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Glossary General: Phytochemical Glossary C
  
Phytochemical Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z




C3:
a photosynthetic pathway in which carbon is fixed as the 3C compound 3-phosphoglycerate, cf. C4, CAM. .
C4:
a photosynthetic pathway in which carbon is fixed as the 4C compound phosphoenolpyruvate, and this converted into 4C acids, from these the fixed carbon entering the plant's metabolic cycles as the 3C compound 3-phosphoglycerate, often associated with a distinct tissue structure (Kranz anatomy), cf. C3, CAM. .
C-value:
a measure of genome size, the amount of DNA in the unreplicated gametic nucleus. .
1C-value:
a measure of genome size, the amount of DNA in the unreplicated gametic nuclear genome. .
Cx-value:
a measure of genome size, the amount of DNA in the unreplicated gametic basic monoploid chromosome set. .
cabbage tree
= schopfbaum. .
Cadinene [29350-73-0]:
Synonyms:[1S-(1alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,6alpha,8alphabeta)]-decahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)naphthalene, didehydro derivative; b-Cadinene; Cadinene; Cadinenes; sesquiterpene;(1S-(1alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,6alpha,8abeta))-Decahydro-4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethylnaphthalene,didehydro derivative,108910-53-8,29350-73-0,CADINENE,CCRIS 4593,EINECS 249-580-9,Naphthalene,decahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-,(1S,4S,4aS,6S,8aS)-,didehydro deriv.,Naphthalene,decahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-,(1S-(1alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,6alpha,8abeta))-, didehydro deriv.
Formula: C15 H26  Molecular Weight:206.367 g/mol  CAS RN:29350-73-0  Water Solubility:<0.1 g/100 mL at 21 C Cadinene
caducous:
esp. of the calyx and/or corolla, falling off early compared to those of other plants, but not withering (e.g. the calyx of Papaver), cf. accrescent, deciduous, deliquescent, fugacious, marcescent, persistent. .
caespitose:
growing in tufts. .
caffeic acid:
a phenol formed from cinnamic acid, more frequently occurs as an ester, as in chlorigenic acid.
Caffeic acid, C9 H8 O4.
caffeic acid		 Caffeic acid ester, C17 H13 O6.
caffeic acid ester
.
caffeine:
a pseudoalkaloid. .
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 Calamenene[483-77-2]:
Synonyms:(-)-Calamenene;(1S-cis)-1,6-Dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene;1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)naphthalene;1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDRO-1,6-DIMETHYL-4-ISOPROPYLNAPH*;1,6-DIMETHYL-4-ISOPROPYLTETRALIN;22339-23-7;4-Isopropyl-1,6-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene;483-77-2;6617-49-8;Cadina-1,3,5-triene;Calamenene;L-calamenene;Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-;Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S-c is)-,NIST483-77-2
Cas Type 1 Name:Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S-cis)-   Substance Name:(-)-Calamenene
Formula: C15H22  CAS RN:483-77-2  Other RN:22339-23-7  Molecular Weight:202.335 g/mol   Calamenene Calamenene
calcar, calcarate
= spur, spurred. .
Calcification:
the process of deposition of calcium salts. In the formation of bone this is a normal condition. In other organs, this could be an abnormal condition. Calcification of the aortic valve causes narrowing of the passage (aortic stenosis).
calcium:
Calcium is the most common mineral in the human body. About 99% of the calcium in the body is found in bones and teeth, while the other 1% is found in the blood and soft tissue. Calcium levels in the blood and fluid surrounding the cells (extracellular fluid) must be maintained within a very narrow concentration range for normal physiological functioning. The physiological functions of calcium are so vital to survival that the body will demineralize bone to maintain normal blood calcium levels when calcium intake is inadequate. Thus, adequate dietary calcium is a critical factor in maintaining a healthy skeleton.
calcium oxalate[25454-23-3]:
the crystalline form is common in plant cells, either as druses, raphides, sand, or styloids. the crystalline form is common in plant cells, either as druses, raphides, sand, or styloids. Synonyms:18400-37-8;25454-23-3;563-72-4;5794-28-5;CALCIUM OXALATE;Calcium oxalate (1:1);EINECS 209-260-1;Ethanedioic acid, calcium salt;Ethanedioic acid,calcium salt (1:1);Oxalic acid, calcium salt (1:1)
CAS Type 1 Name:Ethanedioic acid, calcium salt  Chemical Name:Ethanedioic acid, calcium salt
Formula:C2-H2-O4.x-Ca CAS RN:25454-23-3 Other RN:5794-28-5  Molecular Weight:128.0996  
Note:The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.
calciumoxalate calciumoxalate
callose:
a polymer of glucose, a ?-1,3 glucan, found especially in the area of the sieve plate in sieve elements, also in the pollen tube, etc., cf. cellulose, hemicellulose, inulin, pectin, starch, see also lignin. .
callus:
an unorganised, proliferative mass of large more or less thin-walled cells that are often formed after an injury, but sometimes a regular feature of the plant and then used to refer to more or less soft excrescences developing from the surface, e.g. on the labellum of some orchids and on the axis of the spikelet of some grasses, pl. calli. .
calycanthemous:
"having sepals wholly or partly converted into petals" - umph! .
calycine:
pertaining to the calyx. .
calyccophyll:
when the calyx is more or less expanded and like a petal/petals. .
