MDidea Exporting Division:Online Glossary:General Glossary C




	Cachexia Severe wasting as in terminal disease..



	Caffeine A chemical occurring in coffee, black tea and cola drinks with an ability to stimulate the nervous system. In small amounts, it can create mental alertness. In larger amounts, it can cause nervousness, anxiety, sleeplessness, and is used medicinally as a diuretic and headache remedy..



	calcitonin hormone from the thyroid gland in humans important to bone and calcium metabolism; in animals, it is produced by the ultimobranchial bodies, which are fused with the thyroid.



	Calcium The body's most abundant mineral. Its primary function is to help build and maintain bones and teeth. Calcium is also important to heart health, nerves, muscles and skin. Calcium helps control blood acid-alkaline balance, plays a role in cell division, muscle growth and iron utilization, activates certain enzymes, and helps transport nutrients through cell membranes. Calcium also forms a cellular cement called ground substance that helps hold cells and tissues together.. The most abundant mineral in the body, a vital factor for bones, teeth, muscle growth, muscle contraction, the regulation of nutrient passage in and out of cells, and nerve transmissions. RDA: 800-1,400 mg. Dose increases with age. Dietary sources: milk and dairy, soybeans, sardines, salmon, peanuts, beans, green vegetables.



	Calefacient An herb or substance that is heating.



	Callisthenics A system of exercise movements, without equipment, for the building of the strength, flexibility and physical grace. The Greeks formed the word from "kallos" (beautiful) and "sthenos" (strength)..



	Calmative (Syn: Sedative, Tranquilizer, Nervine):Medication that reduces nervousness or excitement.An agent with mild sedative or tranquilizing properties, Also called a sedative or tranquilliser..



	Calorie The Calorie used as a unit of metabolism (as in diet and energy expenditure) equals 1,000 small calories, and is often spelled with a capital C to make that distinction. It is the energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius. Also called a kilocalorie (kcal)..



	Calorie Cost The number of Calories burned to produce the energy for a task. Usually measured in Calories (kcal) per minute..



	calyx Botany: the external usu. green or leafy part of a flower consisting of sepals..



	cancer a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells from normal tissues. Cancers arising from epithelial tissues are called carcinomas, those from mesenchymal tissues are classed as sarcomas. Leukemias are also classed as cancers. Over 200 different types of cancer have been identified..refers to abnormal cells, which have a tendency to grow uncontrollably and metastasize or spread to other areas of the body. Cancer can involve any tissue of the body and can have different forms in one tissue.



	Candidia albicans yeast-like, budding fungus that is the primary etiologic organism in candidiasis..



	candidiasis Infection of the skin or mucous membranes with any fungus of the genus Candida, but chiefly C. albicans. Usually localized in skin, nails, mouth, vagina, vulva, bronchi, or lungs; rarely, in the bloodstream.



	Cantharides Dried and powdered beetle.



	Capillary The tiny blood vessels that receive blood flow from the arteries, interchange substances between the blood and the tissues, and return the blood to the veins.



	capsaicinoid a class of alkaloids found in chile peppers and other Capsicum species; named after capsaicin, the primary compound. Capsaicinoids are potent irritants to skin and mucous membranes.



	carbohydrate a class of chemical substances, including sugars, glycogen, starches, dextrins, and celluloses, that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.. Chemical compound of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, usually with the hydrogen and oxygen in the right proportions to form water. Common formsare starches, sugars, cellulose, and gums. Carbohydrates are more readily used for energy production than are fats and proteins. One of the three basic foodstuffs (proteins and fat are the others). Carbohydrates are a group of chemical substances including sugars, glycogen, starches, dextrins, and cellulose. They comprise the body's main source of raw material for energy. They contain only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Usually the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1. Carbohydrates can be classified as either a simple carbohydrate or a complex carbohydrate. Digested carbohydrate enters the circulatory system in the form of monosaccharides, primarily glucose. Lesser amounts of fructose and galactose are also absorbed, but these are eventually converted to glucose in the liver. Before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream, polysaccharides and disaccharides must be broken down into monosaccharides by specific enzymes during the digestive process. There are several types of carbohydrates, some better than others. Starch, sugar, dextrose, are all types of carbohydrates. The three main categories of carbohydrates are: Monosaccharides (one-sugar molecule) Disaccharides (two-sugar molecules) Polysaccharides (three or more sugar molecules) Monosaccharides and disaccharides are commonly called sugars, while polysaccharides are called complex carbohydrates or glucose polymers. Some of the more commonly encountered carbohydrates in these three categories include the following: Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, sorbitol, galactose, mannitol, mannose. Disaccharides: Sucrose = glucose + fructose, Maltose = glucose + glucose, Lactose = glucose + galactose Polysaccharides: Starch, dextrin, cellulose, and glycogen; all of which are made of chains of glucose (glucose polymers, maltodextrins). Fibres: Fibres are mainly the indigestible complex carbohydrates;(polysaccharides) that make up plants cell walls; cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and a variety of gums, mucilages, and algal polysaccarides.



