including "alcopops" and packaged pre-mixed alcoholic drinks, excluding pre-mixes that are simply spirit & mixer (see Spirits & Liqueurs). Hot Beverages:all coffee and tea products (excluding ready-to-drink/iced varieties), hot chocolate, cocoa and malted drinks, fruit teas and infusions, tea and coffee substitutes, chai mixes. Other Drinks:including still health drinks. RTD Iced Tea & Coffee:all liquid/ready-to-drink coffees, teas and iced teas. RTD Juices & Juice Drinks:all ready-to-drink juice-based products, fruit nectars and pure juices. Spirits & Liqueurs: including pre-mixed products e.g. gin & tonic. Water:including flavoured water. Wine:including sherry, port, madeira and other fortified wines.



	B-lymphocyte lymphoid stem cells from the bone marrow that migrate to and become mature antigen-specific cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. All B cells are antigen specific and respond to only one foreign protein.



	Back-Cycling Cutting back on either numbers of sets, repetitions, amount of weight or (especially) the "negative" contraction (eccentric contraction) used during an exercise session in order to fully recover. An archaic phrase. A more contemporary -- and useful -- phrase is "periodization.".



	bacteria single-celled organisms that can exist independently, symbiotically (in cooperation with another organism) or parasitically (dependent upon another organism, sometimes to the detriment of the other organism). Examples of bacteria include acidophilus (found in yogurt), streptococcus the cause of strep throat, and E. coli (a normal intestinal bacteria, as well as a disease-causing agent).



	bacteriuria presence of bacteria in the urine..



	Balance study a nutritional balance study involves the measurement of the intake of a specific nutrient as well as the elimination of that nutrient in urine, feces, sweat, etc. If intake is greater than loss of a particular nutrient the individual is said to be in "positive balance." If intake is less than loss, an individual is said to be in "negative balance" for the nutrient of interest.



	Ballistic Movement An exercise or sports-related movement in which part of the body is "thrown" against the resistance of antagonist muscles or against the limits of a joint. The latter, especially, is considered dangerous to the integrity of ligaments and tendons.



	Ballistic Training Life -- and especially sports -- is full of ballistic episodes, and it's important to 1) prevent such episodes from causing injury (microtrauma or macrotrauma), and, paradoxically, 2) make your movements more ballistic in sports where such will provide an advantage (e.g., throwing a 100 mph fastball). Following a carefully periodised, highly specialised training, nutritional and supplementation regimen will accomplish these goals.



	barbiturates a group of central nervous system depressants derived from barbituric acid. Formerly used as sedatives, barbiturates have been largely replaced by safer drugs such as benzodiazepines..



	Basal Metabolic Rate The minimum energy required to maintain the body's life function at rest. Usually expressed in calories per hour per square meter of body surface. cf. met..



	benthic plants Aquatic plants that grow attached to or rooted to the bottom of the body of water and withdraw nutrients from the sediment..



	benthos Organisms that live on or in the bottom sediments of a water body..



	benzodiazepines a group of chemically similar psychotropic drugs with potent hypnotic and sedative actions, primarily used as antianxiety agents and sedatives..



	beta cell cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that secret insulin.



	beta-1,3-glucan polysaccharide polymer composed of glucose units displaying a beta-1-3 branching pattern..



	beta-adrenergic a substance that stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors, sites in autonomic nerve pathways that are inhibited by norepinephrine or epinephrine..



	beta-amyrin amyrins are common tripterpenes widely distributed in the plant kingdom..



	Beta-carotene A carotenoid (pigment) found in yellow, orange and deep green vegetables which provides a source of vitamin A when ingested. This substance has been found to have antioxidant and anti-cancer properties.



	beta-sitosterol 22:23-dihydrostigmasterol; a common plant sterol.



	Bias any systematic error in an epidemiological study that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between an exposure and disease risk.



	Biceps Brachii The prominent muscle on the front of upper arm..



	biennial Botany: growing vegetatively during the first year and fruiting and dying during the second..