Calycosin [20575-57-9]:
Synonyms:Calycosin;
Formula: C16 H12 O5.  Molecular Weight:284.2678   CAS RN:20575-57-9   ACX Number:X1036559-2.   Calycosin
calyculus:
a structure varying in its morphological nature that looks like a small calyx, see in particular epicalyx. .
calyptra:
in general, any cap-shaped structure, in mosses and liverworts, a cap-like structure covering or partly covering the capsule and derived from the venter of the archegonium; in a flower = operculum, the calyx and corolla fused together. .
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 calyx:
the sepals of one flower collectively, cf. androecium, corolla, gynoecium, perianth. .
calyx tube:
a tube formed by connation of the sepals alone, the calyx limb being the total length of the structure and the calyx lobes the free parts of the sepals at the end. .
CAM:
a photosynthetic pathway in which carbon is fixed in the dark as 4C compounds (e.g. malic acid) by phosphoenolpyruvate, these later being broken down releasing CO2 and carbon entering the plant's metabolic cycles as the 3C compound 3-phosphoglycerate, cf. C3, C4. .
cambial initials:
actively-dividing cambial cells in either cork or vascular cambia that by periclinal divisions produce cells both to the outside and inside, see fusiform initials, ray initials. .
cambium:
pl. cambia, lateral meristems made up of undifferentiated cells whose products are arranged in radial files and cause secondary thickening, see cork cambium, vascular cambium, see also polyderm, see also initial. .
campanulate:
e.g. of a polysymmetric corolla, bell-shaped, broadly tubular and then gradually widening towards the more or less spreading lobes, cf. rotate, infundibular, salverform, tubular, urceolate. .
Campesterol:[474-62-4]
Synonyms:(24R)-5-Ergosten-3beta-ol;24alpha-Methylcholesterol;Campesterin;Campesterol;Campestrol;EINECS 207-484-4;NSC 224330;delta5-24-Isoergosten-3beta-ol;22,23-dihydrobrassicasterol;24 alpha-methylcholest-5-en-3 beta-ol;24-methylcholesterol;campesterol, (3beta)-isomer;campesterol, (3beta,24xi)-isomer;ergost-5-en-3 beta- ol, 24 epimer
CAS Type 1 Name:Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3beta,24R)-
Chemical Name: (24R)-Ergost-5-en-3beta-ol ;Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3beta,24R)- ;Ergost-5-en-3beta-ol, (24R)- (8CI)
Formula: C28 H48O  CAS RN:474-62-4  Campesterol Campesterol
Camphene:[79-92-5]
Synonyms:2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo(2.2.1)heptane;2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenenorbornane;3,3-Dimethyl-2-methylenenorbornane;3,3-Dimethyl-2-methylenenorcamphane; 3,3-Dimethyl-2-methylenenorcamphene;AI3-01775;Bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylene-;CCRIS 3783;Camphene;Camphene (2,2-dimethyl-3-methylene-norbornane);EINECS 201-234-8;EINECS 209-275-3;FEMA No. 2229;HSDB 900;NSC 4165 ; (+/-)-Camphene; 2,2-Dimethyl-3-Methylene-Bicyclo[2.2.1]Heptane; 2,2-Dimethyl-3-Methylene Norbornane; 3,3-Dimethyl-2-methylene-norcamphane; 3,3-Dimethyl-2-Methylene Norcamphone; Camphene; Camphene, remainder mainly alpha-fenchene;
Chemical Name: (1)-2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo(2.2.1)heptane;Bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylene- ;Camphene
Formula: C10 H16  CAS RN:79-92-5 Other RN:565-00-4   Molecular Weight:136.2364   Melting Point: 114
ACX Number:114 .  Density114   Flashing Point:36   Boiling Point: 114 Camphene Camphene
Camphor:[76-22-2]
Synonyms:0-07-00-00135 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo(2.2.1)-2-heptanone;1,7,7-Trimethylnorcamphor;2-Bornanone;2-Camphanone;2-Kamfanon [Czech];2-Keto-1,7,7-trimethylnorcamphane;4-07-00-00213 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);AI3-18783;Alphanon;BRN 1907611;BRN 3196099;Bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-;Bornane, 2-oxo-;Camphor;Camphor, synthetic;Caswell No. 155;DL-Camphor;EINECS 200-945-0;EINECS 244-350-4;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 015602;Gum camphor;HSDB 37;Huile de camphre [French];Kampfer [German];Matricaria camphor;Norcamphor, 1,7,7-trimethyl-;Root bark oil;dl-Camphor
CAS Type 1 Name:1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one ;2-Bornanone;Bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl- ;Camphor;Gum camphor ;Spirit of camphor
Chemical Name: (+-)-Camphor;Bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-;Camphor ;DL-Bornan-2-one
Formula: C10 H16O  CAS RN:76-22-2  Camphor Camphor
Note: A Ketone obtained from the wood of Cinnamomum camphora, an evergreen tree native to eastern Asia, or produced synthetically, with a penetrating characteristic odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. It is applied topically to the skin as an antipruritic and anti-infective and is used as a pharmaceutic necessity in certain pharmaceutic preparations. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Camphoric acid[5394-83-2]:
Synonyms:1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid; Camphoric acid;
Formula: C10 H16O4.  Molecular Weight:200.234   CAS RN:5394-83-2   ACX Number:X1014920-7.   Camphoric acid .
camptodromous:
of leaf venation, pinnate venation in which the secondary veins do not terminate at the margins, includes brochidodromous, eucamptodromous, reticulodromous, cf. acrodromous, actinodromous, campylodromous, craspedodromous, dichotomous, flabellate, palmate, parallelodromous, semicraspedodromous, simple-craspedodromous. .
campylodromous:
of leaf venation, more or less parallel venation in which the veins originate at the base and run in incurved arches before converging at the leaf apex, cf. parallelodromous, cf. also acrodromous, actinodromous, campylodromous, craspedodromous, dichotomous, flabellate, palmate, parallelodromous, semicraspedodromous, simple-craspedodromous. .
campylotropous:
of an ovule, orientated transversely with its axis at right angles to its funicle and with a curved embryo sac, the micropyle being close to the funicle, cf. amphitropous, anatropous, atropous, circinotropous, hemitropous. .
canaliculate:
with a longitudinal groove or channel. .