	Carbohydrate Loading An eating and exercise technique used to build up ultra high reserves of glycogen in muscle fibres for maximum endurance in long-distance athletic events. Benefits only events over 60 minutes long, where glycogen can become depleted to inhibit work capacity.



	carbon clearance test an animal assay for measuring immune activity, esp. phagocytosis.



	Carbon dioxide A colourless, odourless gas that is formed in the tissues by the oxidation of carbon, and is eliminated by the lungs. Its presence in the lungs stimulates breathing..



	carcinogen a substance or agent that produces or increases the risk of developing cancer.



	Carcinoid syndrome the pattern of symptoms exhibited by individuals with carcinoid tumors. Carcinoid tumors secrete excessive amounts of the neurotransmitter, serotonin. Seratonin causes blood vessels to dilate (widen). Symptoms include flushing, diarrhea, and sometimes wheezing.



	carcinoma a new growth or malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.



	Carcinostatic An herb or substance that arrests or inhibits the development or continued growth of cancer, carcinomas, or malignant tumors.



	Cardiac Pertaining to the heart.



	Cardiac Muscle One of the body's 3 types of muscle, found only in the heart.



	Cardiac Output The volume of blood pumped out by the heart in a given unit of time. It equals the stroke volume times the heart rate.



	cardiotonic increasing the tonicity of the heart. Various drugs, including digitalis, are cardiotonic. See inotropic.



	Cardiomyopathy literally, disease of the heart muscle that often leads to abnormal function.



	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) A first-aid method to restore breathing and heart action through mouth-to-mouth breathing and rhythmic chest compressions. CPR instruction is offered by local Heart Association and Red Cross units, and is a minimum requirement for most fitness-instruction certifications.



	Cardiorespiratory Endurance See aerobic endurance.



	Cardiovascular Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.



	Cardiovascular diseases literally, diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels. The term has come to encompass a number of conditions that result from atherosclerosis, including myocardial infarction (heart attack), congestive heart failure, and stroke.



	carminative Medication that aids in the expulsion of intestinal gases, or that reduces their formation. A medicine that expels flatulence. an agent that helps to prevent gas formation in the gastrointestinal tract.Herbs which can help eliminate gas from the stomach and intestine are considered carminatives. Some of the herbs commonly used are angelica root, capsicum, caraway seeds, catnip, chamomile flowers, echinacea, fennel, ginger, hops, lemon balm, parsley root, peppermint, saffron and valerian



	carotenoid a class of lipophilic pigments ranging in color from yellow to red, widely distributed in plants and animals. Beta-carotene, representative of the class, is a precursor to Vitamin A.



	Carotid Artery The principal artery in both sides of the neck. A convenient place to detect a pulse.



	Carotid arteries the left and right common carotid arteries are the principal blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Each has two main branches, the external and internal carotid artery.



	carpel Botany: an ovule-bearing locule of the ovary, characteristic of flowering plants.



	carpophore Botany: 1. a fungal fruiting body or the stalk of a fruiting body. 2. a slender prolongation of a floral axis from which the carpels (gyneocium) are suspended.



	carrageenan substance derived from dried red alga, Chondrus crispus, used as a demulcent and thickening agent in medicines and foods.



	Cartilage a soft, elastic tissue that composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos and except for a small number of structures is replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates. Cartilage cushions joints, connects muscles with bones, and makes up other parts of the body such as the larynx (voice box) and the outside portion of the ears.



	Case-control study a study, in which exposures of people who have been diagnosed with a disease (cases) are compared to those of people without the disease (controls). The results of case-control studies are more likely to be distorted by bias in the selection of cases and controls (selection bias) and dietary recall (recall bias) than prospective cohort studies.



	Case reports individual observations based on small numbers of subjects. This type of research cannot indicate causality but may indicate areas for further research.



	Casting Vomiting.



	catabolism the destructive phase of metabolism, in which complex substances are converted into simpler substances. Opposite of anabolism.. The breaking down aspect of metabolism, including all processes in which complex substances are progressively broken down into simpler ones. Example: the catabolism of protein in muscle tissue into component amino acids, such as occurs in intense training. Another common example is breaking down carbohydrates or fats for use in energy expenditure. Both anabolism and catabolism usually involve the release of energy, and together constitute metabolism.



	Catagen Phase Is a period of arrest which causes the follicle (root) to form a club hair and fall out. Most hair regrows because the follicle remains. As new hair grows from the root inside the follicle, it pushes out the old hair.



	Catamenia Menstrual flow.



	Cataplasm Poultice.