	Bilberry The active component of bilberries are the anthocyanosides. During WWII, bilberry jam became very popular among the Allied Forces pilots because it promoted superior visual acuity, especially while flying at night. Both folklore and studies show that bilberry extract: Protects blood capillaries Protects the heart Shows excellent anti-inflammatory action Inhibits cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis Inhibits serum platelet aggregation (clotting). Its chief action as an antioxidant is its powerful synergy with Vitamin E.



	Bile Bile is a thick, sticky fluid secreted by the liver via the bile duct into the small intestine where it aids in the emulsification of fats, increases peristalsis and restores putrefaction. Normally the ejection of bile only occurs during duodenal digestion. yellow, green fluid made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile may then pass through the common bile duct into the small intestine where some of its components aid in the digestion of fat. The normal adult secretes about 800 to 1,000 millilitres daily.



	Bile acids components of bile, which are formed by the metabolism of cholesterol, and aid in the digestion of fats.



	Biles Boils.



	bilirubin an orange-colored to yellowish pigment in bile. Produced from hemoglobin of red blood cells by reticuloendothelial cells in bone marrow, spleen, and blood, chemically modified in the liver and excreted in the bile via the duodenum..



	Bioavailability the fraction of an administered compound that reaches the systemic circulation and is transported to site of action (target tissue).



	biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) A measure of the quantity of oxygen used by organisms to decompose organic matter, usually measured at the end of a five-day period..



	biodiversity Refers to variety of organisms, their genetic information and the biological communties where they live..



	Biofeedback A process which permits a person to see or hear indicators of physiological variables, such as blood pressure, skin temperature, or heart rate, which may allow the person to exert some control over those variables. Often used to teach relaxation techniques..



	Bioflavonoids (Vitamin P) Water-soluble substances that appear in fruits and vegetables as companions to vitamin C. By name, they are: citrin, rutin, hesperidin, flavone and flavonols. They increase the strength of capillaries and regulate their permeability for the countless biochemical transfers that occur between blood and tissue. No RDA. Dietary sources: Citrus fruit pulp, apricots, buckwheat, berries..



	Biological Value While the methods used to determine a protein source's biological value ("BV") are not entirely standardised, the one legitimate scientists use is described as the efficiency with which that protein furnishes the proper proportions and amounts of the essential or indispensable amino acids needed for the synthesis of body proteins in humans or animals. Thus, BV is defined as: Nitrogen Retained divided by Nitrogen absorbed X 100. = (dietary N) - (F - Fm) + (U - Ue) divided by (dietary N) + (F - Fm) X 100, where F equals the fecal nitrogen during the testing of a protein; Fm equals the fecal nitrogen on a protein-free diet (endogenous fecal nitrogen); U equals urinary nitrogen excreted during the testing of a protein; Ue equals urinary nitrogen excreted on a protein-free diet (endogenous urinary nitrogen excretion).



	Biomarker a physical, functional, or biochemical indicator of a physiological or disease process.



	Bio-mechanics The study of the mechanical aspects of physical movement, such as torque, drag, and posture, that is used to enhance athletic technique.



	biosynthesis the formation of chemical compounds in a living organism..



	Biotin A member of the B complex vitamin family essential for metabolism of fat, protein, and vitamins C and B-12. It helps alleviate muscle pains, eczema, dermatitis. No RDA. Dietary sources: egg yolk, liver, whole rice, brewer's yeast..biotin, is a member of the B complex; it was first isolated in 1935 from dried egg yolk, and its structure was established in 1942. Biotin is usually found attached to a lysine residue in certain enzymes, where it participates in reactions involving the transfer of carboxyl (-COOH) groups; one such reaction is essential for the synthesis of fatty acids.



	Bipolar disorder a mood previously called ¡°manic-depressive illness.¡± Bipolar disorder is characterized by severe alterations in mood. During ¡°manic¡± episodes, a person may experience extreme elevation in energy level and mood (euphoria) or extreme agitation and irritability. Episodes of depressed mood are also common in bipolar disorder.