Canavanine[543-38-4]:
Synonyms:2-Amino-4-(guanidinooxy)butyric acid; Canavanine
Formula:C5 H13N4O3.  Molecular Weight:176.1741   CAS RN:543-38-4    L-Canavanine is one of over 300 documented non-protein amino acids, also known as secondary metabolites or anti-metabolites, which exist in plants (most commonly in legumes and their seeds). Essentially, they assist in the breakdown of the 20 known amino acids common in both plants and animals. L-Canavanine¡¯s chemical structure is quite complex and defined as follows:
Chemical Structure:H2N-C(=NH)-NH-O-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH(NH2)CO2H
Specifically, L-Canavanine is an L-arginine antimetabolite. In the Sutherlandia plant, L-Canavanine is present at levels of just over 2.0 mg per dry leaf gram. It acts as an anti-predatory agent in the plant, protecting it against various insects.
L-Canavanine has been shown to be an inhibitor (selective) of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), with possible usage in the treatment of alcohol induced brain damage and certain other neurological disorders.
Canavanine
What are its benefits?
L-Canavanine has been identified by G. A Rosenthal, of the Biochemical Ecology Laboratory at The University of Kentucky, as a likely therapeutic agent for human pancreatic and some other cancer types. It has been demonstrated by N. Suzuki, A. Sakomoto and R. Ogawa as having strong potential for the treatment of septic shock and chronic inflammation. These are just a few of numerous research papers on the substance.
There are a number of patents associated with L-Canavanine which indicate it's applicability in the treatment in a number of ailments. Two of the main examples are: Crooks, Rosenthal and Gerald were granted a patent in 1994 for the use of the substance to treat pancreatic cancer (Patent No. 5,552,440) and Karson, Lyon and Freeman being granted a patent that uses the substance in the treatment of numerous brain disorders in 1996 (Patent No. 5,527,825). In patent No. 6,346,519, E. Petrus gives L-Canavanine a partial role in the treatment of arthritis.
More research is currently underway on the substance and its applicability to certain other conditions. Details will be placed here as soon as confirmed.
Is a patent total proof that L-Canavanine is effective?
The tests, experiments and theory associated with the above have met a defined standard of proof with the US Patent office, as evidenced by the awarding of the patents. Despite this, we do not regard the awarding of the patents as demonstrable evidence for the efficacy of L-Canavanine in themselves. But critically, the above findings do correlate with the widespread anecdotal evidence we have taken from individuals who have used Sutherlandia and the fact that their ancestors, going back hundreds of years, have also used the plants for the same purpose, with very positive results.
Are there any side effects?
If taken in severe overdose quantities (i.e. 1,000 mg per day for 12 months), L-Canavanine can cause thinning of the blood. Furthermore, it can exacerbate the symptoms of Lupus, a disease where the body's own immune system starts to attack various organs. Individuals with kidney conditions must consult their physician before taking this substance.
At recommended dosage levels, the L-Canavanine in Sutherlandia Frutescens Tablets has not been shown to cause side effects.
Canavanine .
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 canescent:
more or less grey-pubescent, hoary. .
canopy:
the branches and foliage of a tree, cf. bole. .
cantharophilous:
entomophilous flowers that are pollinated by beetles, cf. mellitophilous, myophilous, sapromyophilous, sphigophilous. .
capillary:
of hairs etc., very slender. .
capitate:
e.g. of a stigma, head-like, globose, like the head of a pin, cf. clavate. .
capitulum:
an inflorescence with sessile flowers aggregated into a dense cluster, whether a racemose (more usual) or cymose, cf. corymb, fascicle, panicle, spike, thyrse, umbel. .
capreolate
=tendrillate. .