	Cataract clouding of the lens of the eye. As cataracts progress they can impair vision.



	catechin a class of flavonoids chemically related to the anthocyanidins. Catechins are colorless. Three types of catechins are known, differing in the number of hydroxyl groups in ring B.



	catecholamine biologically active amines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Catecholamines function as neurotransmitters and hormones in the brain, cardiovascular system, and smooth muscle.



	Categories Of Hair Loss including:Androgenetic alopecia or pattern hair loss,Alopecia Areata,Postpartum Alopecia,Telogen Effluvium,Traction or Traumatic Alopecia.



	Cathartic A purgative medicine.



	CD4 a protein on the surface of cells that help the body's immune system combat disease. The AIDS virus attaches to CD4 proteins on white blood cells..



	cefazolin semi-synthetic antibiotic derived from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.



	Celiac disease also known as celiac sprue, celiac disease is an inherited disease in which the intestinal lining is inflamed in response to the ingestion of a protein known as gluten. Treatment of celiac disease involves the avoidance of gluten, which is present in many grains, including wheat, rye, oats, and barley. Inflammation and atrophy of the lining of the small intestine leads to impaired nutrient absorption.



	Cell adhesion molecules molecules on the outside surfaces of cells that bind to other cells or to the extracellular matrix (material surrounding cells). Cell adhesion molecules influence many important functions, including the entry of immune cells into the arterial wall.



	Cell cycle the orderly sequence of stages that a cell passes through between one cell division (mitosis) and the next. The cell cycle can be divided into four stages: the M (mitosis) phase, in which nuclear and cytoplasmic division occurs; the G1 phase or interphase; the S (synthesis) phase, in which DNA replication occurs; and the G2 phase, a quiescent period prior to the next M phase.



	Cell membrane also called a plasma membrane, the barrier that separates the contents of a cell from its outside environment and controls what moves in and out of the cell. A mammalian cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol.



	Cell signaling communication among individual cells so as to coordinate their behavior to benefit the organism as a whole. Cell-signaling systems elucidated in animal cells include cell-surface and intracellular receptor proteins, GTP-binding proteins, and protein kinases and protein phosphatases (enzymes that phosphorylate and dephosphorylate proteins).



	Cellulite A commercially created name for lumpy fat deposits. Actually this fat behaves no differently from other fat; it is just straining against irregular bands of connective tissue.



	Central nervous system (CNS) the brain, spinal cord, and spinal nerves.



	cephalalgia headache, pain in the head.



	Cephalic A medicine to clear the head.



	Cerebrovascular disease disease involving the blood vessels supplying the brain, including cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as a stroke.



	cerebroprotective a substance or procedure that protects brain cells from ischemic damage due to hypoxia, as in cerebral aneurysms.



	Ceruse Lead carbonate.



	Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) a term used to describe abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the uterine cervix. CIN1 is also known as low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). CIN2 and CIN3 are also known as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Although these abnormal cells are not cancerous, they may progress to cervical cancer.



	cervix a neck or part of an organ resembling a neck; usu. referring to the uterus..



	CHD Coronary Heart Disease:A therosclerosis of the coronary arteries..



	Chelate A chelate is a complex formation of a metal ion and two or more charged molecule groups. An ion is an atom or molecule which carries an electric charge; it can be either a cation or an anion.



	chemiluminescence a chemical reaction that produces light.



	chemoprevention use of certain foods and drugs to prevent the progression of preneoplastic conditions and some neoplastic states.



	chemotaxis the movement of white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators by neutrophils, monocytes, and injured tissue.



	chemotherapy in treating disease, the application of chemical reagents that have specific, toxic effects on the causative organism or malignant tumors.literally, treatment with drugs. Commonly used to describe the systemic use of drugs to kill cancer cells, as a form of cancer treatment.



	chemotypes Botany: a plant variety or cultivar that is characterized according to its chemical constituents..



	chilblains a form of cold injury characterized by localized erythema and sometimes blistering.



	cholagogue syn.: choleretic.:A medicine to increase the flow of bile. an agent that increases the flow of bile into into the intestine; This herb property increases the flow of bile which aids digestion, as well as acting as a mild laxative. Herbs which are used for this purpose are aloe vera, barberry, culver's root, dandelion, goldenseal, hops, licorice, Oregon grape root and wild yam



	Choler Bile.



	choleretic Medication that increases bile flow.a cholagogue.



	cholesterol a sterol widely distributed in animal tissues and occurring in egg yolks, fats, nerve tissue, the liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands. It is the precursor of various steroid hormones and is a normal constituent of bile.a compound that is an integral structural component of cell membranes and a precursor in the synthesis of steroid hormones. Dietary cholesterol is obtained from animal sources, but is also synthesized by the liver. Cholesterol is carried in the blood by lipoproteins. In atherosclerosis, cholesterol accumulates in plaques on the walls of some arteries. A steroid alcohol found in animal fats. This pearly, fat-like substance is implicated in the narrowing of the arteries in atherosclerosis. Plasma levels of cholesterol are considered normal between 180 and 230 milligrams per 100 millilitres. Higher levels are thought to pose risks to the arteries.