	Bitter An herb or substance with a characteristic bitter taste that acts on the gastric mucous membranes of the mouth and stomach increasing their tone and activity and thereby improving the appetite and promoting digestion, group of herbs with bitter taste that increases the secretion of digestive juices,a solution of bitter, often aromatic, plant products used as a mild tonic. These herbs reduce toxins, toxins in blood and weight, destroy infection, high fever, heat, fever in blood, internal fever, heated liver, much thirst, sweating, inflammation, and infection. An agent that acts on the mucous membranes in the mouth to promote appetite and encourage digestion. Herbs in this category include aloe, alfalfa, barberry, blackberry, blessed thistle, bugleweed, chaparral,chirayata,chinchona, eyebright, feverfew, gentian,golden seal,licorice, quassia, watercress, wild cherry and wild lettuce Bitter Tonic:An herb or substance, or combined formula, that acts on the gastric mucous membranes of the mouth and stomach increasing their tone and activity and thereby improving the appetite and promoting digestion. (Syn: Bitter)



	Blain A blister or pustule.



	Blood Blood is the fluid which circulates through the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. It is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and blood platelets, and an interstitial fluid called plasma. It derives its reddish colour from the iron within the haemoglobin. Blood functions to provide nutrition and respiration for tissues located far from food and air supplies. It also transports waste from the tissues to the excretory organs. Blood provides chemical and thermal regulation to the body and helps in preventing infection by transporting antibodies..



	Blood Glucose Blood glucose (blood sugar) refers to sugar in the form of glucose. The blood sugar level in humans is normally 60 to 100 milligrams per 100 millilitre of blood; it rises after a meal to as much as 150 milligrams per 100 millilitre of blood but this may vary..



	Blood Pressure The pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of the arteries. Maximum and minimum measures are used: The systolic pressure reaches a maximum just before the end of the pumping phase of the heart; the diastolic pressure (minimum) occurs late in the refilling phase of the heart. Measures are in the millimetres of mercury (as 120/80). cf. hypertension. Blood pressure, as popularly used, is the pressure determined indirectly, existing in the large arteries at the height of the pulse wave. When a blood pressure reading is taken, the systolic over diastolic value is determined. Systolic pressure is primarily caused by the heartbeat or contraction. The diastolic pressure is taken when the heart is filling with blood between beats. Blood pressure values vary appreciably depending on age, sex, and ethnicity. A typical adult reading may be 120mm Hg over 80mm Hg, stated 120 over 80.



	Blood Purifier (Syn: Depurative, Depurant, Detergent):Agents that clean and remove impurities from the blood, similar to depurative.An herb or substance which speeds up the process of detoxification and excretion of waste products in the blood by stimulating intestinal, liver, or bile functions, or creating laxative effects. Examples of blood purifiers include birch, buckthorn, calendula, centaury, couch grass, dandelion, plantain and watercress.



	blood-brain barrier a barrier membrane between circulating blood and the brain, preventing some substances from reaching brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid..



	Bloody flux Dysentery.



	BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) The rate at which the body burns calories while at complete rest, lying down but not sleeping, over a 24 hour period.



	Body Composition The proportions of fat, muscle, and bone making up the body. Usually expressed as percent of body fat and percent of lean body mass.



	Body Density The specific gravity of the body, which can be tested by underwater weighing. Compares the weight of the body to the weight of the same volume of water. Result can be used to estimate the percentage of body fat.



	Body Fat The percentage of fat in the body. In bodybuilding, the lower the percentage, the more muscular the physique appears.