Capric Acids:[334-48-5]Synonyms:1-nonane carboxylic acid; caprinic acid; decanoic acid; capric acid; DECANOIC ACID,99+%; Decanoic acid (capric acid); decylic acid; n-Decanoic Acid; n-Capric Acid; n-decoic acid; n-decylic acid; neo-fat 10; Nonanecarboxylic acid;
CAS Type 1 Name:Capric acid,Decanoic acid,n-Capric acid,n-Decanoic acid;10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
CAS RN:334-48-5  Formula:C10H20O2 Molecular Weight:172.2668   Melting Point:31 - 32 ;  Boiling Point:268 - 270 CapricAcids CapricAcids
Caprylic acid:[124-07-2]Synonyms:1-heptanecarboxylic acid; c-8 acid; neo-fat 8; n-Caprylic Acid; n-Octanoic Acid; n-octic acid; n-octylic acid; Octanoic Acid; caprylic acid; capryloate; Octoic acid;
CAS Type 1 Name:Caprylic acid; Octanoic acid
CAS RN:124-07-2  Related RN:  15696-43-2 (unspecified lead salt) 16577-52-9 (lithium salt)   18312-04-4 (unspecified zirconium salt)  1912-83-0 (tin(+2) salt)   1984-06-1 (hydrochloride salt)   20195-23-7 (unspecified chromium salt)   20543-04-8 (unspecified copper salt)   2191-10-8 (cadmium salt)   3130-28-7 (iron(+3) salt)   3890-89-9 (copper(+2) salt)   4696-54-2 (barium salt)   4995-91-9 (nickel(+2) salt)   5206-47-3 (zirconium(+4) salt)   557-09-5 (zinc salt)   5972-76-9 (ammonium salt)   6028-57-5 (aluminum salt)   60903-69-7 (La(+3) salt)   6107-56-8 (calcium salt)   6427-90-3 (chromium(+2) salt)   6535-19-9 (unspecified manganese salt)   6535-20-2 (unspecified iron salt)   6700-85-2 (cobalt salt)   67816-08-4 (Ir(+3) salt)   68957-64-2 (Ru(+3) salt)   7319-86-0 (lead(+2) salt)   7435-02-1 (unspecified Ce salt)   764-71-6 (potassium salt)   Formula:C8H16O2 Molecular Weight: 144.2132   Melting Point:16 - 16.5;  Boiling Point:239.7 Caprylicacid Caprylicacid
Capsaicin [404-86-4]Synonyms:(E)-8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide;(E)-N-((4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-methyl)-8-methyl-6-nonenamide;4-13-00-02588 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);6-Nonenamide, 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-, (E)-;6-Nonenamide, N-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-8-methyl-, (E)-;8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide, (E)-;BRN 2816484;CCRIS 1588;Capsaicin;Capsaicine;Caswell No. 158;EINECS 206-969-8;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 070701;FEMA No. 3404;HSDB 954;Isodecenoic acid vanillylamide;N-((4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-8-methyl-6-;nonenamide, (E)-;N-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-8-methylnon-trans-6-enamide;NCI-C56564;NSC 56353;Styptysat; trans-8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide
CAS Type 1 Name:6-Nonenamide, N-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-8-methyl-, (E)- ; Capsaicin CAS RN:404-86-4  Formula:C18H27NO3 Molecular Weight: 305.4162   Melting Point:62 - 65;   Capsaicin Capsaicin
Note:Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae.
Capsanthin [465-42-9]Synonyms:3,3'-Dihydroxy-beta,kappa-caroten-6'one;Capsanthin;Capsanthin/capsorubin;Paprika extract;beta,kappa-Caroten-6'one, 3,3'dihydroxy-
CAS Type 1 Name:capsanthin, (3R,3'S,5'R,13-cis)-isomer CAS RN:465-42-9  Formula:C40H56O3 Molecular Weight:584.8806    Capsanthin Capsanthin
capsule:
in an angiosperm, a usually dry fruit formed from two or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to release the seeds, sometimes with valves, see circumscissile, loculicidal, poricidal, septicidal, septifragal (variants), see also follicle (when fruit is a single carpel), schizocarp (when fruit breaks up into single-seeded units). .
capsule:
in a "bryophyte", s sporophytic structure containing the spores. .
caput:
of a pollen grain, an architectural element on top of a columella, discontinuous and not confluent (see tectum), cf. baculum, intectate. .
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 Carbohydrate:
considered a macronutrient because carbohydrates provide a significant source of calories (energy) in the diet. Chemically, carbohydrates are neutral compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates come in simple forms known as sugars and complex forms, such as starches and fiber. .
Carbon Dioxide[124-38-9]:
Synonyms:AER Fixus;After-damp;Anhydride carbonique [French];Carbon dioxide;Carbon oxide;Carbon oxide, di-;Carbonic acid anhydride;Carbonic acid gas;Carbonic anhydride;Carbonica;Caswell No. 163;Dioxido de carbono [Spanish];Dioxyde de carbone [French];Dry ice;EINECS 204-696-9;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 016601;HSDB 516;Khladon 744;Kohlendioxyd [German];Kohlensaure [German];R 744;Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, 99.99%; Carbon dioxide, solid; Carbonic anhydride; dry ice; Makr carbon dioxide;
Chemical Name:Carbon dioxide;Carbon dioxide [UN1013] [Nonflammable gas];Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid [UN2187] [Nonflammable gas];Carbon dioxide, solid or dry ice [UN1845] [Class 9]   
Equivalent Term:Carbonic Anhydride  CAS Type 1 Name:Carbon dioxide
Formula: CO2  Molecular Weight:44.0098   CAS RN:124-38-9  Other RN:18923-20-1  
Melting Point:-5.65E+01 deg C  Boiling Point:-7.85E+01  Density:1.35  Vapor Density:1.53  log P (octanol-water): 0.83  Water Solubility:1480 mg/L at 25 deg C;  Vapor Pressure:4.83E+04 mm Hg at 25 deg C  Henry's Law Constant:0.015 atm-m3/mole at 25 deg C  Atmospheric OH Rate Constant:0.0 cm3/molecule-sec at 25 deg C  CarbonDioxide CarbonDioxide
Note:A Colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
carboxylated iridoids:
a kind of route II iridoid (= normal route II) derived from epi-iridodial and epi-iridotrial via glucosylation and oxidation of C11 to the carboxyl level, cf. decarboxylated iridoids.
Strictoloside, C16 H22 O12.
strictoloside		 Ipolamiide, C17 H26 O11.
ipolamiide
.