	Cholestatic liver disease liver disease resulting in the cessation of bile excretion. Cholestasis may occur in the liver, gallbladder or bile duct (duct connecting the gall bladder to the small intestine).



	Choline A B complex vitamin associated with utilisation of fats and cholesterol in the body. A constituent of lecithin, which helps prevent fats from building up in the liver and blood. Essential for health of myelin sheath, a principle component of nervous tissue, and plays important role in transmission of nerve impulses. No RDA. Dietary sources: lecithin, egg yolk, liver, wheat germ..



	cholinergic resembling acetylcholine in action, a cholinergic drug for example. Cholinergic nerve fibers liberate or are activated by the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.1. nerve endings that liberate acetylcholine; 2. an agent the produces the effect of acetylcholine.



	chorea a nervous condition marked by involuntary muscular twitching of the limbs or facial muscles.



	Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) a procedure for obtaining a small sample of tissue from the placenta (chorionic villi) for the purpose of prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. CVS can be performed between 9 to 12 weeks of pregnancy.



	chromatography various methods of separating individual chemical constituents out of complex mixtures.



	Chromium Along with niacin, this essential micro-nutrient activates insulin for vital functions relating to blood sugar, muscle growth and energy, and helps control cholesterol. Chromium deficiency is widespread. Exercise and high consumption of sugar causes depletion. No RDA. Average adult intake should be 50 to 200 micrograms. Dietary sources: brewer's yeast. shellfish, chicken liver, oysters. Commercially available chromium supplements include picolinate (chromium bound to zinc) and polynicotinate (chromium bound to niacin) varieties. Research is unclear as to their respective "anabolic" activities, but both appear to act as glucose tolerance factor (GTF) regulators. That is, they aid in regulating your blood sugar (and therefore insulin) levels.



	Chromosome a structure in the nucleus of a cell that contains genes. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and associated proteins. Normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes).



	chronic Continuing over time.



	Chronic disease an illness lasting a long time. By definition of the U.S. Center for Health Statistics, a chronic disease is a disease lasting 3 months or more.



	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) a term that includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, two chronic lung diseases that are characterized by airway obstruction.



	chronic fatigue syndrome a somewhat vague illness that may follow acute viral infections, characterized by severe, prolonged exhaustion. The cause is unknown.



	ciprofibrate a hypolipemic agent, structurally related to clofibrate.



	circinate circular.



	Circuit Training A series of exercises, performed one after the other, with little rest between. Resistance training in this manner increases strength while making some contribution to cardiovascular endurance as well. (It remains controversial as to whether a significant cardiovascular benefit will be achieved in the absence of very consistent motivation or close supervision of the sessions).



	cirrhosis a chronic, degenerative liver disease characterized by formation of dense perilobular connective tissue, degenerative changes in parenchymal cells, alterations in structure of the cords of the liver lobules, fatty and cellular infiltration, and sometimes localized regeneration; a long-term effect of alcoholism.a condition characterized by irreversible scarring of the liver, leading to abnormal liver function. Cirrhosis has a number of different causes, including chronic alcohol use and viral hepatitis B and C.



	cisterna chyli a dilated sac into which empties the intestinal, two lumbar, and two descending lymphatic trunks; the origin of the thoracic duct. syn.: receptaculum chyli.



	claudication (intermittent) lameness; limping. Intermittent claudication is a severe pain in calf muscles during walking that subsides with rest; results from inadequate blood supply.



	climacteric period in a woman's life marking the cessation of reproductive ability; see menopause. In males, a corresponding period of lessened sexual activity.



	Clinical trial an intervention trial generally used to evaluate the efficacy and/or safety of a treatment or intervention in human participants.



	clofibrate drug used to reduce plasma concentration of lipids.



	Clogged Follicles This may be the most widely spread notion of all. However, clogged follicles are the RESULT, not the CAUSE of balding.



	Clone an exact copy of a DNA segment; produced by recombinant DNA technology.



	cluster migraine headaches which occur in clusters, sometimes several times daily over a period of weeks, which then subside for weeks, months, or years.



	Clysters Enema or injection.