	Body Mass Index (BMI) Body mass index (BMI) is a frequently used standard to estimate obesity. A person's BMI is determined by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of the bodies height in metres. As an example, the man who weights 104.25 kg (229 lb) and is 183 cm (6 ft) tall would have a BMI of 31kg/m2. This is calculated as follows: Note: Weight must be in Kilograms and height in metres. 104.25 kg ÷ (1.83 m)² 104.25 kg ÷ (1.83m x 1.83m) 104.25 kg ÷ 3.3489m² = 31.129625 kg / m² (Rounded to 6 decimal places) Therefore the BMI = 31.129625 (Rounded to six decimal places) Generally, the BMI is related to body composition. It is highly correlated with relative body fat and probably provides a better estimate of obesity than does relative weight. Using this figure may give coaches and swimmers, a rough guide to determining what their ideal height to weight ratio should be. There are at present, no figures available to suggest what this figure should be for a swimmer. However, it is envisaged that as coaches being to capture more and more data a pattern should emerge, giving an insight into a swimmers optimum B.M.I for their peak performance. Some guide figures have been provided in the table to the right, but these are for the general population as a whole, and not specific to swimmers.



	Bone mineral density (BMD the amount of mineral in a given area of bone. BMD is positively associated with bone strength and resistance to fracture, and measurements of BMD are used to diagnose osteoporosis.



	Bone remodeling the continuous turnover process of bone that includes bone resorption and bone formation. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, increases the fragility of bone and may lead to osteoporosis.



	Botany medical botany.



	Botanical/herbal relates to products formulated with any botanical or herbal ingredients, and promoted as such. For example, a mint flavoured toothpaste would not be flagged "botanical/herbal" as it is not highlighting its botanical/herbal properties and usually simply just relates to a mint flavour, whereas a fabric detergent featuring aloe would be flagged as botanical/herbal.



	BP British Pharmacopoeia.



	Bract Leaf that forms from an AXIL, often associated with an INFLORESCENCE.



	bradycardia a slow heartbeat, less than 60 beats per minute in an adult, 70 bpm in a child, or 100 bpm in a fetus.Slow heart beat. A well-conditioned heart will often deliver a pulse rate of less than 60 beats per minute at rest, which would be considered bradycrotic by standard definitions. cf. tachycardia.



	Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) The amino acids L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine, which have a particular molecular structure that gives them their name, comprise 35 percent of muscle tissue. The BCAAs, particularly L-leucine, help increase work capacity by stimulating production of insulin, the hormone that opens muscle cells to glucose. BCAAs are burned as fuel during highly intense training, and at the end of long-distance events, when the body recruits protein for as much as 20% of its energy needs.



	Breakfast Cereals(Food & Drink/GNPD) Cold Cereals:any cereal product which is primarily intended to be eaten cold. Hot Cereals:any cereal product that is primarily intended to be eaten hot.



	Brewer's Yeast A non-leavening yeast used as a nutritional supplement for its rich content of vitamins (particularly B complex), minerals and amino acids.



	Brindall Berry Fruit from the Garcinia Cambogia plant (See Hydroxycitrate)..



	Bromelain A protein-splitting enzyme in pineapple juice. Used to reduce inflammation and edema and accelerate tissue repair. Pineapple eaten fresh is the best source..



	Bronchial An herb or substance which relaxes constricting spasms and opens the bronchi or upper part of the lungs, thus improving respiration.



	bronchitis inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tube. long-standing inflammation of the airways, characterized by excess production of sputum, leading to a chronic cough and obstruction of air flow. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis.



	Buffer a chemical used to maintain the pH of a system by absorbing hydrogen ions (which would make it more acidic) or absorbing hydroxyl ions (which would make it more alkaline).



	Bulimia Bulimia is the abnormal and unhealthy intake of large amounts of food. It is often followed by the use of laxatives and/or self-induced vomiting.



	Bursa A cushioning sac filled with a lubricating fluid that alleviates friction where there is movement between muscles, between tendon and bone, or between bone and skin..



	Bursitis Bursitis is an inflammation of a bursa, the fluid sac located between joints for padding and lubrication..

Claims:

Information presented this site meant for nutritional benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent findings and developments!