Carboxylation:
the introduction of a carboxyl group (-COOH) or carbon dioxide into a compound.
Carcinogen:
a cancer-causing agent; adjective: carcinogenic.
Carcinogenesis:
the formation of cancer cells from normal cells.
cardenolides:
subclass of triterpenoids (nortriterpenoids), basically C30 compounds made up of 6 isoprene units, composed of 23 carbon atoms, inc. cardiac glycosides (heart poisons and toxins) that are taken up by monarch and danaid butterflies, also some aphids.
Cardenolide, C23 H36 O2.cardenolide
.
cardiac glycosides:
a kind of cardenolide. .
carinate
= keeled, with a median ridge or fold on the abaxial surface of the structure, in particular, carinate aestivation of caesalpinioid Fabaceae, where the keel petals enclose the rest, a variant of cochleate or imbricate aestivation; the carina of the flower of some Fabaceae = keel. .
Carnitine
L-Carnitine is a derivative of the amino acid, lysine. Its name is derived from the fact that it was first isolated from meat (carnus) in 1905. Because L-carnitine appeared to act as a vitamin in the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), it was called vitamin BT. Vitamin BT turned out to be a misnomer when scientists discovered that humans and other higher organisms synthesize L-carnitine. Under certain conditions, the demand for L-carnitine may exceed an individual's capacity to synthesize it, making it a conditionally essential nutrient . .
carnose
= fleshy. .
Carnosic acid[3650-09-7]:
Synonyms:Salvin
Chemical Name:4a(2H)-Phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-, (4aR-trans)-
Formula: C20 H28O4  CAS RN:3650-09-7  Carnosicacid 
Classification Note: Anti-infective agents, local;Antioxidants
Carnosol[5957-80-2]:
Synonyms:CCRIS 7122;Carnosol;carnosol, sodium salt, (4aR-(4aalpha,9alpha,10abeta))-isomer
Chemical Name:2H-9,4a-(Epoxymethano)phenanthren-12-one, 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-,(4aR-(4aalpha,9alpha,10abeta))-
Formula: C20 H26O4  CAS RN:5957-80-2  Carnosol Carnosol
Classification Note:Anti-infective agents;Anticarcinogenic agents
Carotenes:
See Carotenoids. .
Carotenoids:
subclass of fat-soluble terpenes that consist of two diterpene phytol-like units (C40 compounds, 8 isoprene units), the most familiar tetraterpenoids and occurring as carotenes and xanthophylls; yellow to red pigments.
Carotenoids are a class of more than 600 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. These richly colored molecules are the sources of the yellow, orange, and red colors of many plants. Fruits and vegetables provide most of the carotenoids in the human diet. Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene are the most common dietary carotenoids. Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A carotenoids, meaning they can be converted by the body to retinol. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene cannot be converted to retinol, so they have no vitamin A activity.
CAS Type 1 Name:Carotenes and Carotenoids  CAS RN:36-88-4
Equivalent Term:Carotenes;Carotene;Carotenoids,dietary intake;Phytoxanthins
Description:The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.
Lutein, C40 H56 O2.
lutein
.
carpel:
megasporophyll, a unit of the gynoecium, usually two or more in number and almost always at the centre of a flower, more or less tubular and their margins more or less fused together (see ascidiate, conduplicate) and/or with other carpels to enclose the ovule(s), and consisting of an ovary, stigma and usually a style. .
carpellate:
(e.g. of a flower) with functional carpels only, cf. neuter, perfect, staminate. .
carpellode:
a non-functional carpel, cf. pistillode. .
carpidiophore:
a persistent woody fruit base of a capsule or schizocarp. .
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 carpophore:
the central axis that persists between the carpels in a schizocarp where the ovary is inferior, e.g. remaining after the mericarps are shed in Apiaceae, cf. columella. .
carpopodium:
a term used by synantherologists to refer to the basal abscission zone of the cypsela/achene and consisting of one or two rows of cells that are distinct morphologically from other cells of the cypselal wall.
Carthamin[36338-96-2] :
36338-96-2, 4-Cyclohexene-1,3-dione, 6-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2-((3-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)-6-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl)methylene)-5,6-dihydroxy-4-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)-, Carthamin, Carthamine, EINECS 252-981-1
CAS Type 1 Name:4-Cyclohexene-1,3-dione, 6-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2-((3-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)-6-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl)methylene)-5,6-dihydroxy-4-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)-
Chemical Name:Carthamin  Carthamine Formula: C43 H42O22.  Molecular Weight:910.78 g/mol  CAS RN:36338-96-2    Carthamin Carthamin
caruncle:
a more or less fleshy excrescent outgrowth from the surface of a seed, usually near the hilum or micropyle, cf. aril, coma, elaiosome, strophiole. .
Carvacrol[499-75-2]:
Synonyms:5-isopropyl-2-methyl-phenol; carvacrol; Cymenol; Hydroxy-p-cymene; Isopropyl-o-cresol; Isothymol; Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)phenol; Phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-;
Formula: C10 H14O.  Molecular Weight:150.22   CAS RN:499-75-2   ACX Number:X1009628-5.   Phenol .