	Coagulation the process involved in blood clot formation.



	cobalamin family see "coenzyme"



	coenzyme any one of a group of relatively small organic molecules required for the catalytic function of certain enzymes. A coenzyme may either be attached by covalent bonds to a particular enzyme or exist freely in solution, but in either case it participates intimately in the chemical reactions catalyzed by the enzyme. Often a coenzyme is structurally altered in the course of these reactions, but it is always restored to its original form in subsequent reactions catalyzed by other enzyme systems. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):is a coenzyme of vast importance in the transfer of chemical energy derived from biochemical oxidations. Other nucleotides (formed from uracil, cytosine, guanine, and inosine) have also been found to act as coenzymes. For example, uridine triphosphate¡ªa derivative of uracil¡ªhas been demonstrated to be of great importance in the metabolism of carbohydrates, as in the biosynthesis of glycogen and sucrose. coenzymes necessary:Those coenzymes that have been found to be necessary in the diet are vitamins. One such compound, biotin, is a member of the B complex; it was first isolated in 1935 from dried egg yolk, and its structure was established in 1942. Biotin is usually found attached to a lysine residue in certain enzymes, where it participates in reactions involving the transfer of carboxyl (?COOH) groups; one such reaction is essential for the synthesis of fatty acids. cobalamin family:Another group of coenzymes is the cobalamin family; one member, cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) is known to be essential in the diet, although its role in metabolism remains obscure. Closely related cobalamins seem to be involved in the biosynthesis of methionine and methane. The complicated cyanocobalamin molecule was reported in 1973 to have been synthesized; it was first isolated from liver some 25 years prior to that date. Coenzyme A:Coenzyme A has been shown to participate in a variety of biochemical reactions, all involving acyl groups such as the acetyl unit; it is, for instance, associated with the pivotal first step of the Krebs cycle, in which an acetyl unit (the breakdown product of carbohydrates) is introduced into the cycle to be converted eventually into carbon dioxide, water, and chemical energy. Coenzyme A is derived from adenine, ribose, and pantothenic acid (a vitamin of the B complex). flavin coenzymes:The two flavin coenzymes, riboflavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), occur universally in living organisms and play important roles in biochemical oxidations and reductions. They are usually found tightly bound to certain enzymes (flavoproteins) and are derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2). Glutathione:a tripeptide consisting of residues of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine, is known to act as a coenzyme in a few enzymatic reactions, but its importance may lie in its role as a nonspecific reducing agent within the cell. It is hypothesized that glutathione serves to maintain the biological activity of certain proteins by keeping selected cysteine sidechains in the reduced thiol form, thereby not allowing these residues to oxidize and cross-link with one another to form cystine residues. (Unnecessary cross-links often result in distortions of protein structure.) Heme:a complicated molecule containing iron in the ferrous state, serves as a coenzyme in a variety of biochemical processes. It forms an essential part of the structure of hemoglobin and participates intimately in the uptake and release of oxygen by this protein. (In this case the use of the word coenzyme may be inappropriate in that often hemoglobin is not considered to be an enzyme, since it does not catalyze a chemical reaction.) Heme is an important part of the cytochromes, enzymes that catalyze the biochemical oxidations and reductions involved in the production of chemical energy in the form of ATP; heme is also associated with the various enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of peroxides. Lipoic acid:Lipoic acid seems to be involved in the removal of carboxyl groups from ¦Á-keto acids and in the transfer of the remaining acyl groups to various acceptors. Lipoic acid in fact transfers the acetyl group of pyruvic acid to coenzyme A. Like biotin, lipoic acid is commonly found attached to lysine residues within certain enzymes. It was first reported to have been purified and isolated in crystalline form in 1953. nicotinamide nucleotides:The nicotinamide nucleotides were the first coenzymes to be detected (1904) in extracts of a living organism. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are derived from adenine, ribose, and nicotinic acid or niacin (a vitamin of the B complex) and are important intermediates in the biochemical oxidations and reductions that provide chemical energy within the cell. Both NAD and NADP can be reduced by accepting a hydride ion (H?, a proton with two electrons) from an appropriate donor; the resulting NADH and NADPH can then be oxidized back to their original states by transferring their hydride ions to various acceptors. In this fashion electron pairs (and protons) are shuttled about in the cell from high-energy donors to lower-energy acceptors. As a general rule, NADPH donates its hydride ions to biosynthetic processes, such as the fixing of carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates during the dark reaction of photosynthesis. NADH, on the other hand, donates its hydride ions to systems such as the cytochromes, which eventually donate them to oxygen to make (with the addition of a proton) water, producing chemical energy in the form of ATP as a byproduct; the process is not yet completely understood. Pyridoxal phosphate:Pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme that is essential for many enzymatic reactions, almost all of which are associated with amino acid metabolism. It is, for example, involved in the synthesis of tryptophan, a derivative of pyridoxine (another vitamin of the B complex). Tetrahydrofolic acid :The coenzyme tetrahydrofolic acid is derived in humans from the B-complex vitamin folic acid. This coenzyme and its close relatives participate in the transfer of various carbon fragments from one molecule to another; they are, for instance, involved in the synthesis of methionine and thymine. Thiamine pyrophosphate:Thiamine pyrophosphate is derived from another B-complex vitamin, thiamine. This coenzyme often plays a role in the removal of carboxyl (?COOH) groups from organic acids, releasing the carbon and oxygen atoms as carbon dioxide (CO2). This coenzyme, for example, helps to remove a carboxyl group from pyruvic acid, leaving behind an acetyl group, which it donates to lipoic acid; the lipoic acid then transfers the acetyl group to coenzyme A, which finally inserts it into the beginning of the Krebs cycle. This important three-step enzymatic process requires the participation of three coenzymes; hundreds of other biochemical reactions require coenzymes as well, and this serves to explain the great significance of those molecules in the functioning of living organisms. In the case of human beings, it also serves to explain the importance of proper dietary intake of vitamins, which provide the only source of certain ¡°building blocks¡± for several of these coenzymes.



	coenzyme A (Abbr. CoA)Definition:A coenzyme present in all living cells that functions as an acyl group carrier and is necessary for fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, pyruvate oxidation, and other acetylation reactions. enzyme important in a variety of biological processes, including sterol and fatty acid synthesis, and in energy metabolism..



	Coenzyme Q10 Also called "Ubiquinone," it is a naturally occurring biochemical within the cells mitochondria. Specifically, it acts as an electron carrier in the production of ATP. As a supplement, it is believed to be: A potent antioxidant An immune system booster Energy enhancer An aid in preventing cardiac arrhythmia's and high blood pressure A performance enhancer for aerobic athletes, particularly if the athlete is in less than peak condition



	Cognitive an adjective referring to the processes of thinking, learning, perception, awareness, and judgment.



	Cohort a group of people who are followed over time as part of an epidemiological study.



	Cohort study a study that follows a large group of people over a long period of time, often 10 years or more. In cohort studies, dietary information is gathered before disease occurs, rather than relying on recall after disease develops.



	colic spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ accompanied by pain.



	colitis inflammation of the colon.



	Collagen a fibrous insoluble protein found in connective tissue, including skin, bone, ligaments, and cartilage. The most abundant type of protein in the body. Forms tough connective tissue, the scaffolding holding a muscle in place which becomes the tendons that tie muscles to bones. Connective tissue literally keeps your body together -- skin, bones, ligaments, cartilage and organs. Collagen Function:Hydrolyzed Collagen (Type I and Type III) is an incredible multi-function product for tendons, ligament, skin, hair, nails and bones. collagen, one of the fundamental proteins making up bones, skin, and connective tissue.



	collagenase an enzyme that degrades collagen.



	collagenosis a collagen disease.



	Collateral Circulation Blood circulation through small side branches that can supplement (or substitute for) the main vessel's delivery of blood to certain tissues..



	Colon the portion of the large intestine that extends from the end of the small intestine to the rectum. The colon removes water from digested food after it has passed through the small intestine and stores the remaining stool until it can be evacuated.



	Colostrum The IGF-I and IGF-II found in colostrum are known to be critical "in vivo" for promoting growth. That's why it exists in mother's milk during the critical first few days of lactation. ¡°IGF¡± stands for ¡°insulin-like growth factor.¡± The effectiveness of colostrum is measured by its ¡°IGG¡± (immunoglobulin) value..



	Compensatory Acceleration Training A weight lifting technique used to develop explosive strength whereby you accelerate the bar as leverage improves through the movement.



	Complete Protein Refers to protein which contains all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and in the right ratio to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. The egg is the most complete protein food in nature, with an assimilability ratio of 94-96 percent. That is, up to 96 percent of the protein in eggs will be used as protein. In contrast, about 60-70 percent of the protein in milk, meat or fish can be used as protein (see essential amino acids)..



	Complex Carbohydrates Foods of plant origin consisting of 3 or more simple sugars bound together. Also known as polysaccharides. The starch in grains is an example. Compared to monosaccharides (refined carbohydrates such as table sugar and white flour products), complex carbohydrate require a prolonged enzymatic process for digestion and thus provide a slow, even and ideal flow of energy. This avoids fluctuations in glucose (blood sugar) levels which can affect energy. Complex carbohydrates contain fibre and many nutrients..



	Complex Training This form of training targets limit strength, explosive strength and starting strength / amortisation in one ¡°set¡± of exercises. The exercises are done back-to-back and include jumping exercises, bar exercises, and depth jumps -- in that order. The function of the complex method is to peak an athlete, which it does far better than simple bar exercises or plyometric exercises alone.



	Compliance Staying with a prescribed exercise program. (Often used in a medical setting.) cf. adherence..



	Concentric Contraction Muscle action in which the muscle is shortening under its own power. This action is commonly called "positive" work, or, redundantly, ¡°concentric contraction¡±. cf. eccentric action, isometric action..