Carvone[99-49-0] :
1'carvone (?); 6,8-p-Menthadien-2-one; Carvone; D-Cavone;1-Carvone;2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-;2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one;2-Methyl-5-isopropenyl-2-cyclohexenone;4-07-00-00316 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);6,8(9)-p-Menthadien-2-one;AI3-08877; BRN 1364206;Carvol;Carvone;Carvone (natural);EINECS 202-759-5;FEMA No. 2249;FEMA Number 2249;HSDB 707;Karvon;NCI-C55867;NSC 6275;delta(sup 6,8)-(9)-terpadienone-2;delta-1-Methyl-4-isopropenyl-6-cyclohexen-2-one;p-Mentha-6,8-dien-2-one
CAS Type 1 Name:2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-;d-p-Mentha-1(6),8-dien-2-one;p-Mentha-6,8-dien-2-one
Chemical Name:Carvone  Formula: C10 H14O.  Molecular Weight:150.22   CAS RN:99-49-0   Boiling Point:279  ACX Number:X1000384-2  Density0.959    Carvone Carvone
caryophyllaceous
(of stomata) = diacytic. .
Caryophyllene [87-44-5]
Synonyms:1-caryophyllene; 2-Methylene-6,10,10-trimethyl bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-5-ene; 8-methylene-4,11,11-(trimethyl)bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene; beta-caryophyllene; (-)-beta-caryophyllene; Bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-, [1R-(1R*,4E,9S*)]-; bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-, (E)-(1R,9S)-(-)-; bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 8-methylene-4,11,11-trimethyl-, (E)-(1R,9S)-(-)-; caryophyllene; (-)-caryophyllene; trans-caryophyllene; (-)-trans-caryophyllene;beta-caryophyllene;caryophyllene, (R*,4Z,9S*)-(+-)-isomer;caryophyllene, (R-(R*,4E,9S))-isomer;caryophyllene, (R-(R*,4Z,9S*))-isomer;caryophyllene, (S-(R*,4E,9S*))-isomer;caryophyllene, (S-(R*,4Z,9S*))-isomer;2-Methylene-6,10,10-trimethylbicyclo(7.2.0)undec-5-ene ; 4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-methylenebicyclo(7.2.0)undec-4-ene, (1R-(1R*,4E,9S))- ; 8-Methylene-4,11,11-(trimethyl)bicyclo(7.2.0)undec-4-ene ; AI3-36121 ; Bicyclo(7.2.0)undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-,(1R-(1R*,4E,9S*))-; CARYOPHYLLENE ,ALPHA + BETA MIXT.; Caryophyllene; Caryophyllene (VAN); EINECS 201-746-1; FEMA No. 2252; L-Caryophyllene; NSC 11906; beta-Caryophyllen; beta-Caryophyllene (natural) ; l-Caryophyllene
Chemical Name:Bicyclo(7.2.0)undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-,(1R,4E,9S)- ; Bicyclo(7.2.0)undec-4-ene, 8-methylene-4,11,11-trimethyl-,(E)-(1R,9S)-(-)- ; Caryophyllene
Formula: C15 H24  CAS RN:87-44-5 Other RN: 13877-93-5 8007-38-3 1407-53-0  Molecular Weight:204.3546
ACX Number:X1009668-9.  Water Solubility:<0.1 g/100 mL at 21 C   Boiling Point:129 - 130 Caryophyllene Caryophyllene
Caryophyllene epoxide [1139-30-6]
Synonyms:(-)-Epoxydihydrocaryophyllene ; 4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-methylene-5-oxatricyclo(8.2.0.0(4,6))dodecane;  4,12,12-Trimethyl-9-methylene-5-oxatricyclo(8.2.0.04,6)dodecane, (1R,4R,6R,10S)- ; 5-Oxatricyclo(8.2.0.0(4,6))dodecane, 4,12,12-trimethyl-9-methylene-, (1R,4R,6R,10S)- ; Caryophylene oxide ;  Caryophyllene epoxide ; Caryophyllene oxide;  EINECS 214-519-7;  Epoxycaryophyllene;  HSDB 5466
Chemical Name:(1R-(1R*,4R*,6R*,10S*))-4,12,12-Trimethyl-9-methylene-5-oxatricyclo(8.2.0.04,6)dodecane ;   5-Oxatricyclo(8.2.0.0(sup 4,6))dodecane, 4,12,12-trimethyl-9-methylene-, (1R,4R,6R,10S)- ;   5-Oxatricyclo(8.2.0.04,6)dodecane, 4,12,12-trimethyl-9-methylene-, (1R,4R,6R,10S)- ;  
Formula: C15 H24O  CAS RN:1139-30-6 Other RN: 105120-46-5 11023-55-5 32095-03-7   Caryophyllene epoxide 
caryopsis:
dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall (characteristic of grasses), a variant of an achene s. str., cf. cypsela, nut, utricle. .
Casparian band:
a waxy band-like formation within primary walls that contains lignin and suberin located in the anticlinal walls, especially in endodermis, see also exodermis.
castanospermine:
a polyhydroxy alkaloid. .
casuarinine:
a polyhydroxy alkaloid. .
cata-:
(prefix, of pollen apertures), located at or towards the proximal pole, a very uncommon arrangement, cf. ana-, rugate, zono-. .
catalepsis
= prolepsis. .
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 Catalpol:
a route II iridoid.