	Concussion An injury from a severe blow or jar. A brain concussion may result in temporary loss of consciousness and memory loss, if mild. Severe concussion causes prolonged loss of consciousness and may impair breathing, dilate the pupils and disrupt other regulatory functions of the brain.



	Conditioning Long-term physical training, typically used in reference to sports preparation..



	Confectionery(Food & Drink/GNPD) Chocolate Confectionery including chocolate bars, countlines, boxed chocolates and chocolate novelties,chocolate covered fruit, nuts, etc. Gum:chewing gum and bubble gum. Other Confectionery miscellaneous products including fruit roll-ups and similar. Sugar Confectionery including mints,chews, gums, toffee, etc.



	Congenital hypothyroidism also known as cretinism, congenital hypothyroidism occurs in two forms, although there is considerable overlap. The neurologic form is characterized by mental and physical retardation and deafness. It is the result of maternal iodine deficiency that affects the fetus before its own thyroid is functional. The myxedematous or hypothyroid form is characterized by short stature and mental retardation. In addition to iodine deficiency, the hypothyroid form has been associated with selenium deficiency and the presence of goitrogens in the diet that interfere with thyroid hormone production.



	Congestive heart failure (CHF) a condition, in which the heart loses the ability to pump blood efficiently enough to meet the demands of the body. Symptoms may include edema (swelling), shortness of breath, weakness and exercise intolerance.



	Connective Tissue A fibrous tissue that binds together and supports the structures of the body. cf. fascia, joint capsules, ligament, tendon. Primarily formed of collagen.



	Constant Resistance Weight training technology wherein the weight you are lifting always remains the same, regardless of changing leverage throughout a given exercise movement. The standing example of constant resistance training is lifting a dumbbell or a barbell. (See Accommodating Resistance and Variable Resistance.)



	Contraction The shortening of a muscle caused by the full contraction of individual muscle fibres.



	contraindication Any condition which indicates that a particular course of action (or exercise) would be inadvisable,any symptom or circumstance indicating the inappropriateness of a treatment otherwise advisable.



	Cool Down A gradual reduction of the intensity of exercise to allow physiological processes to return to normal. Helps avoid blood pooling in the legs and may reduce muscular soreness. cf. Warm down.



	Copper A mineral that helps convert the body's iron into haemoglobin for oxygen transportation through the bloodstream. Essential for utilisation of vitamin C. No RDA. Dietary sources: legumes, whole wheat, prunes, liver, seafood. Function: Among its many functions, copper aids in the formation of bone, hemoglobin and red blood cells, and works in balance with zinc and vitamin C to form elastin.It is involved in the healing process, energy production, hair and skin coloring, and taste sensitivity. This mineral is also needed for healthy nerves and joints. Copper is essential for the formation of collagen, one of the fundamental proteins making up bones, skin, and connective tissue. Complements Zinc to aid in hair growth, stimulates function of hair growth cells. Also is a major mineral component of the hair.



	cornea the clear transparent anterior portion of the eye comprising about one sixth of its surface.



	corolla Botany: petals of a flower constituting the inner floral envelope, surrounding the sporophylls.Collective term for the petals that are the second whorl of the floral envelopes. It is interior to the SEPALS.



	Corona Crown; any appendage that stands between the COROLLA and the STAMENS..



	Coronary Arteries The arteries, circling the heart like a crown, that supply blood to the heart muscle..



	Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) a surgical procedure used to create new routes around obstructions in coronary arteries and restore adequate blood flow to the heart muscle.



	Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) A therosclerosis of the coronary arteries.also known as coronary artery disease and coronary disease, coronary heart disease is the result of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis may result in narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries and is the underlying cause of myocardial infarction (heart attack).



	corpus luteum small yellow body that develops within a ruptured ovarian follicle. It is an endocrine structure secreting progesterone.



	Cortex Under the scalp and related to hair volume. The cells of the cortex contain keratin and melanin (pigment).



	corticosteroid a class of hormonal steroid substances obtained from the cortex of the adrenal gland. Classed according to their activity as mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgen.



	cortisol an adrenocortical hormone closely related to cortisone. As a pharmaceutical, it is usually termed hydrocortisone.



	cortisone adrenocortical steroid hormone that is also produced synthetically. It is important in regulating fat, carbohydrate, sodium, potassium, and protein metabolism, and is also used as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone is a hormone isolated from the cortex of the adrenal gland and also prepared synthetically. It is believed to be both a precursor and metabolite of cortisol (hydrocortisone). Prior to this conversion to cortisol it is largely inactive. Cortisol, however, is highly catabolic. Cortisone is important for its regulatory action in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, sodium, and potassium. Pharmacologically as an anti-inflammatory in various conditions, including allergies, collagen diseases and adrenocortisol replacement therapy. Disadvantages may include temporary relief and also potential toxicity.



	coumarins a class of chemical compounds, widespread in plants, which contain a coumarinic acid lactone.



	counter-irritant an agent that is applied locally to produce an inflammatory action for the purpose of affecting some other part, usually adjacent to or underlying the irritated surface.



	Courses Menstrual flow.



	CPR see Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.



	Creatine Monohydrate Creatine monohydrate has been clinically used in improving plasma creatine concentrations by as much as 50 percent. Research shows this substance to be effective in improving training intensity and recovery. It is able to pass through the gut wall and into the bloodstream intact, and upon entering the muscle cells, is converted into creatine phosphate (CP), (See creatine phosphate.).



	Creatine Phosphate (CP) An organic compound in muscle fibres that is fractured enzymatically for the production of ATP, the body's basic fuel that generates contractions.



	Crenate With rounded teeth along the margin. Contrast SERRATE..



	Crohn's disease an inflammatory bowel disease that usually affects the lower part of the small intestine or upper part of the colon, but may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract.



	Cross Bridges Projections of myosin molecules that link with actin filaments to create a grabbing, pulling effect, resulting in contraction.



	Cross-over trial a clinical trial in at least two interventions or treatments are applied to the same individuals after an appropriate wash-out period. One of the treatments is often a placebo. In a randomized cross-over design, interventions are applied in a randomized order to ensure that the order of treatments did not contribute to the outcome.



	cross-over study experimental design protocol in which the control group and the treated group are exchanged in the second phase of the study.



	Cross-Sectional Study A study made at one point in time. cf. longitudinal study.a study of a group of people at one point in time to determine whether an exposure is associated with the occurrence of a disease. Because the disease outcome and the exposure (e.g., nutrient intake) are measured at the same time, a cross-sectional study provides a ¡°snapshot¡± view of their relationship. Cross-sectional studies cannot provide information about causality.



	Crunches An abdominal exercise which isolates the abdominals while, at the same time, eliminating unwanted action from the iliopsoas muscles (hip flexors).



	Cuspidate With an apex abruptly and concavely constricted into an elongated, pointed tip.



	cuticle 1. a layer of solid or semisolid substance that covers the free surface of a layer of epithelial cells; 2. the epidermis of the skin.



	Cuticle external layer of hair formed from hardened cells. It is scaly in nature and gives hair texture.



	Cutting Up Reducing body fat and water retention to increase muscular definition.



	cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) is known to be essential in the diet, although its role in metabolism remains obscure. Closely related cobalamins seem to be involved in the biosynthesis of methionine and methane. The complicated cyanocobalamin molecule was reported in 1973 to have been synthesized; it was first isolated from liver some 25 years prior to that date.



	cyanosis bluish, grayish, slate-like, or dark purple discoloration of the skin due to presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood.; indicative of oxygen deficiency and excess carbon dioxide in the blood.



	cyclophosphamide an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that is used in organ transplants..



	Cystic fibrosis (CF) a hereditary disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by the production of abnormal secretions, leading to the accumulation of mucus in the lungs, pancreas, and intestine. This build-up of mucus causes difficulty breathing and recurrent lung infections, as well as problems with nutrient absorption due to problems in the pancreas and intestines.



	Cystine(Cys-Cys) PhytoChemical: A white crystalline amino acid, C₆H₁₂N₂O₄S₂, formed from the disulfide linkage of two cysteines during folding of many proteins, especially keratin, and stabilizing the tertiary structure of the protein. Description:An amino acid that is particularly notable because it is the least soluble of all of the naturally occurring amino acids and because it precipitates out of solution in the genetic disease cystinuria to form stones in the urinary tract. Cystine is the chief sulfur-containing compound in protein. Cystine is generated by the union of two cysteine molecules and so is sometimes called dicysteine. It is abbreviated Cys-Cys. See also: Cystinuria. Function:It functions as an antioxidant and is a powerful aid to the body in protecting against radiation and pollution. Cysteine can help slow down the aging process, deactivate free radicals, and neutralize toxins. Cysteine also aids in protein synthesis and prevents cellular change. It is necessary for the formation of the skin, which aids in the recovery from burns and surgical operations. Hair and skin are made up of 10%-14% Cystine.



	cystitis inflammation of the bladder usu. occurring secondary to ascending urinary tract infections.



	cytochrome a pigment widely distributed in animals and plants, that plays an important role in cellular respiration. It is a mixture of three hemochromogens, designated A, B, and C..



	cytokines group of extracellular factors produced by a variety of cells including monocytes, lymphocytes, and non-lymphoid cells. Cytokines include the interleukins, some interferons, and tumor necrosis factor. They are important in controlling local and systemic inflammatory response..



	cytopathic pathological changes in a cell. An agent, esp. a virus, that can injure or destroy a cell.



	cytotoxic destructive to cells.

Claims:

Information presented this site meant for nutritional benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent findings and developments!