Synoms:(1AS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-1a,1b,2,5a,6,6a-hexahydro-6-hydroxy-1a-(hydroxymethyl)oxireno(4,5)cyclopenta(1,2-c)pyran-2-yl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 2415-24-9, beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 1a,1b,2,5a,6,6a-hexahydro-6-hydroxy- 1a-(hydroxymethyl)oxireno(4,5)cyclopenta(1,2-c)pyran-2-yl, (1aS-(1a-alpha,1b-beta,2-beta,5a-beta,6-beta,6a-alpha))-, beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 1a,1b,2,5a,6,6a-hexahydro-6-hydroxy-1a-(hydroxymethyl)oxireno(4,5)cyclopenta(1,2-c)pyran-2-yl, (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-, C09773, Catalpinoside, Catalpol, Catalposide, des-p-hydroxybenzoyl-, De(p-hydroxybenzoyl)catalposide, EINECS 219-324-0
CAS Type 1 Name:Catalpol   Equivalent Terms:Catalpinoside;Catalpol;Catalposide, des-p-hydroxybenzoyl-; De(p-hydroxybenzoyl)catalposide; EINECS 219-324-0   
Formula: C15 H22O10  CAS RN:2415-24-9  Molecular Weight:362.329 g/mol catalpol catalpol
Note:Component of dihuang.
Catalyze:
increase the speed of a chemical reaction without being changed in the overall reaction process. See enzyme. .
cataphyll:
a modified, reduced and more or less non-photosynthetic leaf, found e.g. on vegetatively propagating organs such as a rhizome or perennating bud, or near the base of plant, shoot, or innovation, sometimes referring specifically to such leaves on a seedling, probably can be replaced scale leaf or bud scale, cf. also hypsophyll, perula. .
Catechin [154-23-4]
Synonyms:(+)-CATECHIN; Catechin; Cianidanol;(+)-Cyanidan-3-ol;(+)-Cyanidanol;(+)-Cianidanol;(+)-Catechin;3, 3', 4', 5, 7-Flavanpentol;2-(3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl)chromane-3, 5, 7-triol;D-(+)-Catechin;ND-0342;NSC2819;(+)-(2R,3S)-5,7,3',4'-Tetrahydroxyflavan-3-ol;(+)-3',4',5,7-Tetrahydroxy-2,3-trans-flavan-3-ol;(+)-Catechin;(+)-Catechol;(+)-Cyanidan-3-ol;(+)-Cyanidanol;3-Cyanidanol, (+)-;AI3-22757;Biocatechin;CCRIS 6855;Catechin (flavan);Catechinic acid;Catechol (flavan);Catechuic acid;Catergen;Cianidanol;Cianidanolum [INN-Latin];Cianidol;Cyanidanol;D-(+)-Catechin;D-Catechin;D-Catechol;EINECS 205-825-1;KB-53;NSC 2819;d-Catechin
CAS Type 1 Name:(+)-Catechol;Catechin;Cianidanol  Chemical Name: 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol, (2R-trans)  Equivalent Terms:Catechinic Acid;Catechuic Acid  Melting Point:214 deg C
Formula: C15 H14O6  CAS RN:154-23-4  Other RN:321-01-7 4211-28-3 5323-80-8 16198-00-8   Molecular Weight:290.272 Catechin Catechin
Note:An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.3,3',4',5,7-Flavanpentol. Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal.
(-)-Catechin gallate [154-23-4]
Synonyms:(-)-Catechin gallate;CG
Chemical Name:Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-, (2R,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl ester  Formula: C22 H18O10  Molecular Weight:442.37 Catechingallate
Catechol:
See Pyrocatechol.
Catecholamine[97-59-6] :
Definition:any of several compounds occurring naturally in the body that serve as hormones or as neutrotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system . The catecholamines include such compounds as epinephrine , or adrenaline, norepinephrine, and dopamine. They resemble one another chemically in having an aromatic portion (catechol) to which is attached an amine, or nitrogen-containing group. Epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are also hormones, are secreted by the adrenal medulla, and norepinephrine is also secreted by some nerve fibers. These substances prepare the body to meet emergencies such as cold, fatigue, and shock, and norepinephrine is probably a chemical transmitter at nerve synapses. Dopamine is an intermediate in the synthesis of epinephrine; in addition, a deficiency of dopamine in the brain is responsible for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease . Medical administration of the drug L-dopa, which is presumed to be converted to dopamine in the brain, relieves the symptoms. Epinephrine is used medically to stimulate heartbeat and to treat emphysema, bronchitis, and bronchial asthma and other allergic conditions, as well as in the treatment of the eye disease glaucoma.
Formula: C6 H7NO2  
Note:An amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine -- examples include epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine -- that act as hormones or neurotransmitters. There are a number of disorders involving catecholamines, including neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, chemodectina, the familial paraganglioma syndrome, dopamine-?hydroxalase deficiency, and tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency  Catecholamine
Catecholamines:
substances with a specific chemical structure (a benzene ring with two adjacent hydroxyl groups and a side chain of ethylamine) that function as hormones or neurotransmitters. Examples include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
catkin:
a dense spike-like inflorescence, often with cymose branches, in which the flowers are imperfect and lack a perianth (or the perianth is inconspicuous), finally deciduous as a whole. .
caudate:
of an appendage at the apex of a leaf, etc. - narrow, rather flexible, terminal and tail-like, cf. acumen, acute, apiculate, attenuate, arista, awn, cuspidate, cuneate, emarginate, mucronate, muticous, obtuse, retuse, rounded, truncate. .
caudex:
a ¡À short, thick, erect trunk or stem, somewhat above to somewhat below ground level, cf. bulb, bulbil, corm, lignotuber, pseudobulb, rhizome, runner, tuber, turion. .
caudicle
= translator. .
cauliflorous:
with flowers (and fruits) borne on a well-developed trunk or major branch, commonly used to describe general inflorescence position, cf. axillary, leaf-opposed, ramiflorous, supra-axillary, terminal. .
cauline:
e.g. of leaves, borne on an aerial stem, usually separated by elongated internodes, cf. basal and rosette leaves.; of flowers or fruits, borne on old wood, see cauliflorous above. .
caulome:
a collective term for all stems of a plant and their modifications, cf. hadrom(e), leptom(e), phyllome, stereom(e). .
caveate:
a term for all pollen in which the columellae in the regions between the apertures become separated from the foot layer, i.e. it as if the foot layer had split periclinally. .
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 cecidium
= gall. .
cell:
the basic unit of plant structure consisting of a protoplast with a single nucleus and surrounded by a wall. .
cell:
when referring to anthers ("anthers 2-celled"), better to use sporangium/ia or theca(e). .
cellular:
of endosperm formation, where all nuclear divisions of the endosperm are accompanied by cell wall formation, cf. helobial, nuclear. .
cellulose:
a more or less straight polysaccharide chain formed by hundreds of Beta-glucose molecules, a major component of the plant cell wall, cf. callose, hemicellulose, inulin, pectin, starch, see also lignin. .
central cell:
the large cell initially usually containing two nuclei (polar nuclei) that makes up the bulk of the eight-nucleate embryo sac, see also antipodals, egg cell, synergids. .
centrifugal:
directed, or developing, from the centre or axis outwards, cf. centripetal, see also basipetal. .
centripetal:
directed, or developing, from the outside towards the centre or axis, cf. centrifugal, see also acropetal. .
centromere:
site on the chromosome where spindle fibers attach during nuclear division. .
Ceramides [100403-19-8]:
Note:Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.
ceratolin:
a dihydrochalcone. .
Cetene [629-73-2]:
Synonyms:1-Cetene;1-Hexadecene;1-n-Hexadecene;AI3-06556;Cetene;Cetylene;Dialene 16;EINECS 211-105-8;Gulftene 16;HSDB 5730;Hexadecylene-1;NSC 60602;alpha-Hexadecene;alpha-Hexadecylene;n-Hexadec-1-ene
Formula: C16 H32.  Molecular Weight:224.4288   CAS RN:629-73-2  Melting Point:4.  Boiling Point:274.  Flashing Point:132    Cetene
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 C-glucosyl- or C-glycosyl-:
of e.g. flavonoids in which linkage of a carbon-carbon bond involves the anomeric carbon of the sugar and position 6, 8, or both, of a flavone (vertical bond on left-hand side between the benzene ring and the sugar), difficult to hydrolyse, cf. O-glycosyl.
Maysin, C27 H28 O14.maysin
.
chaffy:
of texture, thin and membranous, cf. chartaceous, coriaceous, papyraceous, scarious; chaff, the bracts subtending flowers in some Asteraceae, or the glumes, etc., of some fruiting Poaceae. .
chalaza:
that part of an ovule to which the end of the funicle is attached and below the insertion of the integuments, cf. also antiraphe, embryo sac, lagenostome, megaspore, micropyle, nucellus, pollen chamber, obturator, raphe. .
chalazogamy:
fertilisation during which the pollen tube penetrates the ovule by way of the chalaza, cf. mesogamy, porogamy. .
chalazal cyst:
a more or less sac-like part of the endosperm at the chalazal end surrounded by transfer cells and involved in the transfer of nutrient to the developing seed, cf. primary endosperm, perisperm. .
chalazosperm:
nutritive tissue in a seed, developed from persistent chalazal cells, cf. chalazal cyst, endosperm, primary endosperm, perisperm. .
chalcones:
intermediates in the production of all flavonoids, but rarely accumulated, isomeric with flavanones, the A ring being derived from acetate and with a phloroglucinol oxidation pattern, the B ring from a phenylpropanoid precursor, and with an allyl bridge (-CH:CH.CO) separating the two rings, yellow in colour and most often found in flowers, cf. chalcones; they are anthochlors.
Chalcone base.
chalcone base		 Isosalipurposide, C21 H22 O10.
isosalipurposide
.
chamaephyte:
of life forms, plants with resting buds between ground level and 25cm, cf. cryptophyte (geophyte, hemicryptophyte, hydrophyte), helophyte, phanerophyte, therophyte. .
character:
any feature of the organism, see character state (the two are sometimes used interchangeably), polarization. .
character state:
a division of a character, e.g. ovary, superior versus inferior. .
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 chartaceous:
papery in texture, cf. coriaceous, papyraceous, scarious. .
chasmogamous:
flowers that open and are pollinated then, cf. cleistogamous. .
chelidonic acid:
an organic acid derived from a condensation of C3 and C4 units related to phosphoenolpyruvic acid and erythrose-4-phosphate.
Chelidonic acid, C7 H4 O6.chelidonic acid
.
Chicoric acid:[70831-56-0]Synonyms:(R-(R*,R*-(E,E)))-2,3-Bis((3-(3,4-dihydroxphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)butanedioic acid   2,3-Bis((3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)butanedioic acid   NSC 699173 ;[S-(R*, R*)]-2, 3-Bis[[3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy]butanedioic acid;L-Chicoric acid;L-DCTA;Dicaffeoyl-L-tartaric acid;L-CA;NSC699173 ;2,3-bis((3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)butanedioic acid;cichoric acid;dicaffeoyltartaric acid
Chemical Name:Butanedioic acid, 2,3-bis[[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy]-, (2R,3R)-; Butanedioic acid, 2,3-bis(((2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxphenyl)-1-oxo-2-